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id="toc-In_other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cosmology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correspondence_with_the_geography_of_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondence_with_the_geography_of_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Correspondence with the geography of Earth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correspondence_with_the_geography_of_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peoples_and_their_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peoples_and_their_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Peoples and their languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Peoples_and_their_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Peoples and their languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Peoples_and_their_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ainur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ainur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ainur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ainur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Elves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Men" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Men"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Men</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Men-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dwarves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dwarves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Dwarves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dwarves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hobbits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hobbits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Hobbits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hobbits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_humanoid_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_humanoid_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Other humanoid peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_humanoid_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dragons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dragons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Dragons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dragons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sapient_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sapient_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Sapient animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sapient_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adaptations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motion_pictures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_pictures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Motion pictures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_pictures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Middle-earth</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="الأرض الوسطى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأرض الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Meya" title="Tierra Meya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tierra Meya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_D%C3%BCnya" title="Orta Dünya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orta Dünya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Серадзем’е – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Серадзем’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Міжзем’е – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міжзем’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Средна земя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Средна земя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittlerdn" title="Mittlerdn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mittlerdn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednja_zemlja" title="Srednja zemlja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Srednja zemlja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douar-ar-C%27hreiz" title="Douar-ar-C'hreiz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douar-ar-C'hreiz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Mitjana" title="Terra Mitjana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terra Mitjana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99edozem" title="Středozem – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Středozem" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Earth" title="Middle Earth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Middle Earth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midg%C3%A5rd_(Tolkien)" title="Midgård (Tolkien) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Midgård (Tolkien)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskmaa" title="Keskmaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskmaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%93%CE%B7" title="Μέση Γη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέση Γη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Media" title="Tierra Media – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tierra Media" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mez-Tero" title="Mez-Tero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mez-Tero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdialdeko_Lurraldea" title="Erdialdeko Lurraldea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erdialdeko Lurraldea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="سرزمین میانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرزمین میانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_du_Milieu" title="Terre du Milieu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terre du Milieu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Me%C3%A1n-domhan" title="An Meán-domhan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Meán-domhan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadhan-talmhainn_(Tolkien)" title="Meadhan-talmhainn (Tolkien) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Meadhan-talmhainn (Tolkien)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Media" title="Terra Media – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terra Media" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9A%B4%EB%8D%B0%EB%95%85" title="가운데땅 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가운데땅" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Միջերկիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջերկիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91uzemlje" title="Međuzemlje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međuzemlje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia_Tengah" title="Dunia Tengah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dunia Tengah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Medie" title="Terra Medie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Terra Medie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0gar%C3%B0ur_(Tolkien)" title="Miðgarður (Tolkien) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðgarður (Tolkien)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_di_Mezzo" title="Terra di Mezzo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terra di Mezzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="הארץ התיכונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הארץ התיכונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="შუახმელეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუახმელეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Ортадүние – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ортадүние" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AEhana_Nav%C3%AEn" title="Cîhana Navîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cîhana Navîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Media" title="Terra Media – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Terra Media" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduszeme" title="Viduszeme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viduszeme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidur%C5%BEemis" title="Viduržemis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viduržemis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera_Media" title="Tera Media – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tera Media" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%A9pf%C3%B6lde" title="Középfölde – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Középfölde" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Средна земја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Средна земја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midden-aarde" title="Midden-aarde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Midden-aarde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E3%81%A4%E5%9B%BD_(%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3)" title="中つ国 (トールキン) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中つ国 (トールキン)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midgard_(Tolkien)" title="Midgard (Tolkien) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Midgard (Tolkien)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midgard_i_Tolkien-verda" title="Midgard i Tolkien-verda – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Midgard i Tolkien-verda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rra_Mejana" title="Tèrra Mejana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tèrra Mejana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dziemie" title="Śródziemie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Śródziemie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_M%C3%A9dia" title="Terra Média – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terra Média" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntul_de_Mijloc" title="Pământul de Mijloc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pământul de Mijloc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Средиземье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Средиземье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toka_e_mesme" title="Toka e mesme – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toka e mesme" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Middle-earth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stredozem" title="Stredozem – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stredozem" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednji_svet" title="Srednji svet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srednji svet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Средња земља – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Средња земља" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91uzemlje" title="Međuzemlje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međuzemlje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keski-Maa" title="Keski-Maa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keski-Maa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midg%C3%A5rd_(Tolkien)" title="Midgård (Tolkien) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Midgård (Tolkien)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF" title="மத்திய-பூமி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மத்திய-பூமி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%98" title="มิดเดิลเอิร์ธ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มิดเดิลเอิร์ธ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_D%C3%BCnya" title="Orta Dünya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orta Dünya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%27%D1%8F" title="Середзем'я – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Continent in Tolkien's legendarium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Middle-earth (disambiguation)">Middle-earth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #DEDEE2;">Middle-earth</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> location</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:A-surprise-return-to-middle-earth-1551719095.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A-surprise-return-to-middle-earth-1551719095.jpg/220px-A-surprise-return-to-middle-earth-1551719095.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A-surprise-return-to-middle-earth-1551719095.jpg/330px-A-surprise-return-to-middle-earth-1551719095.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A-surprise-return-to-middle-earth-1551719095.jpg/440px-A-surprise-return-to-middle-earth-1551719095.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="438" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A detail of Middle-earth in one of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a>'s film sets</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DEDEE2;">In-universe information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Central continent of <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">fantasy world</a>; also used as <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">a short-hand</a> for the whole <a href="/wiki/Legendarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Legendarium">legendarium</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Middle-earth</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">setting</a> of much of the English writer <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s fantasy. The term is equivalent to the <i><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Miðgarðr</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> and <i>Middangeard</i> in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> works, including <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>. Middle-earth is the <a href="/wiki/Oecumene" class="mw-redirect" title="Oecumene">oecumene</a> (i.e. the human-inhabited world, or the central continent of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>) in Tolkien's imagined <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">mythological past</a>. Tolkien's most widely read works, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, are set entirely in Middle-earth. "Middle-earth" has also become <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">a short-hand term</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Tolkien's legendarium</a>, his large body of fantasy writings, and for the entirety of his fictional world. </p><p>Middle-earth is the main continent of <a href="/wiki/Cosmology_of_Tolkien%27s_legendarium#Spherical-earth_cosmology" title="Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium">Earth (Arda)</a> in an imaginary period of the past, ending with Tolkien's <a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">Third Age</a>, about 6,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-letter211_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter211-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien's tales of Middle-earth mostly focus on the north-west of the continent. This region is suggestive of Europe, the north-west of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>, with the environs of <a href="/wiki/Shire_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire (Middle-earth)">the Shire</a> <a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">reminiscent of England</a>, but, more specifically, the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a>, with the town at its centre, <a href="/wiki/Hobbiton" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbiton">Hobbiton</a>, at the same latitude as <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>. </p><p>Tolkien's <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Middle-earth is peopled</a> not only by <a href="/wiki/Man_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Man (Middle-earth)">Men</a>, but by <a href="/wiki/Elves_(Middle-Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves (Middle-Earth)">Elves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarves_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarves (Middle-earth)">Dwarves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hobbits" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbits">Hobbits</a>, and by monsters including Dragons, <a href="/wiki/Troll_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troll (Middle-earth)">Trolls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a>. Through the imagined history, the peoples other than Men dwindle, leave or fade, until, after the period described in the books, only Men are left on the planet. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context:_Tolkien's_legendarium"><span id="Context:_Tolkien.27s_legendarium"></span>Context: Tolkien's legendarium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context: Tolkien's legendarium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Tolkien's legendarium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arda_in_the_Ages_of_the_Lamps.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arda_in_the_Ages_of_the_Lamps.svg/390px-Arda_in_the_Ages_of_the_Lamps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arda_in_the_Ages_of_the_Lamps.svg/585px-Arda_in_the_Ages_of_the_Lamps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arda_in_the_Ages_of_the_Lamps.svg/780px-Arda_in_the_Ages_of_the_Lamps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>Arda began as a symmetrical flat disc, and was repeatedly transformed through cataclysmic interventions by the <a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a> and by the creator, <a href="/wiki/Eru_Il%C3%BAvatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eru Ilúvatar">Eru Ilúvatar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tolkien's stories chronicle the struggle to control the world (called <a href="/wiki/Arda_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arda (Middle-earth)">Arda</a>) and the continent of Middle-earth between, on one side, the angelic <a href="/wiki/Vala_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vala (Middle-earth)">Valar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf (Middle-earth)">Elves</a> and their allies among <a href="/wiki/Man_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Man (Middle-earth)">Men</a>; and, on the other, the demonic <a href="/wiki/Melkor" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkor">Melkor</a> or <i>Morgoth</i> (a Vala fallen into evil), his followers, and their subjects, mostly <a href="/wiki/Orc_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orc (Middle-earth)">Orcs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon (Middle-earth)">Dragons</a> and enslaved Men.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later ages, after Morgoth's defeat and expulsion from Arda, his place is taken by his lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Of_the_Rings_of_Power_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Of_the_Rings_of_Power-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Valar withdrew from direct involvement in the affairs of Middle-earth after the defeat of Morgoth, but in later years they sent the wizards or <a href="/wiki/Istari" class="mw-redirect" title="Istari">Istari</a> to help in the struggle against Sauron. The most important wizards were <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf the Grey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman the White</a>. Gandalf remained true to his mission and proved crucial in the fight against Sauron. Saruman, however, became corrupted and sought to establish himself as a rival to Sauron for absolute power in Middle-earth. Other races involved in the struggle against evil were <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (Middle-earth)">Dwarves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a> and most famously <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a>. The early stages of the conflict are chronicled in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i>, while the final stages of the struggle to defeat Sauron are told in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> and in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Of_the_Rings_of_Power_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Of_the_Rings_of_Power-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="Sketch map of Middle-earth during the Third Age" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sketch_Map_of_Middle-earth.svg/570px-Sketch_Map_of_Middle-earth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="570" height="450" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sketch_Map_of_Middle-earth.svg/855px-Sketch_Map_of_Middle-earth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sketch_Map_of_Middle-earth.svg/1140px-Sketch_Map_of_Middle-earth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="583" usemap="#ImageMap_b507ca55a8078554" resource="/wiki/File:Sketch_Map_of_Middle-earth.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_b507ca55a8078554"><area href="/wiki/The_Shire" shape="rect" coords="116,85,162,124" alt="The Shire" title="The Shire" /><area href="/wiki/Old_Forest" shape="rect" coords="162,85,178,124" alt="Old Forest" title="Old Forest" /><area href="/wiki/Bree,_Middle-earth" shape="rect" coords="178,85,201,116" alt="Bree" title="Bree" /><area href="/wiki/Rivendell" shape="rect" coords="264,90,305,111" alt="Rivendell" title="Rivendell" /><area href="/wiki/Erebor" shape="rect" coords="386,46,425,66" alt="Erebor" title="Erebor" /><area href="/wiki/Esgaroth" shape="rect" coords="394,66,432,81" alt="Esgaroth" title="Esgaroth" /><area href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth" shape="rect" coords="263,141,300,159" alt="Moria" title="Moria" /><area href="/wiki/Isengard" shape="rect" coords="224,212,263,232" alt="Isengard" title="Isengard" /><area href="/wiki/Mirkwood" shape="poly" coords="345,58,378,59,408,92,400,137,402,164,381,177,358,178,334,166,329,73,335,63" alt="Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood" /><area href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" shape="poly" coords="296,158,314,161,317,168,310,177,292,171,290,163" alt="Lothlórien" title="Lothlórien" /><area href="/wiki/Fangorn" shape="poly" coords="282,184,308,191,305,213,274,216,268,204" alt="Fangorn" title="Fangorn" /><area href="/wiki/Mordor" shape="rect" coords="394,239,556,351" alt="Mordor" title="Mordor" /><area href="/wiki/Gondor" shape="poly" coords="334,257,354,251,394,250,394,330,208,334,206,269,280,257,326,275,347,263" alt="Gondor" title="Gondor" /><area href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" shape="poly" coords="269,212,350,217,347,234,354,251,334,257,347,263,326,275,280,257,241,263,242,225,269,221" alt="Rohan" title="Rohan" /><area href="/wiki/Harad" shape="rect" coords="394,351,556,448" alt="Harad" title="Harad" /><area href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sketch_Map_of_Middle-earth.svg" shape="rect" coords="8,8,570,450" alt="commons:File:Sketch Map of Middle-earth.svg" title="commons:File:Sketch Map of Middle-earth.svg" /></map><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Image_map" title="Image map">Image map</a> with clickable links of the north-west of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle-earth</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">Third Age</a>, showing Eriador (left) and <a href="/wiki/Rhovanion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhovanion">Rhovanion</a> (right). At extreme left are Lindon and the Blue Mountains, all that remains of <a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a> after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Wrath" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Wrath">War of Wrath</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Conflict over the possession and control of precious or magical objects is a recurring theme in the stories. The <a href="/wiki/First_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="First Age">First Age</a> is dominated by the doomed quest of the elf <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a> and most of his <a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldorin</a> clan to recover three precious jewels called the <a href="/wiki/Silmaril" class="mw-redirect" title="Silmaril">Silmarils</a> that Morgoth stole from them (hence the title <i>The Silmarillion</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Second_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Age">Second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">Third Age</a> are dominated by the forging of the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a>, and the fate of the <a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a> forged by Sauron, which gives its wearer the power to control or influence those wearing the other Rings of Power.<sup id="cite_ref-Of_the_Rings_of_Power_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Of_the_Rings_of_Power-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vank_Cathedral,_Isfahan_-_Heaven,_Earth,_Hell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vank_Cathedral%2C_Isfahan_-_Heaven%2C_Earth%2C_Hell.jpg/260px-Vank_Cathedral%2C_Isfahan_-_Heaven%2C_Earth%2C_Hell.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vank_Cathedral%2C_Isfahan_-_Heaven%2C_Earth%2C_Hell.jpg/390px-Vank_Cathedral%2C_Isfahan_-_Heaven%2C_Earth%2C_Hell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vank_Cathedral%2C_Isfahan_-_Heaven%2C_Earth%2C_Hell.jpg/520px-Vank_Cathedral%2C_Isfahan_-_Heaven%2C_Earth%2C_Hell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2633" data-file-height="3562" /></a><figcaption>Medieval <a href="/wiki/Christian_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian cosmology">Christian cosmology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a> above, earth in the middle, <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> below.<sup id="cite_ref-Khoddam_Fisher_2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoddam_Fisher_2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vank_Cathedral" title="Vank Cathedral">Vank Cathedral</a>, Isfahan.</figcaption></figure> <p>In ancient <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a>, the world of Men is known by several names. The <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> <i>middangeard</i> descends from an earlier <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> word and so has <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> <i>Miðgarðr</i> from <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, transliterated to modern English as <i><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Midgard</a></i>. The original meaning of the second element, from proto-Germanic <i>gardaz</i>, was "enclosure", cognate with English "yard"; <i>middangeard</i> was assimilated by folk etymology to "middle earth".<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_165_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_165-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle-earth was at the centre of nine worlds in Norse mythology, and of three worlds (with <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a> above, <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> below) in some later <a href="/wiki/Christian_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian cosmology">Christian versions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Khoddam_Fisher_2012_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoddam_Fisher_2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_Tolkien">Use by Tolkien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use by Tolkien"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tolkien's first encounter with the term <i>middangeard</i>, as he stated in a letter, was in an Old English fragment he studied in 1913–1914:<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_297_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_297-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p><i>Éala éarendel engla beorhtast / ofer middangeard monnum sended.</i><br />Hail Earendel, brightest of angels / above the middle-earth sent unto men.</p></blockquote> <p>This is from the <i><a href="/wiki/Crist_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Crist 1">Crist 1</a></i> poem by <a href="/wiki/Cynewulf" title="Cynewulf">Cynewulf</a>. The name <i>Éarendel</i> was the inspiration for Tolkien's mariner <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil" class="mw-redirect" title="Eärendil">Eärendil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_297_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_297-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who set sail from the lands of Middle-earth to ask for aid from the angelic powers, the <a href="/wiki/Vala_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vala (Middle-earth)">Valar</a>. Tolkien's earliest poem about Eärendil, from 1914, the same year he read the <i>Crist</i> poem, refers to "the mid-world's rim".<sup id="cite_ref-RingofWords164_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RingofWords164-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien considered <i>middangeard</i> to be "the abiding place of men",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the physical world in which Man lives out his life and destiny, as opposed to the unseen worlds above and below it, namely <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>. He states that it is "my own mother-earth for <i>place</i>", but in an imaginary past time, not some other planet.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolkien_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolkien-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began to use the term "Middle-earth" in the late 1930s, in place of the earlier terms "Great Lands", "Outer Lands", and "Hither Lands".<sup id="cite_ref-RingofWords164_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RingofWords164-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first published appearance of the word "Middle-earth" in Tolkien's works is in the prologue to <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>: "Hobbits had, in fact, lived quietly in Middle-earth for many long years before other folk even became aware of them".<sup id="cite_ref-LOTR2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOTR2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_usage">Extended usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extended usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg/330px-Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg/495px-Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg/660px-Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arda_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arda (Middle-earth)">Arda</a> versus "Middle-earth": Middle-earth is in geographic terms the name of the continent inhabited by Elves, Dwarves and Men, excluding the home of the <a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a> on <a href="/wiki/Aman_(J._R._R._Tolkien)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aman (J. R. R. Tolkien)">Aman</a>, while Arda is the name of the world. However, "Middle-earth" is widely used for the whole of <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Tolkien's legendarium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bratman_2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bratman_2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Depicted: Arda in the <a href="/wiki/Years_of_the_Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Years of the Trees">Years of the Trees</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The term Middle-earth has come to be applied as a short-hand for the entirety of Tolkien's legendarium, instead of the technically more appropriate, but lesser known terms "Arda" for the physical world and "<a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Eä">Eä</a>" for the physical reality of creation as a whole. In careful geographical terms, Middle-earth is a continent on Arda, excluding regions such as Aman and the isle of Númenor. The alternative wider use is reflected in book titles such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">The Complete Guide to Middle-earth</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Road to Middle-earth">The Road to Middle-earth</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth" title="The Atlas of Middle-earth">The Atlas of Middle-earth</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a>'s 12-volume series <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bratman_2013_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bratman_2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_works">In other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tolkien's biographer <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Humphrey Carpenter</a> states that Tolkien's Middle-earth is the known world, "recalling the Norse <i>Midgard</i> and the equivalent words in early English", noting that Tolkien made it clear that this was "<i>our</i> world ... in a purely imaginary ... period of antiquity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter197798_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter197798-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien explained in a letter to his publisher that it "is just a use of Middle English <i>middle-erde</i> (or <i>erthe</i>), altered from Old English <i>Middangeard</i>: the name for the inhabited lands of men 'between the seas'."<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_165_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_165-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are allusions to a similarly- or identically-named world in the work of other writers both before and after him. <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>'s 1870 translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Volsung_Saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Volsung Saga">Volsung Saga</a></i> calls the world "Midgard".<sup id="cite_ref-Morris2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Widdemer" title="Margaret Widdemer">Margaret Widdemer</a>'s 1918 poem "The Gray Magician" contains the lines: "I was living very merrily on Middle Earth / As merry as a maid may be / Till the Gray Magician came down along the road / And flung his cobweb cloak on me..."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>'s 1938–1945 <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Trilogy">Space Trilogy</a></i> calls the home planet "Middle-earth" and specifically references Tolkien's unpublished legendarium; both men were members of <a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">the Inklings</a> literary discussion group.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Geography of Middle-earth</a></div> <p>Within the overall context of his <a href="/wiki/Legendarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Legendarium">legendarium</a>, Tolkien's Middle-earth was part of his created world of Arda (which includes the <a href="/wiki/Aman_(Tolkien)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aman (Tolkien)">Undying Lands of Aman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eress%C3%ABa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eressëa">Eressëa</a>, removed from the rest of the physical world), which itself was part of the wider creation he called Eä. Aman and Middle-earth are separated from each other by the Great Sea <a href="/wiki/Belegaer" class="mw-redirect" title="Belegaer">Belegaer</a>, though they make contact in the far north at the Grinding Ice or Helcaraxë. The western continent, Aman, was the home of the <a href="/wiki/Vala_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vala (Middle-earth)">Valar</a>, and the Elves called the <a href="/wiki/Eldali%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eldalië">Eldar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the eastern side of Middle-earth was the Eastern Sea. Most of the events in Tolkien's stories take place in the north-west of Middle-earth. In the <a href="/wiki/First_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="First Age">First Age</a>, further to the north-west was the subcontinent <a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a>; it was engulfed by the ocean at the end of the First Age.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baynes-Map_of_Middle-earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Baynes-Map_of_Middle-earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="372" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a>, 1970. This map depicts only the north-west of the continent of Middle-earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_Anderson_1993_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond_Anderson_1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Tolkien's maps</a></div> <p>Tolkien prepared <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">several maps</a> of Middle-earth. Some were published in his lifetime. The main maps are those published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i>, and appear as foldouts or illustrations. Tolkien insisted that maps be included in the book for the benefit of readers, despite the expense involved.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definitive and iconic map of Middle-earth was published in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was refined with Tolkien's approval by the illustrator <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a>, using Tolkien's detailed annotations, with vignette images and larger paintings at top and bottom, into a stand-alone poster, "<a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_Anderson_1993_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond_Anderson_1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cosmology_of_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium">Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg/440px-Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg/660px-Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg/880px-Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The Downfall of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a> and the Changing of the World. The intervention of Eru Ilúvatar cataclysmically reshaped Arda into a sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005324–328_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005324–328-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In Tolkien's conception, Arda was created specifically as "the Habitation" (<i>Imbar</i> or <i>Ambar</i>) for the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Il%C3%BAvatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Ilúvatar">Children of Ilúvatar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf (Middle-earth)">Elves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Man_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Man (Middle-earth)">Men</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is envisaged in a <a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">flat Earth</a> cosmology, with the stars, and later also the sun and moon, revolving around it. Tolkien's sketches show a disc-like face for the world which looked up to the stars. However, Tolkien's legendarium addresses the <a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">spherical Earth</a> paradigm by depicting a catastrophic transition from a flat to a spherical world, known as the Akallabeth, in which <a href="/wiki/Aman_(Tolkien)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aman (Tolkien)">Aman</a> became inaccessible to mortal Men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005324–328_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005324–328-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correspondence_with_the_geography_of_Earth">Correspondence with the geography of Earth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Correspondence with the geography of Earth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tolkien described the region in which the <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a> lived as "the North-West of the Old World, east of the Sea",<sup id="cite_ref-LOTR2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOTR2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the north-west of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> is essentially <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>. However, as he noted in private letters, the geographies do not match, and he did not consciously make them match when he was writing:<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_169_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_169-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As for the shape of the world of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">Third Age</a>, I am afraid that was devised 'dramatically' rather than <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geologically</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontologically</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_169_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_169-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am historically minded. Middle-earth is not an imaginary world. ... The theatre of my tale is this earth, the one in which we now live, but the historical period is imaginary. The essentials of that abiding place are all there (at any rate for inhabitants of N.W. Europe), so naturally it feels familiar, even if a little glorified by enchantment of distance in time.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...if it were 'history', it would be difficult to fit the lands and events (or 'cultures') into such evidence as we possess, archaeological or geological, concerning the nearer or remoter part of what is now called Europe; though <a href="/wiki/Shire_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire (Middle-earth)">the Shire</a>, for instance, is expressly stated to have been in this region...I hope the, evidently long but undefined gap in time between the Fall of <a href="/wiki/Barad-d%C3%BBr" class="mw-redirect" title="Barad-dûr">Barad-dûr</a> and our Days is sufficient for 'literary credibility', even for readers acquainted with what is known as 'pre-history'. I have, I suppose, constructed an imaginary time, but kept my feet on my own mother-earth for place. I prefer that to the contemporary mode of seeking remote globes in 'space'.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolkien_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolkien-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In another letter, Tolkien made correspondences in <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> between Europe and Middle-earth: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The action of the story takes place in the North-west of 'Middle-earth', equivalent in latitude to the coastlands of Europe and the north shores of the Mediterranean. ... If <a href="/wiki/Hobbiton" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbiton">Hobbiton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a> are taken (as intended) to be at about the latitude of <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Minas_Tirith" title="Minas Tirith">Minas Tirith</a>, 600 miles south, is at about the latitude of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. The Mouths of <a href="#Geography">Anduin</a> and the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Pelargir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelargir">Pelargir</a> are at about the latitude of ancient <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-letters294_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letters294-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In another letter he stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...Thank you very much for your letter. ... It came while I was away, in Gondor (<abbr title="scilicet">sc.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>), as a change from the North Kingdom, or I would have answered before.<sup id="cite_ref-letters168_group=T_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letters168_group=T-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He did confirm, however, that <a href="/wiki/Shire_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire (Middle-earth)">the Shire</a>, the land of his <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbit</a> heroes, was based on <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, in particular the West Midlands of his childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_190_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_190-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Prologue to <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, Tolkien writes: "Those days, the Third Age of Middle-earth, are now long past, and the shape of all lands has been changed..."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Appendices make several references in both history and etymology of topics "now" (in modern English languages) and "then" (ancient languages); </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The year no doubt was of the same length,¹ [<i>the footnote here reads</i>: 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46 seconds.] for long ago as those times are now reckoned in years and lives of men, they were not very remote according to the memory of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Both the Appendices and <i>The Silmarillion</i> mention constellations, stars and planets that correspond to those seen in the northern hemisphere of Earth, including the Sun, the Moon, <a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a> (and his belt),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. A map annotated by Tolkien places Hobbiton on the same latitude as <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, and Minas Tirith at the latitude of <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Italy. He used <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> as further reference points.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Arda" title="History of Arda">History of Arda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolkien%27s_Imagined_Prehistory.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tolkien%27s_Imagined_Prehistory.svg/220px-Tolkien%27s_Imagined_Prehistory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tolkien%27s_Imagined_Prehistory.svg/330px-Tolkien%27s_Imagined_Prehistory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tolkien%27s_Imagined_Prehistory.svg/440px-Tolkien%27s_Imagined_Prehistory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Tolkien imagined Arda as the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> in the distant past.<sup id="cite_ref-Kocher_1974_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kocher_1974-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">loss of all its peoples</a> except Man, and the reshaping of the continents, all that is left of Middle-earth is a dim memory in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">old words</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_Solopova_2005-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outlines of the continents (in the Third Age) are purely schematic.</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of Middle-earth, as described in <i>The Silmarillion</i>, began when the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu (Middle-earth)">Ainur</a> entered Arda, following the creation events in the <a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a> and long ages of labour throughout <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Eä">Eä</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">fictional universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ainulindalë_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ainulindalë-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Time from that point was measured using <a href="/wiki/Valian_Years" class="mw-redirect" title="Valian Years">Valian Years</a>, though the subsequent history of Arda was divided into three time periods using different years, known as the <a href="#Years_of_the_Lamps">Years of the Lamps</a>, the <a href="#Years_of_the_Trees">Years of the Trees</a> and the <a href="#Years_of_the_Sun">Years of the Sun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beginning_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beginning-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A separate, overlapping chronology divides the history into 'Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar'. The first such Age began with the Awakening of the Elves during the Years of the Trees (by which time the Ainur had already long inhabited Arda) and continued for the first six centuries of the Years of the Sun. All the subsequent Ages took place during the Years of the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-Coming_of_the_Elves_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coming_of_the_Elves-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arda is, as critics have noted, "our own green and solid Earth at some quite remote epoch in the past."<sup id="cite_ref-Kocher_1974_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kocher_1974-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, it has not only an immediate story but a history, and the whole thing is an "imagined prehistory" of the Earth as it is now.<sup id="cite_ref-Rateliff_2006_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rateliff_2006-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peoples_and_their_languages">Peoples and their languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Peoples and their languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Middle-earth peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Middle-earth">Languages of Middle-earth</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ainur">Ainur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ainur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ainur_in_Middle-earth" title="Ainur in Middle-earth">Ainur in Middle-earth</a></div> <p>The Ainur were angelic beings created by the one god of Eä, <a href="/wiki/Eru_Il%C3%BAvatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eru Ilúvatar">Eru Ilúvatar</a>. The cosmological myth called the <i><a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a></i>, or "Music of the Ainur", describes how the Ainur sang for Ilúvatar, who then created <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Eä">Eä</a> to give material form to their music. Many of the Ainur entered Eä, and the greatest of these were called the <a href="/wiki/Vala_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vala (Middle-earth)">Valar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Melkor" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkor">Melkor</a>, the chief agent of evil in Eä, and later called <i>Morgoth</i>, was initially one of the Valar. With the Valar came lesser spirits of the Ainur, called the <a href="/wiki/Maia_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maia (Middle-earth)">Maiar</a>. Melian, the wife of the Elven King Thingol in the <a href="/wiki/First_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="First Age">First Age</a>, was a Maia. There were also evil Maiar, including the <a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a> and the second Dark Lord, <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a>. Sauron devised the <a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a> (Burzum) for his slaves (such as <a href="/wiki/Orc_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orc (Middle-earth)">Orcs</a>) to speak. In the <a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">Third Age</a>, five of the Maiar were embodied and sent to Middle-earth to help the free peoples to overthrow Sauron. These are the Istari or <a href="/wiki/Wizard_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wizard (Middle-earth)">Wizards</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radagast_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radagast (Middle-earth)">Radagast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elves">Elves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Elves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves in Middle-earth</a></div> <p>The Elves are known as "the Firstborn" of Ilúvatar: intelligent beings created by Ilúvatar alone, <a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">with many different clans</a>. Originally Elves all spoke the same <a href="/wiki/Common_Eldarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Eldarin">Common Eldarin</a> ancestral tongue, but over thousands of years it diverged into different languages. The two main Elven languages were <a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a>, spoken by the Light Elves, and <a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a>, spoken by the Dark Elves. Physically the Elves resemble humans; indeed, they can marry and have children with them, as shown by the few <a href="/wiki/Half-elven" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-elven">Half-elven</a> in the legendarium. The Elves are agile and quick footed, being able to walk a <a href="/wiki/Tightrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Tightrope">tightrope</a> unaided. Their eyesight is keen. Elves are immortal, unless killed in battle. They are re-embodied in <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a> if killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Eden_2013_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eden_2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dickerson_2013_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickerson_2013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Men">Men</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Men"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men in Middle-earth</a></div> <p>Men were "the Secondborn" of the Children of Ilúvatar: they awoke in Middle-earth much later than the Elves. Men (and Hobbits) were the last humanoid race to appear in Middle-earth: Dwarves, Ents and Orcs also preceded them. The capitalized term "Man" (plural "Men") is used as a gender-neutral racial description, to distinguish humans from the other human-like races of Middle-earth. In appearance they are much like Elves, but on average less beautiful. Unlike Elves, Men are mortal, ageing and dying quickly, usually living 40–80 years. However the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmen%C3%B3reans" class="mw-redirect" title="Númenóreans">Númenóreans</a> could live several centuries, and their descendants the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a> also tended to live longer than regular humans. This tendency was weakened both by time and by intermingling with lesser peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Straubhaar_2013_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straubhaar_2013-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dwarves">Dwarves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dwarves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves in Middle-earth</a></div> <p>The Dwarves are a race of humanoids who are shorter than Men but larger than Hobbits. The Dwarves were created by the Vala Aulë, before the Firstborn awoke due to his impatience for the arrival of the children of Ilúvatar to teach and to cherish. When confronted and shamed for his presumption by Ilúvatar, Eru took pity on Aulë and gave his creation the gift of life but under the condition that they be taken and put to sleep in widely separated locations in Middle-earth and not to awaken until after the Firstborn were upon the Earth. They are mortal like Men, but live much longer, usually several hundred years. A peculiarity of Dwarves is that both males and females are bearded, and thus appear identical to outsiders. The language spoken by Dwarves is called <a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a>, and was kept largely as a secret language for their own use. Like Hobbits, Dwarves live exclusively in Middle-earth. They generally reside under mountains, where they are specialists in mining and metalwork.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_2013_(Drout)_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans_2013_(Drout)-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hobbits">Hobbits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hobbits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbit</a></div> <p>Tolkien identified Hobbits as an offshoot of the race of Men. Another name for Hobbit is 'Halfling', as they were generally only half the size of Men. In their lifestyle and habits they closely resemble Men, and in particular Englishmen, except for their preference for living in holes underground. By the time of <i>The Hobbit</i>, most of them lived in <a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">the Shire</a>, a region of the northwest of Middle-earth, having migrated there from further east.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanton_2013_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanton_2013-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_humanoid_peoples">Other humanoid peoples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other humanoid peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Tolkien's moral dilemma</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a> were treelike shepherds of trees, their name coming from an Old English word for giant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005149_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005149-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troll_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troll (Middle-earth)">Trolls</a> (made of stone) were evil creatures bred by <a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a>. They were not original creations but rather "mockeries" of the Children of Ilúvatar and Ents, since only Ilúvatar has the ability to give conscious life to things. The precise origins of Orcs and Trolls are unclear, as Tolkien considered various possibilities and sometimes changed his mind, leaving several inconsistent accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005159_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005159-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in the Third Age, the Uruks or <a href="/wiki/Uruk-hai" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruk-hai">Uruk-hai</a> appeared: a race of Orcs of great size and strength that tolerate sunlight better than ordinary Orcs.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Uruk-Hai_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Uruk-Hai-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien also mentions "Men-orcs" and "Orc-men"; or "half-orcs" or "goblin-men". They share some characteristics with Orcs (like "slanty eyes") but look more like men.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, realised he had created <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_sentience_dilemma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's sentience dilemma">a dilemma for himself</a>, as if these beings were sentient and had a sense of right and wrong, then they must have souls and could not have been created wholly evil.<sup id="cite_ref-Tally_2010_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tally_2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005362,_438_(chapter_5,_note_14)_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005362,_438_(chapter_5,_note_14)-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dragons">Dragons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dragons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Middle-earth" title="Dragons in Middle-earth">Dragons in Middle-earth</a></div> <p>Dragons (or "worms") appear in several varieties, distinguished by whether they have wings and whether they breathe fire (cold-drakes versus fire-drakes). The first of the fire-drakes (<i>Urulóki</i> in Quenya)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was Glaurung the Golden, bred by <a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angband_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angband (Middle-earth)">Angband</a>, and called "The Great Worm", "The Worm of Morgoth", and "The Father of Dragons".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sapient_animals">Sapient animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sapient animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Middle-earth contains <a href="/wiki/Sapience" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapience">sapient</a> animals including the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle (Middle-earth)">Eagles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Huan_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huan (Middle-earth)">Huan</a> the Great Hound from <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a> and the wolf-like <a href="/wiki/Warg_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warg (Middle-earth)">Wargs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general the origins and nature of these animals are unclear. Giant spiders such as <a href="/wiki/Shelob" title="Shelob">Shelob</a> descended from <a href="/wiki/Ungoliant" title="Ungoliant">Ungoliant</a>, of unknown origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Shelob's_Lair_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shelob's_Lair-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sapient species include the Crebain, evil crows who become spies for <a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a>, and the Ravens of <a href="/wiki/Erebor" class="mw-redirect" title="Erebor">Erebor</a>, who brought news to the Dwarves. The horse-line of the Mearas of Rohan, especially Gandalf's mount, Shadowfax, also appear to be intelligent and understand human speech. The bear-man <a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beorn</a> had a number of animal friends about his house.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns_2013_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns_2013-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings">Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_pictures">Motion pictures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Motion pictures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_motion_pictures" title="Middle-earth in motion pictures">Middle-earth in motion pictures</a></div> <p><i>The Hobbit</i> and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, both set in Middle-earth, have been the subject of a variety of film adaptations. There were many early failed attempts to bring the fictional universe to life on screen, some even rejected by the author himself, who was skeptical of the prospects of an adaptation. While animated and <a href="/wiki/Sagan_om_ringen_(1971_film)" title="Sagan om ringen (1971 film)">live-action shorts</a> were made of Tolkien's books in 1967 and 1971, the first commercial depiction of <i>The Hobbit</i> onscreen was the <a href="/wiki/Rankin/Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankin/Bass">Rankin/Bass</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1977_film)" title="The Hobbit (1977 film)">animated TV special in 1977</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978 the first big screen adaptation of the fictional setting was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi" title="Ralph Bakshi">Ralph Bakshi</a>'s animated <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1978_film)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_Line_Cinema" title="New Line Cinema">New Line Cinema</a> released the first part of director <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i> film series</a> in 2001 as part of a trilogy; it was followed by a prequel trilogy in <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)"><i>The Hobbit</i> film series</a> with several of the same actors playing their old roles.<sup id="cite_ref-Timmons_2013_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timmons_2013-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King">The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King</a></i> received 11 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> nominations and won all of them, matching the totals awarded to <i><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur_(1959_film)" title="Ben-Hur (1959 film)">Ben-Hur</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two well-made <a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">fan films</a> of Middle-earth, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Gollum" title="The Hunt for Gollum">The Hunt for Gollum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Born_of_Hope" title="Born of Hope">Born of Hope</a></i>, were uploaded to YouTube on 8 May 2009 and 11 December 2009 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Middle-earth in video games</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle-earth_role-playing_games" title="List of Middle-earth role-playing games">List of Middle-earth role-playing games</a></div> <p>Numerous computer and video games have been inspired by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s works set in Middle-earth. Titles have been produced by studios such as <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivendi_Games" title="Vivendi Games">Vivendi Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krome_Studios_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Krome Studios Melbourne">Melbourne House</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Interactive_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment">Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from officially licensed games, many Tolkien-inspired <a href="/wiki/Mod_(computer_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod (computer gaming)">mods</a>, custom maps and total conversions have been made for many games, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Warcraft_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Warcraft III">Warcraft III</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Minecraft" title="Minecraft">Minecraft</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Rome:_Total_War" title="Rome: Total War">Rome: Total War</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Medieval_II:_Total_War" title="Medieval II: Total War">Medieval II: Total War</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_IV:_Oblivion" title="The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion">The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_V:_Skyrim" title="The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim">The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim</a></i>. In addition, there are many text-based <a href="/wiki/MMORPG" class="mw-redirect" title="MMORPG">MMORPGs</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/MU*" title="MU*">MU*s</a>) based on Middle-earth. The oldest of these dates back to 1991, and was known as Middle-earth <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUD</a>, run by using <a href="/wiki/LPMUD" class="mw-redirect" title="LPMUD">LPMUD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Middle-earth MUD ended in 1992, it was followed by <a href="/wiki/Elendor" title="Elendor">Elendor</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/MUME" class="mw-redirect" title="MUME">MUME</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien bibliography">J.R.R. Tolkien bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_canon" title="Middle-earth canon">Middle-earth canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Middle-earth" title="Outline of Middle-earth">Outline of Middle-earth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-letter211-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-letter211_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #211 to Rhona Beare, 14 October 1958, last footnote</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, Ch. 3 "Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Of_the_Rings_of_Power-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Of_the_Rings_of_Power_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Of_the_Rings_of_Power_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Of_the_Rings_of_Power_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_165-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_165_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_165_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #165 to the Houghton Mifflin Co., 30 June 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_297-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_297_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_297_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #297 draft for a letter to a 'Mr Rang', August 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #151 to Hugh Brogan, 18 September 1954; #183, Notes on <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>'s review of <i>The Return of the King</i>, 1956; and #283 to Benjamin P. Indick, 7 January 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolkien-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tolkien_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tolkien_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #211 to Rhona Beare, 14 October 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOTR2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOTR2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOTR2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1954a">Tolkien 1954a</a>, "Prologue"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 3 "Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #137 to <a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Rayner Unwin</a>, 11 April 1953; #139 to <a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Rayner Unwin</a>, 8 August 1953; #141 to Allen & Unwin, 9 October 1953; #144 to <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Mitchison" title="Naomi Mitchison">Naomi Mitchison</a>, 25 April 1954; #160 to Rayner Unwin, 6 March 1955; #161 to Rayner Unwin, 18 April 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1954">Tolkien 1954</a>, foldout map in first edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_169-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_169_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_169_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #169 to Hugh Brogan, 11 September 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #183 notes on W. H. Auden's review of <i>The Return of the King</i>, 1956</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letters294-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-letters294_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #294 to Charlotte and Denis Plimmer, 8 February 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_190-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letter_190_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #190 to <a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Rayner Unwin</a>, 3 July 1956</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1954a">Tolkien 1954a</a>, "Prologue"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1955">Tolkien 1955</a>, Appendix D, "Calendars"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, p. 44 "Menelmacar with his shining belt"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, p. 45 "And high in the north as a challenge to <a href="/wiki/Melkor" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkor">Melkor</a> she set the crown of seven mighty stars to swing, <a href="/wiki/Valacirca" class="mw-redirect" title="Valacirca">Valacirca</a>, the Sickle of the Valar..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1954a">Tolkien 1954a</a>, book 1, ch. 8 "Strider" "The Sickle [The Hobbits' name for the Plough or Great Bear] was swinging bright above the shoulders of Bree-hill."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainulindalë-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ainulindalë_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, "Ainulindalë"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beginning-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 1 "Of the Beginning of Days"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coming_of_the_Elves-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coming_of_the_Elves_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 3 "Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1980">Tolkien 1980</a>, p. 388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Uruk-Hai-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Uruk-Hai_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1954">Tolkien 1954</a>, Book 3, ch. 3 "The Uruk-Hai"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1955">Tolkien 1955</a>, book 6 ch. 8 "<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, index entry <i>Urulóki</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 24 "Of the Voyage of Eärendil"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1954a">Tolkien 1954a</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shelob's_Lair-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shelob's_Lair_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1954">Tolkien 1954</a>, book 4, chapter 9: "Shelob's Lair."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Khoddam_Fisher_2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khoddam_Fisher_2012_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khoddam_Fisher_2012_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2012" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, Joe R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QbAwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197">"The Journeys To and From Purgatory Island: A Dantean Allusion at the End of C. S. Lewis's 'The Nameless Isle'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In Khoddam, Salwa; Hall, Mark R.; <a href="/wiki/Jason_Fisher" title="Jason Fisher">Fisher, Jason</a> (eds.). <i>C. S. Lewis and the Inklings: Discovering Hidden Truth</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing" title="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">Cambridge Scholars Publishing</a>. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4431-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4431-4"><bdi>978-1-4438-4431-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Journeys+To+and+From+Purgatory+Island%3A+A+Dantean+Allusion+at+the+End+of+C.+S.+Lewis%27s+%27The+Nameless+Isle%27&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis+and+the+Inklings%3A+Discovering+Hidden+Truth&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-4431-4&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Joe+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQbAwBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harper" title="Douglas Harper">Harper, Douglas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Midgard">"Midgard"</a>. <i>Online Etymological Dictionary; etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861069-4"><bdi>978-0-19-861069-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ring+of+Words%3A+Tolkien+and+the+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=164&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861069-4&rft.aulast=Gilliver&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Weiner%2C+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fringofwordstolki00gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bratman_2013-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bratman_2013_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bratman_2013_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratman2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bratman" title="David Bratman">Bratman, David</a> (2013) [2007]. 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Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 273–274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Middle-earth%3A+Overview&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=273-274&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Bratman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey_2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_2011_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_2011_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2011" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Greg (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MocR5l-N8xIC&pg=PT15"><i>The Origins of Tolkien's Middle-earth For Dummies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>Lewis's Space Trilogy drew on Tolkien's Middle-earth lore at several points, where he used it to deepen the mythology underlying his action.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christopher+Tolkien%2C+1924-2020+Keeper+of+Middle-earth%27s+Legacy&rft.pub=Book+and+Film+Globe&rft.date=2020-01-17&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=G.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookandfilmglobe.com%2Fcreators%2Fchristopher-tolkien-1924-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond_Anderson_1993-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_Anderson_1993_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_Anderson_1993_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondAnderson1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. 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St. Paul's Bibliographies. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873040-11-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873040-11-9"><bdi>978-1-873040-11-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien%3A+A+Descriptive+Bibliography&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=St.+Paul%27s+Bibliographies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-873040-11-9&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Wayne+G.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Douglas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjrrtolkiendescri0000hamm%2Fpage%2F376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005324–328-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005324–328_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005324–328_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 324–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolintineanu2013" class="citation book cs1">Bolintineanu, Alexandra (2013). "Arda". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arda&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Bolintineanu&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letters168_group=T-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-letters168_group=T_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #168 to Richard Jeffery, 7 September 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2015" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (23 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/23/jrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings?">"Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tolkien%27s+annotated+map+of+Middle-earth+discovered+inside+copy+of+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.date=2015-10-23&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2015%2Foct%2F23%2Fjrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kocher_1974-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kocher_1974_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kocher_1974_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocher1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Kocher, Paul</a> (1974) [1972]. <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Middle-earth"><i>Master of Middle-earth: The Achievement of J.R.R. Tolkien</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 8–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140038779" title="Special:BookSources/0140038779"><bdi>0140038779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+of+Middle-earth%3A+The+Achievement+of+J.R.R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=8-11&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0140038779&rft.aulast=Kocher&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee_Solopova_2005-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeSolopova2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Lee, Stuart D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova" title="Elizabeth Solopova">Solopova, Elizabeth</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Keys_of_Middle-earth" title="The Keys of Middle-earth"><i>The Keys of Middle-earth: Discovering Medieval Literature Through the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave</a>. pp. 256–257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403946713" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403946713"><bdi>978-1403946713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Keys+of+Middle-earth%3A+Discovering+Medieval+Literature+Through+the+Fiction+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=256-257&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1403946713&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.&rft.au=Solopova%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rateliff_2006-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rateliff_2006_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._West" title="Richard C. West">West, Richard C.</a> (2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'And All the Days of Her Life Are Forgotten': 'The Lord of the Rings' as Mythic Prehistory". In <a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Hammond, Wayne G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Scull, Christina</a> (eds.). <i>The Lord of the Rings, 1954-2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder</i>. <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University_Press" title="Marquette University Press">Marquette University Press</a>. pp. 67–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87462-018-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87462-018-4"><bdi>978-0-87462-018-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298788493">298788493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27And+All+the+Days+of+Her+Life+Are+Forgotten%27%3A+%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27+as+Mythic+Prehistory&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings%2C+1954-2004%3A+Scholarship+in+Honor+of+Richard+E.+Blackwelder&rft.pages=67-100&rft.pub=Marquette+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298788493&rft.isbn=978-0-87462-018-4&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eden_2013-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eden_2013_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEden2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lee_Eden" title="Bradford Lee Eden">Eden, Bradford Lee</a> (2013) [2007]. "Elves". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 150–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elves&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=150-152&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Eden&rft.aufirst=Bradford+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickerson_2013-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dickerson_2013_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickerson2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dickerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Dickerson">Dickerson, Matthew</a> (2013) [2007]. "Elves: Kindreds and Migrations". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 152–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elves%3A+Kindreds+and+Migrations&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=152-154&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Dickerson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Straubhaar_2013-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Straubhaar_2013_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraubhaar2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar" title="Sandra Ballif Straubhaar">Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif</a> (2013) [2007]. "Men, Middle-earth". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 414–417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-88034-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-88034-7"><bdi>978-1-135-88034-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Men%2C+Middle-earth&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=414-417&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-88034-7&rft.aulast=Straubhaar&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Ballif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans_2013_(Drout)-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_2013_(Drout)_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Evans_(scholar)" title="Jonathan Evans (scholar)">Evans, Jonathan</a> (2013) [2007]. "Dwarves". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dwarves&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanton_2013-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanton_2013_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stanton, Michael N. (2013) [2007]. "Hobbits". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 280–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hobbits&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=280-282&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Michael+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005149-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005149_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005159-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005159_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tally_2010-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tally_2010_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTally2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tally" title="Robert Tally">Tally, Robert T. Jr.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol29/iss1/3">"Let Us Now Praise Famous Orcs: Simple Humanity in Tolkien's Inhuman Creatures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a></i>. <b>29</b> (1). article 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mythlore&rft.atitle=Let+Us+Now+Praise+Famous+Orcs%3A+Simple+Humanity+in+Tolkien%27s+Inhuman+Creatures&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=article+3&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tally&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.swosu.edu%2Fmythlore%2Fvol29%2Fiss1%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005362,_438_(chapter_5,_note_14)-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005362,_438_(chapter_5,_note_14)_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 362, 438 (chapter 5, note 14).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Evans, Jonathan. "Monsters". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment</a></i>. p. 433.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monsters&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia%3A+Scholarship+and+Critical+Assessment&rft.pages=433&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns_2013-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns_2013_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Burns" title="Marjorie Burns">Burns, Marjorie</a> (2013) [2007]. "Old Norse Literature". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 473–474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>. <q>Echoes of these Norse battle animals appear throughout Tolkien's literature; in one way or another, all are associated with Gandalf or his cause. ... raven ... Eagles ... wolves ... horses ... Saruman is the one most closely associated with Odin's ravaging wolves and carrion birds</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Norse+Literature&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=473-474&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor1977" class="citation news cs1">O'Connor, John J. (25 November 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/25/books/tolkien-hobbittv.html">"TV Weekend: "The Hobbit"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=TV+Weekend%3A+%22The+Hobbit%22&rft.date=1977-11-25&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F11%2F25%2Fbooks%2Ftolkien-hobbittv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaslin2001" class="citation news cs1">Gaslin, Glenn (21 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2001/11/hobbits_on_film.html">"Ralph Bakshi's unfairly maligned Lord of the Rings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Ralph+Bakshi%27s+unfairly+maligned+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.date=2001-11-21&rft.aulast=Gaslin&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fculturebox%2F2001%2F11%2Fhobbits_on_film.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timmons_2013-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Timmons_2013_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimmons2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Timmons, Daniel (2013) [2007]. "Jackson, Peter". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 303–310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jackson%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=303-310&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Timmons&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywood.com/movies/academy-award-milestones-60533072/#/ms-22651/1">"Here Are The Biggest Academy Award Milestones In Oscars History"</a>. <i>Hollywood.Com</i>. 3 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hollywood.Com&rft.atitle=Here+Are+The+Biggest+Academy+Award+Milestones+In+Oscars+History&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywood.com%2Fmovies%2Facademy-award-milestones-60533072%2F%23%2Fms-22651%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npr_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSydell2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Sydell" title="Laura Sydell">Sydell, Laura</a> (30 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103673352">"High-Def 'Hunt For Gollum' New Lord of the Fanvids"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+Things+Considered&rft.atitle=High-Def+%27Hunt+For+Gollum%27+New+Lord+of+the+Fanvids&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft.aulast=Sydell&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D103673352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Nicole (27 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029071445/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/3268653/Orcs-are-back-in-Lord-of-the-Rings-inspired-Born-of-Hope.html">"Orcs are back in Lord of the Rings-inspired Born of Hope"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/3268653/Orcs-are-back-in-Lord-of-the-Rings-inspired-Born-of-Hope.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Orcs+are+back+in+Lord+of+the+Rings-inspired+Born+of+Hope&rft.date=2008-10-27&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fcelebritynews%2F3268653%2FOrcs-are-back-in-Lord-of-the-Rings-inspired-Born-of-Hope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakahashi2017" class="citation web cs1">Takahashi, Dean (15 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2017/06/15/warner-bros-games-are-coming-out-of-the-shadow-of-its-movies/">"Warner Bros. games are coming out of the shadow of its movies"</a>. <i>GamesBeat</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704220825/https://venturebeat.com/2017/06/15/warner-bros-games-are-coming-out-of-the-shadow-of-its-movies/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamesBeat&rft.atitle=Warner+Bros.+games+are+coming+out+of+the+shadow+of+its+movies&rft.date=2017-06-15&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2017%2F06%2F15%2Fwarner-bros-games-are-coming-out-of-the-shadow-of-its-movies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2017" class="citation web cs1">Gardner, Eriq (3 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/warner-bros-tolkien-estate-settle-80-million-hobbit-lawsuit-1018478">"Warner Bros., Tolkien Estate Settle $80 Million 'Hobbit' Lawsuit"</a>. <i>Hollywood Reporter</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703154839/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/warner-bros-tolkien-estate-settle-80-million-hobbit-lawsuit-1018478">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Warner+Bros.%2C+Tolkien+Estate+Settle+%2480+Million+%27Hobbit%27+Lawsuit&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Eriq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fthr-esq%2Fwarner-bros-tolkien-estate-settle-80-million-hobbit-lawsuit-1018478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2015" class="citation web cs1">Bauer, Manuel (10 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cbs-News-PC-Minecraft-Spieler-Auenland-nachgebaut-13195125.html">"Minecraft: Spieler haben das komplette Auenland nachgebaut"</a>. Computer Bild<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minecraft%3A+Spieler+haben+das+komplette+Auenland+nachgebaut&rft.pub=Computer+Bild&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerbild.de%2Fartikel%2Fcbs-News-PC-Minecraft-Spieler-Auenland-nachgebaut-13195125.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.mud.lp/browse_thread/thread/c4ecbb9be83f903d/2a9be0ea86e4c932?lnk=gst&q=Middle-earth#2a9be0ea86e4c932">Groups.google.com</a>, rec.games.mud.lp Newsgroup, 1 June 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Davis, Erik (1 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.10/lotr_pr.html">"The Fellowship of the Ring"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+Fellowship+of+the+Ring&rft.date=2001-10-01&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F9.10%2Flotr_pr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a (rather long) list of all the Tolkien inspired MU*s go to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mudconnector.com">The Mud Connector</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051226173240/http://www.mudconnector.com/">Archived</a> 26 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and run a search for 'tolkien'.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a> (1977). <i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Biography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography">J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography</a></i>. G. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-928037-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-928037-3"><bdi>978-0-04-928037-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3046822">3046822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=G.+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3046822&rft.isbn=978-0-04-928037-3&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a>, ed. (2023) [1981]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a>: Revised and Expanded Edition</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper Collins">Harper Collins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4"><bdi>978-0-35-865298-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-35-865298-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2005) [1982]. <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Road to Middle-earth"><i>The Road to Middle-earth</i></a> (3nd ed.). HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0261102750" title="Special:BookSources/978-0261102750"><bdi>978-0261102750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Middle-earth&rft.edition=3nd&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0261102750&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1977). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25730-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25730-2"><bdi>978-0-395-25730-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silmarillion&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-395-25730-2&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1954a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1954a). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942">9552942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fellowship+of+the+Ring&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=%27%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27%27&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9552942&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1954). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1042159111">1042159111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Towers&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=%27%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27%27&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1042159111&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1955). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/519647821">519647821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+the+King&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=%27%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27%27&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F519647821&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1980). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-29917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-29917-3"><bdi>978-0-395-29917-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unfinished+Tales&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-395-29917-3&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Wynn_Fonstad" title="Karen Wynn Fonstad">Fonstad, Karen Wynn</a> (1981). <a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth" title="The Atlas of Middle-earth"><i>The Atlas of Middle-earth</i></a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-28665-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-28665-4"><bdi>0-395-28665-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+Middle-earth&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-395-28665-4&rft.aulast=Fonstad&rft.aufirst=Karen+Wynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">Garth, John</a> (2020). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien: The Places that Inspired Middle-earth</a></i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Lincoln_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Lincoln Publishers">Frances Lincoln Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71124-127-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71124-127-5"><bdi>978-0-71124-127-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worlds+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+The+Places+that+Inspired+Middle-earth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-71124-127-5&rft.aulast=Garth&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Foster_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Foster (author)">Foster, Robert</a> (2001) [1978]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">The Complete Guide to Middle-earth</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-44976-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-44976-2"><bdi>0-345-44976-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+Middle-earth&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-345-44976-2&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Hammond, Wayne G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Scull, Christina</a> (2004) [1995]. <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Artist_and_Illustrator" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator"><i>J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-261-10322-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-261-10322-9"><bdi>0-261-10322-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Artist+and+Illustrator&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-261-10322-9&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Wayne+G.&rft.au=Scull%2C+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Hammond, Wayne G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Scull, Christina</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion"><i>The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</i></a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-720907-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-720907-X"><bdi>0-00-720907-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings%3A+A+Reader%27s+Companion&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-00-720907-X&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Wayne+G.&rft.au=Scull%2C+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle-earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle-earth" title="Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle-earth" title="Template talk:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle-earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle-earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_canon" title="Middle-earth canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Legendarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Middle-earth" title="Outline of Middle-earth">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Tolkien's<br />lifetime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1954-55) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past" title="The Shadow of the Past">The Shadow of the Past</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a>"</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i> (1977) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i> (1990)</li> <li>The three "Great Tales" <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i> (2018)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of<br />composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">History of<br />Middle-earth</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[1–2] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></i> (1983–84) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_(Tolkien)" title="Ælfwine (Tolkien)">Ælfwine</a></li></ul></li> <li>[3] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a></i> (1985)</li> <li>[4] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></i> (1986)</li> <li>[5] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i> (1987) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Etymologies_(Tolkien)" title="The Etymologies (Tolkien)">The Etymologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhammas" title="Lhammas">Lhammas</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>[6–9] <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1988–92) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notion_Club_Papers" title="The Notion Club Papers">The Notion Club Papers</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>[10] <i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i> (1993)</li> <li>[11] <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a></i> (1994)</li> <li>[12] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">John D. Rateliff</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i> (2007)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i> (2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arda" title="History of Arda">Fictional<br />universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Peoples</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainur_in_Middle-earth" title="Ainur in Middle-earth">Ainur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Middle-earth" title="Dragons in Middle-earth">Dragons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancalagon_the_Black" title="Ancalagon the Black">Ancalagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">Half-elven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">Sundering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beornings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%BAedain" title="Drúedain">Drúedain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle-earth_characters" title="List of Middle-earth characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrimbor" title="Celebrimbor">Celebrimbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil_and_Elwing" title="Eärendil and Elwing">Eärendil and Elwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elendil" title="Elendil">Elendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingolfin" title="Fingolfin">Fingolfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finw%C3%AB_and_M%C3%ADriel" title="Finwë and Míriel">Finwë and Míriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil-galad" title="Gil-galad">Gil-galad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BArin" title="Húrin">Húrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isildur" title="Isildur">Isildur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAthien_and_Beren" title="Lúthien and Beren">Lúthien and Beren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melian_(Middle-earth)" title="Melian (Middle-earth)">Melian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thingol" title="Thingol">Thingol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuor_and_Idril" title="Tuor and Idril">Tuor and Idril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BArin_Turambar" title="Túrin Turambar">Túrin Turambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoliant" title="Ungoliant">Ungoliant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldberry" title="Goldberry">Goldberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esgaroth" title="Esgaroth">Esgaroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harad" title="Harad">Harad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_Mountain" title="Lonely Mountain">Lonely Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth" title="Moria, Middle-earth">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_End" title="Bag End">Bag End</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithril" title="Mithril">Mithril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">Palantír</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch" title="Red Book of Westmarch">Red Book of Westmarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silmarils" title="Silmarils">Silmarils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees of Valinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_and_armour_in_Middle-earth" title="List of weapons and armour in Middle-earth">List of weapons and armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Elvish languages of Middle-earth">Elvish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valarin" title="Valarin">Valarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westron" title="Westron">Westron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">Tolkien's poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronism_in_Middle-earth" title="Anachronism in Middle-earth">Anachronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Ancestry as guide to character in Tolkien's legendarium">Ancestry as guide to character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Middle-earth" title="Architecture in Middle-earth">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_of_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_round_world_dilemma" title="Tolkien's round world dilemma">Round World dilemma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">Death and immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">Decline and fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_and_visions_in_Middle-earth" title="Dreams and visions in Middle-earth">Dreams and visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Middle-earth" title="Economy of Middle-earth">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Middle-earth" title="Forests in Middle-earth">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Frame stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_and_Middle-earth" title="Hell and Middle-earth">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_light_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Christian light in Tolkien's legendarium">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">Luck and fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_Middle-earth" title="Magic in Middle-earth">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_in_Middle-earth" title="Mental illness in Middle-earth">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Moral dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">Naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Straight_Road" title="Old Straight Road">Old Straight Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_Middle-earth" title="Paganism in Middle-earth">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth" title="Plants in Middle-earth">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">Psychological journeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Tolkien%27s_fiction" title="Time in Tolkien's fiction">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_Middle-earth" title="Trees in Middle-earth">Trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth"><i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Celtic influences on Tolkien">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classical world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Finnish influences on Tolkien">Finnish language and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Norse" title="Tolkien and the Norse">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth" title="Philology and Middle-earth">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_prose_style" title="Tolkien's prose style">Prose style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_ambiguity" title="Tolkien's ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">A mythology for England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth" title="The Atlas of Middle-earth">The Atlas of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journeys_of_Frodo" title="Journeys of Frodo">Journeys of Frodo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations,<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Middle-earth" title="Illustrating Middle-earth">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_Blok" title="Cor Blok">Cor Blok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anke_Ei%C3%9Fmann" title="Anke Eißmann">Anke Eißmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hildebrandt" title="Brothers Hildebrandt">Brothers Hildebrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Dolfen" title="Jenny Dolfen">Jenny Dolfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fairburn" title="Mary Fairburn">Mary Fairburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_Giancola" title="Donato Giancola">Donato Giancola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Tove Jansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korotich" title="Alexander Korotich">Alexander Korotich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Hansson" title="Bo Hansson">Bo Hansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Meij" title="Johan de Meij">Johan de Meij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings">Symphony No. 1 <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings film series">Music of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Hobbit_film_series" title="Music of The Hobbit film series">Music of <i>The Hobbit</i> film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">Music of <i>The Rings of Power</i> TV series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Guardian" title="Blind Guardian">Blind Guardian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nightfall_in_Middle-Earth" title="Nightfall in Middle-Earth">Nightfall in Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Swann" title="Donald Swann">Donald Swann</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Ensemble" title="The Tolkien Ensemble">The Tolkien Ensemble</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_in_Rivendell" title="An Evening in Rivendell">An Evening in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Night_in_Rivendell" title="A Night in Rivendell">A Night in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/At_Dawn_in_Rivendell" title="At Dawn in Rivendell">At Dawn in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leaving_Rivendell" title="Leaving Rivendell">Leaving Rivendell</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Enterprises" title="Middle-earth Enterprises">Middle-earth Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired by Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_motion_pictures" title="Middle-earth in motion pictures">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Calendars" title="Tolkien Calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">Things named after Tolkien and his works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Literary<br />criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">The Complete Guide to Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien">A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_Music" title="Interrupted Music">Interrupted Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-Earth" title="Master of Middle-Earth">Master of Middle-Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)">A Question of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth">The Road to Middle-Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_%27A_Mythology_for_England%27" title="Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Look_Behind_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings">Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien,_Race_and_Cultural_History" title="Tolkien, Race and Cultural History">Tolkien, Race and Cultural History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium:_Essays_on_The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth">Tolkien's Legendarium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Hobbit" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hobbit" title="Template:Hobbit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hobbit" title="Template talk:Hobbit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hobbit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hobbit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Hobbit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hobbit_(word)" title="Hobbit (word)">(word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Legendarium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">frame stories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle-earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth"><i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">psychological journeys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-language_editions_of_The_Hobbit" title="English-language editions of The Hobbit">English-language editions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Annotated_Hobbit" title="The Annotated Hobbit">The Annotated Hobbit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translations_of_The_Hobbit" title="Translations of The Hobbit">Translations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Hobbit_characters" title="List of The Hobbit characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins" title="Bilbo Baggins">Bilbo Baggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radagast" title="Radagast">Radagast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorin_Oakenshield" title="Thorin Oakenshield">Thorin Oakenshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balin_(Middle-earth)" title="Balin (Middle-earth)">Balin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thranduil" title="Thranduil">the Elvenking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bard_the_Bowman" title="Bard the Bowman">Bard the Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">The Necromancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warg" title="Warg">Wargs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Eriador <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rhovanion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esgaroth" title="Esgaroth">Esgaroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_Mountain" title="Lonely Mountain">Lonely Mountain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(pinball)" title="The Hobbit (pinball)"><i>The Hobbit</i> pinball machine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Strategy_Battle_Game" title="Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game">The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Hobbit" title="Adaptations of The Hobbit">Adaptations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(radio_series)" title="The Hobbit (radio series)">The Hobbit</a></i> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gene Deitch's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1967_film)" title="The Hobbit (1967 film)">The Hobbit</a></i> (1967)</li> <li>Rankin/Bass's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1977_film)" title="The Hobbit (1977 film)">The Hobbit</a></i> (1977)</li> <li>Soviet <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1985_film)" title="The Hobbit (1985 film)">The Hobbit</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)">Peter Jackson's series</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit:_An_Unexpected_Journey" title="The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey">An Unexpected Journey</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit:_The_Desolation_of_Smaug" title="The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug">The Desolation of Smaug</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit:_The_Battle_of_the_Five_Armies" title="The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies">The Battle of the Five Armies</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_original_characters_in_The_Hobbit_film_series" title="List of original characters in The Hobbit film series">original characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Hobbit_film_series" title="Music of The Hobbit film series">music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1982_video_game)" title="The Hobbit (1982 video game)">The Hobbit</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(2003_video_game)" title="The Hobbit (2003 video game)">The Hobbit</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lego_The_Hobbit" title="Lego The Hobbit">Lego The Hobbit</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Hobbit" title="Category:The Hobbit">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Lord_of_the_Rings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Template:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Template talk:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Lord_of_the_Rings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructing_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Constructing The Lord of the Rings">Constructing <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Volumes <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Stories <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past" title="The Shadow of the Past">The Shadow of the Past</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translating_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Translating The Lord of the Rings">Translating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="List of translations of The Lord of the Rings">List of translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_into_Swedish" title="Translation of The Lord of the Rings into Swedish">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reception <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxonmoot" title="Oxonmoot">Oxonmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkienmoot" title="Tolkienmoot">Tolkienmoot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:One_Ring_Blender_Render.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/60px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/90px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/120px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="1824" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_the_Ring" title="Company of the Ring">Company of the Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Elvish languages of Middle-earth">Elvish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Poetry in The Lord of the Rings">Poetry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Elbereth_Gilthoniel" title="A Elbereth Gilthoniel">A Elbereth Gilthoniel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam%C3%A1ri%C3%AB" title="Namárië">Namárië</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_E%C3%A4rendil" title="Song of Eärendil">Song of Eärendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Moon_Stayed_Up_Too_Late" title="The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late">The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On_(song)" title="The Road Goes Ever On (song)">The Road Goes Ever On</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Walking_Song" title="A Walking Song">A Walking Song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverbs_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Proverbs in The Lord of the Rings">Proverbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_to_power_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Addiction to power in The Lord of the Rings">Addiction to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Ancestry as guide to character in Tolkien's legendarium">Ancestry as guide to character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Middle-earth" title="Architecture in Middle-earth">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">Death and immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">Decline and fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_and_visions_in_Middle-earth" title="Dreams and visions in Middle-earth">Dreams and visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Middle-earth" title="Economy of Middle-earth">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Middle-earth" title="Forests in Middle-earth">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_and_Middle-earth" title="Hell and Middle-earth">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">Luck and fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_Middle-earth" title="Magic in Middle-earth">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_in_Middle-earth" title="Mental illness in Middle-earth">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Moral dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">Naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_Middle-earth" title="Paganism in Middle-earth">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth" title="Plants in Middle-earth">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">Psychological journeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_race" title="Tolkien and race">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Sexuality in The Lord of the Rings">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Tolkien%27s_fiction" title="Time in Tolkien's fiction">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_Middle-earth" title="Trees in Middle-earth">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Women in The Lord of the Rings">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Antiquarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth"><i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Celtic influences on Tolkien">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classical world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Norse" title="Tolkien and the Norse">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">Modern sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">A mythology for England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth" title="Philology and Middle-earth">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_devices_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary devices in The Lord of the Rings">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronism_in_Middle-earth" title="Anachronism in Middle-earth">Anachronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_pairing_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Character pairing in The Lord of the Rings">Character pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_framing_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Editorial framing of The Lord of the Rings">Editorial framing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Frame stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotranslation_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Pseudotranslation in The Lord of the Rings">Pseudotranslation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_of_depth_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Impression of depth in The Lord of the Rings">Impression of depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Narrative structure of The Lord of the Rings">Narrative structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interlacing_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Interlacing in The Lord of the Rings">Interlacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Storytelling in The Lord of the Rings">Storytelling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_prose_style" title="Tolkien's prose style">Prose style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_ambiguity" title="Tolkien's ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Pooh" title="Epic Pooh">Epic Pooh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radagast" title="Radagast">Radagast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples#Free_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Free<br />peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balin_(Middle-earth)" title="Balin (Middle-earth)">Balin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimli_(Middle-earth)" title="Gimli (Middle-earth)">Gimli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">Half-elven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arwen" title="Arwen">Arwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legolas" title="Legolas">Legolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thranduil" title="Thranduil">Thranduil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treebeard" title="Treebeard">Treebeard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins" title="Bilbo Baggins">Bilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_Brandybuck" title="Merry Brandybuck">Merry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pippin_Took" title="Pippin Took">Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samwise_Gamgee" title="Samwise Gamgee">Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beornings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%BAedain" title="Drúedain">Drúedain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a></li></ul></li> <li>of <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boromir" title="Boromir">Boromir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denethor" title="Denethor">Denethor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramir" title="Faramir">Faramir</a></li></ul></li> <li>of <a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89omer" title="Éomer">Éomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89owyn" title="Éowyn">Éowyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9oden" title="Théoden">Théoden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADma_Wormtongue" title="Gríma Wormtongue">Wormtongue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrow-wight" title="Barrow-wight">Barrow-wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl" title="Nazgûl">Nazgûl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch-king_of_Angmar" title="Witch-king of Angmar">Witch-king of Angmar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Willow" title="Old Man Willow">Old Man Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelob" title="Shelob">Shelob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warg" title="Warg">Wargs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_in_the_Water" title="Watcher in the Water">Watcher in the Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldberry" title="Goldberry">Goldberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Eriador <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Forest" title="Old Forest">Old Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_End" title="Bag End">Bag End</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harad" title="Harad">Harad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth" title="Moria, Middle-earth">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helm%27s_Deep" title="Battle of Helm's Deep">Helm's Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields" title="Battle of the Pelennor Fields">Pelennor Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Morannon" title="Battle of the Morannon">Morannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Things</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithril" title="Mithril">Mithril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliphaunt" title="Oliphaunt">Oliphaunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">Palantírs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phial_of_Galadriel" title="Phial of Galadriel">Phial of Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_and_armour_in_Middle-earth" title="List of weapons and armour in Middle-earth">List of weapons and armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Errantry" title="Errantry">Errantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastitocalon_(poem)" title="Fastitocalon (poem)">Fastitocalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sea-Bell" title="The Sea-Bell">The Sea-Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adaptations_and_derivative_works" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings">Adaptations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">derivative works</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bored_of_the_Rings" title="Bored of the Rings">Bored of the Rings</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Ringbearer" title="The Last Ringbearer">The Last Ringbearer</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muddle_Earth" title="Muddle Earth">Muddle Earth</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Middle-earth" title="Illustrating Middle-earth">Illustrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Remington" title="Barbara Remington">Barbara Remington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fellowship!" title="Fellowship!">Fellowship!</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings_(musical)" title="Lord of the Rings (musical)">Lord of the Rings</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_Inspired_by_Lord_of_the_Rings_(Bo_Hansson_album)" title="Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (Bo Hansson album)">Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings">Symphony No. 1 <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ramble_On" title="Ramble On">Ramble On</a>" (1969)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Misty_Mountain_Hop" title="Misty Mountain Hop">Misty Mountain Hop</a>" (1971)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Evermore" title="The Battle of Evermore">The Battle of Evermore</a>" (1971)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1955_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1979_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, 1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hordes_of_the_Things_(radio_series)" title="Hordes of the Things (radio series)">Hordes of the Things</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1981_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (BBC, 1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Herr_der_Ringe" title="Der Herr der Ringe">Der Herr der Ringe</a></i> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_motion_pictures" title="Middle-earth in motion pictures">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1978_film)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi" title="Ralph Bakshi">Bakshi</a>, 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King_(1980_film)" title="The Return of the King (1980 film)">The Return of the King</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rankin/Bass_Animated_Entertainment" title="Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment">Rankin/Bass</a>, 1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_War_of_the_Rohirrim" title="The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim">The War of the Rohirrim</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">Peter Jackson<br />series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings film series">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Concerning_Hobbits" title="Concerning Hobbits">Concerning Hobbits</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Into_the_West_(song)" title="Into the West (song)">Into the West</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/May_It_Be" title="May It Be">May It Be</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Production of The Lord of the Rings film series">Production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbiton_Movie_Set" title="Hobbiton Movie Set">Hobbiton Movie Set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson%27s_interpretation_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Peter Jackson's interpretation of The Lord of the Rings">Peter Jackson's interpretation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_on_Film" title="Tolkien on Film">Tolkien on Film</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sagan_om_ringen_(1971_film)" title="Sagan om ringen (1971 film)">Sagan om ringen</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khraniteli" title="Khraniteli">Khraniteli</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hobitit" title="Hobitit">Hobitit</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">The Rings of Power</a></i> (2022) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fan-made</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Gollum" title="The Hunt for Gollum">The Hunt for Gollum</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Born_of_Hope" title="Born of Hope">Born of Hope</a></i> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Journey_to_Rivendell" title="The Lord of the Rings: Journey to Rivendell">Journey to Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings:_Game_One" title="Lord of the Rings: Game One">Game One</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_Mordor" title="Shadows of Mordor">Game Two: Shadows of Mordor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_in_Middle_Earth" title="War in Middle Earth">War in Middle Earth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._I_(1990_video_game)" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)"><i>Vol. I</i> (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._I_(1994_video_game)" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1994 video game)"><i>Vol. I</i> (SNES)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_Riders_of_Rohan" title="J. R. R. Tolkien's Riders of Rohan">Riders of Rohan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elendor" title="Elendor">Elendor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._II:_The_Two_Towers" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers"><i>Vol. II: The Two Towers</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)"><i>The Fellowship of the Ring</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)"><i>The Two Towers</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)"><i>The Return of the King</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_War_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring"><i>War of the Ring</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Third_Age" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age"><i>The Third Age</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Third_Age_(Game_Boy_Advance_video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (Game Boy Advance video game)">Game Boy Advance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth"><i>The Battle for Middle-earth</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Tactics" title="The Lord of the Rings: Tactics"><i>Tactics</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth_II" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II"><i>The Battle for Middle-earth II</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth_II:_The_Rise_of_the_Witch-king" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king"><i>The Rise of the Witch-king</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Conquest" title="The Lord of the Rings: Conquest"><i>Conquest</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Aragorn%27s_Quest" title="The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest"><i>Aragorn's Quest</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_War_in_the_North" title="The Lord of the Rings: War in the North"><i>War in the North</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lego_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(video_game)" title="Lego The Lord of the Rings (video game)"><i>Lego The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_Middle-earth" title="Guardians of Middle-earth">Guardians of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_Mordor" title="Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor"><i>Shadow of Mordor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_War" title="Middle-earth: Shadow of War"><i>Shadow of War</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Gollum" title="The Lord of the Rings: Gollum"><i>Gollum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Return_to_Moria" title="The Lord of the Rings: Return to Moria"><i>Return to Moria</i></a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online" title="The Lord of the Rings Online">The Lord of the Rings Online</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Mines_of_Moria" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria"><i>Mines of Moria</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Siege_of_Mirkwood" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood"><i>Siege of Mirkwood</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Rise_of_Isengard" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard"><i>Rise of Isengard</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Riders_of_Rohan" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Riders of Rohan"><i>Riders of Rohan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Helm%27s_Deep" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Helm's Deep"><i>Helm's Deep</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Mordor" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Mordor"><i>Mordor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Minas_Morgul" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Minas Morgul"><i>Minas Morgul</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_War_of_Three_Peaks" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: War of Three Peaks"><i>War of Three Peaks</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Fate_of_Gundabad" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Fate of Gundabad"><i>Fate of Gundabad</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Before_the_Shadow" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Before the Shadow"><i>Before the Shadow</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tabletop role-<br />playing games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Role_Playing" title="Middle-earth Role Playing">Middle-earth Role Playing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Roleplaying_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game">The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_One_Ring_Roleplaying_Game" title="The One Ring Roleplaying Game">The One Ring Roleplaying Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_in_Middle-earth" title="Adventures in Middle-earth">Adventures in Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Earth_(board_game)" title="Middle Earth (board game)">Middle Earth</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_(SPI_game)" title="War of the Ring (SPI game)">War of the Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor:_The_Siege_of_Minas_Tirith" title="Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith">Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron_(game)" title="Sauron (game)">Sauron</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings_(board_game)" title="Lord of the Rings (board game)">Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_(board_game)" title="War of the Ring (board game)">War of the Ring</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Card games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Collectible_Card_Game" title="Middle-earth Collectible Card Game">Middle-earth Collectible Card Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Trading_Card_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game">The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Card_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game">The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Strategy_Battle_Game" title="Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game">Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lego_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Lego The Lord of the Rings">Lego The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79734#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79734#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79734#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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