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<html> <head> <title>John Stewart Bell</title> <meta name="googlebot" content="noodp"> <meta name="robots" content="noodp"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/silly-nndb-icon.png" /><style type="text/css">  </style></head> <body bgcolor=#ffffff> <center> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr><td valign=top><table width=550 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr><td bgcolor=white><table width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" background="/nndb.gif"> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><a href="http://www.nndb.com/"><img src="/title.gif" width="260" height="50" border=0 alt="NNDB"></a></td> <td><table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6"> <tr align="center"> <td width="25%" nowrap>This is a beta version of NNDB</td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="middle"> <form action="http://search.nndb.com/search/nndb.cgi" method="get"> <input type="hidden" name="nndb" value="1"></input> Search: <select name="omenu"> <option value="unspecified" selected>All Names</option> <option value="living">Living people</option> <option value="dead">Dead people</option> <option value="bands">Band Names</option> <option value="books">Book Titles</option> <option value="movies">Movie Titles</option> <option value="fulltext">Full Text</option> </select> for <input name="query" value="" size=24 maxlength=96> <input type=submit value="Search"> </form></td> </tr> </table>        </td></tr><tr><td bgcolor=red height=2></td></tr><map name=fool><area coords="102,0,240,14" href="/people/862/000164370/bibliography/" alt="bibliography"></map><tr bgcolor=F0F0F0><td bgcolor=F0F0F0 style="padding: 0px 15px 15px 15px;"><img src="/red-profile-2.gif" align="right" height=15 width=240 border=0 usemap=#fool> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=100%><tr><td bgcolor=F0F0F0>John Stewart BellBorn: <a href="/lists/697/000106379/" class=proflink>28-Jun</a>-<a href="/lists/927/000105612/" class=proflink>1928</a> Birthplace: <a href="/geo/686/000071473/" class=proflink>Belfast, Northern Ireland</a> Died: <a href="/lists/161/000106840/" class=proflink>1-Oct</a>-<a href="/lists/500/000106182/" class=proflink>1990</a> Location of death: <a href="/geo/686/000071473/" class=proflink>Belfast, Northern Ireland</a> Cause of death: Cerebral Hemorrhage Gender: Male Religion: <a href="/lists/757/000094475/" class=proflink>Anglican/Episcopalian</a> Race or Ethnicity: White Sexual orientation: Straight Occupation: <a href="/lists/629/000096341/" class=proflink>Physicist</a>Nationality: Ireland Executive summary: Bell's theorem of quantum physicsBritish physicist John Stewart Bell was the originator of "Bell's theorem" or "Bell's inequality". First published in 1964, Bell's theorem restated the two-quantum puzzle as a more straightforward mathematical proposition, showing that in quantum particles generated as a pair (for example, electrons or light particles known as photons) a measurement of one particle changes the same property of its paired counterpart instantaneously, even if the particles are separated by vast distances. This suggests that the two particles remain connected in some unknown manner, sharing some quality beyond space and time. "Reality must be nonlocal", Bell wrote, asserting that "the atom's measured attributes are determined not just by events happening at the actual measurement site but by events arbitrarily distant, including events outside the light cone." Seeming to defy common sense and <a href="/people/302/000022236/">Albert Einstein</a>, Bell's assertion has been supported by some subsequent experiments, challenged by others, and remains controversial. At Queens University he studied under <a href="/people/207/000099907/">Paul Peter Ewald</a>, but Bell did much of his groundbreaking work on quantum physics as his hobby, while devoting his work hours to more mundane accelerator and particle physics at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (<a href="/org/197/000099897/">CERN</a>). He authored a 1981 paper titled "Bertlmann's Socks and the Nature of Reality", in which the mismatched stockings of a colleague, Reinhold Bertlmann, were used as an analogy to explain the famous Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) thought experiment of 1935. He met his wife and frequent collaborator, physicist Mary Ross, when they were both working on the particle accelerator design group in England's Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, Oxfordshire. In his preface to Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Bell wrote, "I here renew very especially my warm thanks to Mary Bell. When I look through these papers again I see her everywhere." His cousin, Billy Bell, was Mayor of Belfast from 1979-80, and Mayor of Lisburn from 2002-03. He is believed to be the only person to serve as Mayor of two different cities in the United Kingdom.Father: John Bell Mother: Annie Bell Sister: Ruby Bell Brother: David Bell (electrical engineer) Brother: Robert Bell (businessman) Wife: Mary Ross Bell (physicist, m. 1954, no children)     High School: Belfast High School, Belfast, Ireland (1944)     University: <a href="/edu/580/000111247/">BS Experimental Physics, Queen's University Belfast (1948)</a>     University: <a href="/edu/580/000111247/">BS Mathematical Physics, Queen's University Belfast (1949)</a>     University: <a href="/edu/468/000100168/">PhD Quantum Physics, University of Birmingham (1956)</a>     <a href="/gov/405/000052249/">UK Mayor</a> Lisburn (2002-03)     <a href="/gov/405/000052249/">UK Mayor</a> Belfast, Northern Ireland (1979-80)     <a href="/honors/275/000099975/">Hughes Medal</a> 1989     UK Atomic Energy Research Establishment (1949-60)     <a href="/org/197/000099897/">CERN</a> 1960-90     <a href="/org/793/000055628/">Royal Society</a> 1972     <a href="/lists/936/000043807/">Irish Ancestry</a> Paternal     <a href="/lists/223/000044091/">Scottish Ancestry</a> Maternal     Risk Factors: <a href="/lists/782/000064590/">Vegetarian</a> Author of books: Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (<tt>1987</tt>) <table> <tr> <td align=right valign=middle style="padding-right: 5px;">New! <a href="http://mapper.nndb.com/" class="fotmlink" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: #dd0000;">NNDB MAPPER</a></td> <td valign=middle align=right style="border-left: 1px solid #bbb; padding-left: 5px;">Create a map starting with</td> <td valign=middle align=right><a href="http://mapper.nndb.com/start/?id=164370"><img src="/man.gif" border=0 style="padding: 2px;"></a></td> <td align=left valign=middle> <a href="http://mapper.nndb.com/start/?id=164370">John Stewart Bell</a></td> </tr> </table> Requires Flash 7+ and Javascript. 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