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searchaux" style="display:none">1954 film by Krishnan–Panju</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;">Ratha Kanneer</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratha_Kanneer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/50/Ratha_Kanneer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="359" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical release poster</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Directed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Krishnan%E2%80%93Panju" title="Krishnan–Panju">Krishnan–Panju</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data">Tiruvarur K. Thangaraj</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Ratha Kanneer</i><br />by Tiruvarur K. Thangaraj</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Produced by</th><td class="infobox-data">Perumal Mudaliar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Starring</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Radha" title="M. R. Radha">M. R. Radha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sriranjani_Jr." title="Sriranjani Jr.">Sriranjani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Rajendran" title="S. S. Rajendran">S. S. Rajendran</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Cinematography</th><td class="infobox-data">R. R. Chandran</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Edited by</th><td class="infobox-data">S. Panjabi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Music by</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Score:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Viswanathan%E2%80%93Ramamoorthy" title="Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy">Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</a><br /><b>Songs:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/C._S._Jayaraman" title="C. S. Jayaraman">C. S. Jayaraman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production<br />company</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/National_Pictures" title="National Pictures">National Pictures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist film-date"> <ul><li>25 October 1954<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1954-10-25</span>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">151 minutes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhananjayan2011146_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhananjayan2011146-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Tamil</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Ratha Kanneer</b></i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> Tears of Blood</span>) is a 1954 Indian <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>-language <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Krishnan%E2%80%93Panju" title="Krishnan–Panju">Krishnan–Panju</a>, and written by Tiruvarur K. Thangaraj. Based on Thangaraj's play of the same name, the film stars <a href="/wiki/M._R._Radha" title="M. R. Radha">M. R. Radha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sriranjani_Jr." title="Sriranjani Jr.">Sriranjani</a> and <a href="/wiki/S._S._Rajendran" title="S. S. Rajendran">S. S. Rajendran</a>, with <a href="/wiki/J._P._Chandrababu" title="J. P. Chandrababu">Chandrababu</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._N._Rajam" title="M. N. Rajam">M. N. Rajam</a> and S. R. Janaki in supporting roles. It revolves around a returned-from-abroad, westernised rich man who shows arrogance and contempt towards anything part of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Indian culture</a> and anyone below his social standards. </p><p>The film was produced by Perumal Mudaliar of <a href="/wiki/National_Pictures" title="National Pictures">National Pictures</a>, and had Radha reprising his role from the play. Cinematography was handled by R. R. Chandran and editing by Panju under the alias S. Panjabi. The score was composed by <a href="/wiki/Viswanathan%E2%80%93Ramamoorthy" title="Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy">Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</a> and the songs by <a href="/wiki/C._S._Jayaraman" title="C. S. Jayaraman">C. S. Jayaraman</a>, with lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Mahakavi Bharathiyaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udumalai_Narayana_Kavi" title="Udumalai Narayana Kavi">Udumalai Narayana Kavi</a> and Ku. Sa. Krishnamurthy. </p><p><i>Ratha Kanneer</i> was released on 25 October 1954, during the week of <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>. The film became a critical and commercial success, and Radha became a much sought-after artiste in Tamil cinema. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mohanasundaram is a philanderer, chain-smoker and drunkard. He does not respect elders, or people below his social standards. He is ruthless and even beats his own mother. Immediately after his return to India, he is married to Chandra, a cultured, well-mannered, conservative Indian village girl. But he develops an affair with Kantha, a prostitute. His best friend Balu tries to advise him and mend his ways but Mohan turns a deaf ear. Mohan even failed to attend his own mother's post-death formalities as he wanted to attend the birthday function of Kantha's mother. Mohan loses his mind over Kantha, even surrenders all his riches to her and also loses every loved one in his life. When he loses the last of his riches and close ones, he gets struck down by <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a>. His life then turns upside down. With no money left for the treatment of his disease, he is totally ignored and despised by Kantha and her associates. She even locks him up in a room and treats him like an untouchable. In a few days, Kantha throws him out of her house and Mohan loses his eyesight soon after. </p><p>As a poor leper, Mohan wanders the streets to beg for food. In this last stage of his life, he learns the value of life itself and how to respect others. He feels remorseful for the way he treated his wife, mother and everyone else around him. He meets Chandra, his wife, who now lives a scarce life. Both do not recognise each other, as he is blind and she gets to see only his disfigured, leprosy-stricken face. He also meets his old best friend, Balu. The trio finally recognise each other. Mohan also learns through Balu about Kantha's death in an air crash. Mohan marries Chandra off to Balu, in the hope that she can now only be loved and cared for by a better man than Mohan himself. As a last request he asks for a leper's statue to be risen in his likeness, as a threatening example to philanderers like himself. Some time after Mohan's death, a statue of him is erected per his request, and Balu breaks into a song about righteousness and values of life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cast">Cast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;min-width: min(25em, 100%);"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Radha" title="M. R. Radha">M. R. Radha</a> as Mohanasundaram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sriranjani_Jr." title="Sriranjani Jr.">Sriranjani</a> as Chandra<sup id="cite_ref-thenewsminute_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenewsminute-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Rajendran" title="S. S. Rajendran">S. S. Rajendran</a> as Balu<sup id="cite_ref-thenewsminute_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenewsminute-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Chandrababu" title="J. P. Chandrababu">Chandrababu</a> as the pimp<sup id="cite_ref-thenewsminute_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenewsminute-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Rajam" title="M. N. Rajam">M. N. Rajam</a> as Kantha</li> <li>S. R. Janaki as Mohanasundaram's mother<sup id="cite_ref-lakshmansruthi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lakshmansruthi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Dance<sup id="cite_ref-RandorGuy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RandorGuy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kusalakumari" title="Kusalakumari">Kusalakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayee%E2%80%93Subbulakshmi" title="Sayee–Subbulakshmi">Sayee–Subbulakshmi</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ratha Kanneer</i> was a stage play written by Tiruvarur K. Thangaraj. The play was first staged on 14 January 1949 in <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a success wherever it was staged, elevating its lead actor <a href="/wiki/M._R._Radha" title="M. R. Radha">M. R. Radha</a> to an icon in the field of Tamil theatre. The play was staged not only in South India but also in places like Malaya (now Singapore and Malaysia), Burma (now Myanmar) and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) where it met with equal success.<sup id="cite_ref-RandorGuy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RandorGuy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The director duo <a href="/wiki/Krishnan%E2%80%93Panju" title="Krishnan–Panju">Krishnan–Panju</a> decided to adapt the play into a feature film. <a href="/wiki/AVM_Productions" title="AVM Productions">AVM Productions</a> who was supposed to produce the film backed out due to the negative approach of the plot.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film adaptation was produced by Perumal Mudaliar under <a href="/wiki/National_Pictures" title="National Pictures">National Pictures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lakshmansruthi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lakshmansruthi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sangam_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangam-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cinematography was handled by R. R. Chandran and editing by Panju under the alias S. Panjabi.<sup id="cite_ref-thenewsminute_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenewsminute-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casting_and_filming">Casting and filming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Casting and filming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though many film producers of the period hesitated to cast Radha in their films because of his caustic attitude, Mudaliar decided he should reprise his role from the play. Radha agreed to join the film after his conditions were met, one of which was him acting only at night after he acted in stage plays during the day.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film marked the comeback of Radha to cinema after a long absence.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/M._N._Rajam" title="M. N. Rajam">M. N. Rajam</a> was selected to portray the <a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">vamp</a> Kantha, and had to put weight to portray the character.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rajam, no actress was willing to portray Kantha, but she agreed after she was approached by Krishnan–Panju. Rajam was hesitant to enact the scene where she had to kick Mohanasundaram (Radha's character) down from the staircase; she later relented after being requested by Krishnan.<sup id="cite_ref-sangam_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangam-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While filming the climax where Mohan is seen joining his wife Chandra's (<a href="/wiki/Sriranjani_Jr." title="Sriranjani Jr.">Sriranjani</a>) hands to his friend Balu's (<a href="/wiki/S._S._Rajendran" title="S. S. Rajendran">S. S. Rajendran</a>), the directors were hesitant, believing that if the scene was featured in the film, people would not accept it and the scene would cause controversy. Radha threatened not to act further if the scene was not filmed, and shooting stopped for a few months. Eventually, the climax was filmed at the behest of Radha.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though during filming a remuneration was fixed for Radha, by the time filming ended he charged three times the agreed upon remuneration; his overall pay was <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>125,000</span> (equivalent to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>13 million or US$150,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-sangam_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangam-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final length of the film was 15,895 feet (4,845 m).<sup id="cite_ref-lakshmansruthi_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lakshmansruthi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes_and_influences">Themes and influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Themes and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lakshmi" title="C. S. Lakshmi">C. S. Lakshmi</a>, <i>Ratha Kanneer</i> was built on a framework of purity and impurity. The title of the film meaning "Tears of Blood" refers to the tears of the wife who is pure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELakshmi200819_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELakshmi200819-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Marja Evelyn Mogk's edited volume <i>Different Bodies:Essays on Disability in Film and Television</i>, Joyojeet Paal wrote that the film pairs "western debauchery with consequent traditional punitive reprisal in form of physical disfigurement" and also noted that the storyline of the film bears resemblance to <a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a>, son of the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaal2013111_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaal2013111-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writer <a href="/wiki/Perumal_Murugan" title="Perumal Murugan">Perumal Murugan</a> feels the views of Mohan actually reflect those of <a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">E. V. Ramasamy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of whom Thangaraj was a follower.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researcher and ethnographer Preeti Mudliar compared <i><a href="/wiki/Andha_Naal" title="Andha Naal">Andha Naal</a></i> (1954) to <i>Ratha Kanneer</i> because in both films, "the sin of foreignness is [neutralised] by a chaste Tamil woman, the virtuous wife".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soundtrack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The soundtrack was composed by <a href="/wiki/C._S._Jayaraman" title="C. S. Jayaraman">C. S. Jayaraman</a> while the background music by <a href="/wiki/Viswanathan%E2%80%93Ramamoorthy" title="Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy">Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song "Kadhavai Saathadi" is set in the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_raga" title="Carnatic raga">Carnatic raga</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Atana" title="Atana">Atana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The songs "Kutram Purindhavan" and "Aalai Aalai" attained popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-RandorGuy_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RandorGuy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Song</th> <th>Singers</th> <th>Lyrics</th> <th>Length </th></tr> <tr> <td>"Aalai Aaalai Paarkirrai"</td> <td><a href="/wiki/T._V._Rathnam" title="T. V. Rathnam">T. V. Rathnam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Udumalai_Narayana_Kavi" title="Udumalai Narayana Kavi">Udumalai Narayana Kavi</a></td> <td>02:59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Kutram Purindhavan Vaazhkaiyil Nimmadhi"</td> <td><a href="/wiki/C._S._Jayaraman" title="C. S. Jayaraman">C. S. Jayaraman</a></td> <td>Ku. Sa. Krishnamurthy</td> <td>03:44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Kadhavai Saathadi"</td> <td><a href="/wiki/M._L._Vasanthakumari" title="M. L. Vasanthakumari">M. L. Vasanthakumari</a></td> <td></td> <td>03:54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Maalai Itta Mannan Yaaro"</td> <td>T. V. Rathnam</td> <td>Udumalai Narayana Kavi</td> <td>02:59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Tatti Parithaar En Vaazhvai"</td> <td>T. S. Bagavathi</td> <td></td> <td>03:23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Manidhar Vaazhvile Manam Adhu Pole"</td> <td><a href="/wiki/A._P._Komala" title="A. P. Komala">A. P. Komala</a></td> <td></td> <td>03:12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Vaalavayathaagi Azhagaagi Madhanaagi"</td> <td>C. S. Jayaraman</td> <td></td> <td>03:04 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Pengale Ulaga Kangale"</td> <td>T. S. Bagavathi</td> <td></td> <td>03:11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Aalaiyin Sangge Nee Oothaayo"</td> <td>M. L. Vasanthakumari</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Bharathidasan</a></td> <td>03:28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Thannai Arindhu"</td> <td>C. S. Jayaraman</td> <td></td> <td>03:18 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release_and_reception">Release and reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Release and reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ratha Kanneer</i> was released on 25 October 1954, during the week of <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film emerged a critical and commercial success, with particular praise towards Radha's performance, and ran for over 100 days in theatres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhananjayan2011147_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhananjayan2011147-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_versions">Other versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The play inspired an adaptation in Telugu starring <a href="/wiki/Nagabhushanam_(actor)" title="Nagabhushanam (actor)">Nagabhushanam</a>, and later the Tamil film was dubbed into Telugu.<sup id="cite_ref-RandorGuy_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RandorGuy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Radha's death, his eldest son <a href="/wiki/M._R._R._Vasu" title="M. R. R. Vasu">Vasu</a> played the protagonist in the play till his death, and at present donning the character is Radha's other son <a href="/wiki/Radha_Ravi" title="Radha Ravi">Ravi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, whenever the play was staged with Ravi starring, the plot was amended to show the protagonist suffering from <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kannada actor <a href="/wiki/Upendra_(actor)" title="Upendra (actor)">Upendra</a> who saw the film and adapted the play in Kannada for the current trend, he appeared in the lead role. Upendra, however, clarified that the Kannada version was not a remake.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film, titled <i><a href="/wiki/Raktha_Kanneeru" title="Raktha Kanneeru">Raktha Kanneeru</a>,</i> was directed by <a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Kokila" title="Sadhu Kokila">Sadhu Kokila</a>. The film was released in 2003 and became a success.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2014, Vasu's son Sathish announced his intention to make another modern film version of the story, but those plans were cancelled due to his death in May 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the success of the film, Radha became a much sought-after artiste in Tamil cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-RandorGuy_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RandorGuy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i> asked eight Tamil film directors to list their all-time favourite Tamil films; <a href="/wiki/Mahendran_(filmmaker)" title="Mahendran (filmmaker)">Mahendran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balu_Mahendra" title="Balu Mahendra">Balu Mahendra</a> named <i>Ratha Kanneer</i> as one of their favourite films in Tamil. Mahendran said: "<i>Ratha Kaneer</i>, has progressive ideas and great acting by M.R.Radha".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actor <a href="/wiki/Sivakumar" title="Sivakumar">Sivakumar</a> stated that "You can't reproduce movies like <i><a href="/wiki/Parasakthi_(film)" title="Parasakthi (film)">Parasakthi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pasamalar" title="Pasamalar">Pasamalar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Devadasu_(1953_film)" title="Devadasu (1953 film)">Devadas</a></i>, <i>Veerapandiya Kattabomman</i> or <i>Ratha Kanneer</i> [...] By remaking such films, you are lowering yourself, while it enhances the original artists’ image."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSundaram2020" class="citation web cs1">Sundaram, Nandhu (31 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ratha-kanneer-mr-radha-s-film-scathing-indictment-our-culture-125619">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ratha Kanneer': MR Radha's film is a scathing indictment of our culture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_News_Minute" title="The News Minute">The News Minute</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127065651/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ratha-kanneer-mr-radha-s-film-scathing-indictment-our-culture-125619">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=%27Ratha+Kanneer%27%3A+MR+Radha%27s+film+is+a+scathing+indictment+of+our+culture&rft.date=2020-05-31&rft.aulast=Sundaram&rft.aufirst=Nandhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fratha-kanneer-mr-radha-s-film-scathing-indictment-our-culture-125619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lakshmansruthi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lakshmansruthi_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lakshmansruthi_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lakshmansruthi_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180104051409/http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails26.asp">"1954 – ரத்தக்கண்ணீர் – நேஷனல் பிக்சர்ஸ்-ரத்தக்கண்ணீரு(தெ-டப்)"</a> [1954 – Ratha Kanneer – National Pictures-Ratha Kanneeru (Telugu, dub)]. <i><a href="/wiki/Lakshman_Sruthi" title="Lakshman Sruthi">Lakshman Sruthi</a></i> (in Tamil). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails26.asp">the original</a> on 4 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lakshman+Sruthi&rft.atitle=1954+%E2%80%93+%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E2%80%93+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%28%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86-%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flakshmansruthi.com%2Fcineprofiles%2F1954-cinedetails26.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RandorGuy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RandorGuy_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RandorGuy_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RandorGuy_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RandorGuy_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RandorGuy_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Randor_Guy" title="Randor Guy">Guy, Randor</a> (31 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/rattha-kanneer-1954/article3021758.ece">"Rattha Kanneer 1954"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430201914/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/rattha-kanneer-1954/article3021758.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Rattha+Kanneer+1954&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=Randor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-cinemaplus%2Frattha-kanneer-1954%2Farticle3021758.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFசரித்திரன்2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">சரித்திரன் (6 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/39770-1927-6.html">"இன்று அன்று | 1927 ஏப்ரல் 6: ரத்தக்கண்ணீர் படைப்பாளியின் பிறந்த தினம்"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Tamil_Thisai" title="Hindu Tamil Thisai">Hindu Tamil Thisai</a></i> (in Tamil). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430201917/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/39770-1927-6.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindu+Tamil+Thisai&rft.atitle=%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81+%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81+%7C+1927+%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D+6%3A+%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4+%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.date=2015-04-06&rft.au=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindutamil.in%2Fnews%2Fblogs%2F39770-1927-6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-03-18/page/n61/mode/2up">"நூற்றுக்கு நூறு வெற்றி பெற்றோம்!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kalki_(magazine)" title="Kalki (magazine)">Kalki</a></i> (in Tamil). 18 March 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230311191158/https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-03-18/page/n61/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Radha – a mentor to many"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ilankai_Tamil_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilankai Tamil Sangam">Ilankai Tamil Sangam</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418184948/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-33/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ilankai+Tamil+Sangam&rft.atitle=MGR+Remembered+%E2%80%93+Part+33+%7C+M.R.+Radha+%E2%80%93+a+mentor+to+many&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft.aulast=Sri+Kantha&rft.aufirst=Sachi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsangam.org%2Fmgr-remembered-part-33%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/mr-radha---the-story-of-the-riot-12/24882">"எம்.ஆர்.ராதா - கலகக்காரனின் கதை! 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dinamalar&rft.atitle=%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE+-+%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%21+%2812%29&rft.date=2015-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dinamalar.com%2Fmalarkal%2Fvara-malar-weekly-magazine%2Fmr-radha---the-story-of-the-riot-12%2F24882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamakrishnan2020" class="citation news cs1">Ramakrishnan, Venkatesh (27 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501074500/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2020/12/27044503/1268443/Madras-Radha--A-Periyarist-who-used-pungent-dramatics-.vpf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Madras' Radha – A Periyarist who used pungent dramatics as a social cleanser"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/DT_Next" title="DT Next">DT Next</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2020/12/27044503/1268443/Madras-Radha--A-Periyarist-who-used-pungent-dramatics-.vpf">the original</a> on 1 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DT+Next&rft.atitle=%27Madras%27+Radha+%E2%80%93+A+Periyarist+who+used+pungent+dramatics+as+a+social+cleanser&rft.date=2020-12-27&rft.aulast=Ramakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Venkatesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtnext.in%2FNews%2FTopNews%2F2020%2F12%2F27044503%2F1268443%2FMadras-Radha--A-Periyarist-who-used-pungent-dramatics-.vpf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maalaimalar.com/Timeline/Kalasuvadugal/2018/02/21044559/1146909/Tamil-Movie-Actor-MR-Radha-birthday.vpf">"தமிழ் திரைப்பட நடிகர் எம்.ஆர்.ராதா பிறந்த தினம் - பிப்.21, 1907"</a> [Tamil film actor M. R. Radha's birthday: 21 February 1907]. <i><a href="/wiki/Maalai_Malar" title="Maalai Malar">Maalai Malar</a></i> (in Tamil). 21 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200717/https://www.maalaimalar.com/Timeline/Kalasuvadugal/2018/02/21044559/1146909/Tamil-Movie-Actor-MR-Radha-birthday.vpf">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maalai+Malar&rft.atitle=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4+%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D+-+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D.21%2C+1907&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maalaimalar.com%2FTimeline%2FKalasuvadugal%2F2018%2F02%2F21044559%2F1146909%2FTamil-Movie-Actor-MR-Radha-birthday.vpf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamachari2011" class="citation news cs1">Krishnamachari, Suganthy (6 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/in-rewind-mode/article1993343.ece">"In rewind mode"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150625045013/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/in-rewind-mode/article1993343.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=In+rewind+mode&rft.date=2011-05-06&rft.aulast=Krishnamachari&rft.aufirst=Suganthy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fin-rewind-mode%2Farticle1993343.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangarajan2007" class="citation news cs1">Rangarajan, Malathi (26 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/contented-with-her-lot/article2271268.ece">"Contented with her lot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101075205/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/contented-with-her-lot/article2271268.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Contented+with+her+lot&rft.date=2007-01-26&rft.aulast=Rangarajan&rft.aufirst=Malathi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-fridayreview%2Fcontented-with-her-lot%2Farticle2271268.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/mr-radha---the-story-of-the-riot-13/24992">"எம்.ஆர்.ராதா - கலகக்காரனின் கதை! 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Why+Perumal+Murugan+thinks+%27Ratha+Kanneer%27+is+relevant+even+today&rft.date=2019-08-17&rft.aulast=Kannadasan&rft.aufirst=Akila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2Fwriter-perumal-murugan-on-ratha-kanneer%2Farticle29118843.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501163223/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2014/jan/07/Leaders-Pay-Tributes-to-Thangarasu-560376.html">"Leaders Pay Tributes to Thangarasu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a></i>. 7 January 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2014/jan/07/Leaders-Pay-Tributes-to-Thangarasu-560376.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Leaders+Pay+Tributes+to+Thangarasu&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2014%2Fjan%2F07%2FLeaders-Pay-Tributes-to-Thangarasu-560376.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMudliar2015" class="citation web cs1">Mudliar, Preeti (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joyojeet.people.si.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/The-Foreign-Hand-in-Tamil-Cinema.pdf">"Watching from an Arm's Length: The Foreign Hand in Tamil Cinema"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Communication,_Culture_%26_Critique" title="Communication, Culture & Critique">Communication, Culture & Critique</a></i>. pp. 9–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160718060127/http://joyojeet.people.si.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/The-Foreign-Hand-in-Tamil-Cinema.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Communication%2C+Culture+%26+Critique&rft.atitle=Watching+from+an+Arm%27s+Length%3A+The+Foreign+Hand+in+Tamil+Cinema&rft.pages=9-10&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mudliar&rft.aufirst=Preeti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoyojeet.people.si.umich.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F03%2FThe-Foreign-Hand-in-Tamil-Cinema.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/sok.RatthaKanneer_Krishnan-Panchu_1954/19.%20RatthaKanneer_Krishnan-Panchu_1954.pdf"><i>ரத்தக்கன்னீர்</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (<a href="/wiki/Song_book" title="Song book">song book</a>) (in Tamil). National Pictures. 1954<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D&rft.pub=National+Pictures&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fsok.RatthaKanneer_Krishnan-Panchu_1954%2F19.%2520RatthaKanneer_Krishnan-Panchu_1954.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saregama.com/album/ratha-kanneer_15777">"Ratha Kanneer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Saregama" title="Saregama">Saregama</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094341/http://www.saregama.com/album/ratha-kanneer_15777">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Atana+for+inspiring+valour&rft.date=2012-09-14&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Charulatha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fmusic%2Fatana-for-inspiring-valour%2Farticle3896793.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFராம்ஜி2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ராம்ஜி, வி. (27 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/595270-66-years-of-ratthakkanneer-m-r-radha.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'அடியே காந்தா...'வுக்கு 66 வயது! எம்.ஆர்.ராதாவின் 'ரத்தக்கண்ணீர்'... திருவாரூர் தங்கராசுவின் 'ரத்தக்கண்ணீர்'!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Tamil_Thisai" title="Hindu Tamil Thisai">Hindu Tamil Thisai</a></i> (in Tamil). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430204739/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/595270-66-years-of-ratthakkanneer-m-r-radha.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindu+Tamil+Thisai&rft.atitle=%27%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87+%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE...%27%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81+66+%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%21+%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D+%27%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%27...+%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D+%27%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%27%21&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft.aulast=%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF&rft.aufirst=%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindutamil.in%2Fnews%2Fcinema%2Ftamil-cinema%2F595270-66-years-of-ratthakkanneer-m-r-radha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhananjayan2011147-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhananjayan2011147_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhananjayan2011">Dhananjayan 2011</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangarajan2012" class="citation news cs1">Rangarajan, Malathi (8 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/refrains-old-and-new/article2973933.ece">"Refrains, old and new"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210501121323/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/refrains-old-and-new/article2973933.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Refrains%2C+old+and+new&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft.aulast=Rangarajan&rft.aufirst=Malathi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fcinema%2Frefrains-old-and-new%2Farticle2973933.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDharmaraj2002" class="citation news cs1">Dharmaraj, Vidyashree (25 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/making-big-strides-on-small-screen/article28604383.ece">"Making big strides on small screen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210430204051/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/making-big-strides-on-small-screen/article28604383.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Making+big+strides+on+small+screen&rft.date=2002-07-25&rft.aulast=Dharmaraj&rft.aufirst=Vidyashree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-life%2Fmaking-big-strides-on-small-screen%2Farticle28604383.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasa2014" class="citation web cs1">Srinivasa, Srikanth (1 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/a-remake-is-a-remake-even-if-the-producer-spends-crores-south/20141001.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A remake is a remake even if the producer spends crores'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212182551/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/a-remake-is-a-remake-even-if-the-producer-spends-crores-south/20141001.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=%27A+remake+is+a+remake+even+if+the+producer+spends+crores%27&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft.aulast=Srinivasa&rft.aufirst=Srikanth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fmovies%2Freport%2Fa-remake-is-a-remake-even-if-the-producer-spends-crores-south%2F20141001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSri2007" class="citation web cs1">Sri (10 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220132955/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/upendra_interview_2.php">"Star Interviews: Upendra – Interview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Telugucinema.com" title="Telugucinema.com">Telugucinema.com</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/upendra_interview_2.php">the original</a> on 20 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telugucinema.com&rft.atitle=Star+Interviews%3A+Upendra+%E2%80%93+Interview&rft.date=2007-07-10&rft.au=Sri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telugucinema.com%2Fc%2Fpublish%2Fstars%2Fupendra_interview_2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/may/10/dream-remake-of-thespian-radhas-ratha-kanneer-sinks-758584.html">"Dream Remake of Thespian Radha's Ratha Kanneer Sinks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a></i>. 10 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210501124443/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/may/10/Dream-Remake-of-Thespian-Radhas-Ratha-Kanneer-Sinks-758584.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Dream+Remake+of+Thespian+Radha%27s+Ratha+Kanneer+Sinks&rft.date=2015-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2015%2Fmay%2F10%2Fdream-remake-of-thespian-radhas-ratha-kanneer-sinks-758584.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshok_Kumar2007" class="citation news cs1">Ashok Kumar, S. R. (13 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/filmmakers-favourites/article2272999.ece">"Filmmakers' favourites"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060705/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Filmmakers%27+favourites&rft.date=2007-07-13&rft.aulast=Ashok+Kumar&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-fridayreview%2Ffilmmakers-favourites%2Farticle2272999.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand2008" class="citation news cs1">Anand, N. (3 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sivakumar-not-for-old-wine-in-new-bottle/article1170631.ece">"Sivakumar not for old wine in new bottle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326134402/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sivakumar-not-for-old-wine-in-new-bottle/article1170631.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Sivakumar+not+for+old+wine+in+new+bottle&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-tamilnadu%2Fsivakumar-not-for-old-wine-in-new-bottle%2Farticle1170631.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhananjayan2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._Dhananjayan" title="G. Dhananjayan">Dhananjayan, G.</a> (2011). <i>The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976</i>. Galatta Media. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/733724281">733724281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+Tamil+Cinema%2C+1931+to+2010%3A+1931%E2%80%931976&rft.pub=Galatta+Media&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F733724281&rft.aulast=Dhananjayan&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakshmi2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lakshmi" title="C. S. Lakshmi">Lakshmi, C. S.</a> (2008). "A good woman, a very good woman: Tamil cinema's women". In Velayutham, Selvaraj (ed.). <i>Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93037-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93037-3"><bdi>978-0-203-93037-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+good+woman%2C+a+very+good+woman%3A+Tamil+cinema%27s+women&rft.btitle=Tamil+Cinema%3A+The+Cultural+Politics+of+India%27s+Other+Film+Industry&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-203-93037-3&rft.aulast=Lakshmi&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaal2013" class="citation book cs1">Paal, Joyojeet (2013). "Physical Disability and Indian Cinema". In Mogk, Marja Evelyn (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SfTAAAAQBAJ"><i>Different Bodies: Essays on Disability in Film and Television</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0621-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0621-7"><bdi>978-1-4766-0621-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Physical+Disability+and+Indian+Cinema&rft.btitle=Different+Bodies%3A+Essays+on+Disability+in+Film+and+Television&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0621-7&rft.aulast=Paal&rft.aufirst=Joyojeet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SfTAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARatha+Kanneer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0234571/"><i>Ratha Kanneer</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295588#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Films_directed_by_Krishnan–Panju" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Krishnan%E2%80%93Panju" title="Template:Krishnan–Panju"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Krishnan%E2%80%93Panju" title="Template talk:Krishnan–Panju"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Krishnan%E2%80%93Panju" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Krishnan–Panju"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Films_directed_by_Krishnan–Panju" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Films directed by <a href="/wiki/Krishnan%E2%80%93Panju" title="Krishnan–Panju">Krishnan–Panju</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poompavai" title="Poompavai">Poompavai</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paithiyakkaran" title="Paithiyakkaran">Paithiyakkaran</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ratnakumar" title="Ratnakumar">Ratnakumar</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nallathambi_(1949_film)" title="Nallathambi (1949 film)">Nallathambi</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parasakthi_(film)" title="Parasakthi (film)">Parasakthi</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangal_(film)" title="Kangal (film)">Kangal</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ratha Kanneer</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kula_Deivam_(1956_film)" title="Kula Deivam (1956 film)">Kula Deivam</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pudhaiyal" title="Pudhaiyal">Pudhaiyal</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhabhi_(1957_film)" title="Bhabhi (1957 film)">Bhabhi</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamiyar_Mechina_Marumagal" title="Mamiyar Mechina Marumagal">Mamiyar Mechina Marumagal</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barkha_(film)" title="Barkha (film)">Barkha</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deivapiravi_(1960_film)" title="Deivapiravi (1960 film)">Deivapiravi</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bindya" title="Bindya">Bindya</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thilakam" title="Thilakam">Thilakam</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaadi_(1962_film)" title="Shaadi (1962 film)">Shaadi</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man-Mauji" title="Man-Mauji">Man-Mauji</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annai_(1962_film)" title="Annai (1962 film)">Annai</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunkhumam" title="Kunkhumam">Kunkhumam</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vazhkai_Vazhvatharke" title="Vazhkai Vazhvatharke">Vazhkai Vazhvatharke</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Server_Sundaram" title="Server Sundaram">Server Sundaram</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mera_Qasoor_Kya_Hai" title="Mera Qasoor Kya Hai">Mera Qasoor Kya Hai</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuzhandaiyum_Deivamum" title="Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum">Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petralthan_Pillaiya" title="Petralthan Pillaiya">Petralthan Pillaiya</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leta_Manasulu_(1966_film)" title="Leta Manasulu (1966 film)">Leta Manasulu</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laadla_(1966_film)" title="Laadla (1966 film)">Laadla</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Do_Kaliyan" title="Do Kaliyan">Do Kaliyan</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uyarndha_Manithan" title="Uyarndha Manithan">Uyarndha Manithan</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annaiyum_Pithavum" title="Annaiyum Pithavum">Annaiyum Pithavum</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Engal_Thangam" title="Engal Thangam">Engal Thangam</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anadhai_Anandhan" title="Anadhai Anandhan">Anadhai Anandhan</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Main_Sundar_Hoon" title="Main Sundar Hoon">Main Sundar Hoon</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranga_Rattinam" title="Ranga Rattinam">Ranga Rattinam</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillaiyo_Pillai" title="Pillaiyo Pillai">Pillaiyo Pillai</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akka_Thamudu" title="Akka Thamudu">Akka Thamudu</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idhaya_Veenai" title="Idhaya Veenai">Idhaya Veenai</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pookkari" title="Pookkari">Pookkari</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaliyuga_Kannan" title="Kaliyuga Kannan">Kaliyuga Kannan</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samayalkaaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samayalkaaran (page does not exist)">Samayalkaaran</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaandaar_(1974_film)" title="Shaandaar (1974 film)">Shaandaar</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anaiya_Vilakku" title="Anaiya Vilakku">Anaiya Vilakku</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaazhnthu_Kaattugiren" title="Vaazhnthu Kaattugiren">Vaazhnthu Kaattugiren</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vazhvu_En_Pakkam" title="Vazhvu En Pakkam">Vazhvu En Pakkam</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilaya_Thalaimurai" title="Ilaya Thalaimurai">Ilaya Thalaimurai</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chakravarthy_(1977_film)" title="Chakravarthy (1977 film)">Chakravarthy</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annapoorani_(1978_film)" title="Annapoorani (1978 film)">Annapoorani</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neela_Malargal" title="Neela Malargal">Neela Malargal</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mangala_Nayagi" title="Mangala Nayagi">Mangala Nayagi</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malarum_Ninaivugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malarum Ninaivugal (page does not exist)">Malarum Ninaivugal</a></i> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&oldid=1244683977">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratha_Kanneer&oldid=1244683977</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1954_films" title="Category:1954 films">1954 films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_Indian_films" title="Category:1950s Indian films">1950s 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