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href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Ouldouz Nourani Zonouz"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 8</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Ouldouz Nourani Zonouz</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Numerical Simulation of External Flow Around D-Shaped Cylinders </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ouldouz%20Nourani%20Zonouz">Ouldouz Nourani Zonouz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Salmanpour"> Mehdi Salmanpour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Investigation and analysis of flow behavior around different shapes bluff bodies is one of the reputed topics for several years. The importance of these researches is about the unwanted phenomena called flow separation. The location of separation and the size of the wake region should be considered in different industrial designs. In this research a bluff body with D-shaped cross section has been analyzed. In circular cylinder flow separation point changes with Reynolds number but in D-Shaped cylinder there is fix flow separation point. So there is more wake steadiness in D-Shaped cylinder as compared to Circular cylinder and drag reduction because of wake steadiness. In the present work CFD simulation is carried out for flow past a D-Shaped cylinder to see the wake behavior. The Reynolds number regime currently studied corresponds to low Reynolds number and nominally two-dimensional wake. Also the effect of D-Shaped cylinders on the rate of heat transfer has been considered. Various results such as velocity, pressure and temperature contours and also some dimensionless numbers like drag coefficient, pressure coefficient and Nusselt number calculated for different cases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D-shaped" title="D-shaped">D-shaped</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=external%20flow" title=" external flow"> external flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20Reynolds%20number" title=" low Reynolds number"> low Reynolds number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=square%20cylinder" title=" square cylinder"> square cylinder</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20748/numerical-simulation-of-external-flow-around-d-shaped-cylinders" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20748.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">467</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Numerical Analysis of Laminar Flow around Square Cylinders with EHD Phenomenon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Salmanpour"> M. Salmanpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Nourani%20Zonouz"> O. Nourani Zonouz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research, a numerical simulation of an Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) actuator’s effects on the flow around a square cylinder by using a finite volume method has been investigated. This is one of the newest ways for controlling the fluid flows. Two plate electrodes are flush-mounted on the surface of the cylinder and one wire electrode is placed on the line with zero angle of attack relative to the stagnation point and excited with DC power supply. The discharge produces an electric force and changes the local momentum behaviors in the fluid layers. For this purpose, after selecting proper domain and boundary conditions, the electric field relating to the problem has been analyzed and then the results in the form of electrical body force have been entered in the governing equations of fluid field (Navier-Stokes equations). The effect of ionic wind resulted from the Electrohydrodynamic actuator, on the velocity, pressure and the wake behind cylinder has been considered. According to the results, it is observed that the fluid flow accelerates in the nearest wall of the frontal half of the cylinder and the pressure difference between frontal and hinder cylinder is increased. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title="CFD">CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corona%20discharge" title=" corona discharge"> corona discharge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electro%20hydrodynamics" title=" electro hydrodynamics"> electro hydrodynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20around%20square%20cylinders" title=" flow around square cylinders"> flow around square cylinders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17086/numerical-analysis-of-laminar-flow-around-square-cylinders-with-ehd-phenomenon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17086.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">476</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> An Efficient and Green Procedure for the Synthesis of Highly Substituted Polyhydronaphthalene Derivatives via a One-Pot, Multi-Component Reaction in Aqueous Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adeleh%20Moshtaghi%20Zonouz">Adeleh Moshtaghi Zonouz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Issa%20Eskandari"> Issa Eskandari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A simple, efficient, and green one-pot, four-component synthesis of highly substituted polyhydronaphthalenes in aqueous media is described. The method has such advantages as short reaction times, high yields, mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity and environmentally benign. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyhydronaphthalene" title="polyhydronaphthalene">polyhydronaphthalene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2" title=" 2"> 2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=6-dicyanoanilines" title="6-dicyanoanilines">6-dicyanoanilines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-component%20reaction" title=" multi-component reaction"> multi-component reaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aqueous%20media" title=" aqueous media "> aqueous media </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2213/an-efficient-and-green-procedure-for-the-synthesis-of-highly-substituted-polyhydronaphthalene-derivatives-via-a-one-pot-multi-component-reaction-in-aqueous-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2213.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Report of Glucagonoma in a Dog: Ultrasonographic Morphologic Imaging and Histopathologic Diagnosis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Javad%20Khoshnegah">Javad Khoshnegah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Nourani"> Hossein Nourani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Mirshahi"> Ali Mirshahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A 12-year-old female Terrier presented with lethargy, decreased appetite, melena, polyuria and polydipsia. On physical examination skin lesions including crusting, erythema and pupolopustular lesions, were observed mainly on the abdomen. Based on blood examinations, ultrasonography, necropsy and histopathological 铿乶dings, the condition was diagnosed as super铿乧ial necrolytic dermatitis. Gross necropsy revealed hepatomegaly (severe vacuolar change of the hepatocytes) and a 5脳5 mass adjusent to mesenteric lymph nodes which is finally diagnosed as tumor. Immunohistochemical analysis of the neoplastic cells revealed that the tumor was a glucagonoma. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dog" title="dog">dog</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glucagonoma" title=" glucagonoma"> glucagonoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunohistochemistry" title=" immunohistochemistry"> immunohistochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tumor" title=" tumor"> tumor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103747/report-of-glucagonoma-in-a-dog-ultrasonographic-morphologic-imaging-and-histopathologic-diagnosis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103747.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Investigation of Genetic Variation among Anemone narcissiflora L. Population Using PCR-RAPD Molecular Marker</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somayeh%20Akrami">Somayeh Akrami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Habib%20Onsori"> Habib Onsori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elham%20Tahmassebian"> Elham Tahmassebian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Species of Anemone narcissiflora is belonged to Anemone genus of Ranunculaceae family. This species has two subspecies named narcissiflora and willdenowii which the latest is recorded in Iran in 2010. Some samples of A. narcissiflora is gathered from kuhkamar-zonouz region of East -Azerbaijan province, Iran to study the genetic diversity of the species by using RAPD molecular markers, and estimation of genetic diversity were evaluated with the using 10mer RAPD primers by PCR-RAPD method. 39 polymorphic bands were produced from the six primers used in this technique that the maximum band is related to the RP1 primer, the lowest band is related to the RP7 and the average band for all primers were 6.5 polymorphic bands. Cluster analysis of samples in done by UPGMA method in NTSYSpc 2.02 software. Dendrogram resulting from migrating bands showed that the studied samples can be divided into two groups. The first group includes samples with 1-2 flowers and the second group consists of two sub-groups which the first subgroup consists of samples with 3-5 flowers, and the second subgroup consists of samples with 6-7 flowers. The results of the comparison and analysis of the data obtained from RAPD technique and similarity matrix represents the genetic variation between collected samples. This study shows that RAPD markers can determine the polymorphisms between different genotypes of A. narcissiflora and their hybrids. So RAPD technique can serve as a suitable molecular method to determine the genetic diversity of samples. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anemone%20narcissiflora" title="Anemone narcissiflora">Anemone narcissiflora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20diversity" title=" genetic diversity"> genetic diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RAPD-PCR" title=" RAPD-PCR"> RAPD-PCR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25060/investigation-of-genetic-variation-among-anemone-narcissiflora-l-population-using-pcr-rapd-molecular-marker" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25060.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">478</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Application of Shallow and Deep Learning Methods in Modeling Groundwater</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elnaz%20Sharghi">Elnaz Sharghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vahid%20Nourani"> Vahid Nourani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nardin%20Jabbarian%20Paknezhad"> Nardin Jabbarian Paknezhad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The water level of the Urmia Lake as one of the largest hypersaline lakes in the world, experiences significant decline due to the combination of environmental and anthropogenic factors and this issue leads to variation in the groundwater (GW) level of its aquifer. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the GW in the aquifer of Urmia Lake from 2000-2020. Shallow learning methods (SLM) including Artificial neural network, adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system and deep learning methods (DLM) including the Long Short-Term Memory and Convolutional neural network were employed in the modeling process. Data were divided to training and verification subsets that were respectively 75% and 25% of the total data. The inputs of the modeling were GW level with one month lag and hydroclimatic parameters on monthly scale like precipitation, temperature and evaporation, since they have significant impact on GW. Results indicated that however, DLM may outperform the SLM in training phase based on Nash Sutcliff efficiency up to 8%, but in verification phase SLMs led to more accurate results up to 28%. DLM can be very complex with many layers and parameters. This complexity can make the model more difficult to train and increase the risk of overfitting. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shallow%20learning" title="shallow learning">shallow learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title=" groundwater"> groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urmia%20lake" title=" Urmia lake"> Urmia lake</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/198553/application-of-shallow-and-deep-learning-methods-in-modeling-groundwater" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/198553.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">6</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Artificial Neural Network-Based Prediction of Effluent Quality of Wastewater Treatment Plant Employing Data Preprocessing Approaches</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vahid%20Nourani">Vahid Nourani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atefeh%20Ashrafi"> Atefeh Ashrafi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Prediction of treated wastewater quality is a matter of growing importance in water treatment procedure. In this way artificial neural network (ANN), as a robust data-driven approach, has been widely used for forecasting the effluent quality of wastewater treatment. However, developing ANN model based on appropriate input variables is a major concern due to the numerous parameters which are collected from treatment process and the number of them are increasing in the light of electronic sensors development. Various studies have been conducted, using different clustering methods, in order to classify most related and effective input variables. This issue has been overlooked in the selecting dominant input variables among wastewater treatment parameters which could effectively lead to more accurate prediction of water quality. In the presented study two ANN models were developed with the aim of forecasting effluent quality of Tabriz city鈥檚 wastewater treatment plant. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was utilized to determine water quality as a target parameter. Model A used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for input selection as a linear variance-based clustering method. Model B used those variables identified by the mutual information (MI) measure. Therefore, the optimal ANN structure when the result of model B compared with model A showed up to 15% percent increment in Determination Coefficient (DC). Thus, this study highlights the advantage of PCA method in selecting dominant input variables for ANN modeling of wastewater plant efficiency performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Artificial%20Neural%20Networks" title="Artificial Neural Networks">Artificial Neural Networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochemical%20oxygen%20demand" title=" biochemical oxygen demand"> biochemical oxygen demand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=principal%20component%20analysis" title=" principal component analysis"> principal component analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mutual%20information" title=" mutual information"> mutual information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tabriz%20wastewater%20treatment%20plant" title=" Tabriz wastewater treatment plant"> Tabriz wastewater treatment plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater%20treatment%20plant" title=" wastewater treatment plant"> wastewater treatment plant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99494/artificial-neural-network-based-prediction-of-effluent-quality-of-wastewater-treatment-plant-employing-data-preprocessing-approaches" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99494.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Relationship between Gully Development and Characteristics of Drainage Area in Semi-Arid Region, NW Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Reza%20Vaezi">Ali Reza Vaezi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ouldouz%20Bakhshi%20Rad"> Ouldouz Bakhshi Rad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gully erosion is a widespread and often dramatic form of soil erosion caused by water during and immediately after heavy rainfall. It occurs when flowing surface water is channelled across unprotected land and washes away the soil along the drainage lines. The formation of gully is influenced by various factors, including climate, drainage surface area, slope gradient, vegetation cover, land use, and soil properties. It is a very important problem in semi-arid regions, where soils have lower organic matter and are weakly aggregated. Intensive agriculture and tillage along the slope can accelerate soil erosion by water in the region. There is little information on the development of gully erosion in agricultural rainfed areas. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the relationship between gully erosion and morphometric characteristics of the drainage area and the effects of soil properties and soil management factors (land use and tillage method) on gully development. A field study was done in a 900 km2 agricultural area in Hshtroud township located in the south of East Azarbijan province, NW Iran. Toward this, two hundred twenty-two gullies created in rainfed lands were found in the area. Some properties of gullies, consisting of length, width, depth, height difference, cross section area, and volume, were determined. Drainage areas for each or some gullies were determined, and their boundaries were drawn. Additionally, the surface area of each drainage, land use, tillage direction, and soil properties that may affect gully formation were determined. The soil erodibility factor (K) defined in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was estimated based on five soil properties (silt and very fine sand, coarse sand, organic matter, soil structure code, and soil permeability). Gully development in each drainage area was quantified using its volume and soil loss. The dependency of gully development on drainage area characteristics (surface area, land use, tillage direction, and soil properties) was determined using correlation matrix analysis. Based on the results, gully length was the most important morphometric characteristic indicating the development of gully erosion in the lands. Gully development in the area was related to slope gradient (r= -0.26), surface area (r= 0.71), the area of rainfed lands (r= 0.23), and the area of rainfed tilled along the slope (r= 0.24). Nevertheless, its correlation with the area of pasture and soil erodibility factor (K) was not significant. Among the characteristics of drainage area, surface area is the major factor controlling gully volume in the agricultural land. No significant correlation was found between gully erosion and soil erodibility factor (K) estimated by the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). It seems the estimated soil erodibility can鈥檛 describe the susceptibility of the study soils to the gully erosion process. In these soils, aggregate stability and soil permeability are the two soil physical properties that affect the actual soil erodibility and in consequence, these soil properties can control gully erosion in the rainfed lands. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20area" title="agricultural area">agricultural area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gully%20properties" title=" gully properties"> gully properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20structure" title=" soil structure"> soil structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=USLE" title=" USLE"> USLE</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174181/relationship-between-gully-development-and-characteristics-of-drainage-area-in-semi-arid-region-nw-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174181.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2025 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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