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href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="ext-discussiontools-replytool-enabled ext-discussiontools-newtopictool-enabled ext-discussiontools-sourcemodetoolbar-enabled skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-4 ns-subject mw-editable page-ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ_ဢွင်ႈဢၢၼ်ႇလိၵ်ႈ_ပႅၼ်ႈပိုၼ်ၽၢဝ်ႇ rootpage-ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ_ဢွင်ႈဢၢၼ်ႇလိၵ်ႈ skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="မႄးၼူး 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href="/wiki/%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9C%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%82%88%E1%80%99%E1%82%82%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%82%82%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="သဵၼ်ႈမၢႆမူၼ်ႉမႄးၼႂ်းဝီႇၶီႇ ဢၼ်ပႆႇႁိုင် [r]" accesskey="r"><span>လွင်ႈလႅၵ်ႈလၢႆႈလႃႈသုတ်း</span></a></li><li id="n-randomrootpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Randomrootpage-url"><span>ၼႃႈလိၵ်ႈငဝ်ႈႁၢၵ်ႈ ၵမ်ႉသၢင်ႇတေႃႇ</span></a></li><li id="n-လွင်ႈၸႂ်ႉတိုဝ်း-ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Using_Wikibooks"><span>လွင်ႈၸႂ်ႉတိုဝ်း ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-တူင်ႇဝိူင်း" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-တူင်ႇဝိူင်း" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> တူင်ႇဝိူင်း </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-ၾူဝ်ႇရမ်ႇ-ဢွင်ႈဢၢၼ်ႇလိၵ်ႈ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88"><span>ၾူဝ်ႇရမ်ႇ ဢွင်ႈဢၢၼ်ႇလိၵ်ႈ</span></a></li><li id="n-ၵိူၼ်ႇတူ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%81%BD%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8"><span>ၵိူၼ်ႇတူ</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%81%B5%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%81%E1%80%B5%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9A%E1%81%A2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B5%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA" title="သွၵ်ႈႁႃ လွၼ်ႉၶၢဝ်ႇ ပိုၼ်ႉလင်တွၼ်ႈတႃႇ လွင်ႈႁဵတ်းသၢင်ႈယၢမ်းလဵဝ်ၼႆႉ"><span>ၵၢၼ်ႁဵတ်းယၢမ်းလဵဝ်</span></a></li><li id="n-လွင်ႈမႄးၵုမ်း" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:Maintenance"><span>လွင်ႈမႄးၵုမ်း</span></a></li><li id="n-ပေႃႇလသီႇ-လႄႈ-ၼမ်းတၢင်း" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:Policies_and_guidelines"><span>ပေႃႇလသီႇ လႄႈ ၼမ်းတၢင်း</span></a></li><li id="n-ၵပ်းသိုပ်ႇ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Contact-url"><span>ၵပ်းသိုပ်ႇ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%82%88%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%81%E1%82%85%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikibooks.svg" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikibooks-wordmark-vi.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.9375em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%82%81%E1%82%83" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="ၶူၼ်ႉႁႃ ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>ၶူၼ်ႉႁႃ</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ၶူၼ်ႉႁႃ ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ" aria-label="ၶူၼ်ႉႁႃ ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ၶူၼ်ႉႁႃ ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ၶိုၵ်ႉတွၼ်း:သွၵ်ႈႁႃ"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ၶူၼ်ႉႁႃ</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="ၶိူင်ႈသုၼ်ႇလဵဝ်"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=shn.wikibooks.org&uselang=shn" class=""><span>လူႇတၢၼ်း</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8:%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89&returnto=%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%3A%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%2F%E1%80%95%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%81%BD%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="ၸဝ်ႈၵဝ်ႇထုၵ်ႇပၼ်ႁႅင်း တွၼ်ႈတႃႇၵေႃႇသၢင်ႈ ဢၶွင်ႉလႄႈ လွၵ်ႉၶဝ်ႈ။ ႁူမ်ႈဝႃႈၼၼ်သေတႃႉ ဢမ်ႇၸႂ်ႈဝႃႈ ဢမ်ႇႁဵတ်းဢမ်ႇလႆႈၼင်ႇၵဝ်ႇ။" class=""><span>ၵေႃႇသၢင်ႈဢၶွင်ႉ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BD%E1%80%B0%E1%82%88%E1%81%B8%E1%82%82%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8&returnto=%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%3A%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%2F%E1%80%95%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%81%BD%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="ဢမ်ႇလွၵ်ႉဢိၼ်ႇၵေႃႈမူၼ်ႉမႄးလႆႈ ၵူၺ်း တိုၵ်းသူၼ်းႁႂ်ႈလွၵ်ႉဢိၼ်ႇ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>လွၵ်ႉၶဝ်ႈ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ၶိူင်ႈသုၼ်ႇလဵဝ်" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ၶိူင်ႈသုၼ်ႇလဵဝ်</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=shn.wikibooks.org&uselang=shn"><span>လူႇတၢၼ်း</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8:%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89&returnto=%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%3A%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%2F%E1%80%95%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%81%BD%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="ၸဝ်ႈၵဝ်ႇထုၵ်ႇပၼ်ႁႅင်း တွၼ်ႈတႃႇၵေႃႇသၢင်ႈ ဢၶွင်ႉလႄႈ လွၵ်ႉၶဝ်ႈ။ ႁူမ်ႈဝႃႈၼၼ်သေတႃႉ ဢမ်ႇၸႂ်ႈဝႃႈ ဢမ်ႇႁဵတ်းဢမ်ႇလႆႈၼင်ႇၵဝ်ႇ။"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ၵေႃႇသၢင်ႈဢၶွင်ႉ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BD%E1%80%B0%E1%82%88%E1%81%B8%E1%82%82%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8&returnto=%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%3A%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%2F%E1%80%95%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%81%BD%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="ဢမ်ႇလွၵ်ႉဢိၼ်ႇၵေႃႈမူၼ်ႉမႄးလႆႈ ၵူၺ်း တိုၵ်းသူၼ်းႁႂ်ႈလွၵ်ႉဢိၼ်ႇ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>လွၵ်ႉၶဝ်ႈ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B8%E1%80%BD%E1%82%86%E1%82%88%E1%80%91%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B6%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B5%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%81%B6%E1%82%83%E1%82%88" title="သဵၼ်ႈမၢႆ လွင်ႈမႄးထတ်း ၸိူဝ်းႁဵတ်းဝႆႉ ၵႃႈတီႈ ႁဵင်းလိၵ်ႈ ဢၢႆႇၽီႇဢၼ်ၼႆႉ [y]" accesskey="y"><span>လွင်ႈၸွႆႈသၢင်ႈ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%81%B5%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%81%B6%E1%82%83%E1%82%88" title="လွင်ႈဢုပ်ႇဢူဝ်း ၵပ်းၵၢႆႇလွင်ႈမႄးထတ်း ၵႃႈတီႈ ႁဵင်းလိၵ်ႈဢၢႆႇၽီႇဢၼ်ၼႆႉ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ဢုပ်ႇ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">ဢွင်ႈဢၢၼ်ႇလိၵ်ႈ/ပႅၼ်ႈပိုၼ်ၽၢဝ်ႇ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ထႅမ်သႂ်ႇ ၽႃႇသႃႇ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:NewItem?site=shnwikibooks&page=%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%3A%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%2F%E1%80%95%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%81%BD%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="ထႅမ်သႂ်ႇလိင်ႉၶ် ၽႃႇသႃႇ" class="wbc-editpage">ထႅမ်သႂ်ႇ လိင်ႉၶ်</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="ဢွင်ႈတီႈၸိုဝ်ႈ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-project" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88/%E1%80%95%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%81%BD%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="တူၺ်းၼႃႈလိၵ်ႈ ပရေႃးၵျႅၵ်ႉ [c]" accesskey="c"><span>ၼႃႈလိၵ်ႈ ၶူင်းၵၢၼ်</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88/%E1%80%95%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%81%BD%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="ၼႃႈလိၵ်ႈ ဢုပ်ႇဢူဝ်းလွင်ႈပႃးဝႆႉၼႂ်းၼႃႈလိၵ်ႈ ၼႆႉ ဢမ်ႇမီးဝႆႉ [t]" accesskey="t"><span>လွင်ႈဢုပ်ႇဢူဝ်း</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label 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href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88/%E1%80%95%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%81%BD%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87"><span>လူတူၺ်း</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88/%E1%80%95%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%81%BD%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87&action=edit" title="မႄးထတ်း ၼႃးလိၵ်ႈၼႆႉ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>မႄးထတ်း</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88/%E1%80%95%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%81%BD%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87&action=history" title="လွင်ႈၶူၼ်ႉၶႆႈဢၼ်ပူၼ်ႉမႃး တႃႇၼႃႈလိၵ်ႈၼႆႉ [h]" accesskey="h"><span>တူၺ်းပိုၼ်း</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ၶိူင်ႈၵမ်ႉၵႅမ်" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" 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<caption style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><span style="float:right;padding-right:.5em;font-size:x-small;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:Reading_room/Archives" title="ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ:Reading room/Archives"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg/16px-Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg/24px-Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg/32px-Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"/></a></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88/%E1%81%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ၼႃႈလိၵ်ႈ ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ:ဢွင်ႈဢၢၼ်ႇလိၵ်ႈ/ၽိုၼ်သိမ်း ၼႆႉ ဢမ်ႇမီးဝႆႉ">ၽိုၼ်သိမ်း</a></span><b><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ:ဢွင်ႈဢၢၼ်ႇလိၵ်ႈ">ဢွင်ႈဢုပ်ႇဢူဝ်း ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ</a></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>လွင်ႈဢုပ်ႇဢူဝ်း</th> <th>လွင်ႈၵႅမ်ၸွႆႈ</th> <th>လွင်ႈတုၵ်းယွၼ်း</th> <th>လွင်ႈပိုၼ်ၽၢဝ်ႇ </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88/%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B0%E1%82%88%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ:ဢွင်ႈဢၢၼ်ႇလိၵ်ႈ/ၵူႈလွင်ႈလွင်ႈ">ၵူႈလွင်ႈလွင်ႈ</a> | <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88/%E1%81%B6%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%88%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ:ဢွင်ႈဢၢၼ်ႇလိၵ်ႈ/ၶေႃႈတၢင်ႇလၢတ်ႈ">ၶေႃႈတၢင်ႇလၢတ်ႈ</a> | <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%B5%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA" title="ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ:ဢွင်ႈဢၢၼ်ႇလိၵ်ႈ/ယူင်ႉၵၢၼ်">ယူင်ႉၵၢၼ်</a> | <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%81%BC%E1%82%84%E1%82%89%E1%81%BC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%84%E1%82%83" title="ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ:ပပ်ႉဢၼ်ၼႄႉၼမ်း/လွင်ႈလိူၵ်ႈငႃ">ပပ်ႉဢၼ်ၼႄႉၼမ်း</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B5%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%81%B8%E1%80%BD%E1%82%86%E1%82%88" title="ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ:ဢွင်ႈဢၢၼ်ႇလိၵ်ႈ/လွင်ႈၵႅမ်ၸွႆႈ">ၵူႈလွင်ႈလွင်ႈ</a> | <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B5%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%81%B8%E1%80%BD%E1%82%86%E1%82%88_%E1%81%B5%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%82%85%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ:ဢွင်ႈဢၢၼ်ႇလိၵ်ႈ/လွင်ႈၵႅမ်ၸွႆႈ ၵၢၼ်ထႅၵ်ႉၼိၵ်ႉ">လွင်ႈထႅၵ်ႉၼိၵ်ႉ</a> | 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href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%88" title="ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ:တူဝ်ယေႃႈ">တူဝ်ယေႃႈ</a>: <br/> <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ဝီႇၶီႇပပ်ႉ:BB">WB:BB</a></small></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%81%BE%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%82%87:Bulletinboard5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bulletinboard5.jpg/200px-Bulletinboard5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bulletinboard5.jpg/300px-Bulletinboard5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bulletinboard5.jpg/400px-Bulletinboard5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" 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