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Le Testament — Wikipédia

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><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Le Testament</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 10 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafela_(suterot)" title="Bafela (suterot) – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Bafela (suterot)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1v%C4%9B%C5%A5_(Villon)" title="Závěť (Villon) – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Závěť (Villon)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Testament" title="Le Testament – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Le Testament" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Grand_Testament" title="Le Grand Testament – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Le Grand Testament" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Testament_(Villon)" title="Le Testament (Villon) – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Le Testament (Villon)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_testament" title="Wielki testament – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki testament" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Большое завещание – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большое завещание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Велико завештање – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велико завештање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_stora_testamentet" title="Det stora testamentet – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Det stora testamentet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/P_author.svg/59px-P_author.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/P_author.svg/78px-P_author.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant la littérature française et la <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A9sie" title="Poésie">poésie</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment&#160;?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large"><div class="entete icon auteur italique" style="background-color:#C4698F;color:"><div>Le Testament<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r155517023">.mw-parser-output .entete.auteur{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Picto_infobox_auteur.png")}</style></div></div><div><div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Le_grant_testament_Villon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Le_grant_testament_Villon.jpg/260px-Le_grant_testament_Villon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="438" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Le_grant_testament_Villon.jpg/390px-Le_grant_testament_Villon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Le_grant_testament_Villon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="769" /></a></span></div><div class="legend">Titre et illustration de l'édition de Pierre Levet (1489)</div></div><table><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">Formats</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p7937"><a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A8me" title="Poème">Poème</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Recueil_de_po%C3%A8mes" title="Recueil de poèmes">Recueil de poèmes</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3227637?uselang=fr#P7937" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Comprend</th><td class=""><div> <i><span class="wd_p527">Ballade de Villon et de la Grosse Margot <small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63396670" class="extiw" title="d:Q63396670"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Voir l&#39;élément Wikidata correspondant">d</span></a>)</small><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3227637?uselang=fr#P527" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></i></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Langue</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p407"><a href="/wiki/Moyen_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Moyen français">Moyen français</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3227637?uselang=fr#P407" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Auteur</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p50"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villon" title="François Villon">François Villon</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3227637?uselang=fr#P50" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Genre</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p136"><a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A9sie" title="Poésie">Poésie</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3227637?uselang=fr#P136" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Date de parution</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p577"><time datetime="1461" data-sort-value="1461" class="date-lien"><a href="/wiki/1461" title="1461">1461</a></time><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3227637?uselang=fr#P577" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Pays</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p495"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3227637?uselang=fr#P495" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="navbar noprint bordered navigation-not-searchable" style="border-top:1px solid #C4698F"><span class="plainlinks" style="text-align:left"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Testament&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=0">modifier</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Testament&amp;action=edit&amp;section=0">modifier le code</a> - <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3227637" class="extiw" title="d:Q3227637">modifier Wikidata</a></span><span style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Ouvrage" title="Documentation du modèle"><img alt="Documentation du modèle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></p></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Sida_ur_Villons_stora_testamente_kb_stockholm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sida_ur_Villons_stora_testamente_kb_stockholm.jpg/220px-Sida_ur_Villons_stora_testamente_kb_stockholm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sida_ur_Villons_stora_testamente_kb_stockholm.jpg/330px-Sida_ur_Villons_stora_testamente_kb_stockholm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sida_ur_Villons_stora_testamente_kb_stockholm.jpg/440px-Sida_ur_Villons_stora_testamente_kb_stockholm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="1727" /></a><figcaption>Une page extraite d'un manuscrit supposé de l'auteur, conservé à la <a href="/wiki/Kungliga_biblioteket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kungliga biblioteket">Kungliga biblioteket</a>. On y reconnait le nom et le titre, ainsi que les 4 premiers huitains du poème.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Le Testament</b></i> est une œuvre poétique de <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villon" title="François Villon">François Villon</a> composée en <a href="/wiki/1461" title="1461">1461</a>. Riche de plus d'une vingtaine de poèmes relativement autonomes, l'œuvre est majoritairement formée de vers <a href="/wiki/Octosyllabe" title="Octosyllabe">octosyllabiques</a> (mais les pièces lyriques insérées sont tantôt en octosyllabes, tantôt en décasyllabes). <i>Le Testament</i> est considéré comme un fleuron de la littérature médiévale. C'est la plus célèbre œuvre de Villon avec le <a href="/wiki/Le_Lais" title="Le Lais"><i>Lais</i></a>, dont elle reprend la forme de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Testament_po%C3%A9tique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Testament poétique (page inexistante)">testament poétique</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, inspiré de l'écriture juridique, ainsi que de nombreux légataires. </p><p>Mais le <i>Testament</i> se distingue du <i>Lais</i>&#160;: outre des legs aux légataires les plus divers (des hommes et des femmes du peuple du Paris du <a href="/wiki/XVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a>, le préfet de police <a href="/wiki/Robert_VII_d%27Estouteville" title="Robert VII d&#39;Estouteville">Robert d'Estouteville</a> mais aussi la <a href="/wiki/Butte_Montmartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Butte Montmartre">butte Montmartre</a>), Villon insère dans cette œuvre un ensemble de pièces lyriques. Le <i>Testament</i> est donc un recueil dans lequel figurent de nombreuses <a href="/wiki/Ballades" title="Ballades">ballades</a> célèbres, notamment la <i><a href="/wiki/Ballade_des_dames_du_temps_jadis" title="Ballade des dames du temps jadis">Ballade des dames du temps jadis</a></i>, qui contient le refrain <span class="citation">«&#160;Mais où sont les neiges d'antan&#160;?&#160;»</span>, la <i>Ballade des seigneurs du temps jadis</i> ou encore la <i>Ballade pour prier Notre Dame</i>. </p><p>Plusieurs pièces lyriques du <i>Testament</i> ont été mises en musique. C'est le cas de la <i><a href="/wiki/Ballade_des_dames_du_temps_jadis" title="Ballade des dames du temps jadis">Ballade des dames du temps jadis</a></i> par <a href="/wiki/Georges_Brassens" title="Georges Brassens">Georges Brassens</a>, grand admirateur de Villon et passionné du Moyen Âge tardif, dans son album <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Vent_(album)" title="Le Vent (album)">Le Vent</a></i> (1953). En 1959, c'est au tour de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Leclerc" title="Félix Leclerc">Félix Leclerc</a> d'endisquer un extrait du Testament. Un autre extrait a été mis en musique par <a href="/wiki/Alain_Souchon" title="Alain Souchon">Alain Souchon</a> sur son album <i>À cause d'elle</i> en <a href="/wiki/2011_en_musique" title="2011 en musique">2011</a>. Il s'agit du titre <i>Je plain le temps de ma jeunesse</i>. </p><p>Le premier vers de l’œuvre <span class="citation">«&#160;En l'an de mon trenstieme aage&#160;»</span> est communément reconnu comme une référence implicite au <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Roman_de_la_Rose_(Guillaume_de_Lorris_et_Jean_de_Meung)" title="Le Roman de la Rose (Guillaume de Lorris et Jean de Meung)">Roman de la rose</a></i> dont le premier vers, après l'introduction, est <span class="citation">«&#160;En l'an vingtieme de mon aage&#160;»</span>. Le <abbr class="abbr" title="Quinzième">XV<sup>e</sup></abbr> huitain de l’œuvre, par exemple, ajoutant une référence explicite <span class="citation">«&#160;Et, comme le noble Romant / De la Rose…&#160;»</span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Testament&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Testament&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guiraud" title="Pierre Guiraud">Pierre Guiraud</a>, <i>Le</i> Testament <i>de Villon ou le Gai savoir de la basoche</i>, Paris, Gallimard, «&#160;NRF Essais&#160;», 204 p.</li> <li>Jean-Marcel Paquette, «&#160;Temps, écriture et change&#160;: pour une sémiosis du <i>Testament</i> de Villon&#160;», <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_fran%C3%A7aises" title="Études françaises">Études françaises</a></i>, volume 16, numéro 1, avril 1980, p.&#160;5–19 (<a href="//doi.org/10.7202/036702ar" class="extiw" title="doi:10.7202/036702ar">lire en ligne</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Weinmann" title="Heinz Weinmann">Heinz Weinmann</a>, «&#160;L’économie du <i>Testament</i> de François Villon&#160;», <i>Études françaises</i>, volume 16, numéro 1, avril 1980, p.&#160;35–62 (<a href="//doi.org/10.7202/036704ar" class="extiw" title="doi:10.7202/036704ar">lire en ligne</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Testament&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Testament&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Lais" title="Le Lais">Le Lais</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ballade_des_pendus" title="Ballade des pendus">Ballade des pendus</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Testament&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Testament&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Villon1489"><span class="ouvrage" id="François_Villon1489">François Villon, <cite class="italique">Le grant testament Villon et le petit. Son Codicille. Le Jargon et ses Balades</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Levet" title="Pierre Levet">Pierre Levet</a>, <time>1489</time> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr>&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> 1461), 116&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, Sig. a-hiii&#160;; in-4 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb315849114.public">31584911</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1073214r/">lire en ligne</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+grant+testament+Villon+et+le+petit.+Son+Codicille.+Le+Jargon+et+ses+Balades&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Pierre+Levet&amp;rft.aulast=Villon&amp;rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&amp;rft.tpages=116&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Testament"></span></span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&#160;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wikisource"><a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Le_Grand_Testament" class="extiw" title="s:Le Grand Testament">Le Testament</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikisource</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Testament&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Testament&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cerquiglini-Toulet1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jacqueline_Cerquiglini-Toulet1999">Jacqueline Cerquiglini-Toulet, <cite class="italique">L'écriture testamentaire à la fin du Moyen Age: identité, dispersion, trace</cite>, Legenda, <time>1999</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27%C3%A9criture+testamentaire+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+Moyen+Age%3A+identit%C3%A9%2C+dispersion%2C+trace&amp;rft.pub=Legenda&amp;rft.aulast=Cerquiglini-Toulet&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALe+Testament"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Po%C3%A9sie" title="Portail de la poésie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/P_author.svg/27px-P_author.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/P_author.svg/40px-P_author.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/P_author.svg/53px-P_author.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Po%C3%A9sie" title="Portail:Poésie">Portail de la poésie</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐97c6f66fb‐srwph Cached time: 20241128164126 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.415 seconds Real time usage: 0.584 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 910/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20064/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 902/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1852/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.308/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5768647/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 19/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 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