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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بيروكلور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيروكلور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piroxlor" title="Piroxlor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Piroxlor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_del_piroclor" title="Grup del piroclor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup del piroclor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrochlor" title="Pyrochlor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pyrochlor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Πυρόχλωρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυρόχλωρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirocloro" title="Pirocloro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pirocloro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1" title="پیروکلر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیروکلر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrochlore" title="Pyrochlore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pyrochlore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Պիրոքլոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիրոքլոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirocloro" title="Pirocloro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pirocloro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пирохлор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пирохлор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2" title="パイロクロア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パイロクロア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroklor" title="Pyroklor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pyroklor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piroxlorlar" title="Piroxlorlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Piroxlorlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirochlor" title="Pirochlor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pirochlor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirocloro" title="Pirocloro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pirocloro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piroclor" title="Piroclor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piroclor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пирохлор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пирохлор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroklor" title="Pyroklor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pyroklor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Pyrochlore</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrochlore-180063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pyrochlore-180063.jpg/220px-Pyrochlore-180063.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pyrochlore-180063.jpg/330px-Pyrochlore-180063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pyrochlore-180063.jpg/440px-Pyrochlore-180063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pyrochlore from Russia</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oxide_mineral" title="Oxide mineral">Oxide mineral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">(Na,Ca)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Nb<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>(OH,F)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pcl<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.DH.15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Classification_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Dana Classification System">Dana classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">08.02.01.01 <br />Pyrochlore group</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cubic_(crystal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic (crystal system)">Isometric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hexoctahedral (m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m) <br /><a href="/wiki/H-M_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a>: (4/m <span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span> 2/m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>F</i>d<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m (No. 227)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">Unit cell</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>a</i> = 10.41(6) Å, <i>Z</i> = 8</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Black to brown, chocolate-brown, reddish brown, amber-orange, red-orange</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Typically octahedra, disseminated granular, massive</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a></th><td class="infobox-data">111 rare</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">111 indistinct, may be a parting.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Subconchoidal to uneven, splintery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tenacity_(mineralogy)" title="Tenacity (mineralogy)">Tenacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brittle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">5.0–5.5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vitreous to resinous</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Subtranslucent to opaque</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.45 to 4.90</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Isotropic, weak anomalous anisotropism</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>n</i> = 1.9–2.2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other characteristics</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radioactive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/25px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/38px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/50px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">Radioactive</a>, often <a href="/wiki/Metamict" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamict">metamict</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-webmin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webmin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pyrochlore</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a>,<a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>(<a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">OH</a>,<a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a></span>) is a mineral group of the <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> end member of the pyrochlore supergroup. Pyrochlore is also a term for the crystal structure <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system#Crystal_classes" title="Cubic crystal system"><i>F</i>d<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</a>. The name is from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πῦρ</span></span>, <i>fire</i>, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χλωρός</span></span>, <i>green</i> because it typically turns green on ignition in classic blowpipe analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mineral">Mineral</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrochlore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mineral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general formula, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">A<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>B<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub></span> (where A and B are metals), represent a family of phases isostructural to the mineral pyrochlore. Pyrochlores are an important class of materials in diverse technological applications such as luminescence, ionic conductivity, nuclear waste immobilization, high-temperature thermal barrier coatings, automobile <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a> control, catalysts, solid oxide fuel cell, ionic/electrical conductors etc. </p><p>The mineral is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Metasomatism" title="Metasomatism">metasomatic</a> end stages of magmatic intrusions. Pyrochlore crystals are usually well-formed (euhedral), occurring usually as <a href="/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedra</a> of a yellowish or brownish color and <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resinous</a> luster. It is commonly <a href="/wiki/Metamict" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamict">metamict</a> due to radiation damage from included radioactive elements. </p><p>Pyrochlore occurs in <a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatites</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">nepheline syenites</a> and other alkalic rocks. It is also found in <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> pegmatites and <a href="/wiki/Greisen" title="Greisen">greisens</a>. It is characteristically found in <a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">carbonatites</a>. Associated minerals include <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegirine" title="Aegirine">aegirine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perovskite" title="Perovskite">perovskite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbite" title="Columbite">columbite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrochlore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was first described in 1826 for an occurrence in Stavern (Fredriksvärn), <a href="/wiki/Larvik" title="Larvik">Larvik</a>, Vestfold, Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niobium_mining">Niobium mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrochlore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Niobium mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three largest producers of niobium ore are mining pyrochlore deposits. The largest deposit in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> is the CBMM mine located south of <a href="/wiki/Arax%C3%A1" title="Araxá">Araxá</a>, Minas Gerais, followed by the deposit of the Catalão mine east of <a href="/wiki/Catal%C3%A3o" title="Catalão">Catalão</a>, Goiás. The third largest deposit of niobium ore is Niobec mine west of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Honor%C3%A9,_Quebec" title="Saint-Honoré, Quebec">Saint-Honoré</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chicoutimi" title="Chicoutimi">Chicoutimi</a>, Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-tesla_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tesla-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pyrochlore ore typically contains greater than 0.05% of naturally occurring radioactive <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lueshe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lueshe">Lueshe</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>, Democratic Republic of Congo, has substantial deposits of pyrochlore.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crystal_structure">Crystal structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrochlore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crystal structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The more general crystal structure describes materials of the type A<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub> and A<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> where the A and B species are generally rare-earth or transition metal species; e.g. Y<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>.The pyrochlore structure is a super structure derivative of the simple <a href="/wiki/Fluorite_structure" title="Fluorite structure">fluorite structure</a> (AO<sub>2</sub> = A<sub>4</sub>O<sub>8</sub>), where the A and B cations are ordered along the <span class="nowrap">⟨110⟩</span> direction. The additional anion vacancy resides in the tetrahedral interstice between adjacent B-site cations. These systems are particularly susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Geometrical_frustration" title="Geometrical frustration">geometrical frustration</a> and novel magnetic effects. </p><p>The pyrochlore structure shows varied physical properties spanning electronic <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulators</a> (e.g. La<sub>2</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Ionic_conductivity_(solid_state)" title="Ionic conductivity (solid state)">ionic conductors</a> (Gd<sub>1.9</sub>Ca<sub>0.1</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6.9</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity#In_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">metallic conductors</a> (Bi<sub>2</sub>Ru<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7−<i>y</i></sub>), mixed ionic and electronic conductors, <a href="/wiki/Spin_ice" title="Spin ice">spin ice</a> systems (Dy<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Spin_glass" title="Spin glass">spin glass</a> systems (Y<sub>2</sub>Mo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>), haldane chain systems (Tl<sub>2</sub>Ru<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting materials</a> (Cd<sub>2</sub>Re<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More disordered structures, such as the bismuth pyrochlores,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have also been investigated due to interesting high-frequency dielectric properties.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crystal structure has been investigated for use in solid electrolytes for <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium iron batteries</a>. It is alleged to provide high conductivity while inhibiting dendrite growth.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrochlore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pyrochlore" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pyrochlore">Pyrochlore</a></span>.</div></div> </div> </div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals" title="List of minerals">List of minerals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrochlore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr, L.N. 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