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The country has one of the oldest [[wine]] making traditions, dating back at least 3000 years ago to the [[Bronze Age]] [[Illyrians]]. It belongs chronologically to the [[Old World wine|old world of wine producing countries]]. Albania is a mountainous [[Mediterranean]] country with the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the west. The country experiences a distinctly [[Mediterranean climate]], which means that the winters are mild and summers usually hot and dry.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Ministry of Environment of Albania|author-link=Ministry of Environment (Albania)|title=Albania's Second National Communication to the Conference of Parties under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/albnc2.pdf|website=unfccc.int|location=Tirana|page=28|language=en}}</ref> The favourable [[Climate of Albania|climate]] and fertile [[soil]] of the mountainous areas of the country are well suited to [[viticulture]]. Albania produced an estimated 17,500 tonnes of [[wine]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/636/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=636#ancor |title=Wine production (tons) |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |page=28 |access-date=2011-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520105103/http://faostat.fao.org/site/636/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=636 |archive-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == History == {{See also|Old World wine|History of wine}} [[File:Baptist%C3%A8re_pal%C3%A9ochr%C3%A9tien_de_Butrint_Albanie.jpg|thumb|right|A mosaic within the baptistery of [[Butrint]] from the 6th century.]] The territory that is now Albania was one of few places where grapes were extant during the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]]. The oldest seeds discovered in the region are between 4,000 and 6,000 years old.<ref name="Stevenson2011">{{cite book|author=Tom Stevenson|title=The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8S7IkQEACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn=978-1-4053-5979-5}}</ref> Along with neighbouring [[Greek wine|Greece]], Albania has the longest continuous history of [[viticulture]] in [[Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=PATTI MORROW|title=Why Albania Is A Great Destination For Wine Drinkers|url=https://epicureandculture.com/albanian-wine/|website=epicureandculture.com|language=en|date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Wine|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press, 2015|isbn=9780198705383|edition=Julia Harding, Jancis Robinson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PHcCQAAQBAJ&q=albanian+viticulture&pg=PA10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia|date=2005|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=London|isbn=0-7566-1324-8|edition=Tom Stevenson|language=en}}</ref> Within [[Illyria]] it existed hundreds of years before the expansion of the [[Roman Empire]] in the [[Balkan Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Albania - The Ancient Illyrians|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/albania-the-ancient-illyrians-4070684|website=thoughtco.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hybrid Deities in South Dalmatia|url=http://www.bollettinodiarcheologiaonline.beniculturali.it/documenti/generale/2_PRUSAC.pdf|website=bollettinodiarcheologiaonline.beniculturali.it|page=7|language=en|access-date=2017-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528131333/http://www.bollettinodiarcheologiaonline.beniculturali.it/documenti/generale/2_PRUSAC.pdf|archive-date=2016-05-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the [[Roman Empire|Roman period]], wine production increased and became more organised. Decorations on numerous religious and household items bear witness to the wine-making culture such as in [[Butrint]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Oliver Gilkes and Valbona Hysa|title=In the Shadow of Butrint|url=https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/53-3/butrint.pdf|website=penn.museum|page=3|language=en|access-date=2017-12-20|archive-date=2015-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908033030/http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/53-3/butrint.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although later in the 15th century, the [[Ottoman Turks]] arrived in [[Southeastern Europe]]. During that period the vineyards experienced a decline and were mostly found in [[Religion in Albania|Christian-majority]] regions. After the [[Albanian Declaration of Independence]], viticulture gained widespread popularity but was almost destroyed in 1933 by [[phylloxera]]. A significant upturn began only after the [[Second World War]], at the end of which wine was still cultivated on only 2737 hectares. The most important producing region was around [[Durrës]], where grapes were grown by communist state enterprises. In that time the nationwide acreage corresponded approximately to that of [[tobacco]], but was significantly lower than that of [[olive]] and fruit trees. The exported wine was consumed primarily in [[Germany]]. The export decreased continuously from 61,000 hectolitres in 1971 to 22,000 hectolitres in 1985. The reasons are to be found mainly in outdated production conditions and insufficient technical material that made it difficult to transport and lowered the quality. On the other hand, the export of easily transportable raisins was continuously in increase (up to 3500 tons per year), while the export of fresh grapes was marginal. The most common varieties were [[Merlot]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Pinot Noir]], [[Sangiovese]] and [[Riesling]]. Vineyards and wine production has been steadily increasing in recent years following the institution of democracy and [[capitalism]]. ==Production== {| class="wikitable zebra" |+Production figures ! !style="width:80px"|1950 !style="width:80px"|1960 !style="width:80px"|1970 !style="width:80px"|1980 !style="width:80px"|1990 !style="width:80px"|2007 !style="width:80px"|2009 !style="width:80px"|2015 |- | Vineyard area (ha) |style="text-align:center"| 2,430 |style="text-align:center"| 8,545 |style="text-align:center"| 11,020 |style="text-align:center"| 16,719 |style="text-align:center"| 17,621 |style="text-align:center"| 9,103 |style="text-align:center"| 9,806 |style="text-align:center"| 10,178 |- | Production (tonnes) |style="text-align:center"| 21,400 |style="text-align:center"| 22,300 |style="text-align:center"| 64,500 |style="text-align:center"| 66,200 |style="text-align:center"| 91,000 |style="text-align:center"| 146,500{{efn|Other sources put the figure at 105,000 tonnes (FAO: [http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al176e/al176e.pdf Agribusiness Handbook Grapes, Wine])}} |style="text-align:center"| 162,800 |style="text-align:center"| 204,000 |} == Wine regions == [[File:Picking_grapes_in_Berat.jpg|thumb|Picking grapes in Berat]] Albania can be separated into four wine regions, which are mainly defined by their altitude.<ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford Companion to Wine|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780198705383|pages=10|edition=Jancis Robinson|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Petraq Ilollari (Sotiri)|title=Vitis Vinifera në vendin tonë/Vitis Vinifera in Our Country|date=2010|pages=8–13}}</ref> The regions includes the Coastal plains, Central hilly region, Eastern mountainous region and Mountain region. The highest vineyards sit at altitudes of approximately {{convert|1000-1300|m}} in the slopes of the [[Albanian Alps]] in the north and [[Pindus Mountains]] in the southeast.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} * '''The coastal plains (Western lowlands)''' rise to 300 m/990&nbsp;ft and encompass the towns of [[Tiranë]], [[Kavajë]], [[Durrës]], [[Shkodër]], [[Lezhë]], [[Lushnje]], [[Fier]], [[Vlorë]], [[Pukë]]<ref>{{cite web|title=STUDIM ZHVILLIMI RURAL NE RRETHIN E PUKES|url=http://anttarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/RuralDevelopment_PukaDistrict.pdf|website=anttarc.org|page=19|language=sq|access-date=2017-12-20|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051517/http://anttarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/RuralDevelopment_PukaDistrict.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Delvinë]]. * '''The central hilly region''' varies between 300 and 600 m/1,980&nbsp;ft altitude and includes [[Elbasan]], [[Krujë]], [[Gramsh, Elbasan|Gramsh]], [[Berat]], [[Përmet]], [[Librazhd]] and [[Mirditë]]. * '''The Eastern sub-mountainous region''' lies between 600 and 800 m and surrounds the towns of [[Pogradec]], [[Korçë]], [[Leskovik]] and [[Peshkopi]]. * '''Mountains (Highlands)''' vines are also grown as high as 1,000 m/3,300&nbsp;ft. Soils are generally clay silica of varied depths and exposures. ==Indigenous grape varieties== [[File:Vinyard_P%C3%ABrmet.jpg|thumb|Albanian Wine harvesting]] The main indigenous grape varieties found in Albania are: Shesh (black and white), Kallmet, Vlosh, Serinë, Pulës, Cërujë, Mereshnik, Debin (black and white), Kryqës, Mjaltëz, Mavrud, Manakuq, Kotekë, Vranac, Stambolleshë, Babasan, Tajgë (red and white) [[File:Bottle Sheshi i Zi (80 vjet F.Sh.F.).jpg|thumb|right|150px|Bottle of [[Shesh i Zi]]]] ==List of Wineries== Wineries (''kantina'' in [[Albanian language|Albanian]]) in Albania include: Medaur,<ref>[http://www.medaur.com/ Medaur]</ref> Kallmeti,<ref>[http://kantinakallmeti.com/ Kallmeti]</ref> Rilindja, Skënderbeu, Çobo,<ref>[http://www.cobowineryonline.com/ Çobo]</ref> Luani,<ref>[http://www.kantina-luani.com Luani]</ref> Bardha, Arbëri, Sara, Alimani, Uka, Lundra, Faba, Vintage, Constantino Spanchis, Kardinal, Zika, Belba, Nurellari, Balaj, Koto, Vila Duka, Vila Shehi, Vila Hadaj, Belba, Enol, Korca 2000, and Kokomani. ==Preferences== According to Nasse and Zigori (1968) the best native Albanian wine varieties are Debinë (noir and blanc), Kallmet, Mereshnik, Mjaltëz, Serinë (rouge and blanc), [[Shesh i Bardhë]], and Vlosh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=albanian+wine&btnG=Search+Books#q=albanian+wine&hl=en&safe=off&tbo=1&tbm=bks&ei=gqihTaDuJ8ubtweP_aWaAw&start=20&sa=N&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=63d9212f874cf9cf |title= The technology of wine making |publisher= Avi Pub. Co |page=42 |access-date=2011-04-10}}</ref> The best wine-producing regions are [[Berat]], [[Korçë]], [[Tiranë]], [[Durrës]] and the region between [[Lezhë]] and [[Shkodër]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_trOWbGcbkC&q=albanian+wine&pg=PA42 |title= Albania |year= 2008 |publisher= Bradt |page=42 |isbn= 9781841622460 |access-date=2011-04-10}}</ref> == See also == {{Commons category|Vineyards in Albania}}{{Portal|Wine }} * [[Cuisine of Albania]] * [[Agriculture in Albania]] * [[Old World wine]] * [[Andrea Shundi]] * [[Winemaking]] == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== *{{cite news |last1=Bonkowski|first1=Wojciech|title=Meeting the ‘quality pioneers’ of Albanian wine |url=https://cluboenologique.com/story/meeting-the-quality-pioneers-of-albanian-wine/ |agency=Club Oenologique|date=15 November 2023}} *{{cite news |last1=Joseph|first1=Darrel|title=Wines from Albania: diamonds in the rough |url=https://www.decanter.com/premium/wines-from-albania-diamonds-in-the-rough-496048/ |agency=Decanter |date=21 January 2023}} *{{cite news |last1=Maxwell|first1=Samantha|title=What You Need to Know About Albanian Wine |url=https://daily.sevenfifty.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-albanian-wine/ |agency=SevenFifty Daily |date=2 August 2023}} *{{cite news |last1=Rutherford |first1=Tristan |title=Albania's wine renaissance |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2017/nov/12/albania-berat-new-generation-wines-and-winemakers |agency=The Guardian |date=12 November 2017}} *{{cite web |last1=Masotti |first1=Francesca |title=A Wine Lover's Guide to Albania |url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/albania/articles/a-wine-lovers-guide-to-albania/ |website=CultureTrip}} *{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Alice |title=Some Of Albania's BEST Wine. |url=https://thebalkanista.com/2018/04/27/some-of-albanias-best-wine/ |website=The Balkanista|date=27 April 2018 }} *{{cite web |last1=Morrow |first1=Pati 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