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Системӑна кӗменнисем валли хатӗрленӗ страницӑсем <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%88%D1%83:%D0%9F%D1%83%D2%AB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%91%D1%88" aria-label="Тӳрлетесси пирки тӗплӗнрех"><span>ытларах пӗл</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ку IP адресран тунӑ тӳрлетӳсем [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Хывнӑ тӳпе</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%91_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="IP адресӑн сӳтсе яву страници [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Сӳтсе явни</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Тупмалли" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Тупмалли</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">айккинчи панеле куҫарса ларт</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">пытар</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пуҫламӑш</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Асăрхавсем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Асăрхавсем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Асăрхавсем</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Асăрхавсем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Литература" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Литература"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Литература</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Литература-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Каçăсем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Каçăсем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Каçăсем</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Каçăсем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Тупмалли" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Контента Курӑмлатас/Пытарас" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Контента Курӑмлатас/Пытарас</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Çĕреярăш</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Урӑх чӗлхери статья патне куҫ. 52 чӗлхелли пур" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 чӗлхе</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="مؤرض — арап" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤرض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арап" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerl%C9%99ndirm%C9%99" title="Yerləndirmə — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yerləndirmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Зазямленне — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зазямленне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Заземяване — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Заземяване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%8E)" title="ভূ-সংযোগ (বিদ্যুৎ) — бенгал" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূ-সংযোগ (বিদ্যুৎ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(electricitat)" title="Terra (electricitat) — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terra (electricitat)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="سیستمی بەزەویکردن — центральнокурдский" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیستمی بەزەویکردن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="центральнокурдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzemn%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Uzemnění — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uzemnění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordforbindelse" title="Jordforbindelse — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jordforbindelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erder_(Elektroinstallation)" title="Erder (Elektroinstallation) — нимӗҫ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erder (Elektroinstallation)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нимӗҫ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Γείωση — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γείωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity) — акӑлчан" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ground (electricity)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="акӑлчан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maandamine" title="Maandamine — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maandamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurra_(elektrizitatea)" title="Lurra (elektrizitatea) — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurra (elektrizitatea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82)" title="زمین (برق) — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زمین (برق)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maadoitus" title="Maadoitus — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maadoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_(%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9)" title="Terre (électricité) — франци" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terre (électricité)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="франци" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97" title="અર્થીંગ — гуджарати" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અર્થીંગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджарати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%94" title="הארקה — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הארקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="भूसम्पर्कन — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूसम्पर्कन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzemljenje" title="Uzemljenje — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uzemljenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizant%C3%A8" title="Mizantè — гаитянский" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mizantè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаитянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ldel%C3%A9s" title="Földelés — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Földelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հողակցում — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հողակցում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembumian_(listrik)" title="Pembumian (listrik) — индонези" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembumian (listrik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонези" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0_(rafmagn)" title="Jörð (rafmagn) — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jörð (rafmagn)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%9C%B0" title="接地 — япони" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="接地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="япони" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ჩამიწება — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩამიწება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%91%EC%A7%80" title="접지 — корей" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="접지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корей" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(eletrotecnega)" title="Terra (eletrotecnega) — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Terra (eletrotecnega)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Заземјување — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Заземјување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="എർത്തിങ് — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എർത്തിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="अर्थिंग — маратхи" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अर्थिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembumian_elektrik" title="Pembumian elektrik — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembumian elektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarde_(elektriciteit)" title="Aarde (elektriciteit) — голланди" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aarde (elektriciteit)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="голланди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jording_i_sterkstraumsanlegg" title="Jording i sterkstraumsanlegg — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jording i sterkstraumsanlegg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jording" title="Jording — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jording" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uziemienie" title="Uziemienie — поляк" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uziemienie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(eletricidade)" title="Terra (eletricidade) — португали" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terra (eletricidade)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C4%83m%C3%A2ntare" title="Împământare — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Împământare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Заземление — вырӑс" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заземление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="вырӑс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzemljenje" title="Uzemljenje — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uzemljenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Уземљење — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уземљење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordning" title="Jordning — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jordning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎర్తింగ్ — телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎర్తింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Заминвасла — таджикский" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Заминвасла" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2)" title="กราวด์ (ไฟฟ้า) — тай" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กราวด์ (ไฟฟ้า)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topraklama" title="Topraklama — турккӑ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Topraklama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турккӑ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Заземлення — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Заземлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C)" title="زمین (برقی) — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زمین (برقی)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFp_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba" title="Tiếp địa — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếp địa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%9C%B0" title="接地 — китай" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="接地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6501125#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Чӗлхесем хушшинчи каҫӑсем" class="wbc-editpage">Каҫӑсене тӳрлет</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ятсен уҫлӑхӗ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88" title="Статьяна пăх [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Страница</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%B3%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8:%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88" rel="discussion" title="Статьяна сӳтсе явасси [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Сӳтсе яв</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Чӗлхе вариантне улӑштар" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">чӑвашла</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Пурĕ пăхнă"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88"><span>Вула</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88&veaction=edit" title="Кăна тӳрлет [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Тӳрлет</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88&action=edit" title="Править исходный текст этой страницы [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Кодне тӳрлет</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88&action=history" title="Страницӑна улӑштарнин журналӗ [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Истори</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Страницӑсен хатӗр-хӗтӗрӗ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Хатĕрсем" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Хатĕрсем</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Хатӗрсем</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">айккинчи панеле куҫарса ларт</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">пытар</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Анлӑрах опцисем" > <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">«Википеди» ирĕклĕ энциклопединчи материал</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cv" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA:Hochspannungsmast_Mastfuss_Erdung_IMGP4568.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hochspannungsmast_Mastfuss_Erdung_IMGP4568.jpg/220px-Hochspannungsmast_Mastfuss_Erdung_IMGP4568.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hochspannungsmast_Mastfuss_Erdung_IMGP4568.jpg/330px-Hochspannungsmast_Mastfuss_Erdung_IMGP4568.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hochspannungsmast_Mastfuss_Erdung_IMGP4568.jpg/440px-Hochspannungsmast_Mastfuss_Erdung_IMGP4568.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Hochspannungsmast Mastfuss Erdung IMGP4568</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Çĕреярăш</b> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Электро">электро</a> тĕлĕшĕнчи <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%C4%95%D1%80" class="mw-disambig" title="Хатĕр">хатĕрсене</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80" title="Çĕр">Çĕрпе</a> çыхăнтарни тата çавăн тытăмĕ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Асăрхавсем"><span id=".D0.90.D1.81.C4.83.D1.80.D1.85.D0.B0.D0.B2.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Асăрхавсем</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Асăрхавсем пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88&action=edit&section=1" title="Редактировать код раздела «Асăрхавсем»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style=""> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Литература"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Литература</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Литература пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88&action=edit&section=2" title="Редактировать код раздела «Литература»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Кораблев В. П.</i> Электробезопасность в вопросах и ответах. - М., Московский рабочий, 1988. - 301 c.</li> <li>IEC 61140:2016. Protection against electric shock. Common aspects for installation and equipment. Edition 4.0. – Geneva: IEC, 2016-01.</li> <li>ГОСТ IEC 61140–2012. Защита от поражения электрическим током. Общие положения безопасности установок и оборудования.</li> <li><i>Харечко Ю.В.</i> Основы заземления электрических сетей и электроустановок зданий. 6-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: ПТФ МИЭЭ, 2012. – 304 с.</li> <li>IEC 60364-5-54:2011. Low-voltage electrical installations. Part 5-54: Selection and erection of electrical equipment. Earthing arrangements and protective conductors. Edition 3.0. – Geneva: IEC, 2011-03.</li> <li>ГОСТ Р 50571.5.54–2013/ МЭК 60364-5-54:2011. Электроустановки низковольтные. Ч. 5-54. Выбор и монтаж электрооборудования. Заземляющие устройства, защитные проводники и защитные проводники уравнивания потенциалов.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Каçăсем"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.B0.C3.A7.C4.83.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Каçăсем</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Каçăсем пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88&action=edit&section=3" title="Редактировать код раздела «Каçăсем»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks navigation-box" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; clear:right; border:solid #aaa 1px; background:#f9f9f9; padding:1ex; font-size:90%; float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Earthing" title="commons:Category:Earthing"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </th> <td><span class="wikicommons-ref"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Earthing?uselang=cv">Çĕреярăш</a></span> Викиампарта<sup style="line-height:0;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Викиампар">?</a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="infobox sisterproject noprint wikidict-box"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA:Wiktionary-logo-ru.png" class="mw-file-description" title="«Викисăмахсар» логотипĕ"><img alt="«Викисăмахсар» логотипĕ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wiktionary-logo-ru.png/50px-Wiktionary-logo-ru.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wiktionary-logo-ru.png/75px-Wiktionary-logo-ru.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wiktionary-logo-ru.png/100px-Wiktionary-logo-ru.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="135" /></a><figcaption>«Викисăмахсар» логотипĕ</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Викисăмахсар">«Викисăмахсарта»</a> статья пур <b><span class="wikidict-ref"><a href="https://cv.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:çĕреярăш">«çĕреярăш»</a></span></b></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ese.upenn.edu/rca/instruments/misctutorials/Ground/grd.html">Circuit Grounds and Grounding Practices</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/electricCircuits/DC/DC_3.html"><i>Electrical Safety</i></a> chapter from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/electricCircuits/DC/index.html"><i>Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC</i></a> book and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/electricCircuits/">series</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/application_notes/6001142869552014948960492698455131755584673020828AN_345.pdf">Grounding for Low- and High- Frequency Circuits</a> <small>2013 ҫулхи Ҫу уйӑхӗн 12-мӗшӗнче <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512154415/http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/application_notes/6001142869552014948960492698455131755584673020828AN_345.pdf">архивланӑ</a>.</small> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" class="mw-redirect" title="PDF">PDF</a>) — <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analog_Devices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analog Devices (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Analog Devices</a> Application Note</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/application_notes/AN-202.pdf">An IC Amplifier User’s Guide to Decoupling, Grounding, and Making Things Go Right for a Change</a> <small>2013 ҫулхи Ака уйӑхӗн 18-мӗшӗнче <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130418080117/http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/application_notes/AN-202.pdf">архивланӑ</a>.</small> (PDF) — Analog Devices Application Note</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804113714/http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm">The Electromagnetic Telegraph, by J. B. 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