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<span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boro_identity_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boro_identity_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Boro identity formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boro_identity_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-political_Boro_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-political_Boro_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pre-political Boro associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-political_Boro_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boros_in_colonial_tribal_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boros_in_colonial_tribal_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Boros in colonial tribal politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boros_in_colonial_tribal_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_tradition_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_tradition_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Folk tradition and mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_tradition_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Social groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="بودوويون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بودوويون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80" title="বড়ো জনগোষ্ঠী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বড়ো জনগোষ্ঠী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo" title="Bodo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bodo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بودولار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بودولار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80" title="বড়ো জনগোষ্ঠী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বড়ো জনগোষ্ঠী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodos" title="Bodos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bodos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo" title="Bodo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bodo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_(etnia)" title="Bodo (etnia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bodo (etnia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="مردمان بودو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردمان بودو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodos_(peuple)" title="Bodos (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bodos (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="बोड़ो लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोड़ो लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Bodo" title="Suku Bodo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Bodo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_(popolo)" title="Bodo (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bodo (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95_(%D7%A2%D7%9D)" title="בודו (עם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בודו (עם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Bodo" title="Wong Bodo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Bodo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="بودوويون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بودوويون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="बोडो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बोडो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਬੋੜੋ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੋੜੋ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_(grupa_etniczna)" title="Bodo (grupa etniczna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bodo (grupa etniczna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodos" title="Bodos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bodos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Бодо (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бодо (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B2" title="ᱵᱳᱲᱳ ᱦᱚᱲ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱳᱲᱳ ᱦᱚᱲ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_(popull)" title="Bodo (popull) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bodo (popull)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro_people" title="Boro people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boro people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_(narod)" title="Bodo (narod) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bodo (narod)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borofolket" title="Borofolket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Borofolket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="போடோ மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போடோ மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="బోడోప్రజలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బోడోప్రజలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="博多人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="博多人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halak_Bodo" title="Halak Bodo – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Halak Bodo" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Bodo" title="Jolma Bodo – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Bodo" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1266593#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnolinguistic group in northeast India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Boro</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Bara<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Boro_bwisagu_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Boro_bwisagu_dance.jpg/250px-Boro_bwisagu_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Boro_bwisagu_dance.jpg/330px-Boro_bwisagu_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Boro_bwisagu_dance.jpg/500px-Boro_bwisagu_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="915" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Boro bwisagu dance in traditional attire</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1.45 million<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2011)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.41 million<sup id="cite_ref-CensusIndia-mother-tongue_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusIndia-mother-tongue-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2011)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Boro</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Bodo%E2%80%93Kachari_people" title="Bodo–Kachari people">Bodo–Kachari people</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background-color:#FFEDED;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Assam" title="Category:Assam">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Assam" title="Culture of Assam">Culture of Assam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Montage_of_Asamiya_Cultural_Symbols.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Montage_of_Asamiya_Cultural_Symbols.png/250px-Montage_of_Asamiya_Cultural_Symbols.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Montage_of_Asamiya_Cultural_Symbols.png/500px-Montage_of_Asamiya_Cultural_Symbols.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div><i>Proto-historic</i></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pragjyotisha_kingdom" title="Pragjyotisha kingdom">Pragjyotisha kingdom</a></li></ul> <div><i>Classical</i></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa kingdom</a></li></ul> <div><i>Medieval</i></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_Kingdom" title="Dimasa Kingdom">Dimasa–Kachari kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamata_Kingdom" title="Kamata Kingdom">Kamata Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutiya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutiya kingdom">Sutiya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Singarigharutha" title="Singarigharutha">Singarigharutha</a>)</i></li></ul> <div><i>Modern</i></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Assam" title="Colonial Assam">Colonial Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Province" title="Assam Province">Assam Province</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/People_of_Assam" title="People of Assam">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese peoples</a></i></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Ahoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_Brahmin" title="Assamese Brahmin">Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutia_people" title="Chutia people">Chutias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalia_Kaibarta" title="Jalia Kaibarta">Kaibartas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalita_(caste)" title="Kalita (caste)">Kalitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Assam" title="Islam in Assam">Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India#Assamese_Sikhs" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylhetis</a></li></ul> <div><i><a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes of Assam">Scheduled tribes</a></i></div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deori_people" title="Deori people">Deoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_people" title="Dimasa people">Dimasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_people" title="Karbi people">Karbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_people" title="Mising people">Misings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabha tribe">Rabhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbongshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea-garden_community_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea-garden community of Assam">Tea-tribes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div><i>Major</i></div> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assamese_Bengali_letter_A_(red).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Assamese_Bengali_letter_A_%28red%29.png/16px-Assamese_Bengali_letter_A_%28red%29.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Assamese_Bengali_letter_A_%28red%29.png/24px-Assamese_Bengali_letter_A_%28red%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Assamese_Bengali_letter_A_%28red%29.png/32px-Assamese_Bengali_letter_A_%28red%29.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Asamiya</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi Prakrit</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya dialects</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Script</a></li></ul> <div><i>Minor</i></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Boro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachari_language" title="Kachari language">Kachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_language" title="Koch language">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwa_language_(India)" title="Tiwa language (India)">Tiwa</a></li></ul> <div><i>Extinct</i></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamosa" title="Gamosa">Gamosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengdang" title="Hengdang">Hengdang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaapi" title="Jaapi">Jaapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan_Ghosha" title="Kirtan Ghosha">Kirtans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namghar" title="Namghar">Namghars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_Brahmin#Lagundeoni" title="Assamese Brahmin">Lagundeoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhela_chador" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekhela chador">Mekhela chador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_Brahmin#Pujas" title="Assamese Brahmin">Pujas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riha_(garment)" title="Riha (garment)">Riha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satra_(Ekasarana_Dharma)" title="Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)">Satras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_silk" title="Assam silk">Silk</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Eri_silk" title="Eri silk">Eri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muga_silk" title="Muga silk">Muga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_silk" title="Pat silk">Pat</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorai" title="Xorai">Xorai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Zikir</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Mythology and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Assam" title="Folklore of Assam">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birinchi_Kumar_Barua" title="Birinchi Kumar Barua">Birinchi Kumar Barua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Sadagar" title="Chand Sadagar">Chand Sadagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_Lokogeet" title="Goalpariya Lokogeet">Goalpariya Lokogeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_Lokgeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamrupi Lokgeet">Kamrupi Lokgeet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judima" title="Judima">Judima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine#Masor_Tenga" title="Assamese cuisine">Masor Tenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolpan#Narikol'or_Laru" title="Jolpan">Narikol'or Laru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolpan#Pitha" title="Jolpan">Pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine#Poitabhat" title="Assamese cuisine">Poitabhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_tea" title="Assam tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolpan#Tilor_Laru" title="Jolpan">Til'or Laru</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Ai_Ligang" title="Ali Ai Ligang">Ali Ai Ligang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambubachi_Mela" title="Ambubachi Mela">Ambubachi Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me-Dam-Me-Phi" title="Me-Dam-Me-Phi">Me-Dam-Me-Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_Sahitya_Sabha#Sahitya_Sabha_festivals" title="Asam Sahitya Sabha">Sahitya Sabhas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Assam">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div><i>Major</i></div> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="white-space:nowrap">(<i>Panentheistic:</i> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/13px-Vishnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/20px-Vishnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/27px-Vishnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="246" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a>;</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><i>Polytheistic:</i> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SriYantra_color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/20px-SriYantra_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/40px-SriYantra_color.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allah-green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/20px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Assam" title="Islam in Assam">Islam</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christianity_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Christianity_Symbol.svg/15px-Christianity_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Christianity_Symbol.svg/22px-Christianity_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Christianity_Symbol.svg/29px-Christianity_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="559" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Assam" title="Christianity in Assam">Christianity</a></li></ul> <div><i>Others</i></div> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahom_insignia_plain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ahom_insignia_plain.svg/40px-Ahom_insignia_plain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ahom_insignia_plain.svg/60px-Ahom_insignia_plain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AnimismSymbol.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/AnimismSymbol.PNG/16px-AnimismSymbol.PNG" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/AnimismSymbol.PNG/23px-AnimismSymbol.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/AnimismSymbol.PNG/31px-AnimismSymbol.PNG 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Animism#Indian-origin_religions" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bathouism_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bathouism_flag.svg/40px-Bathouism_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bathouism_flag.svg/60px-Bathouism_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/9px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/14px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/18px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/13px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/19px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/26px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India#Assamese_Sikhs" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine Arts of Assam">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_development_of_Kamarupa" title="Cultural development of Kamarupa">Cultural development of Kamarupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavani_vastra" title="Vrindavani vastra">Vrindavani vastra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div><i>History</i></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assamese_literature#Beginnings" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Assamese literature">Beginnings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assamese_literature#Orunodoi_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Assamese literature">Orunodoi Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assamese_literature#Jonaki_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Assamese literature">Jonaki Era</a></li></ul> <div><i>Archives</i></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charyapada#Affinities_with_Assamese" title="Charyapada">Charyapads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptakanda_Ramayana" title="Saptakanda Ramayana">Kotha Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orunodoi" class="mw-redirect" title="The Orunodoi">The Orunodoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonaki_(magazine)" title="Jonaki (magazine)">The Jonaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemkosh" title="Hemkosh">The Hemkosh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodom_Koli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodom Koli (page does not exist)">Kodom Koli</a></li></ul> <div><i>Genres</i></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_poetry" title="Assamese poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assamese_novels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assamese novels (page does not exist)">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Assam" title="Folklore of Assam">Folk literature</a></li></ul> <div><i>Institutions</i></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Sahitya_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Assam Sahitya Sabha">Assam Sahitya Sabha</a></li></ul> <div><i>Awards</i></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asom_Ratna" title="Asom Ratna">Assam Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Sahitya_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Assam Sahitya Sabha">Assam Sahitya Sabha Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Valley_Literary_Award" title="Assam Valley Literary Award">Assam Valley Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Kumari_Foundation" title="Kamal Kumari Foundation">Kamal Kumari Foundation Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Kanta_Handique" title="Krishna Kanta Handique">Krishnakanta Handique Award</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Assam" title="Music of Assam">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Assam" title="Folk dances of Assam">Folk dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati_Theatre_Festival" title="Guwahati Theatre Festival">Guwahati Theatre Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohinoor_Theatre" title="Kohinoor Theatre">Kohinoor Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Assam">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Assam">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_Valley_Film_Festival" title="Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival">Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfare_Awards_East" title="Filmfare Awards East">Filmfare Awards East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauhati_Cine_Club" title="Gauhati Cine Club">Gauhati Cine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joymoti_(1935_film)" title="Joymoti (1935 film)">Joymoti</a> <i>(first Assamese motion picture)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Assamese" class="mw-redirect" title="National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese">National<br /> Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamreswari_Temple" title="Tamreswari Temple">Tamreswari Temple</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Assam">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Assam">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Mur_Apunar_Desh" title="O Mur Apunar Desh">O Mur Apunar Desh</a> <i>(anthem)</i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFDFDF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Bhupen_Hazarika_Regional_Government_Film_and_Television_Institute" title="Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Regional Government Film and Television Institute">Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Regional Government<br /> Film and Television Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadou_Asom_Lekhika_Samaroh_Samiti" title="Sadou Asom Lekhika Samaroh Samiti">Sadou Asom Lekhika Samaroh Samiti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Assam" title="Template:Culture of Assam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Assam" title="Template talk:Culture of Assam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Assam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Assam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Boro</b> (बर'/बड़ो <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bo-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">[bɔɽo]</a></span>), also called <b>Bodo</b>, are a <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnolinguistic">ethnolinguistic</a> group native to the state of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. They are a part of the greater <a href="/wiki/Bodo-Kachari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo-Kachari people">Bodo-Kachari</a> family of ethnolinguistic groups and are spread across <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern India">northeastern India</a>. They are concentrated mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Region" title="Bodoland Territorial Region">Bodoland Territorial Region</a> of Assam, though Boros inhabit all other districts of Assam<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boros were listed under both "Boro" and "Borokachari" in The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are continued to be called so in the Census of India documents.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boros speak the <a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Boro language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boro-Garo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Boro-Garo languages">Boro-Garo</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burman</a> family, which is recognised as one of twenty-two <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled languages of India">Scheduled languages of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over two-thirds of the people are bilingual, speaking Assamese as second language.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Boro along with other cognate groups of <a href="/wiki/Bodo-Kachari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo-Kachari people">Bodo-Kachari peoples</a> are prehistoric settlers who are believed to have migrated at least 3,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boros are mostly settled farmers, who have traditional irrigation, dong.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Boro people are recognised as a plains tribe in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution</a>, and have special powers in the <a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Region" title="Bodoland Territorial Region">Bodoland Territorial Region</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">autonomous division</a>; and also as a minority people.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boro is the self-designation or autonym of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Boro</i> comes from <i>Bara-fisa</i>, which means "son of Bara", and <i>Bara</i> stands for "man" or "male member" of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the cognate language <a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a>, <i>Borok</i> means man ('k' being a suffix for nouns) and so logically, <i>Boro</i> would mean <i>man</i> even in the <a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Boro language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the word <i>Boro</i> means a <i>man</i>, in the wider sense <i>Boro</i> means a <i>human being</i> (but not specific to a female member of the family) in the languages used by the <a href="/wiki/Bodo-Kachari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo-Kachari people">Bodo-Kachari peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Boro language (India)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Boro language</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> language family. It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a> group of the <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a> branch of the Sino-Tibetan family. It is an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the state of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Region" title="Bodoland Territorial Region">Bodoland Territorial Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also one of the twenty-two languages listed in the <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India#Schedule" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Eighth Schedule</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, Boros practised <a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a>, which is the worshiping of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">supreme God</a>, known as <i>Obonglaoree</i>. The shijou tree is taken as the symbol of Bathou and worshiped. It is also claimed as the supreme god.<sup id="cite_ref-Basumatary_2–3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basumatary_2–3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Boro language, Ba means five and thou means deep. Since Boros believe in the five mighty elements of God – land, water, air, fire, and ether – the number five has become significant in the Bathou culture, which is similar to the five elements of other Asian religions. </p><p>According to Bathouism, before the creation of the universe there was simply a great <a href="/wiki/Void_(astronomy)" title="Void (astronomy)">void</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">supreme being</a> 'Aham Guru', Anan Binan Gosai or Obonglaoree existed formlessly. Aham Guru became tired of living a <b>formless</b> existence and desired to live in flesh and blood. He descended on this great void with all human characteristics and created the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-Basumatary_2–3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basumatary_2–3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to Bathouism, Boro people have also been converted to <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Havan" class="mw-redirect" title="Havan">Hoom Jaygya</a>. For this worship through fire ceremony, a clean surface near a home or courtyard is prepared. Usually, worship offerings include a <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel nut">betel nut</a> called a 'goi' and a betel leaf called a 'pathwi' or 'bathwi' and rice, milk, and sugar. Another important Hindu festival, the Kherai Puja, where an altar is placed in a rice field, is the most important festival of the Boros. However, caste and dowry practices are not practised by the majority of Boro Hindus, who follow a set of rules called Brahma Dharma.<sup id="cite_ref-HOME_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOME-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A majority of the Bodo people still follow Bathouism, but in censuses, they are often classified as Hindus, as their native religion has no official recognition under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is followed by around <b>10%</b> of the Boros and is predominantly of the <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major Boro Churches associations are the <a href="/wiki/Boro_Baptist_Convention" title="Boro Baptist Convention">Boro Baptist Convention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boro_Baptist_Church_Association" title="Boro Baptist Church Association">Boro Baptist Church Association</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boro_People.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Boro_People.jpg/250px-Boro_People.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Boro_People.jpg/330px-Boro_People.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Boro_People.jpg/500px-Boro_People.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>A group of Boro women at Delhi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the break-up of <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> around the 12th century till the colonial times (19th century) and beyond different ethnic groups settled in different ecological regions<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the constant movements and intermixing of peoples led to the development of distinctive but hybrid cultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="#CITEREFSaikia2012">Saikia (2012)</a>, even as different state systems emerged, expanded, and fell—such as the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kamata_Kingdom#Koch_kingdom" title="Kamata Kingdom">Koch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahoms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Assam" title="Colonial Assam">British colonialism</a>—the Boros resisted entry into their fiscal systems and moved slowly but continuously to avoid them.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the expansion of these states and the expansion of tenured peasantry,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Boros were those who finally converged close to the forested regions of the lower Himalayan foothills.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this habitat, the Boros practised <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for self-sustenance and controlled forest products. To cultivate in this difficult terrain the Boros developed innovative low-cost irrigation systems that supported shifting cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landholding, sowing and harvesting, irrigation, and hunting were all performed collectively.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As those who controlled forest based produce, they emerged as intermediaries in the trade in these as well as other goods between the plains and the hills and complex relationships developed. The Boros remained shifting cultivators at least till the 18th century and then slowly became less mobile;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even during the colonial period, most Boros refused permanent land tenure<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or made no effort to secure landholding documents.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch dynasty</a> (1515–1949) consolidated its rule in the 16th century into the regions that the Boro people had settled in, it demarcated the region north of the <a href="/wiki/Gohain_Kamal_Ali" title="Gohain Kamal Ali">Gohain Kamal Ali</a>—which came to be called the <a href="/wiki/Duars" class="mw-redirect" title="Duars">Duars</a>—as the region where non-Brahmin culture could thrive. After the <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a> consolidated its power in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Assam">western Assam</a> in the 17/18th century it made special arrangements with <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> to share administrative and fiscal responsibilities. But when the British banned forest lands from being used for cultivation in the last quarter of the 19th century the Boros suffered a major habitat loss since the forest lands historically used for shifting cultivation and the source of other produce suddenly became unavailable to them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To alienate indigenous peasants from their lands was a stated colonial aim, to make them available as labour in other enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boro_identity_formation">Boro identity formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Boro identity formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boros identity formation began in the colonial period,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the Boro elite and intelligentsia began differentiating themselves from the <a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese</a> <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> society.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bodo-kachari_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bodo-kachari-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Boro, as well as many other communities as also much of the indigenous elite, were not exposed to education till the end of the 19th century, and it was by the early 20th century when a class of Boro/Kachari publicists finally emerged<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—a small Kachari elite formed in the early 20th century from among traders, school teachers and contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foremost among them was <a href="/wiki/Kalicharan_Brahma" title="Kalicharan Brahma">Kalicharan Brahma</a>, a trader from <a href="/wiki/Undivided_Goalpara_district" title="Undivided Goalpara district">Goalpara</a> who established a new <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> faith called "<a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>-ism" and most importantly, claimed for himself and his peers a new Bodo Identity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas earlier educated Kacharis like Rupnath had few options for social mobility other than assimilating into the Hindu lower castes, thus the Brahma religion developed by the Bodos that asserted respectable and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> Bodo identity while rejecting the cast dominance,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the 1921 census the Boros began giving up their tribal names and identifying themselves as <i>Boro</i> by caste and language and <i>Brahma</i> by religion.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional avenues, via conversion to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, were already available by the late 19th century especially with the evangelical work of Sidney Endle who is also known for his tome "The Kacharis",<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this formed a parallel stream of Boro articulation till much later times. </p><p><i>Boro</i> as a self-referential term for all Kacharis was reported by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_Martin" title="Robert Montgomery Martin">Montgomery</a> in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bodo</i> was a term reported by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Houghton_Hodgson" title="Brian Houghton Hodgson">Brian Houghton Hodgson</a> (1847) as a <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a> that, he speculated, encompassed a wide group of peoples that included in the minimum the Mech and the Kacharis.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to two type of approaches to the Boro identity: one is the notion of a wide group was picked up by Kalicharan Brahma and his peers who posited the Boro identity in opposition to the caste-Hindu <a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bodo-kachari_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bodo-kachari-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the other one, Jadunath Khakhlari who accepted the notion for the greater Bodo race but at the same time criticised it as a neologism and insisted on the use of the name Kachari and pointed to the Kachari's contribution to the Assamese culture to underline their historical political legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those of the Kacharis who preferred to progress socially by initiation into the <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a> are called <a href="/wiki/Sarania_Kachari" title="Sarania Kachari">Sarania Kachari</a> and are not considered as Boros today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-political_Boro_associations">Pre-political Boro associations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-political Boro associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The period from 1919 saw the emergence of different Boro organisations: <i>Bodo Chatra Sanmilan</i> (Bodo Students Association), <i>Kachari Chatra Sanmilan</i> (Kachari Students Association), <i>Bodo Maha Sanmilan</i> (Greater Bodo Association), <i>Kachari Jatiyo Sanmilan</i> (Kachari Community Association), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These organisations pushed divergent means for social and political progress.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>Bodo Chatra Sanmilan</i> advocated giving up tribal attributes and wanted women to follow the ideals of <i>Sita</i> of <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even as self-assertive politics was on, the Boros were not ready to severe their relationship with the greater Assamese society, with even Kalicharan Brahma advocating Assamese as the medium of instruction in schools,<sup id="cite_ref-simon-pathak_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simon-pathak-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Boro associations seeking patronage from Assamese figures who showed sympathy for their cause.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the absence of an acknowledged past history of <a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">state formation</a>, the associations felt particularly pressed to show that the Boros were not primitive as some other tribal groups<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the same time did not fall into the caste-<a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Hindu</a> hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The demand for community rights was made for the first time when at the 1929 <a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">Simon Commission</a> the Boro leaders evoked colonial imagery of backward tribes and requested protection in the form of reserved representation in local and central legislatures.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Boro delegation to the Simon Commission included, among others, Kalicharan Brahma and Jadav Khakhlari. The delegation submitted that Goalpara should remain with Assam and should not be included with <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>; and that the Boros were culturally close to the Assamese.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-simon-pathak_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simon-pathak-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boros_in_colonial_tribal_politics">Boros in colonial tribal politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Boros in colonial tribal politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only human category in the pre-colonial times was <i><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">jati</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 19th century the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> became interested in the 'tribal' question owing to situations arising out of insurgencies against local rulers who were seeking British protection; but over the years the East India Company/<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> evolved its role as saviours of the not the local rulers but the local people by offering to protect them against these rulers just as the primitive people of Africa needed protection. The notion of primitive vs non-primitive difference was further refined by the introduction of European notions of <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">racial</a> differences and by the census of 1872, categories such as 'aboriginal tribe' and 'semi-Hinduised aboriginals' emerged. The 1881 census proposed that India consisted of two hostile populations and thus did not possess a cohesive nationality. And by 1901 the official definition of a tribe was set down by Risley.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this formulation <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a> was seen as a special case that required separate legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elites from these social groups, including that from the Boros, used these categories for political articulation.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Tribal League</i>, a full political organisation, emerged in 1933<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the common platform for all <i>plains tribes</i> of the Brahmaputra valley<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that included the <i>Boro</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_people" title="Karbi people">Karbi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mising_people" title="Mising people">Mising</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tiwa_people_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwa people (India)">Tiwa</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Rabha_people" title="Rabha people">Rabha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This formation excluded the <i>hills tribes</i> which were not allowed political participation.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonial state and ethnographers' desire to define the tribal people, the need of the people to define themselves, and the earlier pre-political associations were significant contributory factors in the development of the <i>tribal</i> identity among the Boro and other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tribal League, which included Boro leaders such as Rabi Chandra Kachari and <a href="/wiki/Rupnath_Brahma" title="Rupnath Brahma">Rupnath Brahma</a>, succeeded in protecting the Line system in 1937 against the proposal by the Muslim League.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1.45 million Bodos are living in Assam, thus constituting 4.53% of the state population.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A majority of them around 68.96% alone are being concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Region" title="Bodoland Territorial Region">Bodoland Territorial Region</a> of Assam, numbering 1 million out of total 3.15 million population, thus constituting 31% of the region's population.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bodoland's capital <a href="/wiki/Kokrajhar" title="Kokrajhar">Kokrajhar</a>, they are in minority, forming only 25% of the town's population.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_tradition_and_mythology">Folk tradition and mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Folk tradition and mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of the Boro people can be explained from folk traditions. According to <a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterjee">Suniti Kumar Chatterjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythologically" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologically">mythologically</a>, Boros are "the offspring of son of the Vishnu (<a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Baraha</a>) and Mother-Earth (<a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Basumati</a>)" who were termed "Kiratas" during the Epic period.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_groups">Social groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Aroi</i> or <i>Ari</i> or <i>Ary</i> is a suffix in Boro language, which means <i>folk.</i> </p><p>Some of the important clans of Boros are:<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i><b>Swargiary</b></i>: The priestly clan, with <i>Deoris</i> and <i>Ojhas</i> selected from this clan.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basumatary" title="Basumatary">Basumatary</a></b></i>: The land-holding clan.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Narzary" title="Narzary">Narzary</a></b></i>: The clan associated with the jute cultivation and supply.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mosahary" title="Mosahary">Mosahary</a></b></i>: This clan is associated with the protection of cattle.</li> <li><i><b>Goyary</b></i>: This clan is associated with the cultivation of areca nuts.</li> <li><i><b>Owary</b></i>: This clan is associated with the supply of bamboos.</li> <li><i><b>Khakhlary</b></i>: This clan is associated with the supply of Khangkhala plant required for <i>kherai puja</i>.</li> <li><i><b>Daimary</b></i>: This clan is associated with the river.</li> <li><i><b>Lahari</b></i>: This clan is associated with the collection of leaves in large quantities for the festival.</li> <li><i><b>Hajoary</b></i>: The Boros that lived in the hills and foothills.</li> <li><i><b>Kherkatari</b></i>: The Boros associated with thatch and its supply, found mostly in <a href="/wiki/Kamrup_district" title="Kamrup district">Kamrup district</a>.</li> <li><i><b>Sibingari</b></i>: The Boros traditionally associated with raising and supply of sesame.</li> <li><i><b>Bingiari</b></i>: The Boros associated with musical instruments.</li> <li><i><b>Ramchiary</b></i>: Ramsa is place name in kamrup. It is the name by which Boros were known to their brethren in the hills.</li> <li><i><b>Mahilary</b></i>: This clan is associated with collection of tax from Mahallas. Mahela and Mahalia are the variant forms of Mahilary clan.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodo-Kachari_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boro women at Hornbill Festival"><img alt="Boro women at Hornbill Festival" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bodo-Kachari_2.jpg/270px-Bodo-Kachari_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bodo-Kachari_2.jpg/405px-Bodo-Kachari_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bodo-Kachari_2.jpg/540px-Bodo-Kachari_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boro women at Hornbill Festival</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kherai_Dance_of_Assam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kherai Group Dance"><img alt="Kherai Group Dance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kherai_Dance_of_Assam.jpg/250px-Kherai_Dance_of_Assam.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kherai_Dance_of_Assam.jpg/500px-Kherai_Dance_of_Assam.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kherai Group Dance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kach%C3%A1ri_Girls_playing_Gogona.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boro woman playing harp"><img alt="Boro woman playing harp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kach%C3%A1ri_Girls_playing_Gogona.jpg/250px-Kach%C3%A1ri_Girls_playing_Gogona.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kach%C3%A1ri_Girls_playing_Gogona.jpg/330px-Kach%C3%A1ri_Girls_playing_Gogona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boro woman playing harp</div> </li> </ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 467px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 465px; height: 210px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -200px; left: -240px; width: 937px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Languages_and_Dialects_of_the_B%C3%A2r%C3%A2_or_Bodo_Group_of_the_Tibeto-Burman_Family_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Distribution of Bârâ people, as reported in the Language Survey of India 1903" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Map_of_the_Languages_and_Dialects_of_the_B%C3%A2r%C3%A2_or_Bodo_Group_of_the_Tibeto-Burman_Family_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="937" height="1088" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="1088" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Languages_and_Dialects_of_the_B%C3%A2r%C3%A2_or_Bodo_Group_of_the_Tibeto-Burman_Family_(cropped).jpg" title="File:Map of the Languages and Dialects of the Bârâ or Bodo Group of the Tibeto-Burman Family (cropped).jpg"> </a></div>Distribution of Bârâ people, as reported in the Language Survey of India 1903 </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajni_Basumatary" title="Rajni Basumatary">Rajni Basumatary</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filmmaker and actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankushita_Boro" title="Ankushita Boro">Ankushita Boro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamuna_Boro" title="Jamuna Boro">Jamuna Boro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Boro" title="Pramod Boro">Pramod Boro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former President of ABSU, President of UPPL, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_Member_of_the_Bodoland_Territorial_Council" title="Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council">CEM</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Council" title="Bodoland Territorial Council">Bodoland Territorial Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harishankar_Brahma" title="Harishankar Brahma">Harishankar Brahma</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 19th <a href="/wiki/Chief_Election_Commissioner_of_India" title="Chief Election Commissioner of India">Chief Election Commissioner of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendra_Nath_Brahma" class="mw-redirect" title="Upendra Nath Brahma">Upendra Nath Brahma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boro activist, known by the title <i>Bodofa</i><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansuma_Khunggur_Bwiswmuthiary" title="Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary">Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> former <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">Member of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagrama_Mohilary" title="Hagrama Mohilary">Hagrama Mohilary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> president of <a href="/wiki/Bodoland_People%27s_Front" title="Bodoland People's Front">Bodoland People's Front</a> political party and former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_Member_of_the_Bodoland_Territorial_Council" title="Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council">Chief Executive Member</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Council" title="Bodoland Territorial Council">Bodoland Territorial Council</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Shekhar_Mooshahary" title="Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary">Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> former governor of <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, retired IPS officer, former director-general of <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Guards">National Security Guards</a> (NSG) and the <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a> (BSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halicharan_Narzary" title="Halicharan Narzary">Halicharan Narzary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proneeta_Swargiary" title="Proneeta Swargiary">Proneeta Swargiary</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Dance_India_Dance_(season_5)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance India Dance (season 5)">Dance India Dance (season 5)</a> Winner</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Sahitya_Sabha" title="Bodo Sahitya Sabha">Bodo Sahitya Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo culture">Bodo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ual_(tool)" title="Ual (tool)">Ual (tool)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By 1921 the census reported that many Kacharis had abandoned tribal names and were describing themselves as Bara by caste and language(<a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>:211)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">"Census report 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+report+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FLanguage-2011%2FStatement-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span> Note: The number are for the L1 speakers of the Boro language</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CensusIndia-mother-tongue-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CensusIndia-mother-tongue_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX">"C -16 C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Assam"</a>. <i>census.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov.in&rft.atitle=C+-16+C-16+Population+By+Mother+Tongue+-+Assam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-16%2FDDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span> Note: the number of L1 speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Boro language</a>, which is likely a lower estimate of the number of ethnic Boro people.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/aho">"639 Identifier Documentation: <i>aho</i> – ISO 639-3"</a>. <i>SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics)</i>. SIL International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Ahom [aho]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International+%28formerly+known+as+the+Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics%29&rft.atitle=639+Identifier+Documentation%3A+aho+%E2%80%93+ISO+639-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Fcode%2Faho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm">"Population by Religious Communities"</a>. <i>Census India – 2001</i>. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>Census Data Finder/C Series/Population by Religious Communities</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+India+%E2%80%93+2001&rft.atitle=Population+by+Religious+Communities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2FCensus_Data_2001%2FCensus_data_finder%2FC_Series%2FPopulation_by_religious_communities.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2011_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"Population by religion community – 2011"</a>. <i>Census of India, 2011</i>. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS">the original</a> on 25 August 2015. <q>2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01 MDDS.XLS</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India%2C+2011&rft.atitle=Population+by+religion+community+%E2%80%93+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW00C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDikshit2013">Dikshit 2013</a>:376)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/tables_published/scst/dh_st_meghalaya.pdf">"Meghalaya - Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes - Census of India 2001"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>censusindia.gov.in</i>. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=Meghalaya+-+Data+Highlights%3A+The+Scheduled+Tribes+-+Census+of+India+2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Ftables_published%2Fscst%2Fdh_st_meghalaya.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927192732/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/19_The%20Constitution%20%28ST%29%20Order%201950.pdf">"the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/19_The%20Constitution%20%28ST%29%20Order%201950.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+Constitution+%28Scheduled+Tribes%29+Order%2C+1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislative.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F19_The%2520Constitution%2520%2528ST%2529%2520Order%25201950.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130015329/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12177">"ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (district level), Assam, district Sonitpur - 2011"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12177">the original</a> on 30 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ST-14%3A+Scheduled+tribe+population+by+religious+community+%28district+level%29%2C+Assam%2C+district+Sonitpur+-+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F12177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/EighthSchedule_19052017.pdf">"List of languages in the Eighth Schedule"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+languages+in+the+Eighth+Schedule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmha.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FEighthSchedule_19052017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDikshit2013">Dikshit 2013</a>:375)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Most scholars suggest that the first Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples began to enter Assam at least 3,000 years ago." (<a href="#CITEREFDeLancey2012">DeLancey 2012</a>:13–14)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Devi, Chandam Victoria (1 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0973005218765552">"Participatory Management of Irrigation System in North Eastern Region of India"</a>. <i>International Journal of Rural Management</i>. <b>14</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0973005218765552">10.1177/0973005218765552</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0973-0052">0973-0052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Rural+Management&rft.atitle=Participatory+Management+of+Irrigation+System+in+North+Eastern+Region+of+India&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2018-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0973005218765552&rft.issn=0973-0052&rft.aulast=Devi&rft.aufirst=Chandam+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0973005218765552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/minorities/boro-bodo/">"Boro (Bodo)"</a>. <i>Minority Rights Group</i>. 30 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minority+Rights+Group&rft.atitle=Boro+%28Bodo%29&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fminorities%2Fboro-bodo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The people very seldom call themselves by any other name other than <i>Bodo</i> or <i>Boro</i>".(<a href="#CITEREFMosahary1983">Mosahary 1983</a>:42)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...we have references to the term <i>Bara-fisa</i> meaning child of the <i>Baras</i> and the term <i>Bara-fisa</i> must have been subsequently termed as simply as <i>Bara</i> pronounced as <i>Boro</i>. Dr P C Bhattacharya writes that like other tribal names in Assam the name <i>Bara</i> stands for <i>man</i> or <i>male member</i> (<a href="#CITEREFMosahary1983">Mosahary 1983</a>:44)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBrahma2008">Brahma 2008</a>:1) In closely allied Tripura language, “Boro” is pronounced as “Borok” which means Man.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBrahma2008">Brahma 2008</a>:1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislative.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/legislative_medhassu_in_oid_3/menu/document/the_assam_official_languageamendment_act_2020_assam_act_no.xi_of_2021.pdf">"The Assam Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Assam+Official+Language+%28Amendment%29+Act%2C+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislative.assam.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fswf_utility_folder%2Fdepartments%2Flegislative_medhassu_in_oid_3%2Fmenu%2Fdocument%2Fthe_assam_official_languageamendment_act_2020_assam_act_no.xi_of_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constitution">"Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+Included+in+the+Eighth+Schedule+of+the+Indian+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frajbhasha.gov.in%2Fen%2Flanguages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basumatary_2–3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basumatary_2–3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basumatary_2–3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasumatary" class="citation book cs1">Basumatary, Dhuparam. <i>Boro Kachari Sonskritir Kinchit Abhas</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boro+Kachari+Sonskritir+Kinchit+Abhas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.aulast=Basumatary&rft.aufirst=Dhuparam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HOME-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HOME_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410212956/http://www.udalguri.gov.in/bodo.htm">"HOME"</a>. <i>udalguri.gov.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://udalguri.gov.in/bodo.htm">the original</a> on 10 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=udalguri.gov.in&rft.atitle=HOME&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fudalguri.gov.in%2Fbodo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/ncm-asked-to-clarify-stand-on-status-of-bodo-tribes-religion/articleshow/16271328.cms">"NCM asked to clarify stand on status of Bodo tribe's religion"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 6 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=NCM+asked+to+clarify+stand+on+status+of+Bodo+tribe%27s+religion&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fguwahati%2Fncm-asked-to-clarify-stand-on-status-of-bodo-tribes-religion%2Farticleshow%2F16271328.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/indian-constitution-shall-now-recognize-bathouism-officially-392371-2019-02-06">"Indian Census shall now recognize 'Bathouism' officially"</a>. 6 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Census+shall+now+recognize+%27Bathouism%27+officially&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatodayne.in%2Fassam%2Fstory%2Findian-constitution-shall-now-recognize-bathouism-officially-392371-2019-02-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southasiajournal.net/hundreds-of-bodo-christians-joined-a-massive-rally-addressed-by-indias-pm-but-skepticism-remains/">"Hundreds of Bodo-Christians joined a massive rally addressed by Indias PM but skepticism remains"</a>. <i>southasiajournal.net</i>. 12 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=southasiajournal.net&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+Bodo-Christians+joined+a+massive+rally+addressed+by+Indias+PM+but+skepticism+remains&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthasiajournal.net%2Fhundreds-of-bodo-christians-joined-a-massive-rally-addressed-by-indias-pm-but-skepticism-remains%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Several communities inhabiting these areas since precolonial times, which include the Bodo, Garo, Khasi, Bhutia, Rajbanshi, etc, had settled across a wider geography characterised by similar ecological features (Nathan 1936). Over the second millennium of our common era, the process for consolidation of these habitats began. The Bodos, too, underwent this process." (<a href="#CITEREFSaikia2012">Saikia 2012</a>:17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The historical movement of populations was often determined by local ecological pressures like a crisis of resources to support an increasing population or natural disturbances like the rapid change in the course of some river. The visible absence of boundaries representing the nation state also allowed a free flow of people. The region thus helped in the growth of a distinctively hybrid space of ecology and linguistic practices." (<a href="#CITEREFSaikia2012">Saikia 2012</a>:17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Bodos were continuously, albeit slowly, on the move for a long period. This practice was fairly true for most communities who resisted any entry into the formal state-led fiscal system whether it was the Mughal, Koch and Ahom rulers or the British colonial government." (<a href="#CITEREFSaikia2012">Saikia 2012</a>:17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The consolidation of the Hindu Assamese peasantry in the flat fertile valley over the past few centuries had demarcated agrarian boundaries. The tribal peasantry was further boxed inside a fixed geography, a process that made them strangers within the Hindu Assamese agrarian territory." (<a href="#CITEREFSaikia2012">Saikia 2012</a>:17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Historically, they lived closer to the forested areas along the foothills of southern <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> region or the lower Himalayan ranges(Allen 1905)" (<a href="#CITEREFSaikia2012">Saikia 2012</a>:15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"All these accounts confirm that the Bodo tribe followed slash and burn cultivation. Although wet rice cultivation and plow were a characteristic of the Indo-Aryans, Bodos transitioned from using these methods of cultivation by the 1870s due to closer contact with settled populations." (<a href="#CITEREFDaimariBedamatta2021">Daimari & Bedamatta 2021</a>:709)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Bodos have innovatively re-engineered the water flow into these areas and created a localised irrigation system (Guha 1982). But this did not support an overall production of surplus crop... The low-cost irrigation works facilitated through community labour did not stand against their tradition of shifting agriculture..." (<a href="#CITEREFSaikia2012">Saikia 2012</a>:15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[H]istorically the Bodos have practised communal landownership. This was equally true in their preference for collective labour which was needed for irrigation works and during the sowing or harvesting seasons; even hunting was a collective effort." (<a href="#CITEREFSaikia2012">Saikia 2012</a>:16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"For long, the Bodo remained shifting cultivators in a flat valley. At least till the 18th century, they were yet to be fixed into a permanent geography. This meant they would hardly practise a permanent form of cultivation though slowly they became less mobile" (<a href="#CITEREFSaikia2012">Saikia 2012</a>:16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"During colonial rule, a majority of Bodo peasants, like many others in the Brahmaputra Valley refused to accept permanent land tenure." (<a href="#CITEREFSaikia2012">Saikia 2012</a>:16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Colonial rule even failed to infuse a permanent nature of cultivation among the Bodos. This was true for most tribal communities of the region. The Bodos rarely tried to secure written records of landownership." (<a href="#CITEREFSaikia2012">Saikia 2012</a>:16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSaikia2012">Saikia 2012</a>:16–17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A principal aim in mid-19th century Assam was to flush out native peasants from the land, as documented in government reports and arbitrary land revenue increments. They were to be coerced into surrendering what Marx called "conditions of labour" to the tea planters; an achievement that was to ensure a ready <a href="/wiki/Reserve_army_of_labour" title="Reserve army of labour">reserve army of labour</a>." (<a href="#CITEREFDasSaikia2011">Das & Saikia 2011</a>:73)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaikia2017">Saikia (2017</a>, pp. 160–161)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"From the colonial period, the Bodos have been defining themselves as a community in opposition to other communities. The Bodo-educated elites and intelligentsia have been articulating their divergence from the Assamese caste Hindu society and highlighting issues like land alienation and social and economic backwardness." (<a href="#CITEREFPathak2012">Pathak 2012</a>:20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bodo-kachari-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bodo-kachari_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bodo-kachari_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bodos, who have historically shared their home with other communities in the Assam valley, were one of the first communities in the plains to challenge the Assamese <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>. Under a broader appellate of <a href="/wiki/Bodo%E2%80%93Kachari_people" title="Bodo–Kachari people">Bodo-Kachari</a>, they galvanized a political movement, mobilizing a separate identity from the caste-<a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Hindu</a> Assamese community." (<a href="#CITEREFSaikia2017">Saikia 2017</a>:161)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Twentieth-century Bodo Kachari publicists contributed an important new voice to Assam’s public sphere. Until the late nineteenth century few Kacharis had the wherewithal to obtain a high school or college education." (<a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>:208)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"By the early twentieth century a small Kachari public emerged from among petty traders, schoolteachers, and small-time contractors. Its participants sought out alternatives to the limited mobility offered by established Hinduism." (<a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>:210)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The founder of this movement was Kalicharan (1860–1938), a Kachari trader based in Goalpara. A <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> mendicant, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibnarayan_Paramhansa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibnarayan Paramhansa (page does not exist)">Sibnarayan Paramhansa</a>, inspired him to venerate <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, the Supreme Soul. Kalicharan summoned comrades to join him in a new, monotheistic faith whose members adopted a new surname, Brahma, in place of their older, demeaning tribal names. Simultaneously they claimed a new Bodo identity." (<a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>:211)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Kalicharan Brahma, Sitanath Brahma Choudhary among the Kacharis and Samsonsing Ingti among the Mikirs were the real pioneers. Their attempts to redefine tradition, adjusting to colonial modernity, were also the first steps towards the construction of the tribal identity." (<a href="#CITEREFPathak2010">Pathak 2010</a>:62)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Modernizing Bodos felt that they had to distinguish themselves from <i>savage</i> tribal neighbours such as Nagas while resisting caste domination."(<a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>:213)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Previously, educated Kacharis like Rupnath possessed few options for social mobility other than absorption into the Hindu lower castes. The Brahma religion offered him and his peers a new opportunity to assert a respectable and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> Bodo identity." (<a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>:211)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"By 1921 the census reported that many Kacharis had abandoned tribal names and were describing themselves as Bara [sic] by caste and language, and Brahma by religion." (<a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>:211)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Quite in Hodgson’s fashion, the S.P.G. missionary Sidney Endle, who wrote about the Kacharis at the end of the nineteenth century, praised them as diligent <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginals</a>. But he was less interested in their economic redemption than in the spiritual. Endle’s main objective was the Christian conversion of his Kachari flock." (<a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>:210)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In fact, colonial officials seemed aware that Boro was a self-referential term. For instance, in 1838 Martin Montgomery reported that: "The Kachharis form a tribe, ..." (<a href="#CITEREFDaimari2022">Daimari 2022</a>:14)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"As (Hodgson) admits in the end, his way of seeing the "Bodos" is twofold: he starts by using "Bodo" to designate a wide range of people (“a numerous race”), then wonders if some others are not "Bodos in disguise". He ends on a cautionary note and refrains from unmasking the dubious tribes, registering only the Mechs and Kacharis,..." (<a href="#CITEREFJacquesson2008">Jacquesson 2008</a>:21)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jadunath accepted the notion of a greater Bodo race which would unite different groups. Yet in contrast to Kalicharan and his followers, he wished to retain the name Kachari. He criticized the term Bodo as a neologism which denied the Kachari historical legacy: <i>If we ourselves see the name Kachari as shameful so will other groups.</i> In this manner Jadunath sought to reclaim past Kachari contributions to Assamese culture and literature. He reminded his readers that <i>the Kachari language [was the one] from whose roots sprang the present Asomiya language, whose king was the first patron of the religion and its books.</i> Jadunath voiced the views of those Bodos who felt that they might lose their claim to the rich heritage of Assam’s medieval Kachari and Koch kingdoms." (<a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>:213)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>:212–213)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is not easy to reconstruct the thoughts and actions of this nascent Bodo public, since constituents had limited access to social capital and print media. Ideas and structures were constantly in flux as they flowed through multiple organizations and meetings. Fragmentary traces of Bodo publicists' ideas appear in the rare pamphlets that have survived in archives. These reveal the divergent approaches to social progress that were on offer." (<a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>:213)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Association members were urged to abjure <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, and the practice of <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal sacrifice</a> to the gods. Bodo women were exhorted to follow the examples of legendary females such as the virtuous wife Sita of the Ramayana epic in their lives and conduct." (<a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>:213)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simon-pathak-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simon-pathak_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simon-pathak_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"On the question of territorial transfer of <a href="/wiki/Goalpara_district" title="Goalpara district">Goalpara</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, members of the various Kachari organisations claimed themselves to be Assamese on the basis of cultural affinity. As mentioned earlier, Kalicharan Brahma's efforts to introduce Assamese as the medium of instruction also point to a parallel political and cultural identification to an Assamese identity." (<a href="#CITEREFPathak2010">Pathak 2010</a>:62)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Bodo associations often sought patronage from established Assamese figures who showed sympathy to the Bodo cause. For example, the tea planter Bisturam Barua received the title of <i>Kachari Raja</i> for his financial support of the community's events." (<a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>:212)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the vacuum created by the absence of an acknowledged history of state formation, colonial observers and Assamese élites had wrongly dismissed Bodo Kacharis as a primitive people." (<a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>:213)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Modernizing Bodos felt that they had to distinguish themselves from <i>savage</i> tribal neighbours such as <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagas</a> even while resisting <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a> domination.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In order to safeguard their interests, "the community demanded separate representative in the local council and one reserved seat for the Bodos in the Central Legislature". They deplored their backwardness and recognised education as a means of development and fight against exploitation. They complained that they were illiterate because "our people are always misled, they cannot understand the value of reforms, they cannot save themselves from the hands of the foreign moneylenders". The leaders, as representatives of respective tribes, used the colonial imagery of the tribe as backward, semi-savage, ignorant to put forward their political claims and for seeking colonial protection." (<a href="#CITEREFPathak2010">Pathak 2010</a>:62)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Goalpara is a part and parcel of Assam and history will prove what part she has been playing since the time immemorial. The habits and customs of the people of this district are more akin to Assamese than to Bengalis. We the Bodos can by no means call ourselves other than Assamese. The transfer of this district to Bengal will be prejudical to the interest not only of this community, but all the other communities, and this transfer will seriously hamper our progress in all directions." - part of the text of the memorandum to the Simon Commission.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nowadays in the North-East, “tribe” and “caste” are very commonly used as such, i.e. in English. It is worthwhile, however, underlining that this dichotomy does not exist in the Assamese language itself nor in other Indo-Aryan languages in India, which do not differentiate between different sorts of human “kinds” or “species”, jāti." (<a href="#CITEREFRamirez2014">Ramirez 2014</a>:18)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGupta2019">Gupta 2019</a>:109–112)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"While this largely pertained to central and southern India, the northeast was shown to have had a somewhat different trajectory, where indigenous communities represented a third category which descended from the ‘great wave of Mongoloid immigration southward’. It was stated that since the Indo-Aryans did not penetrate these areas till long after their own original traditions had been lost, the northeast constituted a discrete space, requiring separate legislation." (<a href="#CITEREFGupta2019">Gupta 2019</a>:112)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The "Plains Tribes" category was invented by the colonial authorities to ethnographically classify the tribal section of the population in the plains, which was later, after the 1935 Act, given the status of a separate constituency. The tribal elite appropriated this construction to articulate their political aspirations. (<a href="#CITEREFPathak2010">Pathak 2010</a>:62)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The early 20th century saw the emergence of various associations within these communities, which culminated in the emergence of the Tribal League in 1933." (<a href="#CITEREFPathak2010">Pathak 2010</a>:62)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The formation and emergence of the Tribal League in 1933 as a common platform of all the Plains Tribes also involved a parallel process in self-representation. The numerically small, educated tribal elite attempted to define their tribal identity as a "community of the Plains Tribes". The Tribal League envisioned the unity of the various tribal communities. Thus, there emerged the single, monolithic notion of the "Plains Tribes". (<a href="#CITEREFPathak2010">Pathak 2010</a>:62)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"'Plains Tribes' is a term used in the contemporary political and administrative discourse from the 1930s when it was introduced by the British as a generic term clubbing the valley tribes like the Kacharis (Bodos), Mikirs (Karbis), Miris (Mishings), Lalung (Tiwa) and Rabhas together." (<a href="#CITEREFPathak2010">Pathak 2010</a>:61)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"While the hill tribes of north-east India were constrained by colonial laws barring them from active politics, the plain tribes were not." 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"The State of Bodo Peasantry in Modern-Day Assam: Evidence from Majrabari Village in the Bodoland Territorial Area Districts". <i>The Indian Journal of Labour Economics</i>. <b>64</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">705–</span>730. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41027-021-00328-8">10.1007/s41027-021-00328-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240506155">240506155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal+of+Labour+Economics&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Bodo+Peasantry+in+Modern-Day+Assam%3A+Evidence+from+Majrabari+Village+in+the+Bodoland+Territorial+Area+Districts&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E705-%3C%2Fspan%3E730&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs41027-021-00328-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240506155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Daimari&rft.aufirst=Mizinksa&rft.au=Bedamatta%2C+Rajshree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDasSaikia2011" class="citation journal cs1">Das, Debarshi; Saikia, Arupjyoti (2011). 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"Imagining the 'Tribe' in Colonial and Post-colonial India". <i>Politeja</i>. <b>16</b> (2(59)): <span class="nowrap">107–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12797%2FPoliteja.16.2019.59.07">10.12797/Politeja.16.2019.59.07</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11573%2F1366269">11573/1366269</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26916356">26916356</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212430509">212430509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politeja&rft.atitle=Imagining+the+%27Tribe%27+in+Colonial+and+Post-colonial+India&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2%2859%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11573%2F1366269&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212430509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26916356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12797%2FPoliteja.16.2019.59.07&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Sanjukta+Das&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacquesson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jacquesson, François (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803001248/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_32_02.pdf">"Discovering Boro-Garo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>History of an Analytical and Descriptive Linguistic Category</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_32_02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+an+Analytical+and+Descriptive+Linguistic+Category&rft.atitle=Discovering+Boro-Garo&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Jacquesson&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Febhr%2Fpdf%2FEBHR_32_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMosahary1983" class="citation conference cs1">Mosahary, R N (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701071648/http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/11330/The%20boros%20(RN%20Mosahary).pdf">"The Boros: Their Origin, Migration and Settlement in Assam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of Northeast India History Association</i>. Barapani: Northeast India History Association. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>70. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/11330/The%20boros%20(RN%20Mosahary).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Boros%3A+Their+Origin%2C+Migration+and+Settlement+in+Assam&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+Northeast+India+History+Association&rft.place=Barapani&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Northeast+India+History+Association&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Mosahary&rft.aufirst=R+N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.nehu.ac.in%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F11330%2FThe%2520boros%2520%28RN%2520Mosahary%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPathak2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pathak, Suryasikha (2010). "Tribal Politics in the Assam: 1933-1947". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>45</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25664196">25664196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Tribal+Politics+in+the+Assam%3A+1933-1947&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25664196%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pathak&rft.aufirst=Suryasikha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPathak2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pathak, Suryasikha (2012). "Ethnic Violence in Bodoland". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>47</b> (34): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41720055">41720055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Violence+in+Bodoland&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41720055%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pathak&rft.aufirst=Suryasikha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamirez2014" class="citation book cs1">Ramirez, Philippe (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01446144/document"><i>People of the margins : across ethnic boundaries in North-East India</i></a>. Guwahati: Spectrum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788183440639" title="Special:BookSources/9788183440639"><bdi>9788183440639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+the+margins+%3A+across+ethnic+boundaries+in+North-East+India&rft.place=Guwahati&rft.pub=Spectrum&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788183440639&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01446144%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaikia2012" class="citation journal cs1">Saikia, Arupjyoti (2012). "The Historical Geography of the Assam Violence". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i> (analysis). <b>47</b> (41): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41720234">41720234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Geography+of+the+Assam+Violence&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41720234%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Saikia&rft.aufirst=Arupjyoti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaikia2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Saikia, Simtana (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/80803121/2017_Saikia_Smitana_1218624_ethesis.pdf"><i>Explaining Divergent Outcomes of the Mizo and Bodo Conflicts in the Ethno-Federal Context of India's Northeast</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). London: King's College<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Explaining+Divergent+Outcomes+of+the+Mizo+and+Bodo+Conflicts+in+the+Ethno-Federal+Context+of+India%27s+Northeast&rft.inst=King%27s+College&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Saikia&rft.aufirst=Simtana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkclpure.kcl.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F80803121%2F2017_Saikia_Smitana_1218624_ethesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma2011" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Jayeeta (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/b11ba477-73c0-4a92-b158-043a50ef88e5/648153.pdf"><i>Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%27s+Garden%3A+Assam+and+the+Making+of+India&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Jayeeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fid%2Fb11ba477-73c0-4a92-b158-043a50ef88e5%2F648153.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeka2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Deka, Hira Moni (2009). "The Historical Background of Bodo Movement". <i>Politics of identity and the bodo movement in Assam</i> (PhD). Guwahati University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F67844">10603/67844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Politics+of+identity+and+the+bodo+movement+in+Assam&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Guwahati+University&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10603%2F67844&rft.aulast=Deka&rft.aufirst=Hira+Moni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEndle1911" class="citation book cs1">Endle, Sidney (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kacharis009491mbp"><i>The Kacharis</i></a>. MACMILLAN AND CO. LIMITED.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kacharis&rft.pub=MACMILLAN+AND+CO.+LIMITED&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Endle&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkacharis009491mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKakoty1981" class="citation thesis cs1">Kakoty, Suchitra (1981). "The Historical Background of the Bodo-Kacharis". <i>A study of the educational development of the bodo tribe during the post independence period with particular reference to the northern region of Assam</i> (PhD). Guwahati University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F67775">10603/67775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+study+of+the+educational+development+of+the+bodo+tribe+during+the+post+independence+period+with+particular+reference+to+the+northern+region+of+Assam&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Guwahati+University&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10603%2F67775&rft.aulast=Kakoty&rft.aufirst=Suchitra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiiger2015" class="citation book cs1">Siiger, Halfdan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811014709/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:875116/FULLTEXT01.pdf"><i>The Bodo of Assam: Revisiting a Classical Study from 1950</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NIAS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7694-160-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7694-160-4"><bdi>978-87-7694-160-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:875116/FULLTEXT01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bodo+of+Assam%3A+Revisiting+a+Classical+Study+from+1950&rft.pub=NIAS+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-87-7694-160-4&rft.aulast=Siiger&rft.aufirst=Halfdan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A875116%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoro+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodo_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bodo people">Bodo people</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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