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href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9F" title="לודוויג האן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לודוויג האן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لودويج هان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لودويج هان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Hahn" title="Ludwig Hahn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ludwig Hahn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Hahn" title="Ludwig Hahn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludwig Hahn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Хан, Людвиг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хан, Людвиг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Hahn" title="Ludwig Hahn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Ludwig Hahn</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Hahn_personal_SS_files.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ludwig_Hahn_personal_SS_files.jpg/220px-Ludwig_Hahn_personal_SS_files.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Ludwig_Hahn_personal_SS_files.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1908-01-23</span>)</span>23 January 1908<br /><a href="/wiki/Bienenb%C3%BCttel" title="Bienenbüttel">Eitzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Province of Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 November 1986<span style="display:none">(1986-11-10)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ammersbek" title="Ammersbek">Ammersbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1933–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Standartenf%C3%BChrer" title="Standartenführer">SS-Standartenführer</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> & Deputy Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Security Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> (1937-1939)</li> <li>Kommando Leader, <a href="/wiki/Einsatzkommando" title="Einsatzkommando"><i>Einsatzkommando 1/I</i></a> (1939)</li> <li>Commander of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">SiPo</a></i>-<i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SD</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> (1940)</li> <li>Gruppen Leader, <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppe Griechenland</a></i> (1941)</li> <li>Commander of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">SiPo</a></i>-<i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SD</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> (1941-44)</li> <li>Gruppen Leader, <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzkommando" title="Einsatzkommando">Einsatzgruppe L</a></i> (1944-45)</li> <li>Commander of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">SiPo</a></i>-<i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SD</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-North" title="Gau Westphalia-North">Gau Westphalia-North</a> (1945)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">Invasion of Greece</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a> (1944-45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula-Oder_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula-Oder Offensive">Vistula-Oder Offensive</a> (1945)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Steinhoff" title="Johannes Steinhoff">Johannes Steinhoff</a> (brother-in-law)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ludwig Hermann Karl Hahn</b> (23 January 1908 – 10 November 1986) was a <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Standartenf%C3%BChrer" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Standartenführer">SS-Standartenführer</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi official</a> and convicted <a href="/wiki/War_criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="War criminal">war criminal</a>. He held numerous positions with the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Reichssicherheitshauptamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichssicherheitshauptamt">police and security services</a> over the course of his career with the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS). </p><p>As a senior officer of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i> (Security Police) and <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i> (Security Service) in <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">occupied-Poland</a>, Hahn was directly involved in the <a href="/wiki/Grossaktion_Warsaw" title="Grossaktion Warsaw">liquidation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a> (July–September 1942) and the brutal suppression of both the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a> (April–May 1943) and the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> (August–October 1944). </p><p>During postwar investigations against him, Hahn was imprisoned from July 1960 to July 1961 and December 1965 to December 1967. Between 1972 and 1975, Hahn was the subject of two separate <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> prosecutions in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>; both related to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">atrocities</a> that occurred during his service with the SS in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. He was ultimately convicted and imprisoned from 1975 to 1983. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Hahn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The son of a prosperous farmer of the same name, Hahn was born on 23 January 1908, in the rural town of <a href="/wiki/Bienenb%C3%BCttel" title="Bienenbüttel">Eitzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uelzen_(district)" title="Uelzen (district)">Uelzen district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Province of Hanover</a> in what was then the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wulf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wulf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hahn attended <i><a href="/wiki/Volksschule" title="Volksschule">Volksschule</a></i> as a youth and was then enrolled at the <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Realgymnasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Realgymnasium">Realgymnasium</a></i>, completing his <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculation</a> exam in 1927. Hahn went on to study <a href="/wiki/Financial_law" title="Financial law">financial law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> where he became a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a> (NSDStB). In February 1930 he joined both the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (NSDAP Nr. 194 463) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i> (SA), where he would rise to the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Scharf%C3%BChrer" title="Scharführer">Scharführer</a></i> (Squad Leader). </p><p>After successfully defending his <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Law">Faculty of Law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>, Hahn obtained his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Law" title="Doctor of Law">doctorate of jurisprudence</a> (Dr. jur.) in July 1932. Afterward, Hahn apprenticed as an <i><a href="/wiki/Assessor_(law)" title="Assessor (law)">assessor</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naumburg" title="Naumburg">Naumburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>. He joined the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS) in April 1933 (SS Nr. 65 823) and was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/17th_SS-Standarte" title="17th SS-Standarte">17th SS-Standarte</a> (regiment) in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a> and later transferred to the 26th SS-Standarte in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Hahn_with_his_family_in_occupied_Warsaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ludwig_Hahn_with_his_family_in_occupied_Warsaw.jpg/220px-Ludwig_Hahn_with_his_family_in_occupied_Warsaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ludwig_Hahn_with_his_family_in_occupied_Warsaw.jpg/330px-Ludwig_Hahn_with_his_family_in_occupied_Warsaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ludwig_Hahn_with_his_family_in_occupied_Warsaw.jpg/440px-Ludwig_Hahn_with_his_family_in_occupied_Warsaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Ludwig Hahn (left), with his wife Charlotte, sister of Johannes Steinhoff (center) in occupied Warsaw.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Nazi_career">Early Nazi career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Hahn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Nazi career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1933 Hahn was attached to the <a href="/wiki/Allgemeine-SS_regional_commands" title="Allgemeine-SS regional commands">SS Regional Headquarters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> as a member of the <i><a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Standarte" class="mw-redirect" title="1st SS Standarte">Stabswache</a></i> (staff guard). After attending the Nazi Party's <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsschule_fur_Fuhrertum_und_Politik" class="extiw" title="de:Staatsschule fur Fuhrertum und Politik">State School for Leadership and Politics</a>, he was assigned to the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i> (SD) in May 1934. Hahn qualified as a lawyer after completing his <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">clerkship</a> in April 1935 and became a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Association_of_Legal_Professionals" title="National Socialist Association of Legal Professionals">National Socialist Association of Legal Professionals</a> (<i>NS-Rechtswahrerbund</i>). That same year he married Charlotte Steinhoff, sister of the <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i> fighter pilot <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Steinhoff" title="Johannes Steinhoff">Johannes Steinhoff</a>, who later served as a senior <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">General</a> with the postwar <a href="/wiki/West_German_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="West German Air Force">West German Air Force</a> and was also <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the NATO Military Committee">Chairman of the NATO Military Committee</a> from 1971 to 1974. The couple would have four children.<sup id="cite_ref-Wulf_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wulf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hahn began his career with the <a href="/wiki/Reichssicherheitshauptamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichssicherheitshauptamt">Nazi security services</a> in June 1935 when he was retained as a <a href="/wiki/Consultant" title="Consultant">consultant</a> (<i>Referent</i>) at the <i><a href="/wiki/Prinz-Albrecht-Palais" title="Prinz-Albrecht-Palais">SD-Hauptamt</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. In January 1936, he was posted to <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> where he served as Deputy Chief of the city's <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> bureau (<i>Stellvertreter Staatspolizeistelle</i>), before returning to Berlin in November of that year to work as a <a href="/wiki/Assessor_(law)" title="Assessor (law)">legal advisor</a> (<i>Regierungsassessor</i>) at <a href="/wiki/Niederkirchnerstra%C3%9Fe" title="Niederkirchnerstraße">Gestapo Headquarters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wulf_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wulf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hahn underwent <a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">military-training</a> with the <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt an der Oder">Frankfurt an der Oder</a> and was subsequently reassigned to <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> as Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> (<i>Kriminalkommissar</i>) and Deputy Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Security Police</a> (<i>Stellvertreter der Polizeipräsident</i>). Hahn maintained both positions from April 1937 to August 1939. He was promoted to the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Sturmbannführer">SS-Sturmbannführer</a></i> (Major) <i>und Kriminalrat</i> in September 1938. </p><p>During the build-up to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> he was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> in preparation for the looming <a href="/wiki/September_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="September Campaign">invasion of Poland</a>. He was assigned to <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppe I</a></i> under the command of <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Brigadef%C3%BChrer" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Brigadeführer">SS-Brigadeführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Streckenbach" title="Bruno Streckenbach">Bruno Streckenbach</a>, and was given command of the sub-unit of <i>Einsatzkommando 1/I</i>. During the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in September 1939, Hahn and his unit were attached to the <a href="/wiki/14th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="14th Army (Wehrmacht)">German 14th Army</a> in the territories of <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920-1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920-1939)">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Malopolska</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Hahn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/September_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="September Campaign">September Campaign</a>, Hahn and his <i>Einsatzkommando</i> were heavily involved in the arrests and executions carried out as part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Intelligenzaktion</a></i>, a Nazi extermination operation targeting the Polish <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> and other members of the nation's <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a>. Between September–November 1939, Hahn took part in the mass-killings of Polish <a href="/wiki/Public_officials" class="mw-redirect" title="Public officials">public officials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Activists">political activists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intellectuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectuals">intellectuals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">army officers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanok" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanok">Sanok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rzeszow" class="mw-redirect" title="Rzeszow">Rzeszow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Podlesie,_Dzier%C5%BConi%C3%B3w_County" title="Podlesie, Dzierżoniów County">Podlesie</a>. <i>Einsatzgruppe I</i> was also involved in the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów massacre</a>, in which 170-200 <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Jewish</a> civilians lost their lives. The town's surviving Jewish population was subsequently expelled into <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet-occupied eastern Poland</a>. </p><p>Following the dissolution of <i>Einsatzgruppe I</i>, Hahn served as <i>Stadtkommissar</i> (City Commissioner) for the city of <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a> (Prömsel) from November–December 1939. Hahn next took over as Commander of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i> (SiPo) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i> (SD) for the occupied city of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> in January 1940. He also served as chief of the "Police Emergency Court" (<i><a href="/wiki/Drumhead_court-martial" title="Drumhead court-martial">Standgericht</a></i>) at <a href="/wiki/Montelupich_Prison" title="Montelupich Prison">Montelupich Prison</a>. In this capacity Hahn was instrumental in the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/German_AB-Aktion_in_Poland" title="German AB-Aktion in Poland">German AB-Aktion in Poland</a>. </p><p>In August 1940, Hahn was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> where he had been appointed <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderbeauftragter" title="Sonderbeauftragter">Sonderbeauftragter</a></i> (Special Representative) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i>. In this position Hahn served as SS leader <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler's</a> personal emissary to the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Nazi-allied</a> government of the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic (1939-1945)">Slovak Republic</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a>. He also acted as a senior advisor to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Interior (Slovakia)">Slovak Ministry of the Interior</a>. From April–June 1941 Hahn was stationed in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> where he commanded <i>Einsatzgruppe Griechenland</i> during the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Campaign (World War II)">Balkan Campaign</a>. Following the German victory in the offensive, he was promoted to the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Obersturmbannführer">SS-Obersturmbannführer</a></i> (Lieutenant Colonel) and returned to his diplomatic post in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warsaw">Warsaw</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Hahn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Warsaw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Announcement_of_death_of_100_of_Polish_hostages_executed_in_occupied_Warsaw_after_the_death_of_Franz_Kutschera_(February_1944).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Announcement_of_death_of_100_of_Polish_hostages_executed_in_occupied_Warsaw_after_the_death_of_Franz_Kutschera_%28February_1944%29.jpg/220px-Announcement_of_death_of_100_of_Polish_hostages_executed_in_occupied_Warsaw_after_the_death_of_Franz_Kutschera_%28February_1944%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Announcement_of_death_of_100_of_Polish_hostages_executed_in_occupied_Warsaw_after_the_death_of_Franz_Kutschera_%28February_1944%29.jpg/330px-Announcement_of_death_of_100_of_Polish_hostages_executed_in_occupied_Warsaw_after_the_death_of_Franz_Kutschera_%28February_1944%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Announcement_of_death_of_100_of_Polish_hostages_executed_in_occupied_Warsaw_after_the_death_of_Franz_Kutschera_%28February_1944%29.jpg/440px-Announcement_of_death_of_100_of_Polish_hostages_executed_in_occupied_Warsaw_after_the_death_of_Franz_Kutschera_%28February_1944%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Hahn's written announcement of the execution of 100 Polish hostages as revenge for the death of <a href="/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="SS and Police Leader">SS and Police Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a>, 2 February 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1941, Hahn returned to <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">occupied-Poland</a> and was appointed Commander of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i> (SiPo) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i> (SD) for the city of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. His headquarters was housed in the former offices of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_and_Public_Education_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education (Poland)">Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education</a>. As Commander of the SiPo and the SD, Hahn would oversee a force of approximately 2,000 individuals; including a staff of 500-600 <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">SS security personnel</a>, as well as around 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Blue_Police" title="Blue Police">Polish police auxiliaries</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">guard companies</a> composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Ukrainian and Cossack collaborators</a>. </p><p>During his tenure, Hahn was directly involved in the planning and implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Poland">Holocaust in Poland</a>. In the summer of 1942, Hahn collaborated with <i><a href="/wiki/Brigadef%C3%BChrer" title="Brigadeführer">SS-Brigadeführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a> and other personnel associated with <i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></i> to carry out <i><a href="/wiki/Grossaktion_Warsaw_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossaktion Warsaw (1942)">Grossaktion Warschau</a></i>, the liquidation of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a>. An estimated 265,000 <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a> perished between July–September 1942, either in mass-executions carried out by the SS or following their deportation to the <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camp</a> at <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a>. This was the single deadliest action taken against the Jews in the course of the Holocaust in <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">occupied-Poland</a>. </p><p>As a deputy officer to <a href="/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="SS and Police Leader">SS and Police Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop" title="Jürgen Stroop">Jürgen Stroop</a>, Hahn also had a leading role in the bloody suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a> in April–May 1943. The brutal pacification of the ghetto by the SS resulted in the deaths of 13,000 Jews either killed in the fighting or executed. In the aftermath of the uprising, Hahn orchestrated the deportation of another 36,000 Jews from Warsaw to the <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">death camps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majdanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek">Majdanek</a>. On 2 February 1944, Hahn would organize the <a href="/wiki/Public_execution" title="Public execution">public execution</a> of 300 Polish civilian <a href="/wiki/Hostages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostages">hostages</a> in reprisal for the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kutschera" title="Operation Kutschera">assassination</a> of SS and Police Leader <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a> by members of the <a href="/wiki/Kedyw" title="Kedyw">Polish Resistance</a>. In April 1944, he was promoted to the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Standartenf%C3%BChrer" title="Standartenführer">SS-Standartenführer</a></i> (Colonel) <i>und Kriminaldirektor</i>. Hahn would also receive the further title of <i><a href="/wiki/Oberst" title="Oberst">Oberst</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">der Polizei</a></i>. </p><p>During the August–October 1944 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Home_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Home Army">Polish Home Army</a>, Hahn served with the <i><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i>, leading a <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> of 700 men in the southern districts of the city and later in the downtown area. He also personally commanded the defense of Warsaw’s heavily fortified government district. Acting on instructions from <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a>, Hahn ordered the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">mass-killing of Polish civilians</a> in retaliation for the rebellion. An estimated 5 to 10 thousand men, women and children were shot by the SS, mainly in the ruins of the former <a href="/wiki/General_Inspector_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="General Inspector of the Armed Forces">General Inspectorate of the Armed Forces</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_after_the_Warsaw_Uprising" title="Capitulation after the Warsaw Uprising">capitulation of the uprising</a>, Hahn supervised the deployment of the <i>Verbrennungskommando</i> (Cremation Details); groups of Polish prisoners forced to work clearing bodies and debris from the city's streets. Hahn was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross, 1st Class</a> for his service during the uprising. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_service_with_the_SS">Later service with the SS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Hahn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later service with the SS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1944, Hahn departed Warsaw and returned to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> where he was posted to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>. He was stationed in the town of <a href="/wiki/Cochem" title="Cochem">Cochem</a> and was appointed commander of <i>Einsatzgruppe L</i> which was attached to the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Panzer_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Panzer Army">German Sixth Panzer Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>. After the failure of the Ardennes offensive, Hahn was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula">Army Group Vistula</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> to serve as a delegate for the SiPo and the SD on the <a href="/wiki/General_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="General staff">general staff</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">SS-Obergruppenführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Oberg" title="Carl Oberg">Carl Oberg</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vistula-Oder_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula-Oder offensive">Vistula-Oder offensive</a>. In February 1945, he was reassigned to <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, where he briefly served as <i><a href="/wiki/Stabsf%C3%BChrer" title="Stabsführer">Stabsführer</a></i> (chief of staff) to <i><a href="/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Gruppenführer">SS-Gruppenführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ludolf_von_Alvensleben" title="Ludolf von Alvensleben">Ludolf von Alvensleben</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="SS and Police Leader">Higher SS and Police Leader</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>. </p><p>Hahn was next appointed Commander of the SiPo and the SD for the city of <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> in March 1945. However, he was quickly displaced from this position when the city fell to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and was instead dispatched to <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a>, where he took over as Commander of the SiPo and the SD for <a href="/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-North" title="Gau Westphalia-North">Gau Westphalia-North</a>. Hahn was also tasked with overseeing the <a href="/wiki/Security_detail" title="Security detail">security detail</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Meyer" title="Alfred Meyer">Alfred Meyer</a>. During the closing weeks of the war, Hahn and his staff fled to <a href="/wiki/Hessisch-Oldendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessisch-Oldendorf">Hessisch-Oldendorf</a> to escape the <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Allied advance</a>. He was taken prisoner by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> on 12 April 1945 but successfully escaped from custody shortly afterward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar_life">Postwar life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Hahn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Postwar life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hahn remained in Germany after 1945 and went into hiding in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Eilsen" title="Bad Eilsen">Bad Eilsen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">British occupation zone</a>, working for several years as a laborer and farmhand. He later moved to <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a> where he worked as a <a href="/wiki/Salesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Salesman">salesman</a> with the textile company of <i>Scharpenack & Teschenmacher</i>. He resumed using his real name in 1949. At a <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> hearing in 1950, Hahn's wife Charlotte falsely claimed to <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany#British_zone_of_occupation" title="Allied-occupied Germany">British authorities</a> that her husband had been taken prisoner by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Russians</a> and deported to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, prompting the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine" title="British Army of the Rhine">British Army</a> to close its ongoing war crimes investigation of him. </p><p>Afterward, Hahn would go on to pursue a successful postwar career as an <a href="/wiki/Insurance_broker" title="Insurance broker">insurance broker</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. In 1951 his father-in-law arranged for him to take a position as Deputy Director for Organizational Matters with the <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> branch of <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruher_Lebensversicherung_A.G." class="extiw" title="de:Karlsruher Lebensversicherung A.G.">Karlsruher Lebensversicherung A.G.</a></i> He rose to the office of Branch Manager in 1955. Hahn and his family relocated to <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> in 1958 where he had been hired as head of the <a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">life insurance</a> division of <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt_Assekuranz_K.G." class="extiw" title="de:Schmidt Assekuranz K.G.">Hans Rudolf Schmidt & Co. GmbH</a></i>. The family settled in a comfortable home in the borough of <a href="/wiki/Bahrenfeld" title="Bahrenfeld">Bahrenfeld</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trials_and_convictions">Trials and convictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Hahn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trials and convictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Hahn_and_Thomas_Wippenbeck_during_the_Hamburg_trial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ludwig_Hahn_and_Thomas_Wippenbeck_during_the_Hamburg_trial.jpg/220px-Ludwig_Hahn_and_Thomas_Wippenbeck_during_the_Hamburg_trial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ludwig_Hahn_and_Thomas_Wippenbeck_during_the_Hamburg_trial.jpg/330px-Ludwig_Hahn_and_Thomas_Wippenbeck_during_the_Hamburg_trial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ludwig_Hahn_and_Thomas_Wippenbeck_during_the_Hamburg_trial.jpg/440px-Ludwig_Hahn_and_Thomas_Wippenbeck_during_the_Hamburg_trial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Hahn (left) and SS-Rottenführer Thomas Wippenbeck during their trial in Hamburg, 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>Hahn's identity was uncovered by journalists in 1960. Following an inquiry by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Office_of_the_State_Justice_Administrations_for_the_Investigation_of_National_Socialist_Crimes" title="Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes">Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes</a>, Hahn was arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Criminal_Police_Office_(Germany)" title="Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany)">West German federal police</a> for his suspected involvement in the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a>. He was held by West German investigators for a year, however no charges were brought against him due to insufficient <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> and he was released in July 1961. Hahn was arrested a second time in December 1965 and held in <a href="/wiki/Pre-trial_detention" title="Pre-trial detention">pre-trial detention</a> for two years, but was ultimately released again, owing to his poor health. After his release, Hahn briefly worked for the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Investors_Overseas_Service" title="Investors Overseas Service">Investors Overseas Service</a>. He retired in 1967. </p><p>It was not until May 1972 that Hahn was successfully charged with war crimes by the <a href="/wiki/Oberlandesgericht" title="Oberlandesgericht">Higher Regional Court</a> of Hamburg. The now 65-year-old Hahn was found guilty in connection with wartime atrocities committed at the <a href="/wiki/Pawiak" title="Pawiak">Pawiak prison</a> in Warsaw, namely the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">execution of 100 Polish political prisoners</a> who were shot on his orders on 21 July 1944. Hahn was sentenced to 12 years in prison in June 1973 but petitioned the court for an <a href="/wiki/Legal_appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal appeal">appeal</a> of the verdict. After a two-year review of the trial and the evidence, Hahn's appeal was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">West German judiciary</a> and he entered prison in March 1975. </p><p>During the appeals process, Hahn was also on trial in a different <a href="/wiki/Landesgericht_(Germany)" title="Landesgericht (Germany)">West German court</a>; this case surrounded his alleged role in the deportation of an estimated 230,000 Jews from the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a> to <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a>. The proceedings opened in October 1974, and Hahn was once more found guilty. On 4 July 1975, he was given a further sentence of <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>. Suffering from <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, Hahn was granted early release from prison in September 1983. He died in <a href="/wiki/Ammersbek" title="Ammersbek">Ammersbek</a> on 10 November 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurzman_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurzman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_of_SS_career">Summary of SS career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Hahn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Summary of SS career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Dates of rank</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Standartenf%C3%BChrer" title="Standartenführer">SS-Standartenführer</a>, Regierungs- und Kriminaldirektor, Oberst der Polizei</i> (April 20, 1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmbannführer">SS-Obersturmbannführer</a></i> (November 9, 1941) <ul><li><i>Oberregierungs- und Kriminalrat</i> (September 12, 1941)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Sturmbannführer">SS-Sturmbannführer</a>, Regierungs und Kriminalrat</i> (September 26, 1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hauptsturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Hauptsturmführer">SS-Hauptsturmführer</a> und Kriminalrat</i> (August 1, 1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmführer">SS-Obersturmführer</a> und Kriminalkommissar</i> (January 30, 1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Untersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Untersturmführer">SS-Untersturmführer</a></i> (April 20, 1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer" title="Hauptscharführer">SS-Hauptscharführer</a></i> (November 9, 1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unterscharf%C3%BChrer" title="Unterscharführer">SS-Unterscharführer</a></i> (June 1, 1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rottenf%C3%BChrer" title="Rottenführer">SS-Rottenführer</a></i> (November 9, 1934) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scharf%C3%BChrer" title="Scharführer">SA-Scharführer</a></i> (December 1930)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Awards and decorations</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a>, First Class (October 9, 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross" title="War Merit Cross">War Merit Cross with Swords</a> (January 30, 1943)</li> <li>Iron Cross, Second Class (July 6, 1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degen_(SS)" title="Degen (SS)">Ehrendegen der Reichsfuhrer-SS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SS-Ehrenring" title="SS-Ehrenring">Totenkopfring der SS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour_Chevron_for_the_Old_Guard" title="Honour Chevron for the Old Guard">Honor Chevron for the Old Guard</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Hahn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wulf-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wulf_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wulf_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wulf_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josef Wulf, <i>Das Dritte Reich und seine Vollstrecker – Die Liquidation von 500.000 Juden im Ghetto Warschau</i>, Berlin 1961, p. 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacek Andrzej Młynarczyk, "Vom Massenmörder zum Lebensversicherer. Dr. Ludwig Hahn und die Mühlen der deutschen Justiz", Andrej Angrick, Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.), <i>Die Gestapo nach 1945. Karrieren, Konflikte, Konstruktionen</i>, Darmstadt 2009, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurzman-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurzman_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Kurzman, <i>The Bravest Battle: The Twenty-eight Days Of The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</i>, Da Capo Press, 2009, p. 346</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Hahn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ludwig_Hahn" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ludwig Hahn">Ludwig Hahn</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-42762308.html">"Bis zum letzten"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i> (in German). 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title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_I" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potulice_concentration_camp" title="Potulice concentration camp">Potulice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szebnie_concentration_camp" title="Szebnie concentration camp">Szebnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danzig-Matzkau_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danzig-Matzkau concentration camp (page does not exist)">Danzig-Matzkau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass shootings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Bia%C5%82ystok_massacres" title="1941 Białystok massacres">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto#Bloody_Sunday_massacre" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Bronna Góra">Bronna Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Death_(Bydgoszcz)" title="Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Erntefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Erntefest">Erntefest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Operation Reinhard in Kraków">Aktion Krakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiry_massacre" title="Palmiry massacre">Palmiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_Krakau" title="Sonderaktion Krakau">Sonderaktion Krakau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv pogroms">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tykocin_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tykocin pogrom">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Ghettos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto" title="Będzin Ghetto">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Ghetto" title="Brześć Ghetto">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto" title="Częstochowa Ghetto">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Ghetto" title="Grodno Ghetto">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_Ghetto" title="Kielce Ghetto">Kielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv pogroms (1941)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubart%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lubartów Ghetto">Lubartów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Podlaski_Ghetto" title="Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto">Międzyrzec Podlaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizocz_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizocz Ghetto">Mizocz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz_Ghetto" title="Nowy Sącz Ghetto">Nowy Sącz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84sk_Ghetto" title="Pińsk Ghetto">Pińsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_Ghetto" title="Siedlce Ghetto">Siedlce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambor_Ghetto" title="Sambor Ghetto">Sambor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82onim_Ghetto" title="Słonim Ghetto">Słonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Stanisławów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnopol_Ghetto" title="Tarnopol Ghetto">Tarnopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Wilno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossaktion_Warsaw_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossaktion Warsaw (1942)">Grossaktion Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Truppen%C3%BCbungsplatz_Heidelager" title="SS-Truppenübungsplatz Heidelager">Heidelager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template talk:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perpetrators,_participants,_organizations,_and_collaborators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Brack" title="Viktor Brack">Viktor Brack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Josef Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Fischer" title="Ludwig Fischer">Ludwig Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6fle" title="Hermann Höfle">Hermann Höfle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Katzmann" title="Fritz Katzmann">Fritz Katzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Koppe" title="Wilhelm Koppe">Wilhelm Koppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger">Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Lambert" title="Erwin Lambert">Erwin Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lerch" title="Ernst Lerch">Ernst Lerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michalsen" title="Georg Michalsen">Georg Michalsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Pohl" title="Oswald Pohl">Oswald Pohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Reinefarth" title="Heinz Reinefarth">Heinz Reinefarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Scherner" title="Julian Scherner">Julian Scherner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Sporrenberg" title="Jakob Sporrenberg">Jakob Sporrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Streckenbach" title="Bruno Streckenbach">Bruno Streckenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thomalla" title="Richard Thomalla">Richard Thomalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%A4chter" title="Otto Wächter">Otto Wächter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Aumeier" title="Hans Aumeier">Hans Aumeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baer" title="Richard Baer">Richard Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Boger" title="Wilhelm Boger">Wilhelm Boger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermine_Braunsteiner" title="Hermine Braunsteiner">Hermine Braunsteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_van_Eupen" title="Theodor van Eupen">Theodor van Eupen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Franz" title="Kurt Franz">Kurt Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Frenzel" title="Karl Frenzel">Karl Frenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Fritzsch" title="Karl Fritzsch">Karl Fritzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_G%C3%B6th" title="Amon Göth">Amon Göth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Grabner" title="Maximilian Grabner">Maximilian Grabner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hantke" title="Otto Hantke">Otto Hantke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hartjenstein" title="Fritz Hartjenstein">Fritz Hartjenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Hering" title="Gottlieb Hering">Gottlieb Hering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_H%C3%B6ssler" title="Franz Hössler">Franz Hössler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Koch" title="Karl-Otto Koch">Karl-Otto Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Liebehenschel" title="Arthur Liebehenschel">Arthur Liebehenschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mandl" title="Maria Mandl">Maria Mandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Matthes" title="Heinrich Matthes">Heinrich Matthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Michel" title="Hermann Michel">Hermann Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%B6ckel" title="Karl Möckel">Karl Möckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulka" title="Robert Mulka">Robert Mulka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Niemann" title="Johann Niemann">Johann Niemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Oberhauser" title="Josef Oberhauser">Josef Oberhauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Reichleitner" title="Franz Reichleitner">Franz Reichleitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schwarz" title="Heinrich Schwarz">Heinrich Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schwarzhuber" title="Johann Schwarzhuber">Johann Schwarzhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wagner" title="Gustav Wagner">Gustav Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gas chamber<br />executioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Bauer" title="Erich Bauer">Erich Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Bolender" title="Kurt Bolender">Kurt Bolender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hackenholt" title="Lorenz Hackenholt">Lorenz Hackenholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Klehr" title="Josef Klehr">Josef Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Koch_(SS_man)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Koch (SS man)">Hans Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Herbert Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Moll" title="Otto Moll">Otto Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Plagge" title="Ludwig Plagge">Ludwig Plagge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Theuer" title="Adolf Theuer">Adolf Theuer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Physicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Bodmann" title="Franz von Bodmann">Franz von Bodmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Clauberg" title="Carl Clauberg">Carl Clauberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Fischer" title="Horst Fischer">Horst Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Klein" title="Fritz Klein">Fritz Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Horst Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Trzebinski" title="Alfred Trzebinski">Alfred Trzebinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wirths" title="Eduard Wirths">Eduard Wirths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghetto command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Auerswald" title="Heinz Auerswald">Heinz Auerswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Biebow" title="Hans Biebow">Hans Biebow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Bl%C3%B6sche" title="Josef Blösche">Josef Blösche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%BCrkl" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Bürkl">Franz Bürkl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Klaustermeyer" title="Heinrich Klaustermeyer">Heinrich Klaustermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Konrad_(SS_officer)" title="Franz Konrad (SS officer)">Franz Konrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Palfinger" title="Alexander Palfinger">Alexander Palfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Sammern-Frankenegg" title="Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg">Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop" title="Jürgen Stroop">Jürgen Stroop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Birkner" title="Wolfgang Birkner">Wolfgang Birkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bischoff" title="Helmut Bischoff">Helmut Bischoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Beutel" title="Lothar Beutel">Lothar Beutel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(SS_general)" title="Karl Brunner (SS general)">Karl Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Flesch" title="Gerhard Flesch">Gerhard Flesch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ludwig Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Landau" title="Felix Landau">Felix Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albert_Meisinger" title="Josef Albert Meisinger">Josef Meisinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%BCller" title="Bruno Müller">Bruno Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Naumann" title="Erich Naumann">Erich Naumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Emanuel Schäfer">Emanuel Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schaper" title="Hermann Schaper">Hermann Schaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_von_Woyrsch" title="Udo von Woyrsch">Udo von Woyrsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Anhalt" title="Hans Anhalt">Hans Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny-Wanda_Barkmann" title="Jenny-Wanda Barkmann">Jenny-Wanda Barkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_Bothe" title="Herta Bothe">Herta Bothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_Bormann" title="Juana Bormann">Juana Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_B%C3%BClow" title="Alexander Bülow">Alexander Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Danz" title="Luise Danz">Luise Danz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Dreschel" title="Margot Dreschel">Margot Dreschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hoffmann" title="Hans Hoffmann">Hans Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gerstein" title="Kurt Gerstein">Kurt Gerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G%C3%B6tze" title="Paul Götze">Paul Götze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Grese" title="Irma Grese">Irma Grese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Friedrich_H%C3%B6cker" title="Karl-Friedrich Höcker">Karl-Friedrich Höcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jeschke" title="Karl Jeschke">Karl Jeschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Kaduk" title="Oswald Kaduk">Oswald Kaduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kollmer" title="Josef Kollmer">Josef Kollmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_L%C3%A4chert" title="Hildegard Lächert">Hildegard Lächert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Langefeld" title="Johanna Langefeld">Johanna Langefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Lechner" title="Anton Lechner">Anton Lechner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Lorenz" title="Eduard Lorenz">Eduard Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Muhsfeldt" title="Erich Muhsfeldt">Erich Muhsfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlef_Nebbe" title="Detlef Nebbe">Detlef Nebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Orlowski" title="Alice Orlowski">Alice Orlowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Volkenrath" title="Elisabeth Volkenrath">Elisabeth Volkenrath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By camp</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Template:Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">WVHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">RKFDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">VoMi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Polski" title="Hotel Polski">Hotel Polski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Collaboration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Belarusian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/36th_Estonian_Police_Battalion" title="36th Estonian Police Battalion">36th Estonian Police Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft_Battalion_118" title="Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118">Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Resistance,_victims,_documentation_and_technical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Resistance, victims, documentation and technical</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Military_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Military Organisation">AOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Corps" title="National Security Corps">PKB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">ŻOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">ŻZW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto uprising">Ghetto uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp#The_uprising" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Zuckerman" title="Yitzhak Zuckerman">Icchak Cukierman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Tenenbaum" title="Mordechai Tenenbaum">Mordechai Tenenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Edelman" title="Marek Edelman">Marek Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Feldhendler" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Feldhendler">Leon Feldhendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Frenkiel" title="Paweł Frenkiel">Paweł Frenkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Iwa%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Iwański">Henryk Iwański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Katzenelson" title="Itzhak Katzenelson">Itzhak Katzenelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Klepfisz" title="Michał Klepfisz">Michał Klepfisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Lerman" title="Miles Lerman">Miles Lerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pechersky" title="Alexander Pechersky">Alexander Pechersky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumka_P%C5%82otnicka" title="Frumka Płotnicka">Frumka Płotnicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roza_Robota" title="Roza Robota">Roza Robota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szmul_Zygielbojm" title="Szmul Zygielbojm">Szmul Zygielbojm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victim lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghettos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Lwów Ghetto">Lviv (Lwów)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Belzec extermination camp">Bełżec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Izbica_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in Izbica Ghetto">Izbica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Documentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Album" title="Auschwitz Album">Auschwitz Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Frank_memorandum" title="August Frank memorandum">Frank memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6cker_Album" title="Höcker Album">Höcker Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fle_telegram" title="Höfle telegram">Höfle telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzmann_Report" title="Katzmann Report">Katzmann Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korherr_Report" title="Korherr Report">Korherr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_perpetrator_album" title="Sobibor perpetrator album">Sobibor perpetrator album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Prosecution_Book_%E2%80%93_Poland" title="Special Prosecution Book – Poland">Special Prosecution Book – Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroop_Report" title="Stroop Report">Stroop Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witness accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Friedrich_Graebe" title="Hermann Friedrich Graebe">Graebe affidavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerstein_Report" title="Gerstein Report">Gerstein Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold%27s_Report" title="Witold's Report">Witold's Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs"><i>Sonderkommando</i> photographs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical and logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Identification in camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Nazi_Germany" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aftermath,_trials_and_commemoration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath, trials and commemoration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Population transfers (1944–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Trials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West German trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polish, East German, and Soviet trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_trial" title="Auschwitz trial">Auschwitz trial (Poland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_State_Commission" title="Extraordinary State Commission">Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Ghetto_Heroes" title="Monument to the Ghetto Heroes">Monument to the Ghetto Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_State_Museum" title="Majdanek State Museum">Majdanek State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_Museum" title="Sobibór Museum">Sobibór Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Youth_Meeting_Center_in_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim/Auschwitz" title="International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz">International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Living" title="March of the Living">March of the Living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Polish Righteous Among the Nations">Polish Righteous Among the Nations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Righteous" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish Righteous">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations">Garden of the Righteous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95875#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95875#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95875#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/137685084">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015107686">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810535174205606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd137685084.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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