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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_styles_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_styles_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Titles, styles and honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles,_styles_and_honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Titles, styles and honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Titles,_styles_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Titles and styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Foreign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Eponyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilhelmina of the Netherlands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_van_Nederland" title="Wilhelmina van Nederland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wilhelmina van Nederland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="فيلهلمينا ملكة هولندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلهلمينا ملكة هولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmina" title="Vilhelmina – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilhelmina" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_(%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="ویلهلمینای (هولند) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلهلمینای (هولند)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E)" title="Вільгельміна (каралева Нідэрландаў) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вільгельміна (каралева Нідэрландаў)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вилхелмина Нидерландска – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вилхелмина Нидерландска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilma,_kraljica_Nizozemske" title="Vilma, kraljica Nizozemske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vilma, kraljica Nizozemske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_an_Izelvroio%C3%B9" title="Wilhelmina an Izelvroioù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wilhelmina an Izelvroioù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillemina_I_dels_Pa%C3%AFsos_Baixos" title="Guillemina I dels Països Baixos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guillemina I dels Països Baixos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilem%C3%ADna_Nizozemsk%C3%A1" title="Vilemína Nizozemská – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vilemína Nizozemská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina,_brenhines_yr_Iseldiroedd" title="Wilhelmina, brenhines yr Iseldiroedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wilhelmina, brenhines yr Iseldiroedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmine_af_Nederlandene" title="Vilhelmine af Nederlandene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vilhelmine af Nederlandene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_(Niederlande)" title="Wilhelmina (Niederlande) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilhelmina (Niederlande)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina" title="Wilhelmina – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wilhelmina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βιλελμίνη της Ολλανδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιλελμίνη της Ολλανδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermina_de_los_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos" title="Guillermina de los Países Bajos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guillermina de los Países Bajos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmina_(Nederlando)" title="Vilhelmina (Nederlando) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vilhelmina (Nederlando)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilemina_I.a_Herbehereetakoa" title="Gilemina I.a Herbehereetakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gilemina I.a Herbehereetakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ویلهلمینای هلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلهلمینای هلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmine_(reine_des_Pays-Bas)" title="Wilhelmine (reine des Pays-Bas) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wilhelmine (reine des Pays-Bas)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_fan_de_Nederlannen" title="Wilhelmina fan de Nederlannen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wilhelmina fan de Nederlannen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermina_I_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Guillermina I dos Países Baixos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guillermina I dos Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%ED%97%AC%EB%AF%B8%EB%82%98_(%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C)" title="빌헬미나 (네덜란드) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빌헬미나 (네덜란드)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina" title="Wilhelmina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wilhelmina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_di_Nederlando" title="Wilhelmina di Nederlando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wilhelmina di Nederlando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_dari_Belanda" title="Wilhelmina dari Belanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wilhelmina dari Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm%C3%ADna_Hollandsdrottning" title="Vilhelmína Hollandsdrottning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vilhelmína Hollandsdrottning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmina_dei_Paesi_Bassi" title="Guglielmina dei Paesi Bassi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guglielmina dei Paesi Bassi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="וילהלמינה, מלכת הולנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וילהלמינה, מלכת הולנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_saka_Walanda" title="Wilhelmina saka Walanda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wilhelmina saka Walanda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98)" title="ვილჰელმინა (ნიდერლანდები) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვილჰელმინა (ნიდერლანდები)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmina_(regina_Nederlandiae)" title="Gulielmina (regina Nederlandiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmina (regina Nederlandiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm%C4%ABna" title="Vilhelmīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vilhelmīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_I._vun_Holland" title="Wilhelmina I. vun Holland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wilhelmina I. vun Holland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmina" title="Vilhelmina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vilhelmina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilma_holland_kir%C3%A1lyn%C5%91" title="Vilma holland királynő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vilma holland királynő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="فيلهلمينا ملكة هولندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلهلمينا ملكة هولندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_dari_Belanda" title="Wilhelmina dari Belanda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wilhelmina dari Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_der_Nederlanden" title="Wilhelmina der Nederlanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wilhelmina der Nederlanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_van_Nederlaand" title="Wilhelmina van Nederlaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wilhelmina van Nederlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A_(%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="ウィルヘルミナ (オランダ女王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィルヘルミナ (オランダ女王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_av_Nederland" title="Wilhelmina av Nederland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wilhelmina av Nederland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmina_av_Nederland" title="Vilhelmina av Nederland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vilhelmina av Nederland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilhemina_dels_Pa%C3%AFses_Basses" title="Guilhemina dels Païses Basses – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guilhemina dels Païses Basses" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%81_%D9%88%D9%84%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ملکہ ولہیلمینا ہیلینا پولین ماریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ملکہ ولہیلمینا ہیلینا پولین ماریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_di_Hulanda" title="Wilhelmina di Hulanda – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Wilhelmina di Hulanda" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_(kr%C3%B3lowa_Holandii)" title="Wilhelmina (królowa Holandii) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilhelmina (królowa Holandii)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilhermina_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Guilhermina dos Países Baixos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guilhermina dos Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_a_%C8%9A%C4%83rilor_de_Jos" title="Wilhelmina a Țărilor de Jos – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wilhelmina a Țărilor de Jos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вильгельмина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вильгельмина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_o_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina o the Netherlands – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wilhelmina o the Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Вилхелмина од Холандије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилхелмина од Холандије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_od_Nizozemske" title="Wilhelmina od Nizozemske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wilhelmina od Nizozemske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilh%C3%A9lmina_ti_Walanda" title="Wilhélmina ti Walanda – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wilhélmina ti Walanda" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmiina_(Alankomaat)" title="Vilhelmiina (Alankomaat) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vilhelmiina (Alankomaat)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmina_av_Nederl%C3%A4nderna" title="Vilhelmina av Nederländerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vilhelmina av Nederländerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81)" title="வில்ஹெல்மினா (நெதர்லாந்து) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வில்ஹெல்மினா (நெதர்லாந்து)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вилһелмина – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вилһелмина" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถวิลเฮลมินาแห่งเนเธอร์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถวิลเฮลมินาแห่งเนเธอร์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_(Hollanda_krali%C3%A7esi)" title="Wilhelmina (Hollanda kraliçesi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wilhelmina (Hollanda kraliçesi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2)" title="Вільгельміна (королева Нідерландів) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільгельміна (королева Нідерландів)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%81_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B2" title="ولہامینا، ملکہ نیدرلینڈز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولہامینا، ملکہ نیدرلینڈز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_c%E1%BB%A7a_H%C3%A0_Lan" title="Wilhelmina của Hà Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wilhelmina của Hà Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%98%8E%E5%A8%9C" title="威廉明娜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威廉明娜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%98%8E%E5%A8%9C" title="威廉明娜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威廉明娜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%98%8E%E5%A8%9C%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B" title="威廉明娜女王 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉明娜女王" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q150747#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_of_Prussia,_Queen_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands">Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Wilhelmina</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Merkelbach,_Afb_010164033120.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacob_Merkelbach%2C_Afb_010164033120.jpg/220px-Jacob_Merkelbach%2C_Afb_010164033120.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacob_Merkelbach%2C_Afb_010164033120.jpg/330px-Jacob_Merkelbach%2C_Afb_010164033120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacob_Merkelbach%2C_Afb_010164033120.jpg/440px-Jacob_Merkelbach%2C_Afb_010164033120.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3017" data-file-height="4628" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Formal portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1948</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of monarchs of the Netherlands">Queen of the Netherlands</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">23 November 1890 – <br /> 4 September 1948</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_the_Dutch_monarch" title="Inauguration of the Dutch monarch">Inauguration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 September 1898</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Queen Emma</a> (1890–1898)<br /><a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Princess Juliana</a> (1947–1948)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Princess Pauline of Orange-Nassau<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1880-08-31</span>)</span>31 August 1880<br /><a href="/wiki/Noordeinde_Palace" title="Noordeinde Palace">Noordeinde Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1962<span style="display:none">(1962-11-28)</span> (aged 82)<br /><a href="/wiki/Het_Loo_Palace" title="Het Loo Palace">Het Loo Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apeldoorn" title="Apeldoorn">Apeldoorn</a>, Netherlands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">8 December 1962<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Delft)" title="Nieuwe Kerk (Delft)">Nieuwe Kerk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, Netherlands</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Duke_Henry_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1901; died 1934)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana of the Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III of the Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelmina_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wilhelmina's signature"><img alt="Wilhelmina's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wilhelmina_signature.svg/125px-Wilhelmina_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wilhelmina_signature.svg/188px-Wilhelmina_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wilhelmina_signature.svg/250px-Wilhelmina_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="123" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_de_Brandaris_15_03_1942_Rede_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_na_de_val_van_Bandoeng.wav" title="File:Radio de Brandaris 15 03 1942 Rede van Koningin Wilhelmina na de val van Bandoeng.wav">Queen Wilhelmina's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="497" data-mwtitle="Radio_de_Brandaris_15_03_1942_Rede_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_na_de_val_van_Bandoeng.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Radio_de_Brandaris_15_03_1942_Rede_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_na_de_val_van_Bandoeng.wav/Radio_de_Brandaris_15_03_1942_Rede_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_na_de_val_van_Bandoeng.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Radio_de_Brandaris_15_03_1942_Rede_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_na_de_val_van_Bandoeng.wav/Radio_de_Brandaris_15_03_1942_Rede_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_na_de_val_van_Bandoeng.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Radio_de_Brandaris_15_03_1942_Rede_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_na_de_val_van_Bandoeng.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Queen Wilhelmina (third voice heard in recording) while in exile speaks to the Dutch people under Nazi occupation<br />(recorded 16 March 1942)</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wilhelmina</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ʋɪlɦɛlˈminaː]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a8\/Nl-Wilhelmina.ogg\/Nl-Wilhelmina.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Wilhelmina.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Nl-Wilhelmina.ogg/Nl-Wilhelmina.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Wilhelmina.ogg" title="File:Nl-Wilhelmina.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria; 31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of monarchs of the Netherlands">Queen of the Netherlands</a> from 1890 until her abdication in 1948. She reigned for nearly 58 years, making her the longest-reigning monarch in Dutch history, as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-reigning_monarchs" title="List of longest-reigning monarchs">longest-reigning female monarch</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Her reign saw <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_Netherlands" title="Great Depression in the Netherlands">Dutch economic crisis of 1933</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>The only surviving child of King <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III of the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a>, Wilhelmina ascended the throne at the age of 10 after her father's death in 1890, under her mother's <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regency</a>. After taking charge of government, Wilhelmina became generally popular for maintaining Dutch neutrality during the First World War and solving many of her country's industrial problems. By that time, her business ventures had made her the world's first female <a href="/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">billionaire</a> as measured by U.S. dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1962_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1962-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the German <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">invasion of the Netherlands</a> in 1940, Wilhelmina fled to Britain and took charge of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">Dutch government-in-exile</a>. She frequently spoke to the nation over radio and came to be regarded as a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch resistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1962_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1962-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1948, she had returned to the liberated Netherlands and was the only survivor of the 17 European monarchs who were sitting on their thrones at the time of her inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasingly beset by poor health, Wilhelmina abdicated in favour of her daughter <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana</a> in September 1948 and retired to <a href="/wiki/Het_Loo_Palace" title="Het Loo Palace">Het Loo Palace</a>, where she died in 1962. </p><p>Largely due to her status as a symbol of the Resistance, she remains reasonably popular in the Netherlands, even among the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Dutch Republican movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth">Youth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_of_Holland_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Queen_of_Holland_2.jpg/170px-Queen_of_Holland_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Queen_of_Holland_2.jpg/255px-Queen_of_Holland_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Queen_of_Holland_2.jpg/340px-Queen_of_Holland_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1327" /></a><figcaption>Queen Wilhelmina in the 1890s</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a> was born on 31 August 1880, in <a href="/wiki/Noordeinde_Palace" title="Noordeinde Palace">Noordeinde Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands. She was the only child of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">King William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Queen Emma</a>. Her childhood was characterised by a close relationship with her parents, especially with her father, who was 63 years old when she was born. In her memoir, <i>Lonely But Not Alone</i>, Wilhelmina wrote that she recalled her father riding horses. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Semi-Salic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-Salic">Semi-Salic</a> system of inheritance that was in place in the Netherlands until 1887, Wilhelmina was third in line to the throne from birth. Her father had had three sons with his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Sophie of Württemberg">Sophie of Württemberg</a>, but two of them had died before Wilhelmina's birth. The only other surviving male relatives from the House of Orange were Wilhelmina's great-uncle <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prince Frederick of the Netherlands">Frederick</a>, who died in 1881 when Wilhelmina was one year old, and her half-brother <a href="/wiki/Alexander,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Alexander, Prince of Orange">Alexander</a>, who died before she turned four. By 1887, the 70-year-old King finally abandoned the 'hope of a son' with his young wife and made the pragmatic decision to settle the throne upon his only surviving child. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VictoriaWilhelmina1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictoriaWilhelmina1895.jpg/220px-VictoriaWilhelmina1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictoriaWilhelmina1895.jpg/330px-VictoriaWilhelmina1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictoriaWilhelmina1895.jpg/440px-VictoriaWilhelmina1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="2474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and Queen Wilhelmina in a montage photo (1895)</figcaption></figure> <p>King William III died on 23 November 1890 and 10-year-old Wilhelmina became Queen of the Netherlands, though her mother was named <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>. In 1895, Wilhelmina visited <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> of the United Kingdom, who penned an evaluation in her diary: "The young Queen ... still has her hair hanging loose. She is very slight & graceful, has fine features, & seems to be very intelligent & a charming child. She speaks English extremely well & has very pretty manners."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 September 1898, Wilhelmina was <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_the_Dutch_monarch" title="Inauguration of the Dutch monarch">sworn-in</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk,_Amsterdam" title="Nieuwe Kerk, Amsterdam">Nieuwe Kerk</a> in Amsterdam.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was well aware what was expected by the elected representatives, but was a strong-willed, forceful woman who spoke and acted her mind. She "hated" politicians and instead stated a love for the people. Reflecting popular opinion in the Netherlands at the time, Wilhelmina expressed a level of disdain towards the British for their <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Boer War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boers</a> were descended from Dutch colonists who migrated to the region while it was a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch colony</a>, and the Dutch people, Wilhelmina included, felt a close level of affinity towards them. In one conversation with her former governess, the Briton Elisabeth Saxton Winter, Wilhelmina referred to the Boer <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commandos</a> as "excellent shots."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, Wilhelmina ordered the Dutch cruiser <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_Gelderland_(1898)" title="HNLMS Gelderland (1898)">HNLMS <i>Gelderland</i></a> to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese East Africa">Portuguese East Africa</a> with the order to evacuate <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Wilhelmina_%26_Juliana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Queen_Wilhelmina_%26_Juliana.jpg/170px-Queen_Wilhelmina_%26_Juliana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Queen_Wilhelmina_%26_Juliana.jpg/255px-Queen_Wilhelmina_%26_Juliana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Queen_Wilhelmina_%26_Juliana.jpg/340px-Queen_Wilhelmina_%26_Juliana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="2309" /></a><figcaption>Queen Wilhelmina and her daughter <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana</a>, circa 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 February 1901 in The Hague, Queen Wilhelmina married <a href="/wiki/Duke_Henry_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a>. Although she was devoted to her spouse at the time of their wedding, it proved in the long run to be an unhappy marriage that did little more than meet its obligation by producing an heir. Prince Henry was known to have had numerous extra-marital affairs, at least one of which resulted in illegitimate offspring. On 9 November, nine months after her marriage, Wilhelmina suffered a miscarriage. On 4 May 1902, she gave birth to a premature <a href="/wiki/Stillborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillborn">stillborn</a> son. This may have been an abortion, needed to save her life after a <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid</a> infection.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her next pregnancy ended in another miscarriage on 23 July 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-geocities.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geocities.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time Wilhelmina's <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a> was her first cousin once removed <a href="/wiki/William_Ernest,_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>. Next in line was her cousin <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Alexandrine_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Princess Marie Alexandrine of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Marie Alexandrine of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>. </p><p>As it was assumed that the former would renounce his claim to the Dutch throne and that the latter was too elderly to become queen, Marie Alexandrine's eldest son, German <a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XXXII_Reuss_of_K%C3%B6stritz" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss of Köstritz">Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss of Köstritz</a>, stood in line to succeed Wilhelmina if she had no surviving children. Prince Heinrich had close associations with the German Imperial family and military, so there were fears that were the Queen to remain childless, the Dutch Crown "was bound to pass into the possession of a German prince, whose birth, training, and affiliations would naturally have led him to bring Holland [sic] within the sphere of the German Empire, at the expense of its independence, both national and economic", according to one contemporary publication.<sup id="cite_ref-wp1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The birth of Princess <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana</a>, on 30 April 1909, was met with great relief after eight years of her childless marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilhelmina, who formed a close relationship with her daughter, suffered two further miscarriages on 23 January and 20 October 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-geocities.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geocities.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands,_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Statue_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands%2C_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands%2C_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Statue_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands%2C_Amsterdam.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands%2C_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Statue_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands%2C_Amsterdam.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands%2C_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Amsterdam</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the First World War began, Wilhelmina visited the powerful German <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wilhelm_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wilhelm II">Emperor Wilhelm II</a>. The emperor thought he could impress the ruler of a relatively small country by telling her, "My guards are seven feet tall and yours are only shoulder-high to them." The queen smiled politely and replied, "Quite true, Your Majesty, your guards are seven feet tall. But when we <a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands#Flooding_as_military_defense" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">open our dikes</a>, the water is ten feet deep!"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was very wary of a German attack, especially in the beginning. Partly due to her political influence, the Netherlands remained neutral during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> included the Netherlands in their blockade of Germany, intercepting all Dutch ships and severely restricting Dutch imports to ensure that <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a> could not be passed on to Germany. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> in 1917 cost the queen almost 20% of her <a href="/wiki/Financial_assets" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial assets">financial assets</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Being a woman, Wilhelmina could not be the supreme commander <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (July 2024)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup>, but still used every opportunity she had to inspect the Crown forces. She appeared without prior notice on many occasions to see reality instead of a prepared show. She wanted a small but well-trained and equipped army and was very unhappy with most of her governments, which were always eager to cut the military <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a>. On 6 September 1916 Wilhelmina was aboard the Dutch submarine <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_O_3" title="HNLMS O 3"><i>O 3</i></a> while it performed underwater exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-HGJune2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGJune2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made Wilhemina the second head of state, after the American president <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> who was the first, to sail and dive aboard a submarine.<sup id="cite_ref-HGJune2013_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGJune2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also the first woman to go underwater aboard a submarine.<sup id="cite_ref-HGJune2013_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGJune2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1917, Wilhelmina returned from a two-day visit to <a href="/wiki/Zaltbommel" title="Zaltbommel">Zaltbommel</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Houten_train_accident" title="Houten train accident">train that derailed at Houten</a>, but remained unharmed and helped to take care of the injured.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Civil unrest gripped the Netherlands after the war, spurred by the end of the Russian Empire. Instead of a violent revolution, Socialist leader <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Jelles_Troelstra" title="Pieter Jelles Troelstra">Pieter Jelles Troelstra</a> wanted to abolish the existing government and the monarchy by winning control of <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Parliament</a> in an election with the support of the working class.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, Wilhelmina's popularity helped restore confidence in the government. She brought about a mass show of support by riding alongside her daughter through the crowds in an open carriage. </p><p>At the end of World War I, Kaiser Wilhelm fled to the Netherlands, where he was granted <a href="/wiki/Political_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Political asylum">political asylum</a>, partly owing to his <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" title="Prince of Orange">familial links</a> with the royal family. In response to Allied efforts to get their hands on the deposed Kaiser, Wilhelmina called the Allies' ambassadors to her presence and lectured them on the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_asylum_seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of asylum seekers">rights of asylum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dupont_KBS-FRB(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Dupont_KBS-FRB%289%29.jpg/205px-Dupont_KBS-FRB%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Dupont_KBS-FRB%289%29.jpg/308px-Dupont_KBS-FRB%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Dupont_KBS-FRB%289%29.jpg/410px-Dupont_KBS-FRB%289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption>Medal depicting Queen Wilhelmina</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilhelmina had a keen understanding of business matters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> She used her personal wealth inherited from her family to make several investments in the United States, which eventually made her the world's richest woman and first female billionaire in <a href="/wiki/Dollars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollars">dollars</a>. During the 1920s and 1930s, the Netherlands began to emerge as an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industrial</a> power with the help of the Queen's <a href="/wiki/Funds" class="mw-redirect" title="Funds">funds</a>. Engineers reclaimed vast amounts of land that had been under water by building the <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the 20th century. Its main purposes were to improve <a href="/wiki/Flood_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood protection">flood protection</a> and create additional land for agriculture. </p><p>In 1939, the government proposed a refugee camp near the city of <a href="/wiki/Apeldoorn" title="Apeldoorn">Apeldoorn</a> for German Jews fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi</a> regime. However, Wilhelmina intervened because she felt the planned location was "too close" to the royal family's summer residence. Indeed if spies were to be among the fugitives, they would be within walking distance of <a href="/wiki/Het_Loo_Palace" title="Het Loo Palace">Het Loo Palace</a>. After long discussions, the camp was finally erected about 10 km from the village of <a href="/wiki/Westerbork_(village)" title="Westerbork (village)">Westerbork</a>. </p><p>Aside from economical and security matters, Queen Wilhelmina used most of the 1930s to find a suitable husband for Juliana. This was a difficult task since she was very religious and insisted that her daughter's husband would be a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> of royal birth. Many prospects from the United Kingdom and Sweden either declined or were turned down by Juliana. Finally, mother and daughter found a suitable match in German <a href="/wiki/Prince_Bernhard_of_Lippe-Biesterfeld" title="Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld">Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld</a>. Wilhelmina had her lawyers draft a very detailed <a href="/wiki/Prenuptial_agreement" title="Prenuptial agreement">prenuptial agreement</a> that specified exactly what her future son-in-law could and could not do. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands.jpg/170px-Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands.jpg/255px-Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands.jpg/340px-Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption>Queen Wilhelmina in 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 May 1940, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">invaded the Netherlands</a>. Despite her hostility towards the British, the almost sixty-year-old Queen Wilhelmina and her family fled The Hague and boarded <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hereward_(H93)" title="HMS Hereward (H93)">HMS <i>Hereward</i></a>, a British destroyer sent by King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> to take them across the North Sea. There is an ongoing debate about the royal family's departure. Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> say that an evacuation to the United Kingdom had been planned some time in advance, since at least the end of 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> say the queen boarded the destroyer with the intent of going to the Dutch province of <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>, which had not yet been conquered. However, along the journey, it became clear that due to advancing German forces, Zeeland was not safe either, forcing the destroyer to sail for the United Kingdom. In any case, she arrived in the United Kingdom on 13 May, planning to return to the Netherlands as soon as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Netherlands">Dutch armed forces</a> in the Netherlands, apart from those in Zeeland, surrendered on 15 May. </p><p>In Britain, Queen Wilhelmina took charge of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch government in exile">Dutch government in exile</a>, setting up a chain of command and immediately communicating a message to her people. Relations between the new Dutch government and the queen were tense, with mutual dislike growing as the war progressed. She went on to be the most prominent figure, owing to her experience and knowledge, which earned her respect and support among the other leaders of the world. On the other hand, the new Dutch government did not have a parliament to back them and had few employees to assist them. The Dutch prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Jan_de_Geer" title="Dirk Jan de Geer">Dirk Jan de Geer</a>, believed the Allies would not win and intended to open negotiations with Germany for a separate peace. Therefore, Wilhelmina sought to remove De Geer from power. With the aid of minister <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Gerbrandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Gerbrandy">Pieter Gerbrandy</a>, she succeeded. </p><p>During the war, Queen Wilhelmina's photograph was a sign of resistance against the Germans. Like <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, Wilhelmina broadcast messages to the Dutch people over <a href="/wiki/Radio_Netherlands#Broadcasting_in_exile_(1940-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Netherlands">Radio Oranje</a>. She called <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> "the arch-enemy of mankind". Her late-night broadcasts were eagerly awaited by her people, who had to hide to listen to them illegally. An anecdote published in her <i>New York Times</i> obituary illustrates how she was valued by her subjects during this period: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Although celebration of the Queen's birthday was forbidden by the Germans, it was commemorated nevertheless. When churchgoers in the small fishing town of <a href="/wiki/Huizen" title="Huizen">Huizen</a> rose and sang one verse of the Dutch national anthem, <i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus_van_Nassauwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmus van Nassauwe">Wilhelmus van Nassauwe</a>,</i> on the Queen's birthday, the town paid a fine of 60,000 guilders.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1962_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1962-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koningin_Wilhelmina_spreekt_het_Amerikaans_congres_toe_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Koningin_Wilhelmina_spreekt_het_Amerikaans_congres_toe_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Koningin_Wilhelmina_spreekt_het_Amerikaans_congres_toe_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Koningin_Wilhelmina_spreekt_het_Amerikaans_congres_toe_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Koningin_Wilhelmina_spreekt_het_Amerikaans_congres_toe_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Koningin_Wilhelmina_spreekt_het_Amerikaans_congres_toe_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Koningin_Wilhelmina_spreekt_het_Amerikaans_congres_toe_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Queen Wilhelmina speaking to the US Congress, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Queen Wilhelmina visited the United States from 24 June to 11 August 1942 as a guest of the U.S. government. She vacationed in <a href="/wiki/Lee,_Massachusetts" title="Lee, Massachusetts">Lee, Massachusetts</a>, and visited New York City, Boston, and Albany, New York. In the latter city, she attended the 300th anniversary celebration of the <a href="/wiki/First_Church_in_Albany_(Reformed)" title="First Church in Albany (Reformed)">First Church in Albany</a>, established by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch settlers</a> in the 17th century. She addressed the U.S. Congress on 5 August 1942 and was the first queen to do so. Shortly afterwards, Wilhelmina went to Canada in 1943 to attend the christening of her new granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margriet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Margriet of the Netherlands">Margriet</a> on 29 June 1943 in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> and stayed a while with her family before returning to the United Kingdom. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Operation Steinbock</a>, Queen Wilhelmina was almost killed by a <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bomb</a> that took the lives of several of her guards and severely damaged her residence near <a href="/wiki/South_Mimms" title="South Mimms">South Mimms</a> in England. In 1944, Wilhelmina became the first woman since the 15th century, other than queens of the United Kingdom, to be inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>. Churchill described her as "the only real man among the governments-in-exile" in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-State_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 193">: 193 </span></sup> </p><p>In England, Queen Wilhelmina developed ideas about a new political and social life for the Dutch after the liberation, wanting to create a strong cabinet formed by people active in the resistance. She dismissed De Geer and installed a new prime minister with the approval of other Dutch politicians. When the Netherlands was liberated in 1945, the queen was disappointed to see the same political factions taking power as before the war. In mid-March 1945, she travelled to the liberated areas of the southern Netherlands, visiting the region of <a href="/wiki/Walcheren" title="Walcheren">Walcheren</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a> where she received a rapturous welcome from the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 May 1945, she went to stay in a small country estate called <a href="/wiki/Anneville_(Ulvenhout)" title="Anneville (Ulvenhout)">Anneville</a> located just south of <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a> with Juliana and adjuncts <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tazelaar" title="Peter Tazelaar">Peter Tazelaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Hazelhoff_Roelfzema" title="Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema">Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema</a> and fellow <a href="/wiki/Engelandvaarder" title="Engelandvaarder">Engelandvaarder</a> Rie Stokvis.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anneville was the scene of a number of processions where the residents of Breda and the surrounding communities came to greet their Queen. She remained there for a little over six weeks. </p><p>Shortly after the war, Queen Wilhelmina wanted to give an award to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Parachute_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Parachute Brigade">Polish Parachute Brigade</a> for their actions during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> and wrote the government a request. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Eelco_van_Kleffens" title="Eelco van Kleffens">Eelco van Kleffens</a>, opposed the idea because he thought an award for the Poles would upset relations with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">'Big Three'</a> and harm national interests.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually the Polish Parachute Brigade were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_William" title="Military Order of William">Military Order of William</a> on 31 May 2006, 61 years after Operation Market Garden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_in_Noordwijk_in_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Statue_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_in_Noordwijk_in_2008.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_in_Noordwijk_in_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Statue_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_in_Noordwijk_in_2008.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_in_Noordwijk_in_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Statue_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_in_Noordwijk_in_2008.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_in_Noordwijk_in_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Queen Wilhelmina in <a href="/wiki/Noordwijk" title="Noordwijk">Noordwijk</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Driekwart_miljoen_handtekeningen_voor_HM_de_koningin_Weeknummer_48-34_-_Open_Beelden_-_86010.ogv/220px--Driekwart_miljoen_handtekeningen_voor_HM_de_koningin_Weeknummer_48-34_-_Open_Beelden_-_86010.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="73" data-mwtitle="Driekwart_miljoen_handtekeningen_voor_HM_de_koningin_Weeknummer_48-34_-_Open_Beelden_-_86010.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Driekwart_miljoen_handtekeningen_voor_HM_de_koningin_Weeknummer_48-34_-_Open_Beelden_-_86010.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Driekwart_miljoen_handtekeningen_voor_HM_de_koningin_Weeknummer_48-34_-_Open_Beelden_-_86010.ogv/Driekwart_miljoen_handtekeningen_voor_HM_de_koningin_Weeknummer_48-34_-_Open_Beelden_-_86010.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Driekwart_miljoen_handtekeningen_voor_HM_de_koningin_Weeknummer_48-34_-_Open_Beelden_-_86010.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Driekwart_miljoen_handtekeningen_voor_HM_de_koningin_Weeknummer_48-34_-_Open_Beelden_-_86010.ogv/Driekwart_miljoen_handtekeningen_voor_HM_de_koningin_Weeknummer_48-34_-_Open_Beelden_-_86010.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Driekwart_miljoen_handtekeningen_voor_HM_de_koningin_Weeknummer_48-34_-_Open_Beelden_-_86010.ogv/Driekwart_miljoen_handtekeningen_voor_HM_de_koningin_Weeknummer_48-34_-_Open_Beelden_-_86010.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Collecting signatures for the queen, 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the end of World War II, Queen Wilhelmina made the decision not to return to her palace but to move into a mansion in The Hague, where she lived for eight months. She travelled through the countryside to motivate people, sometimes using a bicycle instead of a car. However, in 1947, while the country was still recovering, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian War of Independence">nationalist rebellion</a> in the oil-rich <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> saw the sharp criticism of the queen by the Dutch economic elite. </p><p>Around the same time, Queen Wilhelmina's health started failing, forcing her to cede her monarchial duties to Princess Juliana temporarily towards the end of 1947 (14 October – 1 December). She considered abdication, but her daughter pressed her to stay on for the stability of the nation. Wilhelmina had every intention of doing so, but exhaustion forced her to relinquish monarchial duties to Juliana again on 12 May 1948, which left the princess to deal with the early elections caused by the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">ceding of the Indonesian colonies</a>. </p><p>Dismayed by the return to pre-war politics and the pending loss of Indonesia, Wilhelmina abdicated on 4 September 1948 after a reign of 57 years and 286 days due to advancing age and illness. She passed the crown to Juliana and was hence forward styled "Her Royal Highness Princess Wilhelmina of the Netherlands". Since then, the influence of the Dutch monarchy continued to decline but the country's love for its royal family continued.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (November 2024)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>No longer queen, Wilhelmina retreated to <a href="/wiki/Het_Loo_Palace" title="Het Loo Palace">Het Loo Palace</a>, making few public appearances until the country was devastated by the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953" title="North Sea flood of 1953">North Sea flood of 1953</a>. Once again, she travelled around the country to encourage and motivate the Dutch people. During her last years, she wrote her autobiography, entitled <i>Eenzaam, maar niet alleen</i> (<i>Lonely but Not Alone</i>), in which she gave her account of the events in her life and revealed her strong religious feelings. </p><p>Wilhelmina died of cardiac arrest in Het Loo Palace at the age of 82 on 28 November 1962. She was buried in the Dutch royal family crypt in the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Delft)" title="Nieuwe Kerk (Delft)">Nieuwe Kerk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, on 8 December. At her request and contrary to protocol, the funeral was completely in white to give expression to her belief that earthly death was the beginning of eternal life.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to being the last male-line descendant of the House of Orange-Nassau, she was also the last great-grandchild of <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Emperor Paul I of Russia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Queen Wilhelmina appears in two videogames: as the leader in <i><a href="/wiki/Sid_Meier%27s_Civilization_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sid Meier's Civilization VI">Sid Meier's Civilization VI</a></i> in the <i>Rise and Fall</i> expansion,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as leader of the Netherlands in <i><a href="/wiki/Hearts_of_Iron_IV" title="Hearts of Iron IV">Hearts of Iron IV</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>She was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Domburg" title="Andrea Domburg">Andrea Domburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven" title="Paul Verhoeven">Paul Verhoeven</a>'s 1977 film <i><a href="/wiki/Soldier_of_Orange" title="Soldier of Orange">Soldier of Orange</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_styles_and_honours"><span id="Titles.2C_styles_and_honours"></span>Titles, styles and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Titles, styles and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Titles and styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Monogram_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Monogram_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands.svg/130px-Royal_Monogram_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Monogram_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands.svg/195px-Royal_Monogram_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Monogram_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands.svg/260px-Royal_Monogram_of_Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Monogram of Queen Wilhelmina</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>31 August 1880 – 21 June 1884: <i>Her Royal Highness</i> Princess Pauline of Orange-Nassau<sup id="cite_ref-Parlement_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parlement-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>21 June 1884 – 23 November 1890: <i>Her Royal Highness</i> Princess Wilhelmina of Orange-Nassau<sup id="cite_ref-Parlement_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parlement-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>23 November 1890 – 4 September 1948: <i>Her Majesty</i> Queen Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau<sup id="cite_ref-Parlement_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parlement-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>4 September 1948 – 28 November 1962: <i>Her Royal Highness</i> Princess Wilhelmina of the Netherlands<sup id="cite_ref-Parlement_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parlement-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Wilhelmina's full regnal title from her accession to her marriage was: "Wilhelmina, <i><a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">by the Grace of God</a>, Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Limburg, <a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Dutch_sovereign#Full_styles" title="Style of the Dutch sovereign">etc.</a></i>" She adopted her husband's ducal title upon marriage as customary, becoming also a duchess of Mecklenburg.<sup id="cite_ref-archontology_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archontology-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Almanak_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanak-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Military_William_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Military William Order">Military William Order</a>, <i>1890</i>; Grand Cross, <i>4 September 1948</i><sup id="cite_ref-Military_William_Order_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_William_Order-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Order of the Netherlands Lion</a>, <i>1890</i></li> <li>Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau" title="Order of Orange-Nassau">Order of Orange-Nassau</a>, <i>1890</i></li> <li>Joint Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Gold_Lion_of_the_House_of_Nassau" title="Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau">Order of the Gold Lion of Nassau</a>, <i>1890</i></li> <li>Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_House_of_Orange" title="Order of the House of Orange">Order of the House of Orange</a>, <i>1890</i></li> <li>Founder of the <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanniter_Orde_in_Nederland" class="extiw" title="nl:Johanniter Orde in Nederland">Johanniter Order</a>, <i>1909</i></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Since Wilhelmina received no Dutch honours before ascending the throne aged ten and resigned the position of grand master when she abdicated in 1948, she was in the unusual position of being a Dutch princess and former queen who did not hold a Dutch honour. Her daughter and successor therefore appointed her Grand Cross of the Military William Order in her first act as Queen. This was the only Dutch honour she ever held in her life in a personal capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign">Foreign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Monarch_of_the_Netherlands_as_a_Stranger_Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Monarch_of_the_Netherlands_as_a_Stranger_Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Monarch_of_the_Netherlands_as_a_Stranger_Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Monarch_of_the_Netherlands_as_a_Stranger_Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter.svg/315px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Monarch_of_the_Netherlands_as_a_Stranger_Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Monarch_of_the_Netherlands_as_a_Stranger_Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter.svg/420px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Monarch_of_the_Netherlands_as_a_Stranger_Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Garter-encircled Royal Arms of Queen Wilhelmina displayed on her Order of the Garter placard on display in St. George's Hall, Windsor Castle</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Family</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Elizabeth" title="Order of Elizabeth">Order of Elizabeth</a>, <i>1901</i><sup id="cite_ref-osterreich_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osterreich-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: <ul><li>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a> (civil), <i>August 1898</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_(Belgium)" title="Croix de guerre (Belgium)">Croix de Guerre Medal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Grand Cross of the Southern Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Order of the White Lion">Collar of the White Lion</a>, <i>1929</i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, <i>5 September 1922</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Ethiopian Imperial Family</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Solomon" title="Order of Solomon">Order of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose_of_Finland" title="Order of the White Rose of Finland">Collar of the White Rose</a>, with Star, <i>1932</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, <i>April 1898</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">German Imperial and Royal Family</a>: Dame of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Louise" title="Order of Louise">Order of Louise</a>, 1st Division, <i>30 May 1901</i><sup id="cite_ref-prus2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prus2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mecklenburg" title="House of Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg Grand Ducal Family</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Wendish_Crown" title="House Order of the Wendish Crown">Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown</a>, with Bronze Crown, <i>7 February 1901</i><sup id="cite_ref-Almanak_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanak-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp">Oldenburg Grand Ducal Family</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_and_Merit_Order_of_Peter_Frederick_Louis" title="House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis">Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanak_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanak-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Royal Family">Greek Royal Family</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Grand Cross of the Redeemer</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanak_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanak-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Quetzal" title="Order of the Quetzal">Grand Cross of the Quetzal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Precious_Crown" title="Order of the Precious Crown">Grand Cordon of the Precious Crown</a>, <i>8 August 1899</i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Gold_Lion_of_the_House_of_Nassau" title="Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau">Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Oak_Crown" title="Order of the Oak Crown">Grand Cross of the Oak Crown</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanak_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanak-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Military Order of Malta</a>: Dame of Honour and Devotion<sup id="cite_ref-Almanak_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanak-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav" title="Order of St. Olav">Grand Cross of St. Olav</a>, with Collar, <i>15 September 1922</i><sup id="cite_ref-norges1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norges1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persian Imperial Family</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Aftab" title="Order of Aftab">Order of the Sun</a>, 1st Class<sup id="cite_ref-Almanak_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanak-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru" title="Order of the Sun of Peru">Grand Cross of the Sun of Peru</a>, in Diamonds, <i>1922</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Knight of the White Eagle</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Royal Family">Portuguese Royal Family</a>: <ul><li>Dame of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Isabel" title="Order of Saint Isabel">Order of Queen Saint Isabel</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanak_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanak-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Sash_of_the_Three_Orders" title="Sash of the Three Orders">Sash of the Three Orders</a>, <i>7 February 1901</i><sup id="cite_ref-Agraciamentos_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agraciamentos-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Romania">Romanian Royal Family</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Order of the Star of Romania">Grand Cross of the Star of Romania</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanak_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanak-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Carol_I" title="Order of Carol I">Order of Carol I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Imperial Family">Russian Imperial Family</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Catherine" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Catherine">Grand Cross of St. Catherine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanak_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanak-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>: Dame of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri" title="Order of the Royal House of Chakri">Order of the Royal House of Chakri</a>, <i>7 September 1897</i><sup id="cite_ref-Loos_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loos-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Royal Family">Spanish Royal Family</a>: <ul><li>Dame of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Queen_Maria_Luisa" title="Order of Queen Maria Luisa">Order of Queen Maria Luisa</a>, <i>22 December 1890</i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dame of the Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a></li> <li>Dame of the Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Order of the Seraphim</a>, <i>9 September 1922</i><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Osman">Turkish Imperial Family</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charity_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Charity (Ottoman Empire)">Order of Charity</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanak_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanak-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Victoria_and_Albert" title="Royal Order of Victoria and Albert">Royal Order of Victoria and Albert</a>, 1st Class, <i>1898</i><sup id="cite_ref-dbnl_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbnl-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_St_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable Order of St John">Associate Dame Grand Cross of St. John</a>, <i>19 June 1941</i><sup id="cite_ref-StJGazette_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StJGazette-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Stranger Lady Companion of the Garter</a>, <i>24 September 1944</i><sup id="cite_ref-google_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavian_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslavian Royal Family">Yugoslavian Royal Family</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Serbia)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)">Grand Cross of the White Eagle</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanak_31-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanak-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eponyms">Eponyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilhelminaBay13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/WilhelminaBay13.JPG/220px-WilhelminaBay13.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/WilhelminaBay13.JPG/330px-WilhelminaBay13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/WilhelminaBay13.JPG/440px-WilhelminaBay13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Bay" title="Wilhelmina Bay">Wilhelmina Bay</a> on the Antarctic Peninsula</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Wilhelmina_State_Park" title="Queen Wilhelmina State Park">Queen Wilhelmina State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Bay" title="Wilhelmina Bay">Wilhelmina Bay</a> in Antarctica are named for Queen Wilhelmina.</li> <li>In 1892, the company Fortuin celebrated its 50th anniversary by producing peppermint candy with the image of the 12-year-old Princess Wilhelmina, which have continued in production since then.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Dutch sweets, these mints have become the "most Dutch of all".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_monarchs_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch monarchs family tree">Dutch monarchs family tree</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Wilhelmina of the Netherlands</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. King <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I of the Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II of the Netherlands</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_of_Prussia,_Queen_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands">Princess Wilhelmine of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. King <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III of the Netherlands</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. Grand Duchess <a href="/wiki/Anna_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Anna Pavlovna of Russia">Anna Pavlovna of Russia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/George_II,_Prince_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="George II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont">George II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/George_Victor,_Prince_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont">George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Emma_of_Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym" title="Princess Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym">Princess Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. Princess <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Nassau" title="William, Duke of Nassau">William, Duke of Nassau</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_Nassau" title="Princess Helena of Nassau">Princess Helena of Nassau</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Pauline_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_(1810%E2%80%931856)" title="Princess Pauline of Württemberg (1810–1856)">Princess Pauline of Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>After Wilhelmina had taken office in 1890, rumours were spread by Socialist satirical magazine <i><a href="/wiki/De_Roode_Duivel" title="De Roode Duivel">De Roode Duivel</a></i> ("The Red Devil") that William III was not her real father, but Emma's confidant, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastiaan_Mattheus_Sigismund_de_Ranitz_(1846%E2%80%931916)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebastiaan Mattheus Sigismund de Ranitz (1846–1916) (page does not exist)">Sebastiaan Mattheus Sigismund de Ranitz (1846–1916)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastiaan_Mattheus_Sigismund_de_Ranitz_(1846%E2%80%931916)" class="extiw" title="nl:Sebastiaan Mattheus Sigismund de Ranitz (1846–1916)">nl</a>]</span>. This would undermine the legitimacy of the Queen's reign. Although no hard evidence exists for the allegations and the consensus amongst historians is that they are false,<sup id="cite_ref-Wilhelmina_1880-1962_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilhelmina_1880-1962-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rumours were stubborn and still feature in <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a> circulating in republican circles.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dragstra_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragstra-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author of the rumour, the later parliamentarian and senator <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Maximiliaan_Hermans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Maximiliaan Hermans (page does not exist)">Louis Maximiliaan Hermans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Maximiliaan_Hermans" class="extiw" title="nl:Louis Maximiliaan Hermans">nl</a>]</span>, was sentenced to six months imprisonment for <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">lèse-majesté</a> in 1895 for a different article and cartoon in <i>De Roode Duivel</i>, mocking the two queens.<sup id="cite_ref-RM_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RM-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT1962-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1962_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1962_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1962_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1962/11/28/archives/wilhelmina-of-netherlands-dies-former-queen-reigned-50-years.html">"Wilhelmina of Netherlands Dies" (UPI)</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 28 November 1962. pp. A1–A39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1UcEAAAAMBAJ">"Queen Wilhelmina"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i>. Vol. 25, no. 7. 16 August 1948. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019">0024-3019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Queen+Wilhelmina&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=83&rft.date=1948-08-16&rft.issn=0024-3019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1UcEAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzwilliams2013" class="citation web cs1">Fitzwilliams, Richard (30 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2013/04/30/opinion/dutch-monarchy-lessons">"What Dutch 'Bicycling Royals' Can Teach World's Royals"</a>. <i>Cable News Network (CNN)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cable+News+Network+%28CNN%29&rft.atitle=What+Dutch+%27Bicycling+Royals%27+Can+Teach+World%27s+Royals&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft.aulast=Fitzwilliams&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F04%2F30%2Fopinion%2Fdutch-monarchy-lessons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Queen Victoria's Journals, Friday 3 May 1895</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w8/wilhelmina.htm">"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: <i>Wilhelmina</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships%3A+Wilhelmina&rft.pub=United+States+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fdanfs%2Fw8%2Fwilhelmina.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicard2018" class="citation web cs1">Picard, Emile (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38693076">"Queen Wilhelmina and the Boers, 1899–1902"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queen+Wilhelmina+and+the+Boers%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.date=2018-01&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Emile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38693076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cees Fasseur, Wilhelmina: De jonge koningin, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9050185045" title="Special:BookSources/9050185045">9050185045</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. 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Amsterdam: Meulenhoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-290-7338-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-290-7338-7"><bdi>978-90-290-7338-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Om+erger+te+voorkomen.+De+voorgeschiedenis+en+uitvoering+van+de+vernietiging+van+het+Nederlandse+jodendom+tijdens+de+Tweede+Wereldoorlog&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Meulenhoff&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-290-7338-7&rft.aulast=van+der+Zee&rft.aufirst=Nanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlom1997" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blom, Hans (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historischnieuwsblad.nl/nl/artikel/5628/een-droevig-boek.html">"Een droevig boek. RIOD-directeur vindt Om erger te voorkomen totaal mislukt"</a> [A sad book. RIOD director finds 'To prevent worse' completely unsuccessful]. <i>Historisch Nieuwsblad</i> (in Dutch).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisch+Nieuwsblad&rft.atitle=Een+droevig+boek.+RIOD-directeur+vindt+Om+erger+te+voorkomen+totaal+mislukt&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Blom&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historischnieuwsblad.nl%2Fnl%2Fartikel%2F5628%2Feen-droevig-boek.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReston1940" class="citation news cs1">Reston, James R. (14 May 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20912FB3A54107A93C6A8178ED85F448485F9">"Queen Wilhelmina goes to England"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Queen+Wilhelmina+goes+to+England&rft.date=1940-05-14&rft.aulast=Reston&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Farchive%2Fpdf%3Fres%3DF20912FB3A54107A93C6A8178ED85F448485F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hicks-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hicks_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2012" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Pamela (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNGKBAAAQBAJ&q=wilhelmina+only+real+man&pg=PA146"><i>Daughter of Empire: My Life as a Mountbatten</i></a>. Toronto: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-3382-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-3382-1"><bdi>978-1-4767-3382-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daughter+of+Empire%3A+My+Life+as+a+Mountbatten&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-3382-1&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDNGKBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwilhelmina%2Bonly%2Breal%2Bman%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-State-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-State_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState2008" class="citation book cs1">State, Paul F. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5CTlTZlWU0IC&pg=PA193"><i>A Brief History of the Netherlands</i></a>. New York: Infobase. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0832-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0832-2"><bdi>978-1-4381-0832-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Netherlands&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0832-2&rft.aulast=State&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5CTlTZlWU0IC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Zee1998" class="citation book cs1">van der Zee, Henri A. (1998). <i>The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–1945</i>. University of Nebraska Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">200–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9618-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9618-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-9618-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hunger+Winter%3A+Occupied+Holland+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9618-3&rft.aulast=van+der+Zee&rft.aufirst=Henri+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazelhoff2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Hazelhoff_Roelfzema" title="Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema">Hazelhoff, Erik</a> (2003). <i>In Pursuit of Life</i>. Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3281-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3281-3"><bdi>978-0-7509-3281-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Pursuit+of+Life&rft.place=Thrupp%2C+Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3281-3&rft.aulast=Hazelhoff&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Kleffens1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Eelco_van_Kleffens" title="Eelco van Kleffens">Van Kleffens, Eelco</a> (1983). <i>Belevenissen II 1940–1958</i> [<i>Experiences II 1940–1958</i>] (in Dutch). Alphen aan de Rijn. pp. <span class="nowrap">115–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-218-3095-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-218-3095-7"><bdi>978-90-218-3095-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belevenissen+II+1940%E2%80%931958&rft.place=Alphen+aan+de+Rijn&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-90-218-3095-7&rft.aulast=Van+Kleffens&rft.aufirst=Eelco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelmina1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wilhelmina (1959). <i>Eenzaam maar niet alleen</i> [<i>Lonely but Not Alone</i>] (in Dutch). p. 251.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eenzaam+maar+niet+alleen&rft.pages=251&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Wilhelmina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgamer.com/queen-wilhelmina-leads-the-netherlands-into-civilization-6-rise-and-fall/">Queen Wilhelmina Leads the Netherlands Into Civilization VI: Rise & Fall</a>. PCGamer. Retrieved 17 December 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keengamer.com/articles/news/hoi4-netherlands-focus-tree-announced/">"HOI4 Netherlands Focus Tree Announced"</a>. 30 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HOI4+Netherlands+Focus+Tree+Announced&rft.date=2018-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keengamer.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fhoi4-netherlands-focus-tree-announced%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bas Agterberg, George Sluizer & Daniel Biltereyst. <i>The Cinema of the Low Countries</i>. Wallflower Press, 2004. p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parlement-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parlement_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parlement_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parlement_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parlement_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlement.com/9291000/biof/10010">"H.M. (koningin Wilhelmina) koningin Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria, koningin der Nederlanden, prinses van Oranje-Nassau – Parlement & Politiek"</a>. Parlement.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.M.+%28koningin+Wilhelmina%29+koningin+Wilhelmina+Helena+Pauline+Maria%2C+koningin+der+Nederlanden%2C+prinses+van+Oranje-Nassau+%E2%80%93+Parlement+%26+Politiek&rft.pub=Parlement.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlement.com%2F9291000%2Fbiof%2F10010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archontology-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archontology_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archontology.org/nations/netherlands/01_style.php">"The Netherlands: Princely and Royal Style: 1813–2013"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Netherlands%3A+Princely+and+Royal+Style%3A+1813%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Archontology.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archontology.org%2Fnations%2Fnetherlands%2F01_style.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Almanak-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Almanak_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanak_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanak_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanak_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanak_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanak_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanak_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanak_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanak_31-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanak_31-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanak_31-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanak_31-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/staatsalmanakvo00nethgoog/page/n27">Staatsalmanak voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden</a></i>, 1921, "Koninkrijk Huis der Nederlanden" p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Military_William_Order-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Military_William_Order_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/onderscheidingen/dapperheidsonderscheidingen/databank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen/1948/09/04/oranje-nassau-wilhelmina-helena-pauline-maria-prinses-van">"Militaire Willems-Orde: Oranje-Nassau, Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria, Prinses van"</a> [Military William Order: Orange-Nassau, Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria, Princess of]. <i>Ministerie van Defensie</i> (in Dutch). 4 September 1948<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministerie+van+Defensie&rft.atitle=Militaire+Willems-Orde%3A+Oranje-Nassau%2C+Wilhelmina+Helena+Pauline+Maria%2C+Prinses+van&rft.date=1948-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensie.nl%2Fonderwerpen%2Fonderscheidingen%2Fdapperheidsonderscheidingen%2Fdatabank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen%2F1948%2F09%2F04%2Foranje-nassau-wilhelmina-helena-pauline-maria-prinses-van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927034311/http://hethuisvanoranje.nl/08%20Orden%20en%20Onderscheidingen/GeschiedenisMilitaireWillemsOrde.html">"De Huizen van Oranje en Nassau -Geschiedenis Militaire Willems Orde"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hethuisvanoranje.nl/08%20Orden%20en%20Onderscheidingen/GeschiedenisMilitaireWillemsOrde.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Huizen+van+Oranje+en+Nassau+-Geschiedenis+Militaire+Willems+Orde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hethuisvanoranje.nl%2F08%2520Orden%2520en%2520Onderscheidingen%2FGeschiedenisMilitaireWillemsOrde.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809194136/https://www.koninklijkeverzamelingen.nl/mediabank/detail/b676415b-3d6e-5ecc-bfa5-0bac1e850b2e/media/9a741e4e-fa40-ca82-8ed4-b664bd09a1ab">"Militaire Willems-Orde voor prinses Wilhelmina, 7 oktober 1948"</a>. <i>www.koninklijkeverzamelingen.nl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koninklijkeverzamelingen.nl/mediabank/detail/b676415b-3d6e-5ecc-bfa5-0bac1e850b2e/media/9a741e4e-fa40-ca82-8ed4-b664bd09a1ab">the original</a> on 9 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.koninklijkeverzamelingen.nl&rft.atitle=Militaire+Willems-Orde+voor+prinses+Wilhelmina%2C+7+oktober+1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koninklijkeverzamelingen.nl%2Fmediabank%2Fdetail%2Fb676415b-3d6e-5ecc-bfa5-0bac1e850b2e%2Fmedia%2F9a741e4e-fa40-ca82-8ed4-b664bd09a1ab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osterreich-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-osterreich_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&page=702&size=45">"Elisabeth-orden"</a>, <i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie</i>, Vienna: Druck und Verlag der K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1918, p. 328</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elisabeth-orden&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+der+%C3%96sterreichisch-Ungarischen+Monarchie&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Druck+und+Verlag+der+K.K.+Hof-+und+Staatsdruckerei&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falex.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Falex%3Faid%3Dshb%26datum%3D1918%26page%3D702%26size%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold", <i>Almanach Royale Belgique</i> (in French), Bruxelles, 1899, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105238356&view=1up&seq=82&skin=2021">74</a> – via hathitrust.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liste+des+Membres+de+l%27Ordre+de+L%C3%A9opold&rft.btitle=Almanach+Royale+Belgique&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vyznamenani.net/?p=1053">"Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech"</a> (in Czech), <i>Czech Medals and Orders Society</i>. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJørgen_Pedersen2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jørgen Pedersen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ"><i>Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009</i></a> (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2"><bdi>978-87-7674-434-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riddere+af+Elefantordenen%2C+1559%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=Syddansk+Universitetsforlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-87-7674-434-2&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgen+Pedersen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dglw-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ritarikunnat.fi/index.php/fi/64-ritarikunnat/palkitut/216-suomen-valkoisen-ruusun-ritarikunnan-suurristin-ketjuineen-saajat-ulkomaalaiset">"Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun Suurristi Ketjuineen"</a>. <i>ritarikunnat.fi</i> (in Finnish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ritarikunnat.fi&rft.atitle=Suomen+Valkoisen+Ruusun+Suurristi+Ketjuineen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ritarikunnat.fi%2Findex.php%2Ffi%2F64-ritarikunnat%2Fpalkitut%2F216-suomen-valkoisen-ruusun-ritarikunnan-suurristin-ketjuineen-saajat-ulkomaalaiset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._&_B._Wattel2009" class="citation book cs1">M. & B. Wattel (2009). <i>Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers</i>. Paris: Archives & Culture. pp. 21, 500, 598. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9"><bdi>978-2-35077-135-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Grand%27Croix+de+la+L%C3%A9gion+d%27honneur+de+1805+%C3%A0+nos+jours.+Titulaires+fran%C3%A7ais+et+%C3%A9trangers&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=21%2C+500%2C+598&rft.pub=Archives+%26+Culture&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35077-135-9&rft.au=M.+%26+B.+Wattel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prus2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prus2_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025921423&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021">"Luisen-orden"</a>, <i>Königlich Preussische Ordensliste</i> (in German), Berlin, 1895, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025921423&view=1up&seq=799&skin=2021">193</a> – via hathitrust.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luisen-orden&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6niglich+Preussische+Ordensliste&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=193&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015025921423%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D5%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF刑部芳則2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">刑部芳則 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf"><i>明治時代の勲章外交儀礼</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 157. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926095849/http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E5%8B%B2%E7%AB%A0%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%84%80%E7%A4%BC&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E8%81%96%E5%BE%B3%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E7%B4%80%E8%A6%81&rft.date=2017&rft.au=%E5%88%91%E9%83%A8%E8%8A%B3%E5%89%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeijiseitoku.org%2Fpdf%2Ff54-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norges1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-norges1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/norkal/1930/0560.html">"Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden"</a>, <i>Norges Statskalender for Aaret 1930</i> (in Norwegian), Oslo: Forlagt av H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pro+Phalaris&rft.atitle=Agraciamentos+Portugueses+Aos+Pr%C3%ADncipes+da+Casa+Saxe-Coburgo-Gota&rft.volume=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bragan%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=Jose+Vicente+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10576008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loos-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loos_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Thai_Government_Gazette1899" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Government_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Thai Government Gazette">Royal Thai Government Gazette</a> (7 May 1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195543/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2442/006/82_1.PDF">"พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ที่ประเทศยุโรป (ต่อแผ่นที่ ๕ หน้า ๖๔)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2442/006/82_1.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B+%28%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88+%E0%B9%95+%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B9%96%E0%B9%94%29&rft.date=1899-05-07&rft.au=Royal+Thai+Government+Gazette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2442%2F006%2F82_1.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000958908&search=&lang=es">"Real Orden de Damas Nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa"</a>. <i>Guía Oficial de España</i> (in Spanish). 1893. p. 159<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Piet+Worm%2C+Het+gouden+prentenboek+1898%E2%80%931948+%C2%B7+dbnl&rft.pub=dbnl.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2Fworm007goud01_01%2Fworm007goud01_01_0001.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StJGazette-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StJGazette_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette35203" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35203/page/3673">"No. 35203"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 27 June 1941. p. 3673.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+35203&rft.pages=3673&rft.date=1941-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F35203%2Fpage%2F3673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19440925&id=s5ExAAAAIBAJ&pg=2443,3740022&hl=en">"St. Petersburg Times – Google News Archive Search"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historici.nl&rft.atitle=Wilhelmina+%281880%E2%80%931962%29&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Jan+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historici.nl%2FOnderzoek%2FProjecten%2FDVN%2Flemmata%2Fdata%2FWilhelmina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meulen, Dik van der; (2013) 'K<i>oning</i> Willem III 1817–1890', pp. 616–618 (e-book)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Cees Fasseur</span>, <i>De gekroonde republiek</i> (2011) p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuud_Verdonck1998" class="citation news cs1">Ruud Verdonck (14 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5009/Archief/article/detail/2607670/1998/11/14/Zelfgebreide-republikeinen.dhtml">"Zelfgebreide republikeinen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Trouw" title="Trouw">Trouw</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trouw&rft.atitle=Zelfgebreide+republikeinen&rft.date=1998-11-14&rft.au=Ruud+Verdonck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Ftr%2Fnl%2F5009%2FArchief%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F2607670%2F1998%2F11%2F14%2FZelfgebreide-republikeinen.dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dragstra-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dragstra_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurens_Dragstra2014" class="citation web cs1">Laurens Dragstra (26 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kloptdatwel.nl/2014/08/26/het-kind-van-de-koning/">"Het kind van de koning"</a>. <i>KloptDatWel.nl</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stichting_Skepsis" title="Stichting Skepsis">Stichting Skepsis</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bol.com&rft.atitle=Koningskind.+Royal+Detective&rft.date=2013&rft.au=J.+van+Bree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bol.com%2Fnl%2Fp%2Fkoningskind%2F1001004011298046%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaap_Pleij2013" class="citation web cs1">Jaap Pleij (26 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073435/http://www.roosendaal24.nl/politiek/3912">"Arjen Lubach schrijft adembenemende koninklijke thriller"</a>. <i>Roosendaal24</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roosendaal24.nl/politiek/3912">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roosendaal24&rft.atitle=Arjen+Lubach+schrijft+adembenemende+koninklijke+thriller&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft.au=Jaap+Pleij&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roosendaal24.nl%2Fpolitiek%2F3912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RM-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RM_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010991058:mpeg21:a0019">"Rechtzaken Majesteitschennis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Tijd_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="De Tijd (Netherlands)">De Tijd</a></i>. 12 December 1895<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Tijd&rft.atitle=Zaak-Hermans&rft.date=1895-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Dddd%3A010991063%3Ampeg21%3Aa0010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelmina+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The royal <a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">detective</a> <i>Koningskind</i> (2011) by Rob van Hoorn and the <a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">thriller</a> <i>IV</i> (2013) by <a href="/wiki/Arjen_Lubach" title="Arjen Lubach">Arjen Lubach</a> both revolve around a fictional investigative journalist who tries finding out whether someone other than William III (perhaps De Ranitz) was the actual father of Wilhelmina, which might result in a constitutional crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hubbard, Robert H. (1977). <i>Rideau Hall: An Illustrated History of Government House, Ottawa, from Victorian Times to the Present Day.</i> Montreal: <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0310-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0310-6">978-0-7735-0310-6</a></li> <li>Wilhelmina. (1959). <i>Eenzaam maar niet alleen.</i> Amsterdam: Ten Have Uitgevers Kok. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-259-5146-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-259-5146-7">978-90-259-5146-7</a>. Full text (pdf, 8 MB) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/saveas.php?filename=wilh001eenz01_01.pdf&dir=wilh001eenz01_01&type=pdf">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Netherlands%2C%20Wilhelmina%20of%20the%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Wilhelmina%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Netherlands%2C%20Wilhelmina%20of%20the%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wilhelmina%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Netherlands%2C%20W%2E%20o%2E%20t%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Wilhelmina%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wilhelmina%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%29%20OR%20%28%221880-1962%22%20AND%20Netherlands%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Wilhelmina of the Netherlands</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NnHUqP9q80">Queen Wilhelmina Of The Netherlands Broadcasts In Britain (1940)</a>, royal broadcast in English, on the <a href="/wiki/British_Path%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pathé">British Pathé</a> YouTube Channel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEZkzThBElU">Tribute To Queen Wilhelmina (1962)</a>, Dutch newsreel on <a href="/wiki/British_Path%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pathé">British Pathé</a> YouTube Channel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishsoldier.nl/chapter-8-the-process-of-polish-rehabilitation-in-2006/">Post-war rehabilitation of the 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105044239/http://www.polishsoldier.nl/chapter-8-the-process-of-polish-rehabilitation-in-2006/">Archived</a> 5 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queenwilhelmina.com/">Queen Wilhelmina State Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mena,_Arkansas" title="Mena, Arkansas">Mena, Arkansas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/040246">Newspaper clippings about Wilhelmina of the Netherlands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/10298">Wilhelmina</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Wilhelmina of the Netherlands </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">House of Nassau</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 31 August 1880</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 28 November 1962</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the Netherlands">Queen of the Netherlands</a> </b><br />1890–1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana</a></div> 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Monarchs of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Monarchs of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_the_Netherlands327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of monarchs of the Netherlands">Monarchs of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a><br />(1806–1810)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Louis_Bonaparte" title="Napoléon Louis Bonaparte">Louis II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_Standard_of_the_Netherlands.svg/80px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_Standard_of_the_Netherlands.svg/120px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_Standard_of_the_Netherlands.svg/160px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a><sup>1</sup><br />(1815–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilhelmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Beatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>1. See also the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands</a> (1813–1815) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (1815–1839).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dutch_princesses599" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_princesses" title="Template:Dutch princesses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_princesses" title="Template talk:Dutch princesses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_princesses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch princesses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dutch_princesses599" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Dutch princesses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Generations are numbered by descent from <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a>, the first king of the Netherlands.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marianne_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Marianne of the Netherlands">Marianne, Princess Albert of Prussia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Sophie of the Netherlands">Sophie, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_the_Netherlands" title="Louise of the Netherlands">Louise, Queen of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Marie of the Netherlands">Marie, Princess of Wied</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen Wilhelmina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Queen Juliana</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Irene_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Irene of the Netherlands">Princess Irene, Duchess of Parma</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margriet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Margriet of the Netherlands">Princess Margriet, Mrs. van Vollenhoven</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Christina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Christina of the Netherlands">Princess Christina, Mrs. Guillermo</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margarita_de_Bourbon_de_Parme" title="Princess Margarita de Bourbon de Parme">Princess Margarita, Countess of Colorno</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Carolina_de_Bourbon_de_Parme" title="Princess Carolina de Bourbon de Parme">Princess Carolina, Marchioness of Sala</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharina-Amalia,_Princess_of_Orange" title="Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange">Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexia_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Alexia of the Netherlands">Princess Alexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Ariane_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Ariane of the Netherlands">Princess Ariane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">also Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</span> <p><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span class="wrap">also Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld</span> </p> <sup><small>3</small></sup> <span class="wrap">title granted by Royal Decree to descendants of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Irene_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Irene of the Netherlands">Princess Irene</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150747#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3017" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150747#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3017" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150747#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000381681487">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/261774037">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/57405/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkT97rwt7JwbqFymM8V4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118771892">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80086431">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13513502f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13513502f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wilhelmina <regina dei Paesi Bassi>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V311661">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35870111">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0208502&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068741634">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90599503">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=140488">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810547458405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/216607">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007269691205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/84533">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/03502739">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1124215">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118771892.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118771892">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050439685">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10570288">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bw0mqr">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/67676">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&oldid=1277507849">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&oldid=1277507849</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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