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aria-controls="toc-2005_campaign_for_presidency_of_the_AFL–CIO-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 2005 campaign for presidency of the AFL–CIO subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-2005_campaign_for_presidency_of_the_AFL–CIO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Unity_Partnership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Unity_Partnership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>New Unity Partnership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Unity_Partnership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Platforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_of_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_of_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Implementation of criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_of_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Unity_Partnership:_2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Unity_Partnership:_2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>New Unity Partnership: 2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Unity_Partnership:_2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_contentious_convention:_2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_contentious_convention:_2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>A contentious convention: 2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_contentious_convention:_2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American labor leader (1934–2021)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other persons named John Sweeney, see <a href="/wiki/John_Sweeney_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John Sweeney (disambiguation)">John Sweeney (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Sweeney</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Sweeney_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Sweeney_cropped.jpg/220px-John_Sweeney_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Sweeney_cropped.jpg/330px-John_Sweeney_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Sweeney_cropped.jpg/440px-John_Sweeney_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1311" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Sweeney in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th President of the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1995–2009</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Donahue" title="Thomas R. Donahue">Thomas R. Donahue</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trumka" title="Richard Trumka">Richard Trumka</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">8th President of the <a href="/wiki/Service_Employees_International_Union" title="Service Employees International Union">Service Employees International Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1980–1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Hardy_(labor_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Hardy (labor leader)">George Hardy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cordtz" title="Richard Cordtz">Richard Cordtz</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Joseph Sweeney</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1934-05-05</span>)</span>May 5, 1934<br /><a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 1, 2021<span style="display:none">(2021-02-01)</span> (aged 86)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Maureen P. Sweeney</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">James Sweeney, Agnes Sweeney</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iona_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iona College (New York)">Iona College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Labor_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor leader">Labor leader</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Joseph Sweeney</b> (May 5, 1934 – February 1, 2021) was an American labor leader who served as president of the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a> from 1995 to 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SweeneyRetire_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SweeneyRetire-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in The Bronx, New York, Sweeney was the son of James, a city bus driver, and Agnes, a domestic worker, both Irish immigrants. Sweeney's family moved to <a href="/wiki/Yonkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonkers">Yonkers</a> in 1944, where Sweeney attended St. Barnabas Elementary School and graduated from <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Hayes_High_School" title="Cardinal Hayes High School">Cardinal Hayes High School</a>. Sweeney's father took him to numerous union meetings, and it was there that Sweeney began his lifelong commitment to the American labor movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dembart_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dembart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweeney enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Iona_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iona College (New York)">Iona College</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle" class="mw-redirect" title="New Rochelle">New Rochelle</a> in 1952. Sweeney worked as a grave-digger and building porter to pay his tuition, and joined his first union at this time. In 1956, he graduated with a degree in economics.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dembart_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dembart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Union_career_with_ILGWU_and_SEIU">Union career with ILGWU and SEIU</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Union career with ILGWU and SEIU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_J_Sweeney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/John_J_Sweeney.jpg/200px-John_J_Sweeney.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/John_J_Sweeney.jpg/300px-John_J_Sweeney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/John_J_Sweeney.jpg/400px-John_J_Sweeney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>Sweeney during his presidency of SEIU Local 32B-32J.</figcaption></figure> <p>After graduation, Sweeney became a clerk at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. But his commitment to the labor movement led Sweeney to take a two-thirds cut in pay to become a researcher with the <a href="/wiki/International_Ladies_Garment_Workers_Union" title="International Ladies Garment Workers Union">International Ladies Garment Workers Union</a> in 1956 (now <a href="/wiki/UNITE_HERE" title="UNITE HERE">UNITE HERE</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dembart_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dembart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In time, Sweeney met <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Donahue" title="Thomas R. Donahue">Thomas R. Donahue</a>, then a union representative with the <a href="/wiki/Building_Service_Employees_International_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Building Service Employees International Union">Building Service Employees International Union</a> (BSEIU, now the <a href="/wiki/Service_Employees_International_Union" title="Service Employees International Union">Service Employees International Union</a> or SEIU). Donahue asked Sweeney to leave the ILGWU, and he became a contract director with <a href="/wiki/SEIU_32BJ" title="SEIU 32BJ">BSEIU Local 32B</a> in 1960. BSEIU changed its name to the Services Employees International Union in 1968. In 1972, Sweeney became assistant to the president of Local 32B in addition to his existing duties as contract director. He was elected to the executive board of Local 32B the same year. In 1973, Sweeney was elected vice president of the local.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dembart_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dembart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, John Sweeney was elected president of Local 32B. He resigned his position as contract director.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dembart_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dembart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three months after taking office, Sweeney led the 45,000 members of SEIU out on a surprise strike against the New York Realty Advisory Board a day before the union's contract was due to expire. After 17 days, the union won a new contract with significant wage and benefit increases.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, Sweeney merged Local 32B with Local 32J to form Local 32BJ.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, Sweeney led the maintenance workers of Local 32BJ out on strike again, and won additional contract improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, Sweeney was elected president of the national SEIU.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweeney continued to serve as president of Local 32BJ until mid-1981, and drew a salary as a consultant to the local until 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Sweeney's tenure, SEIU made rapid gains in membership. The union began the decade with about 625,000 members. However, Sweeney began pushing for rapid expansion into new sectors and base areas. SEIU joined with the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Working_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association of Working Women">National Association of Working Women</a> to organize office workers, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Food_and_Commercial_Workers" title="United Food and Commercial Workers">United Food and Commercial Workers</a> (UFCW) to organize nursing home workers. The union also dramatically expanded its reach among maintenance workers in the health care field and business offices.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweeney also pushed for mergers with a number of other unions, absorbing the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Government_Employees" title="National Association of Government Employees">National Association of Government Employees</a> (NAGE) and other public employee unions.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1993, SEIU had more than one million members. It was the first <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a> union to reach the million-member mark in more than 20 years. But while Sweeney had emphasized the organization of new members, about half of its growth had come through merger.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweeney initiated other changes at SEIU as well. The union began pushing for stronger federal laws in the area of health and safety, sexual harassment, and civil and immigrant rights. It also advocated for legally-mandated paid family leave, health care reform and a raise in the minimum wage. Internally, Sweeney devoted nearly a third of the union's budget to organizing new members and pushed for stronger diversity in the union's ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1995_campaign_for_presidency_of_the_AFL–CIO"><span id="1995_campaign_for_presidency_of_the_AFL.E2.80.93CIO"></span>1995 campaign for presidency of the AFL–CIO</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1995 campaign for presidency of the AFL–CIO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1995, Sweeney and a small group of other national union presidents approached AFL–CIO president <a href="/wiki/Lane_Kirkland" title="Lane Kirkland">Lane Kirkland</a> and asked that he retire. Dissatisfaction with Kirkland's leadership had grown in the early 1990s. There were a number of issues: Failure to pass labor law reform in President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s first term, failure to stop the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA), failure to achieve health care reform, failure to pass legislation banning the permanent replacement of strikers, and failure to shift public discourse in a more liberal, pro-union direction. The fact that Kirkland was traveling in Europe while the U.S. Senate was considering the ban on permanent replacements was seen as all too indicative of his real priorities. Most frustrating of all was Kirkland's lackluster response to the Republican takeover of Congress in 1994. He seemed blatantly uninterested, even hostile, to plans calling for a more aggressive political program.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kilborn_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilborn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uchitelle2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uchitelle2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opposition to Kirkland came to a head at the mid-winter AFL–CIO executive council meeting in <a href="/wiki/Bal_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bal Harbour">Bal Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, February 19–20, 1995. Since the start of the new year, Sweeney had twice held meetings with Kirkland to tell him that key members of the executive council were disappointed with his leadership and that he should step down in favor of secretary-treasurer Thomas R. Donahue.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilborn_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilborn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uchitelle2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uchitelle2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The weekend before the executive council meeting, 11 union presidents on the executive council agreed to form a "Committee for Change". The group was committed to removing Kirkland as president of the AFL–CIO. The group included Sweeney; <a href="/wiki/Gerald_McEntee" title="Gerald McEntee">Gerald McEntee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_State,_County_and_Municipal_Employees" title="American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees">American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees</a> (AFSCME); <a href="/wiki/Owen_Bieber" title="Owen Bieber">Owen Bieber</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> (UAW); <a href="/wiki/George_Becker_(labor_leader)" title="George Becker (labor leader)">George Becker</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Steelworkers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Steelworkers of America">United Steelworkers of America</a> (USWA); <a href="/wiki/Ron_Carey_(labor_leader)" title="Ron Carey (labor leader)">Ron Carey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters" title="International Brotherhood of Teamsters">International Brotherhood of Teamsters</a> (IBT); <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Coia" title="Arthur Coia">Arthur Coia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Laborers%27_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Laborers' International Union of North America">Laborers' International Union of North America</a> (LIUNA); <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Glenn" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayne Glenn">Wayne Glenn</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paper,_Allied-Industrial,_Chemical_and_Energy_Workers_International_Union" title="Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union">United Paperworkers International Union</a> (UPIU); <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hanley" title="Frank Hanley">Frank Hanley</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Operating_Engineers" title="International Union of Operating Engineers">International Union of Operating Engineers</a> (IUOE); <a href="/wiki/George_Kourpias" title="George Kourpias">George Kourpias</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Machinists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Machinists">International Association of Machinists</a> (IAM); <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Lucassen" title="Sigurd Lucassen">Sigurd Lucassen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Brotherhood_of_Carpenters_and_Joiners_of_America" title="United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America">United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America</a> (UBC); and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trumka" title="Richard Trumka">Richard Trumka</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers">United Mine Workers of America</a> (UMWA). Together, these unions had sufficient votes to remove Kirkland at the October AFL–CIO convention and elect a new president.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilborn_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilborn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uchitelle2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uchitelle2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda4_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first choice of the Committee for Change was AFL–CIO secretary-treasurer Thomas R. Donahue, who had developed a reputation as an effective innovator. He had lobbied for the creation of an AFL–CIO committee to examine changes in the workplace, pioneered the federation's communication efforts (including the construction of a television studio at AFL–CIO headquarters) and led the campaign against NAFTA. But Donahue refused to challenge a man whom he had served loyally for nearly 16 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilborn_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilborn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uchitelle2_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uchitelle2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grow_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grow-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kirkland refused to resign or retire. The executive council meeting turned rancorous. The dissident members of the executive council argued for a change in leadership and policy. But Kirkland pointed to his administration's policies and initiatives and claimed that the dissidents were disloyal and power-hungry.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilborn_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilborn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda4_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda6_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda3_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 8, 1995, Donahue announced he was resigning as secretary-treasurer effective at the October AFL–CIO convention. The next day, Kirkland announced he was running for re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilborn_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilborn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uchitelle2_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uchitelle2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda4_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Committee for Change decided to run its own candidate against Kirkland. McEntee was considered too abrasive and had aggressively pursued disputes with other unions to be a consensus candidate. Trumka was considered too young and too militant. In contrast, Sweeney had a reassuring demeanor, an amiable personality and many friends on the executive council. He also would be seen as the "organizing candidate" the group wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda6_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda7_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The group also agreed to nominate Trumka as secretary-treasurer of the AFL–CIO. The group also proposed to create a new office, that of executive vice-president, charged with mobilizing state federations and central labor councils and reaching out to minorities and women. The new position was also a way of ensuring that there would be an executive position which could be filled with a woman or a minority, thus gaining additional political support for the dissidents. The Committee for Change recruited <a href="/wiki/Linda_Chavez-Thompson" title="Linda Chavez-Thompson">Linda Chavez-Thompson</a>, a member of the AFL–CIO executive council, a vice-president of AFSCME and an activist on the <a href="/wiki/Labor_Council_for_Latin_American_Advancement" title="Labor Council for Latin American Advancement">Labor Council for Latin American Advancement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda6_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda7_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda9_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 13, the Committee formally announced its slate of candidates and the name of its platform, "A New Voice for American Workers". The slate of candidates became known as the "New Voice" slate. Shortly thereafter, 10 more unions announced their opposition to Kirkland's re-election. Now a total of 21 unions representing 56 percent of the delegates to the convention were opposed to Kirkland's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda6_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein1_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda7_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Faced with such discouraging numbers, Kirkland announced that he would resign effective August 1.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilborn_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilborn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda6_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein1_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grow_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grow-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Kirkland's resignation, the principal reason for Donahue's reluctance to run for president disappeared. The same day as Kirkland's announcement, Donahue withdrew his retirement announcement and said he would now run for the presidency of the AFL–CIO.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilborn_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilborn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda6_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein1_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the interim, however, support for Donahue among the dissident unions (which had changed its name to the "New Voice" slate) had dissipated.<sup id="cite_ref-Grow_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grow-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the August AFL–CIO executive council meeting, Donahue was elected by unanimous vote as the new AFL–CIO president. For the office of secretary-treasurer, the council elected <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Easterling" title="Barbara Easterling">Barbara Easterling</a>, secretary-treasurer of the <a href="/wiki/Communication_Workers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication Workers of America">Communication Workers of America</a>. Easterling announced that she would run with Donahue in October.<sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda7_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CTribune_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTribune-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opposition to the New Voice slate was led by the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">American Federation of Teachers</a> (AFT) and Communication Workers of America (CWA). AFT president <a href="/wiki/Albert_Shanker" title="Albert Shanker">Albert Shanker</a> argued that the dissidents should have brought their concerns before the executive council, where, after discussion and deliberation, a decision about Kirkland's fate could have been made. Shanker also argued that exposing the labor movement's internal disputes to labor's enemies seriously risked weakening the labor movement. Finally, Shanker argued that the New Voice slate's attempt to mobilize state and local labor bodies in favor of one candidate risked politicizing the AFL–CIO and destabilizing it in the long run.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda3_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Voice group, however, understood that their only hope for success was to move the debate out of the executive council. In the executive council, each union—no matter how small—had an equal vote. A group of 20 small unions could make binding decisions even though their membership might be far less than that of their opponents. But at the AFL–CIO convention, each union was allotted delegates proportional to the size of its membership. At the convention, a coalition of large unions could triumph even if they did not represent a majority of unions. It would have been foolish for the New Voice slate, whose base was in some of the largest unions in the AFL–CIO, to pursue their goals in the executive council where their votes counted for less.<sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda1_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A public debate over the AFL–CIO's future had rarely been seen in the history of the American labor movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda8_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Voice ticket campaigned intensively for the support of the state federations and central labor councils (CLCs), each of which was entitled to send one delegate to the convention. Normally, few of these bodies sent delegates to the quadrennial convention. But New Voice slate actively recruited delegates, and allegations were made that the slate had agreed to pay travel and housing for delegates if they agreed to support Sweeney. Sweeney also promised that more attention would be paid to these bodies, which the New Voice ticket saw as important in supporting local labor actions and enlarging the federation's political capabilities. Donahue refused to campaign for votes among the state federations and central labor councils, arguing that it would politicize the AFL-CIO and weaken the post-election consensus among the AFL–CIO's various bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Grow_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grow-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda9_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By August, it was clear that the New Voice slate would win at least two-thirds of the state federation and CLC votes. Donahue reversed his decision and campaigned for votes among these delegates, but his action came too late: Most of the votes were already locked up.<sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda8_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both sides hired professional public relations firms to help manage their campaigns, which included media strategies, slogans, graphics, leaflets, press releases, T-shirts, opposition research, posters and videotaped speeches. The candidates also used 'free' media extensively, appearing on '<a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a>,' <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>'s 'Talk of the Nation,' the <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>'s 'MacNeil-Lehrer NewsHour,' <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> and other shows.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Donahue's energetic campaigning, it soon became clear that his candidacy was profoundly limited by his ties to the Kirkland regime. Donahue was forced to defend the status quo and deny the magnitude of the labor movement's problems when he believed otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-Grow_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grow-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda8_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Voice political platform persuaded many unions to abandon the status quo. Sweeney called for a major expansion of the federation's role in organizing by: spending $20 million a year on hiring and training thousands of new organizers; mobilizing over 1,000 college students for summer organizing; creating a "Sunbelt Organizing Fund" to sponsor organizing in the South and Southwest; and establishing a separate Organizing Department. Sweeney also proposed creating a Center for Strategic Campaigns to coordinate all national contract campaigns; creating a Strategic Campaign Fund to provide grants to unions in difficult organizing and contract fights; creating a Strike Support Team of organizers that could be deployed to help support strikes; and establishing a Pension Investment Clearinghouse to provide information on how pensions are invested and to help mobilize investments in support of organizing. Sweeney also called for a modification of labor's political tactics and withdrawal of support for Democrats who did not support labor's agenda. Sweeney recommended creating a National Labor Political Training Center to recruit and train candidates and political campaign directors, and establishing a Labor Center for Economic and Public Policy that would develop policy analysis, support the federation's legislative agenda and expand the political activities of the state federations and central labor councils.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kilborn_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilborn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uchitelle2_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uchitelle2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grow_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grow-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda9_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, Sweeney argued that it was time to revamp the AFL–CIO itself. The New Voice platform promised more effective consultation with state federations and central labor councils, better ties with women and minority groups, expansion of the executive council to insure more women and minority representation, creation of the office of executive vice-president, annual meetings of the general board, restructuring of the trade and industrial departments and a rule that no one over the age of 70 could run for any executive office.<sup id="cite_ref-Swoboda9_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swoboda9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Partly in response to the New Voice platform and partly because he believed change was, in fact, needed, Donahue began to implement some of the New Voice reforms. He diverted revenue from the Union Privilege program into a new organizing fund that would eventually pay out $20 million a year. He increased the budget of the Organizing Institute, approved plans to double the number of organizers recruited and trained each year, and obtained executive council approval to provide no-interest loans to support striking unions. Donahue also diverted Union Privilege money to train 500 activists to work in the 1996 congressional elections.<sup id="cite_ref-CTribune_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTribune-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the AFL–CIO convention in New York City, a record-breaking 1,047 delegates gathered to determine the AFL–CIO's future. When the votes were finally counted on October 25, 1995, John Sweeney had secured the support of 34 unions representing 7,286,837 members, or 57 percent of the AFL–CIO's membership. As a result of New Voice efforts, the number of delegates from state federation and local central labor councils rose from 186 at the 1993 convention to 488 in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Voice ticket then asked the convention to implement its platform. Subsequently, the convention voted to provide state federations with representation on the AFL–CIO general board, which had previously been open only to national union presidents. The convention also expanded the AFL–CIO executive council from 33 to 54 members. Sweeney offered these new seats to previously unrepresented unions. The expansion nearly doubled representation for women and minorities on the council. The expansion had the added advantage of enabling both Sweeney supporters and Donahue loyalists to sit on the council, encouraging reconciliation. A 'unity slate' of executive council members was announced by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Dority" title="Douglas H. Dority">Douglas H. Dority</a>, president of the UFCW and a key Donahue supporter, and Gerald McEntee. The unity slate helped avoid the threat of disaffiliations from the labor federation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_decade_in_office">First decade in office</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First decade in office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_changes">Structural changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Structural changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after taking office, Sweeney initiated several programs intended to reverse the decline in union membership and recruit more new members, especially younger people. The AFL–CIO's organizing and field mobilization programs were separated.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Field Mobilization department was given control over the AFL–CIO's regional offices, which were reduced from 12 to four. Sweeney set a goal of spending one-third of the federation's budget on organizing by 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Auster_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auster-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ad hoc executive council committee was established to come up with an organizing strategy for the South and Southwest, while the Union Summer program was established to recruit and deploy college-age activists.<sup id="cite_ref-Auster_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auster-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new department, the Working Women's Department, was created and charged with developing ways to give working women a voice and to inject that voice into the labor movement's deliberations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Two new centers were also established. The new political training center's mission was to train political operatives and assist affiliates in training their staff in political work. The transnational corporate research center's mission was to help unions in organizing and/or contract battles with international corporations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In August 1996, Sweeney created a Corporate Affairs Department. The department included three new centers: the Center for Workplace Democracy (to deal with labor-management partnerships), the Center for Worker Ownership and Governance (to deal with pension and investment issues) and the Center for Strategic Research (to assist affiliates with research in comprehensive campaigns). The department also was given responsibility for collecting statistics and conducting research on collective bargaining. </p><p>In May 1997, Sweeney announced four new organizing programs. The first program was an AFL–CIO-based effort to provide logistical, organizational and training support for state and local unions which wanted to create organizing programs. The second program 'Senior Summer', a program to leverage the labor movement's retirees by training retired workers in organizing and political operations. The third program was the "Union Cities" effort to encourage large central labor councils to be more active and effective, and to encourage smaller CLCs to merge or work more closely to enhance their influence. Lastly, the 'Street Heat' program funneled funds and staff to CLCs and unions so that they could develop rapid-response teams of union members to picket and/or protest when workers were intimidated, coerced or fired. </p><p>In October 1998, Sweeney renamed the AFL–CIO's 30-year-old Human Resources Development Institute (HRDI). It was now known as the <a href="/wiki/Working_for_America_Institute" title="Working for America Institute">Working for America Institute</a>. Instead of focusing on education and training for displaced workers, the department's new mission was to promote economic development, act as a think-tank and policy development foundation, and lobby Congress on economic policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brewing_unrest">Brewing unrest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brewing unrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>But dissatisfaction began to build once again within the AFL–CIO. The elimination of a number of constitutional and administrative departments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Union_Department" title="Industrial Union Department">Industrial Union Department</a>, was seen as a strike against those unions which had not supported Sweeney. The directorship of the AFL–CIO Organizing Department was a revolving door, organization of new members had not markedly increased and many unions had taken to <a href="/wiki/Union_raid" title="Union raid">raiding</a> one another to increase membership. A number of unions were unhappy with what they saw as AFL–CIO criticism of their organizing programs.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 15 2000, the <a href="/wiki/United_Transportation_Union" title="United Transportation Union">United Transportation Union</a> disaffiliated from the AFL–CIO over a jurisdictional dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was followed in March 2001 by the Carpenters union, which claimed that Sweeney's organizing efforts had failed and that the AFL-CIO structure must be abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite substantial investment in politics, the AFL–CIO had not succeeded in restoring the Democrats to a majority in the U.S. House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some union presidents began to argue that the AFL–CIO should stop spending money on political causes and divert resources to organizing new members. Prominent among the dissatisfied leaders was <a href="/wiki/Andy_Stern" title="Andy Stern">Andrew Stern</a>, president of SEIU and a Sweeney protege.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growing unrest within the AFL–CIO became public when Sweeney announced on September 18, 2003, that he planned to run for another four-year term at the federation convention in the summer of 2005. When Sweeney had first been elected of the AFL–CIO in 1995, he had proposed a constitutional amendment which would bar anyone 70 years of age or older from seeking executive office. The proposed amendment was never acted on, but Sweeney promised the convention he would not remain in office beyond the age limit he had proposed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2005_campaign_for_presidency_of_the_AFL–CIO"><span id="2005_campaign_for_presidency_of_the_AFL.E2.80.93CIO"></span>2005 campaign for presidency of the AFL–CIO</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2005 campaign for presidency of the AFL–CIO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Unity_Partnership">New Unity Partnership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New Unity Partnership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after the March 2004 executive council meeting, Andrew Stern announced the formation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Unity_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="New Unity Partnership">New Unity Partnership</a> (NUP). Joining Stern were the presidents of <a href="/wiki/UNITE_HERE" title="UNITE HERE">UNITE HERE</a>, the Teamsters, the Laborers, UFCW and the Carpenters.<sup id="cite_ref-Benson_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benson-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stern had begun working with these union leaders in the fall of 2003 to create a set of principles to reform the labor movement. Although NUP's existence had been revealed in October 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the group did not announce its platform until March 2004.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platforms">Platforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Platforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NUP platform included a number of proposals. First, the AFL–CIO should mandate the merger of smaller unions with larger ones, and the AFL–CIO must redraw and enforce jurisdictional lines along those of major industries, or "core jurisdictions". Second, a number of AFL–CIO departments (including health and safety, education, and civil and human rights) must be merged or eliminated. Third, political spending must be significantly reduced in favor of major new AFL–CIO spending on organizing.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benson_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benson-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Sweeney_at_Oct._4th_International_Labor_Leader_Walk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/John_Sweeney_at_Oct._4th_International_Labor_Leader_Walk.jpg/220px-John_Sweeney_at_Oct._4th_International_Labor_Leader_Walk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/John_Sweeney_at_Oct._4th_International_Labor_Leader_Walk.jpg/330px-John_Sweeney_at_Oct._4th_International_Labor_Leader_Walk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/John_Sweeney_at_Oct._4th_International_Labor_Leader_Walk.jpg/440px-John_Sweeney_at_Oct._4th_International_Labor_Leader_Walk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>John Sweeney in October 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Sweeney told the press he would initiate an internal discussion of Stern's views after the November 2004 presidential election, with a goal of creating a proposal by July 2005. But Stern declared that this would be too late for consideration at the AFL–CIO's biennial convention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation_of_criticisms">Implementation of criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Implementation of criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the August 2004 AFL–CIO executive council meeting, Sweeney attempted to implement some of NUP's criticisms by announcing the formation of a task force to investigate organizing the <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a> grocery and discount department store chain. Sweeney also announced the creation of an Immigrant Worker Project to oversee the federation's work on immigrant rights and organizing efforts. </p><p>On November 10, 2004, Sweeney announced a process and timeline for considering reform of the AFL–CIO. Sweeney said he would chair a committee composed of the federation's 25-member executive committee which would make reform recommendations to the February 2005 AFL–CIO executive council meeting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Unity_Partnership:_2005">New Unity Partnership: 2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New Unity Partnership: 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2005, Stern announced that the New Unity Partnership had disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its purpose had been to create discussion over the future of the labor movement, Stern said, and that goal had been accomplished.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the March 2005 AFL–CIO executive council meeting, however, no consensus on reform emerged. Instead, the executive committee of the AFL–CIO recommended that the federation earmark half of all income for political and legislative mobilization. The executive committee also recommended rebating up to millions of dollars to unions which spent at least 30 percent of their budget on organizing. There appeared to be little support in the executive committee for mandatory mergers. </p><p>But several former New Unity Partnership members disagreed with these proposals. The Teamsters demanded a 50 percent of dues to member unions, as well as streamlining the AFL–CIO by moving many of its functions out of the headquarters to the state and local field operations, eliminating other functions, and reducing the size of the executive committee. </p><p>In May 2005, Sweeney formally submitted the executive council's proposals to the AFL–CIO convention for consideration in July. </p><p>On June 16, Stern and his allies announced the formation of a new organization, the <a href="/wiki/Change_to_Win_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Change to Win Coalition">Change to Win Coalition</a>. The Change to Win Coalition included five unions: SEIU, UFCW, the Laborers, UNITE HERE and the Teamsters. They were joined by the Carpenters on June 27.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Change to Win Coalition released a set of proposals for reforming the AFL-CIO that largely reflected its member union's proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-June, the AFL–CIO executive council voted to submit Sweeney's reform plan to the AFL–CIO convention in July. Discussion on the outstanding proposals from the February meeting continued, but no consensus was reached. </p><p>Additional counter-proposals were proposed throughout the summer. The Change to Win Coalition union presidents sought and received authority from their governing bodies to disaffiliate from the AFL–CIO, but it became clear that the Change to Win coalition could muster only a third of delegates at the AFL–CIO convention. </p><p>On July 22, 2005, the <a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">United Farm Workers</a> (UFW) joined the Change to Win Coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_contentious_convention:_2005">A contentious convention: 2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: A contentious convention: 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 25, 2005, as the AFL–CIO convention got under way, SEIU and the Teamsters announced that the negotiations had failed and that they were disaffiliating from the AFL–CIO.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day, SEIU, the Teamsters, UFCW and UNITE HERE announced that their delegates would boycott the AFL–CIO convention.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweeney angrily denounced the disaffiliations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerald McEntee called the disaffiliation threats a power-play, claiming that the Change to Win coalition had demanded that Sweeney announce his retirement within six months and endorse a replacement of their choosing. </p><p>With the Change to Win unions boycotting the AFL–CIO convention, Sweeney's re-election and the adoption of his reform plans became a foregone conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 29, UFCW disaffiliated from the AFL–CIO, bringing the total number of members lost to 4.6 million of the AFL–CIO's 13 million members.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 13, the 450,000-member union UNITE HERE voted to disaffiliate from the AFL–CIO.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The breakaway unions officially formed a new labor federation, Change to Win, on September 27, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Sweeney and Change to Win reached out to one another after the break-up of the AFL–CIO, although the relationship was difficult. Sweeney primarily focused on stabilizing the AFL–CIO and its state, area and local bodies financially, structurally and politically. Sweeney kept a relatively low profile, seeking the spotlight only during disputes with Change to Win or when addressing national issues such as immigration policy. </p><p>Sweeney retired as President of the AFL–CIO on <a href="/wiki/2009_AFL%E2%80%93CIO_election" title="2009 AFL–CIO election">September 16, 2009</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SweeneyRetire_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SweeneyRetire-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became President Emeritus. He won the "Roving Ambassador for Peace" award from the <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Prize" title="World Peace Prize">World Peace Prize</a> Awarding Council in 2016, because of his long-standing devotion to social justice and fair employment opportunities for American workers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sweeney co-edited a study about the labor movement and co-wrote two books about unions, including <i>America Needs a Raise: Fighting for Economic Security and Social Justice</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was married to Maureen Power, a former schoolteacher, and lived with her in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>. He had two children, John (an information technology professional) and Patricia (who owns a site selection company, Sweeney Contract Solutions, LLC), and a granddaughter, Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-Dembart_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dembart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweeney's hobbies included golf and bowling.<sup id="cite_ref-Dembart_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dembart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on February 1, 2021, at his home in Bethesda at the age of 86.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Greenhouse1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhouse1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhouse1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhouse1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhouse1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhouse1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhouse1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhouse1_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenhouse, Steven. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/26/us/man-in-the-news-john-joseph-sweeney-new-fire-for-labor.html">Man in the News: John Joseph Sweeney</a>", <i>New York Times</i>, October 26, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SweeneyRetire-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SweeneyRetire_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SweeneyRetire_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/16/business/16labor.html">Greenhouse, Steven. "Promising a New Day, Again".</a> <i>New York Times</i>. September 15, 2009; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/13/us/13labor.html">Greenhouse, Steven. "Labor Leader Is Stepping Down Both Proud and Frustrated".</a> <i>New York Times</i>. September 12, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhitford1998" class="citation web cs1">Whitford, David (September 28, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1998/09/28/248748/index.htm">"Labor's Lost Chance AFL-CIO President John Sweeney had Big Labor on the move for the first time in a generation. 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February 15, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabash1996" class="citation web cs1">Labash, Matt (October 21, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/1732216/john-sweeney-and-the-state-of-his-union/">"JOHN SWEENEY AND THE STATE OF HIS UNION"</a>. <i>Washington Examiner</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Examiner&rft.atitle=JOHN+SWEENEY+AND+THE+STATE+OF+HIS+UNION&rft.date=1996-10-21&rft.aulast=Labash&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fnews%2F1732216%2Fjohn-sweeney-and-the-state-of-his-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sweeney+%28labor+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazell2021" class="citation news cs1">Hazell, Dino (February 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsls.com/news/politics/2021/02/02/former-afl-cio-president-john-sweeney-dies-at-age-86/">"Former AFL-CIO President John Sweeney dies at age 86"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+AFL-CIO+President+John+Sweeney+dies+at+age+86&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft.aulast=Hazell&rft.aufirst=Dino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsls.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2F02%2F02%2Fformer-afl-cio-president-john-sweeney-dies-at-age-86%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sweeney+%28labor+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFadden2020" class="citation web cs1">McFadden, Robert D. (February 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/02/us/john-j-sweeney-dead.html">"John J. Sweeney, Crusading Labor Leader, Is Dead at 86"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+J.+Sweeney%2C+Crusading+Labor+Leader%2C+Is+Dead+at+86&rft.date=2020-02-02&rft.aulast=McFadden&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F02%2F02%2Fus%2Fjohn-j-sweeney-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sweeney+%28labor+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li>"AFL-CIO Announces New Program for Seniors, Sites for Union Summer". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. May 7, 1997.</li> <li>"AFL-CIO Leaders Endorse Plan to Create Coordinating Bodies for Contracts, Organizing". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. July 14, 2005. p. 920.</li> <li>"AFL-CIO to Beef Up Organizing; Organization to Spend $100 Million Annually by 1999". <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. September 25, 1995.</li> <li>Amber, Michelle. "AFL-CIO Officers Issue Recommendations for Uniting, Strengthening Labor Movement". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. May 5, 2005. p. 607.</li> <li>Amber, Michelle. "AFL-CIO Plans to Consider Restructuring During February Executive Council Meeting". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. November 18, 2004. p. 1597.</li> <li>Amber, Michelle. "Federation Adopts Strategic Plan to Promote Organizing Efforts". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. February 21, 1996.</li> <li>Amber, Michelle. "Five Unions Form Coalition to Pressure AFL-CIO Leadership, Push for Change". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. June 16, 2005. p. 785.</li> <li>Amber, Michelle. "New AFL-CIO Task Forces Will Address Wal-Mart Job Policies, Outside Union Raids". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. August 19, 2004.</li> <li>Amber, Michelle. "Stern Outlines How He Would Change Labor Movement to Boost Organizing". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. June 24, 2004.</li> <li>Amber, Michelle. "Strong Divisions Persist Among Leaders as Three-Day Executive Council Meeting Ends". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. March 10, 2005. p. 310.</li> <li>Amber, Michelle and Bologna, Michael. "Departure of SEIU, Teamsters Creates Split Within AFL-CIO on Convention's Opening Day". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. July 28, 2005. p. 991.</li> <li>Auster, Bruce B. and Cohen, Warren. "Rallying the Rank and File". <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. April 1, 1996.</li> <li>Benson, Herman. "The New Unity Partnership: Sweeney Critics Would Bureaucratize to Organize". <i>Union Democracy Review</i>. December 2003 – January 2004.</li> <li>Bernstein, Aaron. "Breaking Ranks With the AFL-CIO". <i>Business Week</i>. September 15, 2003.</li> <li>Bologna, Michael. "AFL-CIO's Sweeney Unperturbed by GOP Campaign Jabs at Labor". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. September 4, 1996.</li> <li>Brown, Warren. "Union, Women's Group Join to Gain Clerical Jobs". <i>Washington Post</i>. March 4, 1981.</li> <li>"California Resident Physicians Join Largest Health Care Union". Press release. Service Employees International Union. October 3, 1990.</li> <li>"Carpenters Joins Five AFL-CIO Unions in Coalition to Rebuild Labor Movement". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. June 30, 2005. p. 853.</li> <li>"Carpenters Union Withdraws from AFL-CIO, Citing Disagreement Over Internal Policies". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. April 5, 2001.</li> <li>Causey, Mike. "Federal Diary". <i>Washington Post</i>. December 16, 1982.</li> <li>Cohn, Jonathan. "Hard Labor". <i>The New Republic</i>. October 6, 1997.</li> <li>Craft, Donna and Peck, Terry. <i>Profiles of American Labor Unions</i>. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8103-9059-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8103-9059-0">0-8103-9059-0</a></li> <li>Dark, Taylor. "Debating Decline: The 1995 Race for the AFL-CIO Presidency". <i>Labor History</i>. Summer 1999.</li> <li>"Executive Council Approves Plan, Budget to Increase Support for Organizing, Politics". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. June 30, 2005. p. 853.</li> <li>"Federation Will Review Its Structure Before Convention Set for July 2005". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. August 12, 2004.</li> <li>"15,000 Service Workers Merge With Million-Member Union". Press release. Service Employees International Union. September 29, 1993.</li> <li>Franklin, Stephen. "First Public Feud in Years Stings AFL-CIO Leadership". <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. 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September 12, 1995.</li> <li>Hartson, Merrill. "Health Care Workers Approve Merger". <i>Associated Press</i>. March 17, 1982.</li> <li>Hartson, Merrill. "New Union Affiliation Ends Fierce Organizing Competition". <i>Associated Press</i>. January 16, 1984.</li> <li>Hartson, Merrill. "Unions Halt Campaign Against Nursing Home Chain". <i>Associated Press</i>. March 1, 1984.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706214011/http://www.seiu32bj.org/au/history.asp">"History – 32BJ". SEIU Local 32BJ. No date.</a> Accessed May 26, 2007.</li> <li>Kilborn, Peter T. "Bringing Down Labor's Giant Leader". <i>New York Times</i>. September 4, 1995.</li> <li>Lekus, Eric. "Constitution of Change to Win Federation Commits 75 Percent of Taxes to Organizing". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. September 29, 2005. p. 1309.</li> <li>Lewis, Diane E. "Donahue Bid to Be AFL-CIO President Dons Trappings of Political Campaign". <i>Boston Globe</i>. July 17, 1995.</li> <li>McFadden, Robert D. "Office Buildings Struck by 1,700 In Wage Dispute". <i>New York Times</i>. January 13, 1979.</li> <li>Milkman, Ruth. <i>L.A Story: Immigrant Workers and the Future of the U.S. Labor Movement</i>. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87154-635-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87154-635-3">0-87154-635-3</a></li> <li>Reza, H.G. "Merger Brings County Workers Into SEIU Fold". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. January 22, 1991.</li> <li>Scipes, Kim. 2000, "It's Time to Come Clean: Open the AFL-CIO Archives on International Labor Operations". <i>Labor Studies Journal</i>, Vol. 25, No. 2, Summer: 4–25. 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[An earlier version of this peer-reviewed article is on-line at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080114023722/http://www.workertoworker.net/afl_cio_foreign_policy_venezuela_kim_scipes.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20080114023722/http://www.workertoworker.net/afl_cio_foreign_policy_venezuela_kim_scipes.html</a> .]</li> <li>Silverstein, Stuart. "Kirkland to Quit in August in Bid to Block Opposition". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. June 13, 1995.</li> <li>"Sweeney Announces Plans to Run for Another Four-Year Term in 2005". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. September 25, 2003.</li> <li>"Sweeney Unveils Blueprint for Building Labor Movement". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. January 31, 1996.</li> <li>Swoboda, Frank. "AFL-CIO Candidate Rejects Unity Ticket". <i>Washington Post</i>. June 29, 1995.</li> <li>Swoboda, Frank. "AFL-CIO Chief in Close Contest for Top Union Post". <i>Washington Post</i>. September 4, 1995.</li> <li>Swoboda, Frank. "AFL-CIO Elects New Leadership". <i>Washington Post</i>. October 26, 1995.</li> <li>Swoboda, Frank. "AFL-CIO Fight Signals End of Era for Labor". <i>Washington Post</i>. May 19, 1995.</li> <li>Swoboda, Frank. "By Challenging Kirkland's Leadership, AFL-CIO Crosses a Threshold". <i>Washington Post</i>. February 23, 1995.</li> <li>Swoboda, Frank. "Key Union Leaders Want Kirkland to Leave". <i>Washington Post</i>. January 28, 1995.</li> <li>Swoboda, Frank. "Kirkland Faces Union Revolt". <i>Washington Post</i>. May 10, 1995.</li> <li>Swoboda, Frank. "Kirkland Will Leave AFL-CIO". <i>Washington Post</i>. June 13, 1995.</li> <li>Swoboda, Frank. "Lane Kirkland Signals He'll Fight to Keep Job". <i>Washington Post</i>. February 21, 1995.</li> <li>Swoboda, Frank. "Rivals for Labor's Helm Meet, Debate". <i>Washington Post</i>. August 25, 1995.</li> <li>Townsend, Ed. "More Unions Use Mergers to Fight Growing Staff Costs, Thinning Ranks". <i>Christian Science Monitor</i>. June 25, 1980.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Uchitelle" title="Louis Uchitelle">Uchitelle, Louis</a>. "Top Union Official Is to Retire". <i>New York Times</i>. May 9, 1995.</li> <li>Uchitelle, Louis. "Union Heads Debate Kirkland's Future". <i>New York Times</i>. February 22, 1995.</li> <li>"UFCW Becomes Third Union to Leave AFL-CIO in One Week". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. August 4, 2005. p. 1027.</li> <li>"Unions Offer Different Recommendations on Restructuring AFL-CIO, Labor Movement". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. January 27, 2005. p. 131.</li> <li>"UNITE, HERE Announce Plans to Merge, Creating New Union of 440,000 Workers". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. March 4, 2004.</li> <li>"UNITE HERE Disaffiliates From AFL-CIO, Citing Differences Over Organizing, Politics". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. September 15, 2005. p. 1211.</li> <li>"UTU Disaffiliates From AFL-CIO Citing 'Irreconcilable' Differences". <i>Labor Relations Week</i>. March 23, 2000.</li> <li>Verespej, Michael J. "Today's Union Leaders: 'We Want Manufacturing Back. That Is America's Survival.'" <i>Industry Week</i>. July 5, 1993.</li> <li><i>Who's Who 2002</i>. 154th ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-29475-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-29475-1">0-312-29475-1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Sweeney (labor leader)">John Sweeney (labor leader)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Archives</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuther.wayne.edu/node/7093">SEIU Executive Office: John Sweeney Records at the Walter P. Reuther Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reuther.wayne.edu/search/node/john+sweeney+type%3Aabstracts">Additional abstracts: John Sweeney records, publications and papers at the Walter P. Reuther Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?21438">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv03955">Antonia Bohan 1995 AFL-CIO Convention Delegate Collection.</a> 1995-1996. .39 cubic feet (1 box and 1 oversized folder). At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Contains materials from the AFL-CIO convention that elected Sweeney president in 1995.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Trade union offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Donahue" title="Thomas R. Donahue">Thomas R. Donahue</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a> </b><br />1995–2009 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trumka" title="Richard Trumka">Richard Trumka</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Hardy_(labor_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Hardy (labor leader)">George Hardy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Service_Employees_International_Union" title="Service Employees International Union">Service Employees International Union</a> </b><br />1980–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cordtz" title="Richard Cordtz">Richard Cordtz</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sol_Chaikin" title="Sol Chaikin">Sol Chaikin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO">AFL-CIO</a> delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> </b><br />1982 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_D._Miller" title="Joyce D. Miller">Joyce D. Miller</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="AFL-CIO" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AFL-CIO" title="Template:AFL-CIO"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AFL-CIO" title="Template talk:AFL-CIO"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AFL-CIO" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AFL-CIO"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="AFL-CIO" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO">AFL-CIO </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Meany" title="George Meany">George Meany</a> (1955–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Kirkland" title="Lane Kirkland">Lane Kirkland</a> (1979–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Donahue" title="Thomas R. Donahue">Thomas R. Donahue</a> (1995)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John J. Sweeney</a> (1995–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trumka" title="Richard Trumka">Richard Trumka</a> (2009–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Shuler" title="Liz Shuler">Liz Shuler</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_America%27s_Building_Trades_Unions" title="North America's Building Trades Unions">Building Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Maritime Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Maritime Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Metal Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Metal Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Professional_Employees,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Department for Professional Employees, AFL–CIO">Professional Employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Transportation Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Transportation Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Label_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Union Label Department, AFL–CIO">Union Label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituency groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph_Institute" title="A. Philip Randolph Institute">A. Philip Randolph Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Retired_Americans" title="Alliance for Retired Americans">Alliance for Retired Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Pacific_American_Labor_Alliance" title="Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance">Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Black_Trade_Unionists" title="Coalition of Black Trade Unionists">Coalition of Black Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Labor_Union_Women" title="Coalition of Labor Union Women">Coalition of Labor Union Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Council_for_Latin_American_Advancement" title="Labor Council for Latin American Advancement">Labor Council for Latin American Advancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_at_Work" title="Pride at Work">Pride at Work</a></li> <li>Union Veterans Council</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allied organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Communications_Association" title="International Labor Communications Association">International Labor Communications Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Center" title="Solidarity Center">Solidarity Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_for_America_Institute" title="Working for America Institute">Working for America Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allied groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Rights_at_Work" title="American Rights at Work">American Rights at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee" title="Jewish Labor Committee">Jewish Labor Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_and_Working-Class_History_Association" title="Labor and Working-Class History Association">Labor and Working-Class History Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_America" title="Working America">Working America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO_Employees_Federal_Credit_Union" title="AFL–CIO Employees Federal Credit Union">AFL–CIO Employees Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_College" title="National Labor College">National Labor College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unions_affiliated_with_the_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="List of unions affiliated with the AFL–CIO">Affiliated unions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Actors_and_Artistes_of_America" title="Associated Actors and Artistes of America">AAAA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Musical_Artists" title="American Guild of Musical Artists">AGMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Variety_Artists" title="American Guild of Variety Artists">AGVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Italian_American_Actors" title="Guild of Italian American Actors">GIAA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">AEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Government_Employees" title="American Federation of Government Employees">AFGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">AFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_School_Administrators" title="American Federation of School Administrators">AFSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_State,_County_and_Municipal_Employees" title="American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees">AFSCME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">AFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Line_Pilots_Association,_International" title="Air Line Pilots Association, International">ALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Postal_Workers_Union" title="American Postal Workers Union">APWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Association" title="American Radio Association">ARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Train_Dispatchers_Association" title="American Train Dispatchers Association">ATDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Transit_Union" title="Amalgamated Transit Union">ATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Heat_and_Frost_Insulators_and_Allied_Workers" title="International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Allied Workers">AWIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">BAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakery,_Confectionery,_Tobacco_Workers_and_Grain_Millers_International_Union" title="Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International Union">BCTGM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Railroad_Signalmen" title="Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen">BRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_School_Employees_Association" title="California School Employees Association">CSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America" title="Communications Workers of America">CWA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Flight_Attendants" title="Association of Flight Attendants">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Union of Electrical Workers">IUE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcast_Employees_and_Technicians" title="National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians">NABET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing,_Publishing_and_Media_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing, Publishing and Media Workers">PPMW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsGuild-CWA" title="NewsGuild-CWA">TNG</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NewsGuild-CWA_Locals" title="List of NewsGuild-CWA Locals">Locals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Labor_Organizing_Committee" title="Farm Labor Organizing Committee">FLOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass,_Molders,_Pottery,_Plastics_and_Allied_Workers_International_Union" title="Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers International Union">GMPIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters" title="International Association of Fire Fighters">IAFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Machinists_and_Aerospace_Workers" title="International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers">IAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Federal_Employees" title="National Federation of Federal Employees">NFFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Communications_International_Union" title="Transportation Communications International Union">TCIU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Theatrical_Stage_Employees" title="International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees">IATSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Boilermakers,_Iron_Ship_Builders,_Blacksmiths,_Forgers_and_Helpers" title="International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers">IBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">IBEW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Professional_and_Technical_Engineers" title="International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers">IFPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Longshoremen%27s_Association" title="International Longshoremen's Association">ILA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Bridge,_Structural,_Ornamental_and_Reinforcing_Iron_Workers" title="International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers">Ironworkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Allied_Novelty_and_Production_Workers" title="International Union of Allied Novelty and Production Workers">IUANPW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Elevator_Constructors" title="International Union of Elevator Constructors">IUEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Operating_Engineers" title="International Union of Operating Engineers">IUOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Police_Associations" title="International Union of Police Associations">IUPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Painters_and_Allied_Trades" title="International Union of Painters and Allied Trades">IUPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laborers%27_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Laborers' International Union of North America">LIUNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Postal_Mail_Handlers_Union" title="National Postal Mail Handlers Union">NPMHU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Engineers%27_Beneficial_Association" title="Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association">MEBA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Aviation_Safety_Specialists" title="Professional Aviation Safety Specialists">PASS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Letter_Carriers" title="National Association of Letter Carriers">NALC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Association" title="National Air Traffic Controllers Association">NATCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_Players_Association" title="National Football League Players Association">NFLPA/FPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nurses_United" title="National Nurses United">NNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxi_Workers%27_Alliance" title="National Taxi Workers' Alliance">NTWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League_Players_Association" title="National Women's Soccer League Players Association">NWSLPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operative_Plasterers%27_and_Cement_Masons%27_International_Association" title="Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association">OPCMIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_and_Professional_Employees_International_Union" title="Office and Professional Employees International Union">OPEIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plate_Printers,_Die_Stampers_and_Engravers_Union_of_North_America" title="International Plate Printers, Die Stampers and Engravers Union of North America">Printers & Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafarers_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Seafarers International Union of North America">SIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Sheet_Metal,_Air,_Rail_and_Transportation_Workers" title="International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers">SMART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Workers_Union_of_America" title="Transport Workers Union of America">TWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Association" title="United Association">UA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">UAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Food_and_Commercial_Workers" title="United Food and Commercial Workers">UFCW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distillery,_Wine_and_Allied_Workers%27_International_Union" title="Distillery, Wine and Allied Workers' International Union">DWAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail,_Wholesale_and_Department_Store_Union" title="Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union">RWDSU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers">UMWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNITE_HERE" title="UNITE HERE">UNITE HERE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Steelworkers" title="United Steelworkers">USW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Union_of_Roofers,_Waterproofers_and_Allied_Workers" title="United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers">UURWAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Workers_Union_of_America" title="Utility Workers Union of America">UWUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America,_East" title="Writers Guild of America, East">WGAE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State federations and <br />central labor councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>California (<a href="/wiki/South_Bay_Labor_Council" title="South Bay Labor Council">South Bay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Florida AFL–CIO">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Indiana AFL–CIO">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Maine AFL–CIO">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Massachusetts AFL–CIO">Massachusetts</a></li> <li>New York (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Central_Labor_Council" title="New York City Central Labor Council">New York City</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Oregon AFL–CIO">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Pennsylvania AFL–CIO">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Rhode Island AFL–CIO">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Labor_Council" title="Washington State Labor Council">Washington State</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_County_Labor_Council" title="King County Labor Council">King</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="West Virginia AFL–CIO">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directly_affiliated_local_union" title="Directly affiliated local union">Directly affiliated local union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trade_Union_Advisory_Committee_to_the_OECD" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TUAC_navbox" title="Template:TUAC navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TUAC_navbox" 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<li>Henri Bernard <small>(1971–1978)</small></li> <li>Kari Tapiola <small>(1978–1985)</small></li> <li>John Evans <small>(1985–2017)</small></li> <li>Pierre Habbard <small>(2017–2022)</small></li> <li>Veronica Nilsson (acting) <small>(2022–)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Evert Kupers <small>(1949–1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Oosterhuis" title="Henk Oosterhuis">Henk Oosterhuis</a> <small>(1951–1966)</small></li> <li>W. F. van Tilburg <small>(1966–1969)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Lowthian" title="George H. Lowthian">George H. Lowthian</a> <small>(1969–1973)</small></li> <li>Svend Bache Vognbjerg <small>(1973–1980)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Bodstr%C3%B6m" title="Lennart Bodström">Lennart Bodström</a> <small>(1980–1982)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Basnett" title="David Basnett">David Basnett</a> <small>(1982–1986)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Kirkland" title="Lane Kirkland">Lane Kirkland</a> <small>(1986–1996)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_White_(trade_unionist)" title="Bob White (trade unionist)">Bob White</a> <small>(1996–2000)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Sweeney</a> <small>(2000–2010)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trumka" title="Richard Trumka">Richard Trumka</a> <small>(2010–2021)</small></li> <li>Marc Leemans (acting) <small>(2021–2022)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Shuler" title="Liz Shuler">Liz Shuler</a> <small>(2022–)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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