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id="toc-Origin_of_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multitimbrality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multitimbrality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Multitimbrality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multitimbrality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_generation_music_workstations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_generation_music_workstations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First generation music workstations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_generation_music_workstations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First generation music workstations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_generation_music_workstations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_technologies_for_the_first_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_technologies_for_the_first_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Key technologies for the first generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_technologies_for_the_first_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_generation_music_workstations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_generation_music_workstations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Second generation music workstations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_generation_music_workstations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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href="#Modern_music_workstations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern music workstations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_music_workstations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation_of_a_music_workstation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation_of_a_music_workstation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evaluation of a music workstation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation_of_a_music_workstation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Workstation (música) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Workstation (música)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Music workstation" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="ミュージックワークステーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミュージックワークステーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device for composing electronic music</div> <p>A <b>music workstation</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electronic musical instrument</a> providing the facilities of: </p> <ul><li>a <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">sound module</a>,</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">music sequencer</a> and</li> <li>(usually) a <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">musical keyboard</a>.</li></ul> <p>It enables a <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musician</a> to <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">compose</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> using just one piece of equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_concept">Origin of concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_workstation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairlight_II_Page_R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fairlight_II_Page_R.png/220px-Fairlight_II_Page_R.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fairlight_II_Page_R.png/330px-Fairlight_II_Page_R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fairlight_II_Page_R.png/440px-Fairlight_II_Page_R.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>"Page R" pattern editing software on <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight CMI</a> Series II (1982) realized the interactive composition of music using sampling sound.</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of a <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">music sequencer</a> combined with a <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> originated in the late 1970s with the combination of microprocessors, mini-computers, digital synthesis, disk-based storage, and control devices such as musical keyboards becoming feasible to combine into a single piece of equipment that was affordable to high-end studios and producers, as well as being portable for performers. Prior to this, the integration between sequencing and synthesis was generally a manual function based on wiring of components in large modular synthesizers, and the storage of notes was simply based on potentiometer settings in an analog sequencer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multitimbrality">Multitimbrality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_workstation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Multitimbrality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polyphonic_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic synthesizer">Polyphonic synthesizers</a> such as Sequential Circuit <a href="/wiki/Prophet-5" title="Prophet-5">Prophet-5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_DX7" title="Yamaha DX7">Yamaha DX7</a> were capable of playing only one patch at a time (the DX7II could play 2 patches on 2 separate MIDI channels) There was some sequencing ability in some keyboards, but it was not MIDI sequencing. </p><p>In the mid to late 80s, workstation synths were manufactured more than single-patch keyboards. A workstation such as the Korg M1 was able to play out 8 different patches on 8 different MIDI channels, as well as playing a drum track, and had an onboard MIDI sequencer. The patches were often samples, but users could not record their own samples, as they could on a Fairlight. Having samples as the sound source is what made it possible to have various drum sounds in one patch. In contrast, a DX7 or a JX3P did not have the synthesis features to create all the sounds in a drum kit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_generation_music_workstations">First generation music workstations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_workstation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First generation music workstations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of early music workstations included the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Digital" title="New England Digital">New England Digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Synclavier" title="Synclavier">Synclavier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight CMI</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_technologies_for_the_first_generation">Key technologies for the first generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_workstation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Key technologies for the first generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Low-cost computer hardware</dt> <dd>Leveraging the technology of personal computers, adding a microprocessor enabled complex control functions to be expressed in software rather than wiring. In 1977, the <a href="/wiki/Sequential_Circuits_Prophet-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequential Circuits Prophet-5">Sequential Circuits Prophet-5</a> and other polyphonic synthesizers had used microprocessors to control patch storage and recall, and the music workstations applied it to control sequence storage and recall as well. The Fairlight used a dual <a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">Motorola 6800</a> configuration, while the Synclavier used a mini-computer called the ABLE.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Digital synthesis</dt> <dd>While it was possible to create a music workstation with digitally controlled analog synthesis modules, few companies did this, instead seeking to produce new sounds and capabilities based on digital synthesis (early units were based on <a href="/wiki/FM_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="FM synthesis">FM synthesis</a> or sample playback).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Disk-based storage</dt> <dd>Again leveraging the technology of personal computers, music workstations used floppy disks to record patches, sequences, and samples. Hard disk storage appeared in the second generation.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Control devices</dt> <dd>In a music workstation, the keyboard was not directly connected to the synthesis modules, as in a <a href="/wiki/Minimoog" title="Minimoog">Minimoog</a> or <a href="/wiki/ARP_Odyssey" title="ARP Odyssey">ARP Odyssey</a>. Instead, the keyboard switches were digitally scanned, and control signals sent over a computer <a href="/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">backplane</a> where they were inputs to the computer processor, which would then route the signals to the synthesis modules, which were output devices on the backplane.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach had been used for years in computer systems, and allowed the addition of new input and output peripherals without obsoleting the entire computer. In the case of the music workstations, the next output devices to be added were typically computer terminal displays (some with graphics), and in the case of the Fairlight, the next input device was a light pen for "drawing" on the display screen.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The result was that music workstations evolved rapidly during this period, as new software releases could add more functionality, new voice cards developed, and new input technologies added. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_generation_music_workstations">Second generation music workstations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_workstation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second generation music workstations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight CMI</a> Series II represented another advance as it now offered more RAM-based sample memory than any other system with an improved sample rate, and in the Series III (1985) changed from 8-bit to 16-bit samples. The Synclavier introduced hard-disk based sampling in 1982, storing megabytes of samples for the first time. </p><p>Other products also combined synthesis and sequencing. For instance the <a href="/wiki/Sequential_Circuits_Six-Trak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequential Circuits Six-Trak">Sequential Circuits Six-Trak</a> provided this possibility. The Six-Trak was a polyphonic analog synthesizer, which featured an on-board six-track sequencer. </p><p>Still other products focused on combining sampling and sequencing. For instance the <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator" title="E-mu Emulator">E-mu Emulator</a> models, first introduced in 1981, combined sample memory (read from floppy disks) with a simple sequencer in the initial model, and an 8-track sequencer in later models. </p><p>The biggest change in the industry was the development of the <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> standard in 1983 for representing musical note sequences. For the first time, sequences could be moved from one digitally controlled music device to another. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ensoniq_ESQ-1" title="Ensoniq ESQ-1">Ensoniq ESQ-1</a>, released in 1985, combined for the first time a multi-track, polyphonic MIDI sequencer with a dynamically-assigned multi-timbral synthesizer. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korg_M1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Korg_M1.png/220px-Korg_M1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Korg_M1.png/330px-Korg_M1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Korg_M1.png/440px-Korg_M1.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Korg_M1" title="Korg M1">Korg M1</a> (1988–1990s)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1980s, on-board <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> sequencers began to appear more frequently on professional synthesizers. The <a href="/wiki/Korg_M1" title="Korg M1">Korg M1</a> (released 1988) a widely known and popular music workstation, and became the world's best-selling digital keyboard synthesizer of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-EM-KorgM1-2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EM-KorgM1-2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its six-year production period, more than 250,000 units were sold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_technologies_for_the_second_generation">Key technologies for the second generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_workstation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Key technologies for the second generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>MIDI</dt> <dd>As mentioned above, MIDI data represents pitches, velocities, and controller events (e.g. pitch bend, modulation wheel). MIDI information could be used on the backplane that linked the elements of the workstation together, connecting the input devices to the synthesizers, or it could be sent to another device or received from another device.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Display technologies</dt> <dd>Music workstations adopted the most effective input/output devices available for their price range, since there were complex control settings to display, complex waveforms, and complex sequences. The lower-end devices began to use LED displays that showed multiple lines of characters and later simple graphics, while the higher-end devices began to adopt personal computers with graphics as their front-ends (the Synclavier PostPro used an <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</a>).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Large memory banks</dt> <dd>Music workstations soon had megabytes of memory, located on large racks of cards.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Modular software</dt> <dd>Music workstations had software that was organized around a set of common control functions, and then a set of options. In many cases, these options were organized as 'pages'. The Fairlight was known for its "Page R" functions<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which provided real-time composition in a graphical form which was similar to that later used on drum machines such as the <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">Roland TR-808</a>. The Synclavier offered <a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">music notation</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Digital signal processing</dt> <dd>This enabled the music workstation to generate effects such as <a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">reverb</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorus</a> within its hardware, rather than relying on external devices.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>SMPTE</dt> <dd>Since the primary users of the high-end workstations were film composers, the music workstations added hardware and software to generate <a href="/wiki/SMPTE_timecode" title="SMPTE timecode">SMPTE timecode</a>, which is a standard in the motion picture industry. This allowed one to generate events that were matched to scenes and cuts in the film.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_generation_music_workstations">Third generation music workstations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_workstation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Third generation music workstations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although many music workstations have a keyboard, this is not always the case. In the 1990s, Yamaha and Roland released a series of portable music workstations (starting with the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_QY10" title="Yamaha QY10">Yamaha QY10</a> (1990)). These are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Walkstation" title="Walkstation">walkstations</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akai_MPC60.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Akai_MPC60.jpg/220px-Akai_MPC60.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Akai_MPC60.jpg/330px-Akai_MPC60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Akai_MPC60.jpg/440px-Akai_MPC60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akai_MPC60" class="mw-redirect" title="Akai MPC60">Akai MPC60</a> (1988)</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of the workstation evolved in the mid-1990s with the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">groove machine</a> concept that began in the mid-1980s – a keyless version of a workstation, still with a self-contained sound source and sequencer, mostly intended for dance music. Nowadays, these devices feature a <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">sampler</a>. The groove machines that emerged in the mid-1980s include the <a href="/wiki/Linn_9000" title="Linn 9000">Linn 9000</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Sequential_Circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequential Circuits">SCI Studio 440</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Korg_products#1980s" title="List of Korg products">DDD-1</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yamaha_products#Groove_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yamaha products">RX5</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Simmons_(electronic_drum_company)#The_SDX" title="Simmons (electronic drum company)">Simmons SDX</a> (1987)), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawai_R-50e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawai R-50e (page does not exist)">Kawai R-50e</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/E-mu_SP-12" title="E-mu SP-12">E-mu SP-12</a>/<a href="/wiki/E-mu_SP-1200" title="E-mu SP-1200">SP-1200</a> (1985/1987), and <a href="/wiki/Akai_MPC60" class="mw-redirect" title="Akai MPC60">Akai MPC60</a> (1988). In the mid-1990s, Roland entered the market with the <a href="/wiki/MC-303" class="mw-redirect" title="MC-303">MC-303</a> (1996), and Korg and Yamaha re-entered the market, Korg with the <a href="/wiki/Electribe" title="Electribe">Electribe</a> series (1999–). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Akai" title="Akai">Akai</a> developed and refined the idea of the keyboard-less workstation with the <a href="/wiki/Music_Production_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Production Center">Music Production Center</a> series (1988–) of sampler workstations. The MPC breed of sampler freed the composer from the rigidity of step sequencing, which was a limitation of earlier groove machines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_technologies_for_the_third_generation">Key technologies for the third generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_workstation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Key technologies for the third generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Low-cost, high-capacity memory</dt> <dd>By 1995, a music workstation might have 16 to 64 megabytes of memory in a few chips,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had required a rack of cards in 1985.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Sample libraries</dt> <dd>While a second-generation workstation could be sold with just a few sounds or samples and the ability for the owner to create more, by 1995 most workstations had several additional sample sets available for purchase on ROM, and an industry had been created for third-party sample libraries. In addition, there were now <a href="/wiki/Audio_file_format" title="Audio file format">standard formats for sound samples</a> to achieve interoperability.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Battery power</dt> <dd>Since music workstations were now used by wide range of performers, down to individual dance music DJ's and even street performers, portable designs avoided power-intensive components such as disk storage and began to rely on persistent memory and later flash-memory storage.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Interoperability with personal computers</dt> <dd>Initially through custom interfaces and later <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> standards.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_music_workstations">Modern music workstations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_workstation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern music workstations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_EX5_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Yamaha_EX5_top.jpg/220px-Yamaha_EX5_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Yamaha_EX5_top.jpg/330px-Yamaha_EX5_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Yamaha_EX5_top.jpg/440px-Yamaha_EX5_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3336" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Yamaha EX5 (1998–2000), supports multiple-synthesis algorithms including sampling.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a> now have sampling as a default option with the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motif" title="Yamaha Motif">Yamaha Motif</a> line (introduced 2001), the <a href="/wiki/Roland_Fantom-X" title="Roland Fantom-X">Roland Fantom</a> series (introduced 2001) and the <a href="/wiki/Korg_Triton" title="Korg Triton">Korg Triton</a> (introduced 1999), <a href="/wiki/Korg_OASYS" title="Korg OASYS">Korg OASYS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korg_M3" title="Korg M3">Korg M3</a> Workstations have a fairly large screen to give a comprehensive overview of the sound, sequencer and sampling options. Since the display is one of the most expensive components of these workstations, Roland and Yamaha initially chose to keep costs down by not using a touch screen or high-resolution display, but have added such in later models. </p><p>Another path of music product development that started with the feature set of music workstations is to provide entirely software-based products, using virtual instruments. This is the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstation</a>, and many of these products have emulated the <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a> metaphors of sequencers first developed in the music workstations. </p><p>Open Labs introduced the Production Station in 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which changed the relationship of the music workstation and the personal computer from a model where the music workstation interfaces to the PC into one where the music workstation is a PC with a music keyboard and a touch screen display. </p><p>A variation on Open Labs' approach, Korg released the <a href="/wiki/Korg_OASYS" title="Korg OASYS">Korg OASYS</a> in 2005. OASYS housed inside a keyboard music workstation housing a computer running a custom operating system built on the Linux kernel. OASYS was an acronym for Open Architecture SYnthesis Studio, underscoring Korg's ability to release new capabilities via ongoing software updates. OASYS not only included a synthesizer, sampling, and a sequencer, but the ability to digitally record multi-track audio. OASYS was discontinued in 2009, and <a href="/wiki/Korg_Kronos" title="Korg Kronos">Korg Kronos</a>, an updated version built on the same concept, was introduced in January, 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluation_of_a_music_workstation">Evaluation of a music workstation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_workstation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evaluation of a music workstation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While advances in digital technology have greatly reduced the price of a professional-grade music workstation, the 'time cost' of learning to operate a complex instrument like this cannot be underestimated. Hence, product selection is critical, and is typically based upon: </p> <ul><li>Ease of use</li> <li>Number of tracks in the sequencer</li> <li>Expansion options and modularity</li> <li>Size of user and support community</li> <li>Support for standards such as MIDI, SMPTE, Internet, etc.</li> <li>Reliable functioning</li> <li>Adaptation to most requirements of music production.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_workstation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dansdata.com/karma.htm">"Review: Korg Karma music workstation"</a>. <i>www.dansdata.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dansdata.com&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Korg+Karma+music+workstation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dansdata.com%2Fkarma.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+workstation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilreathLaplante2003" class="citation book cs1">Gilreath, William F.; Laplante, Phillip A. (2003-03-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qbTxtIPRKUIC&q=new+england+digital+ABLE&pg=PA53"><i>Computer Architecture: A Minimalist Perspective</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402074165" title="Special:BookSources/9781402074165"><bdi>9781402074165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Architecture%3A+A+Minimalist+Perspective&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2003-03-31&rft.isbn=9781402074165&rft.aulast=Gilreath&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft.au=Laplante%2C+Phillip+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqbTxtIPRKUIC%26q%3Dnew%2Bengland%2Bdigital%2BABLE%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+workstation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.500sound.com/SyncII/sync2intro.htm">"The Synclavier II - An Introduction"</a>. <i>www.500sound.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.500sound.com&rft.atitle=The+Synclavier+II+-+An+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.500sound.com%2FSyncII%2Fsync2intro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+workstation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.500sound.com/SyncII/sync2arch.jpg">Synclavier II Architecture</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anerd.com/fairlight/fairlightstory.htm">"Fairlight The Whole Story"</a>. <i>www.anerd.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.anerd.com&rft.atitle=Fairlight+The+Whole+Story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anerd.com%2Ffairlight%2Ffairlightstory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+workstation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EM-KorgM1-2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EM-KorgM1-2001_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColbeck2001" class="citation journal cs1">Colbeck, Julian (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926232408/http://emusician.com/elecinstruments/emusic_korg/index.html">"Korg M1"</a>. <i>Electronic Musician</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emusician.com/elecinstruments/emusic_korg/index.html">the original</a> on 2011-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Musician&rft.atitle=Korg+M1&rft.date=2001-06&rft.aulast=Colbeck&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femusician.com%2Felecinstruments%2Femusic_korg%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+workstation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100816011735/http://www.hollowsun.com/vintage/fairlight/index.html">"Fairlight IIx CMI"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollowsun.com/vintage/fairlight/index.html">the original</a> on 2010-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairlight+IIx+CMI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollowsun.com%2Fvintage%2Ffairlight%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+workstation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagesynth.com/roland/xp80.php">"Roland XP-80 | Vintage Synth Explorer"</a>. <i>www.vintagesynth.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vintagesynth.com&rft.atitle=Roland+XP-80+%7C+Vintage+Synth+Explorer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagesynth.com%2Froland%2Fxp80.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+workstation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harmonycentral.com/blogs/News-OpenLabs/2003/01/16/namm-open-platform-synthesizer-unveiled">NAMM: Open Platform Synthesizer Unveiled</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_workstation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation journal cs1">White, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1994_articles/feb94/multitimbrality.html">"Multitimbrality Explained - Exploration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sound_on_Sound" title="Sound on Sound">Sound on Sound</a></i> (February 1994). <q><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Put simply, multitimbral means the ability to play several different sounds at the same time, each different sound or musical 'part' being controlled by a different MIDI channel.</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Multitimbrality+Explained+-+Exploration&rft.issue=February+1994&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2F1994_articles%2Ffeb94%2Fmultitimbrality.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+workstation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_workstation&oldid=1187643941">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_workstation&oldid=1187643941</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_workstations" title="Category:Music workstations">Music workstations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronic_musical_instruments" title="Category:Electronic musical instruments">Electronic musical instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_sequencers" title="Category:Music sequencers">Music sequencers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sound_production_technology" title="Category:Sound production technology">Sound production technology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 November 2023, at 15:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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