ADW: Bos javanicus: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Bos javanicus: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bos_javanicus/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bos_javanicus/" /> <meta content="Bos javanicus (banteng)" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/eva_hejda/bantengkalb/medium.jpg" property="og:image" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Bos javanicus (banteng)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Bos javanicus (banteng) on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/eva_hejda/bantengkalb/medium.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="283" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="323" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bos_javanicus/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; } .social-likes__widget { margin: 0; } </style>   </head> <body> <div id="outerwrap"> <div id="header" aria-role="header"> <h1> <a id="homelink" href="/">Animal Diversity Web</a> </h1> <div class="umlinks"> <div class="relative"> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/" id="ummzlink">University of Michigan Museum of Zoology</a> <a href="https://www.umich.edu/" id="umlink">University of Michigan</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrap" class="gradient"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span2 sidebar left"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked" id="sitemap"> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/">About Us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/animal_names/">About Animal Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="/teach/">Educational Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/collections/">Special Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/glossary/">Glossary</a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/">Browse Animalia</a> </li> </ul> <h2 class="offscreen">More Information</h2> <div class="well"> <h3>Additional Information</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <a href="http://eol.org/search/?q=Bos javanicus&search=Go">Encyclopedia of Life</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="span7_5 blahblahblah main" aria-role="main"> <h2 class="rank-species">Bos javanicus<span class="vernacular-name">banteng</span></h2> <div class="social-likes" data-counters="no"> <div class="facebook" title="Share link on Facebook">Facebook</div> <div class="twitter" title="Share link on Twitter">Twitter</div> </div> <div class="snapshots" aria-hidden="true"> <ul> <li> <a href="/accounts/Bos_javanicus/pictures/collections/contributors/eva_hejda/bantengkalb/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/eva_hejda/bantengkalb/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="byline">By Jason Saari</div> <nav class="contents"> <ul> <li> <a href="#geographic_range">Geographic Range</a> </li> <li> <a href="#habitat">Habitat</a> </li> <li> <a href="#physical_description">Physical Description</a> </li> <li> <a href="#reproduction">Reproduction</a> </li> <li> <a href="#lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#behavior">Behavior</a> </li> <li> <a href="#communication">Communication and Perception</a> </li> <li> <a href="#food_habits">Food Habits</a> </li> <li> <a href="#predation">Predation</a> </li> <li> <a href="#ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</a> </li> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</a> </li> <li> <a href="#conservation_status">Conservation Status</a> </li> <li> <a href="#contributors">Contributors</a> </li> <li> <a href="#references">References</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="inner-wrap"> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="geographic_range">Geographic Range</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Banteng inhabit various areas in Southeast Asia. Believed to have first been domesticated on Java, they are also now found in Bali, Burma, Borneo, Thailand, and Malaysia (D'Alton 1823, Nowak 1999).</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Biogeographic Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020915001348">oriental</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145428">introduced</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="habitat">Habitat</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Banteng appear to prefer more open and drier regions near dense thickets, and rely less on the presence of water than the closely related <em>Bos gaurus</em> (gaur). During the monsoon season, banteng herds tend to migrate to higher areas, ocuppying dense forests and bamboo jungles (Nowak 1999).</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Habitat Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145598">tropical</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145794">terrestrial</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Terrestrial Biomes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145828">forest</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145677">scrub forest</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="physical_description">Physical Description</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Male and female banteng are easily distinguishable. Both sexes carry the characteristic white stockings and white rump, as well as white muzzle and white spots above the eyes. Females are brown to reddish brown with a dark dorsal stripe. Their short crescent-shaped horns point inward at the tips and their appearance is trim and distinctly cattle-like. Males are blackish brown to blue-black with the horns being more angular and turning out and then up, with the tips turning inward. Horns in males grow to 60 to 75 cm in length and are connected at the base by a horn-like patch on the forehead. Both sexes have a slight hump on their back above the shoulders.</p> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Banteng range from 190 to 225 cm in total body length and average 160 cm in height at the shoulder. Their tail measures 65 to 70 cm and they weigh between 600 and 800 kg (D'Alton 1823, Nowak 1999).</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Physical Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916130951">endothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145642">bilateral symmetry</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate two-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range mass</dt> <dd>600 to 800 kg</dd> <dd class="english">1321.59 to 1762.11 lb</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range length</dt> <dd>190 to 225 cm</dd> <dd class="english">74.80 to 88.58 in</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">There is generally only one adult male in each banteng herd. That male reproduces with all adult females in the herd. Males compete for dominance of a herd and are probably not able to maintain a herd unless they are in prime condition and fully adult.</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Mating System</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145840">polygynous</a> </li> </ul> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Banteng are capable of breeding year round while in captivity. Wild banteng limit their breeding to the months of May and June. Gestation period lasts 285 days, after which they give birth to a single young. A young banteng can nurse anywhere from six to nine months and will not reach full maturity until two or three years old (D'Alton 1823, Nowak 1999).</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Reproductive Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145554">iteroparous</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145584">seasonal breeding</a> </li> <li> <span>gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145786">sexual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145546">fertilization</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145427">internal</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145695">viviparous</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding season</dt> <dd>Mating occurs in May and June, births typically occur in March and April.</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range number of offspring</dt> <dd>1 (low) </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average number of offspring</dt> <dd>1</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average number of offspring</dt> <dd>1</dd> <dd> <small> <a href="http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Bos_javanicus" class="external-link">AnAge</a> </small> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average gestation period</dt> <dd>9.5 months</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average gestation period</dt> <dd>295 days</dd> <dd> <small> <a href="http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Bos_javanicus" class="external-link">AnAge</a> </small> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range weaning age</dt> <dd>6 to 9 months</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)</dt> <dd>2 to 3 years</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)</dt> <dd>3 years</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)</dt> <dd>2 to 3 years</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)</dt> <dd>3 years</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Females care for and nurse their young for 6 to 9 months after their birth. Young are capable of standing and walking shortly after birth.</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Parental Investment</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145328">altricial</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145746">female parental care</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Wild banteng have been known to live for up to twenty years, while the oldest one in captivity was still living at twenty-six years and seven months (D'Alton 1823, Jones 1993, Nowak 1999).</p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range lifespan<br /><span>Status: captivity</span></dt> <dd>20 to 26 years</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Typical lifespan<br /><span>Status: wild</span></dt> <dd>16 to 20 years</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average lifespan<br /><span>Status: captivity</span></dt> <dd>27.1 years</dd> <dd> <small> <a href="http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Bos_javanicus" class="external-link">AnAge</a> </small> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Herds of 2-40 animals with a single mature male form. Other males live alone or in bachelor groups. In undisturbed areas banteng are largely diurnal, though may be active at any time of the day. In areas where they have been harassed by humans they become nocturnal, feeding throughout the night. Banteng are shy and wary, they rely on the presence of dense vegetation in which to take shelter (Nowak 1991).</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Behaviors</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145503">nocturnal</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145472">motile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145313">migratory</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145492">social</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145738">dominance hierarchies</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="communication">Communication and Perception</h3> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Perception Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="food_habits">Food Habits</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">During the dry season, banteng herds move to dry valleys where their primary diet is grass. When the monsoon season arrives, the herds move to the forest highlands and bamboo jungles where their diet consists of herbaceous plants, such as bamboo (Nowak 1999).</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Primary Diet</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145426">herbivore</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145622">folivore</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Plant Foods</li> <li> <span>leaves</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="predation">Predation</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Humans are the major predators of banteng. They use the animals for food, clothing, and commercial trade (Nowak 1999). In historic times banteng may also have been preyed upon by tigers, though most subspecies of tiger that occur throughout the range of banteng are currently extinct or severely endangered. Dhole may prey on young, elderly, or ill individuals.</p> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Their large size makes them invulnerable to many predators.</p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Known Predators</dt> <dd> <ul> <li>humans (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Homo_sapiens/">Homo sapiens</a>)</li> <li>dholes (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Cuon_alpinus/">Cuon alpinus</a>)</li> <li>tigers (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Panthera_tigris/">Panthera tigris</a>)</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Banteng are important members of the ecosystems in which they live. They are important in nutrient cycling and influence the composition of plant communities through their grazing and browsing activities.</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Banteng are used for food, leather goods, and commercial trade. There are several million domesticated banteng estimated to be used for meat production and as work animals currently (Nowak 1991). To a certain degree, they are used to promote tourism. Big game hunters pay to track and kill these large game animals near the Coburg Peninsula.</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Positive Impacts</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145418">food</a> </li> <li> <span>body parts are source of valuable material</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145330">ecotourism</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">There are no negative affects of banteng for humans.</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="conservation_status">Conservation Status</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Banteng are classified as an endangered species by the IUCN (1996), and the U.S. Department of the Interior. This is due to the destruction of habitat, hunting, commercial trade, disease transmission from domestic cattle (<em>Bos taurus</em>), and contamination of the gene pool caused by hybridization with domestic cattle. Banteng and domestic cattle matings result in fertile offspring (Nowak 1999).</p> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Wild populations of banteng remain only in isolated areas of Borneo and Java. Total populations are estimated at less than 5,000 to 8,000 individuals, with no populations numbering more than 500 animals. Banteng have been extirpated in India, Bangladesh, and western Malaysia. Asian mainland populations have declined by 80% in the last 20 years.</p> <p audience="intermediate advanced">There is almost no legal trade in banteng but illegal trade in banteng horns is widespread. There are no population monitoring systems in place.</p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Endangered</span> <br /> <small> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/2888"> More information </a> </small> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Endangered</span> <br /> <small> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/2888"> More information </a> </small> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.fws.gov/endangered/">US Federal List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Endangered</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">CITES</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Jason Saari (author), University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Chris Yahnke (editor), University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020904145328"> <dl> <dt>altricial</dt> <dd> <p>young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145606"> <dl> <dt>chemical</dt> <dd> <p>uses smells or other chemicals to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145738"> <dl> <dt>dominance hierarchies</dt> <dd> <p>ranking system or pecking order among members of a long-term social group, where dominance status affects access to resources or mates</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145330"> <dl> <dt>ecotourism</dt> <dd> <p>humans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. Ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916130951"> <dl> <dt>endothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145746"> <dl> <dt>female parental care</dt> <dd> <p>parental care is carried out by females</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145546"> <dl> <dt>fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>union of egg and spermatozoan</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145622"> <dl> <dt>folivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats leaves.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145418"> <dl> <dt>food</dt> <dd> <p>A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145828"> <dl> <dt>forest</dt> <dd> <p>forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145426"> <dl> <dt>herbivore</dt> <dd> <p>An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145427"> <dl> <dt>internal fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>fertilization takes place within the female's body</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145428"> <dl> <dt>introduced</dt> <dd> <p>referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range, usually through human action.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145554"> <dl> <dt>iteroparous</dt> <dd> <p>offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145313"> <dl> <dt>migratory</dt> <dd> <p>makes seasonal movements between breeding and wintering grounds</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145472"> <dl> <dt>motile</dt> <dd> <p>having the capacity to move from one place to another.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145365"> <dl> <dt>native range</dt> <dd> <p>the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145503"> <dl> <dt>nocturnal</dt> <dd> <p>active during the night</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020915001348"> <dl> <dt>oriental</dt> <dd> <p>found in the oriental region of the world. In other words, India and southeast Asia.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145840"> <dl> <dt>polygynous</dt> <dd> <p>having more than one female as a mate at one time</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145677"> <dl> <dt>scrub forest</dt> <dd> <p>scrub forests develop in areas that experience dry seasons.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145584"> <dl> <dt>seasonal breeding</dt> <dd> <p>breeding is confined to a particular season</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145786"> <dl> <dt>sexual</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145492"> <dl> <dt>social</dt> <dd> <p>associates with others of its species; forms social groups.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145500"> <dl> <dt>tactile</dt> <dd> <p>uses touch to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145794"> <dl> <dt>terrestrial</dt> <dd> <p>Living on the ground.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145598"> <dl> <dt>tropical</dt> <dd> <p>the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145695"> <dl> <dt>viviparous</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="references">References</h3> <p id="062c19a3f7e4bc30dd7fa7bcc2969db6">Brown, D., R. Burton(editors). 1974. <span style="font-style: italic">Funk and Wagnalls Wildlife Encyclopedia</span>. New York, NY: Funk and Wagnalls, Inc.. </p> <p id="553b20f0eed2916186ae9dcec1e199c4">D'Alton, 1823. <span style="font-style: italic">Bos Javaricus</span>. Java: Die Skelete der Wiederkauer. </p> <p id="a8d7d79d2ed131e282aeb1d8b459ed17">Nowak, R. 1999. <span style="font-style: italic">Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th ed.</span>. Baltimore, Maryland: The John Hopkins University Press. </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="span2_5 right sidebar"> <div class="well" id="pocket-guide-link"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/adw-pocket-guide/id916179421?mt=8" target="_blank"><i class="icon-download icon-white" style="vertical-align: bottom"></i> ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store! </a> <p>The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!</p> <p> <a href="/news/5009059054038197651/">Read more...</a> </p> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Search</h2> <div id="site-search"> <form action="/search" method="GET"> <label for="q" class="offscreen">Enter search text</label> <input value="" id="q" name="q" class="span12" size="15" type="text" placeholder="Search ADW" /> <button class="btn"> <i class="icon-zoom-in"></i> <span class="offscreen">Search</span> </button> <p style="max-height: 35px"> <label for="feature-list" class="offscreen">Search in feature</label> <select size="1" name="feature" 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data-delay="250">Bovidae: specimens (470)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Genus</span> <a href="/accounts/Bos/" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Bos</a> <span class="vernacular-name">oxen and true cattle</span> <div class="features"> <span class="feature-off feature-information"></span> <a href="/accounts/Bos/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Bos: pictures (33)" data-delay="250">Bos: pictures (33)</a> <a href="/accounts/Bos/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Bos: specimens (12)" data-delay="250">Bos: specimens (12)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li class="active"> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Bos_javanicus/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Bos javanicus</a> <span class="vernacular-name">banteng</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Bos_javanicus/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Bos javanicus: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Bos javanicus: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Bos_javanicus/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Bos javanicus: pictures (1)" data-delay="250">Bos javanicus: pictures (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" aria-role="contentinfo"> <div class="inner-footer"> <div class="page-citation"> <p class="content">To cite this page: Saari, J. 2002. "Bos javanicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed December 11, 2024 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bos_javanicus/</p> </div> <div class="disclaimer"> <p class="content"><strong>Disclaimer:</strong> The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource <strong>written largely by and for college students</strong>. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control. </p> </div> <div class="footer-links"> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://www.umich.edu/">U-M Gateway</a> | <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/">U-M Museum of Zoology</a></li> <li> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/">U-M Ecology and Evolutionary Biology</a> </li> <li> 漏 2020 Regents of the University of Michigan </li> <li><a href="/feedback/error_form/">Report Error</a> / <a href="/feedback/comment_form/">Comment</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="thanks-links"> <p>This material is based upon work supported by the <a href="https://nsf.gov">National Science Foundation</a> Grants DRL 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742. 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ADW: Bos javanicus: INFORMATION