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data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_sa_litr%C3%ADocht_fhicsean%C3%BAil" title="Mars sa litríocht fhicseanúil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mars sa litríocht fhicseanúil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_in_le_literatura_phantastic" title="Marte in le literatura phantastic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Marte in le literatura phantastic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_nella_fantascienza" title="Marte nella fantascienza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marte nella fantascienza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E3%82%92%E6%89%B1%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" title="火星を扱った作品一覧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="火星を扱った作品一覧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_na_fic%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Marte na ficção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marte na ficção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian">Martian</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Depictions of the planet</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustration of the alien invasion in The War of the Worlds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg/220px-War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg/330px-War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a>, depicting Martians invading Earth, is one of the most influential works of science fiction.<a href="#cite_note-Webb-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, the fourth planet from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, has appeared as a <a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">setting</a> in works of fiction since at least the mid-1600s. Trends in the planet's portrayal have largely been influenced by advances in <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary science</a>. It became the most popular <a href="/wiki/Celestial_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial object">celestial object</a> in fiction in the late 1800s, when it became clear that there was no life on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. The predominant genre depicting Mars at the time was <a href="/wiki/Utopian_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian fiction">utopian fiction</a>. Around the same time, the mistaken belief that there are <a href="/wiki/Canals_on_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals on Mars">canals on Mars</a> emerged and made its way into fiction, popularized by <a href="/wiki/Percival_Lowell" title="Percival Lowell">Percival Lowell</a>'s speculations of an ancient civilization having constructed them. <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>'s novel about an <a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">alien invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> by sinister Martians, was published in 1897 and went on to have a major influence on the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> genre. <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a> appeared frequently in fiction throughout the first half of the 1900s. Apart from enlightened as in the utopian works from the turn of the century, or evil as in the works inspired by Wells, <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Extraterrestrial intelligence">intelligent</a> and human-like Martians began to be depicted as decadent, a portrayal that was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Barsoom" title="Barsoom">Barsoom</a> series and adopted by <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Brackett" title="Leigh Brackett">Leigh Brackett</a> among others. More exotic lifeforms appeared in stories like <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Weinbaum" title="Stanley G. Weinbaum">Stanley G. Weinbaum</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/A_Martian_Odyssey" title="A Martian Odyssey">A Martian Odyssey</a>". The theme of <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">colonizing Mars</a> replaced stories about native inhabitants of the planet in the second half of the 1900s following emerging evidence of the planet being inhospitable to life, eventually confirmed by data from <a href="/wiki/Mars_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars exploration">Mars exploration</a> probes. A significant minority of works persisted in portraying Mars in a nostalgic way that was by then scientifically outdated, including <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Martian_Chronicles" title="The Martian Chronicles">The Martian Chronicles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming Mars</a> to enable <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">human habitation</a> has been another major theme, especially in the final quarter of the century, the most prominent example being <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mars_trilogy" title="Mars trilogy">Mars trilogy</a>. Stories of the first <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human mission to Mars</a> appeared throughout the 1990s in response to the <a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a>, and near-future exploration and settlement became increasingly common themes following the launches of other Mars exploration probes in the latter half of the decade. In the year 2000, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction scholar">science fiction scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Gary Westfahl</a> estimated the total number of works of fiction dealing with Mars up to that point to exceed five thousand, and the planet has continued to make frequent appearances across several genres and forms of media since. In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">moons of Mars</a>—<a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a>—have made only sporadic appearances in fiction. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_depictions">Early depictions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early depictions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img alt="A photomontage of the eight planets and the Moon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/220px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/330px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/440px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" usemap="#ImageMap_239055dbda40f215" resource="/wiki/File:Solar_system.jpg" /><map name="ImageMap_239055dbda40f215"><area href="/wiki/Neptune_in_fiction" shape="circle" coords="61,230,32" alt="Neptune in fiction" title="Neptune in fiction" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus_in_fiction" shape="circle" coords="105,220,26" alt="Uranus in fiction" title="Uranus in fiction" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn_in_fiction" shape="circle" coords="141,194,30" alt="Saturn in fiction" title="Saturn in fiction" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction" shape="circle" coords="169,141,39" alt="Jupiter in fiction" title="Jupiter in fiction" /><area href="/wiki/Mars_in_fiction" shape="circle" coords="147,87,22" alt="Mars in fiction" title="Mars in fiction" /><area href="/wiki/Earth_in_science_fiction" shape="circle" coords="116,56,25" alt="Earth in science fiction" title="Earth in science fiction" /><area href="/wiki/Moon_in_science_fiction" shape="circle" coords="155,29,14" alt="Moon in science fiction" title="Moon in science fiction" /><area href="/wiki/Venus_in_fiction" shape="circle" coords="77,38,23" alt="Venus in fiction" title="Venus in fiction" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fiction" shape="circle" coords="48,26,16" alt="Mercury in fiction" title="Mercury in fiction" /></map><figcaption>Early depictions of Mars in fiction were often part of tours of the Solar System. Clicking on a planet leads to the article about its depiction in fiction.</figcaption></figure> Before the 1800s, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> did not get much attention in fiction writing as a primary <a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">setting</a>, though it did appear in some stories visiting multiple locations in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a> The first fictional tour of the planets, the 1656 work <a href="/wiki/Itinerarium_exstaticum" title="Itinerarium exstaticum">Itinerarium exstaticum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a>, portrays Mars as a volcanic wasteland.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyDreamworlds-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> It also appears briefly in the 1686 work Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes (<a href="/wiki/Conversations_on_the_Plurality_of_Worlds" title="Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds">Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle</a> but is largely dismissed as uninteresting due to its presumed similarity to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyDreamworlds-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Mars is home to spirits in several works of the mid-1700s. In the anonymously published 1755 work <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Voyage_to_the_World_in_the_Centre_of_the_Earth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Voyage to the World in the Centre of the Earth (page does not exist)">A Voyage to the World in the Centre of the Earth</a>, it is a heavenly place where, among others, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> enjoys a second life.<a href="#cite_note-AshleyLostMars-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In the 1758 work <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Telluribus_in_Mundo_Nostro_Solari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Telluribus in Mundo Nostro Solari (page does not exist)">De Telluribus in Mundo Nostro Solari</a> (Concerning the Earths in Our Solar System) by <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a>, the planet is inhabited by beings characterized by honesty and moral virtue.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyDreamworlds-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-AshleyLostMars-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a> In the 1765 novel Voyage de Milord Céton dans les sept planètes (<a href="/wiki/The_Voyages_of_Lord_Seaton_to_the_Seven_Planets" title="The Voyages of Lord Seaton to the Seven Planets">The Voyages of Lord Seaton to the Seven Planets</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Marie-Anne_de_Roumier-Robert" title="Marie-Anne de Roumier-Robert">Marie-Anne de Roumier-Robert</a>, reincarnated soldiers roam a war-torn landscape.<a href="#cite_note-AshleyLostMars-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It later appeared alongside the other planets throughout the 1800s. In the anonymously published 1839 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Fantastical_Excursion_into_the_Planets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Fantastical Excursion into the Planets (page does not exist)">A Fantastical Excursion into the Planets</a>, it is divided between the <a href="/wiki/Roman_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman gods">Roman gods</a> <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyDreamworlds-4">[4]</a> In the anonymously published 1873 novel <a href="/wiki/A_Narrative_of_the_Travels_and_Adventures_of_Paul_Aermont_among_the_Planets" title="A Narrative of the Travels and Adventures of Paul Aermont among the Planets">A Narrative of the Travels and Adventures of Paul Aermont among the Planets</a>, it is culturally rather similar to Earth—unlike the other planets.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In the 1883 novel <a href="/wiki/Aleriel,_or_A_Voyage_to_Other_Worlds" title="Aleriel, or A Voyage to Other Worlds">Aleriel, or A Voyage to Other Worlds</a> by <a href="/wiki/W._S._Lach-Szyrma" title="W. S. Lach-Szyrma">W. S. Lach-Szyrma</a>, a visitor from <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> relates the details of Martian society to Earthlings.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyInventingANewMars-13">[13]</a> The first work of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> set primarily on Mars was the 1880 novel <a href="/wiki/Across_the_Zodiac" title="Across the Zodiac">Across the Zodiac</a> by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Greg" title="Percy Greg">Percy Greg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">[14]</a> Mars became the most popular extraterrestrial location in fiction in the late 1800s as it became clear that the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> was devoid of life.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyWells-16">[16]</a> A recurring theme in this time period was that of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> on Mars, reflecting an upswing in interest in the <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> in general and in relation to Mars in particular.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyParanormal-17">[17]</a> Humans are reborn on Mars in the 1889 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranie (page does not exist)">Uranie</a> by <a href="/wiki/Camille_Flammarion" title="Camille Flammarion">Camille Flammarion</a> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>,<a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a> the 1896 novel Daybreak: The Story of an Old World by <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Cowan_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Cowan (journalist) (page does not exist)">James Cowan</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62658070#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q62658070">Wikidata</a>] depicts <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> reincarnated there,<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a> and the protagonist of the 1903 novel The Certainty of a Future Life in Mars by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pope_Gratacap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Pope Gratacap (page does not exist)">Louis Pope Gratacap</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18911244#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q18911244">Wikidata</a>] receives a message in <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> from his deceased father on Mars.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyParanormal-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webster-18">[18]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> phenomena include <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a> in Greg's Across the Zodiac and <a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">precognition</a> in the 1886 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Blindman%27s_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Blindman's World (page does not exist)">The Blindman's World</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AshleyLostMars-8">[8]</a> Several recurring <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trope" class="extiw" title="wikt:trope">tropes</a> were introduced during this time. One of them is Mars having a different <a href="/wiki/Local_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Local name">local name</a> such as Glintan in the 1889 novel <a href="/wiki/Mr._Stranger%27s_Sealed_Packet" title="Mr. Stranger's Sealed Packet">Mr. Stranger's Sealed Packet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_MacColl" title="Hugh MacColl">Hugh MacColl</a>, Oron in the 1892 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messages_from_Mars,_By_Aid_of_the_Telescope_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messages from Mars, By Aid of the Telescope Plant (page does not exist)">Messages from Mars, By Aid of the Telescope Plant</a> by Robert D. Braine, and <a href="/wiki/Barsoom" title="Barsoom">Barsoom</a> in the 1912 novel <a href="/wiki/A_Princess_of_Mars" title="A Princess of Mars">A Princess of Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>. This carried on in later works such as the 1938 novel <a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Silent_Planet" title="Out of the Silent Planet">Out of the Silent Planet</a> by <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>, which calls the planet <a href="/wiki/Malacandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacandra">Malacandra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBestTradition-19">[19]</a> Several stories also depict Martians speaking Earth languages and provide explanations of varying levels of preposterousness. In the 1899 novel Pharaoh's Broker by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellsworth_Douglass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellsworth Douglass (page does not exist)">Ellsworth Douglass</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56033709#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q56033709">Wikidata</a>], Martians speak <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> as Mars goes through the same historical phases as Earth with a delay of a few thousand years, here corresponding to the captivity of the Israelites in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Egypt" title="Biblical Egypt">Biblical Egypt</a>. In the 1901 novel <a href="/wiki/A_Honeymoon_in_Space" title="A Honeymoon in Space">A Honeymoon in Space</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Griffith" title="George Griffith">George Griffith</a>, they speak English because they acknowledge it as the "most convenient" language of all. In the 1920 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Trip_to_Mars_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Trip to Mars (novel) (page does not exist)">A Trip to Mars</a> by Marcianus Rossi, the Martians speak <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as a result of having been taught the language by a <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman</a> who was flung into space by the <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD">eruption of Mount Vesuvius in the year 79</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies-20">[20]</a> Martians were often portrayed as existing within a <a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">racial hierarchy</a>:<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> the 1894 novel <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Mars" title="Journey to Mars">Journey to Mars</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_W._Pope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustavus W. Pope (page does not exist)">Gustavus W. Pope</a> features Martians with different skin colours (red, blue, and yellow) subject to strict <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">anti-miscegenation laws</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies-20">[20]</a> Rossi's A Trip to Mars sees one portion of the Martian population described as "our inferior race, the same as your terrestrian <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">negroes</a>",<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies-20">[20]</a> and Burroughs's Barsoom series has red, green, yellow, and black Martians, a white race—responsible for the previous advanced civilization on Mars—having become extinct.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewellLamont-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Means_of_travel">Means of travel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Means of travel">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel in science fiction</a></div> The question of how humans would get to Mars was addressed in several ways: when not travelling there via spaceship as in the 1911 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=To_Mars_via_the_Moon:_An_Astronomical_Story&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="To Mars via the Moon: An Astronomical Story (page does not exist)">To Mars via the Moon: An Astronomical Story</a> by Mark Wicks,<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyUtopia-24">[24]</a> they might use a <a href="/wiki/Flying_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying carpet">flying carpet</a> as in the 1905 novel <a href="/wiki/Lieut._Gullivar_Jones:_His_Vacation" title="Lieut. Gullivar Jones: His Vacation">Lieut. Gullivar Jones: His Vacation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lester_Arnold" title="Edwin Lester Arnold">Edwin Lester Arnold</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webster-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies-20">[20]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">balloon</a> as in A Narrative of the Travels and Adventures of Paul Aermont among the Planets,<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a> or an "aeroplane" as in the 1893 novel <a href="/wiki/Unveiling_a_Parallel" title="Unveiling a Parallel">Unveiling a Parallel</a>: A Romance by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Ilgenfritz_Jones" title="Alice Ilgenfritz Jones">Alice Ilgenfritz Jones</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Robinson_Merchant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ella Robinson Merchant (page does not exist)">Ella Robinson Merchant</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Robinson_Merchant" class="extiw" title="ca:Ella Robinson Merchant">ca</a>] (writing jointly as "Two Women of the West").<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyUtopia-24">[24]</a> They might also visit in a dream as in the 1899 play <a href="/wiki/A_Message_from_Mars_(play)" title="A Message from Mars (play)">A Message from Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ganthony" title="Richard Ganthony">Richard Ganthony</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyUtopia-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">teleport</a> via <a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">astral projection</a> as in Burroughs's A Princess of Mars,<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> or use a long-range communication device while staying on Earth as in Braine's Messages from Mars, By Aid of the Telescope Plant and the 1894 novel <a href="/wiki/W_nieznane_%C5%9Bwiaty" class="mw-redirect" title="W nieznane światy">W nieznane światy</a> (To the Unknown Worlds) by <a href="/wiki/Polish_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish science fiction">Polish science fiction</a> writer <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Umi%C5%84ski" title="Władysław Umiński">Władysław Umiński</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyInventingANewMars-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarsAntologiaPolskiejFantastyki-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity</a> is employed in several works including Greg's Across the Zodiac, MacColl's Mr. Stranger's Sealed Packet, and the 1890 novel <a href="/wiki/A_Plunge_into_Space" title="A Plunge into Space">A Plunge into Space</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cromie" title="Robert Cromie">Robert Cromie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AshleyLostMars-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webster-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baxter-29">[29]</a> Occasionally, the method of transport is not addressed at all.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyUtopia-24">[24]</a> Some stories take the opposite approach of having Martians come to Earth; examples include the 1891 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Man_from_Mars:_His_Morals,_Politics_and_Religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Man from Mars: His Morals, Politics and Religion (page does not exist)">The Man from Mars: His Morals, Politics and Religion</a> by Thomas Blot (pseudonym of William Simpson) and the 1893 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Cityless_and_Countryless_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Cityless and Countryless World (page does not exist)">A Cityless and Countryless World</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Olerich" title="Henry Olerich">Henry Olerich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyUtopia-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canals">Canals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">Martian canals</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:400px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> A <a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fiction#Tidal_locking" title="Mercury in fiction">clement twilight zone on a synchronously rotating Mercury</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Venus_in_fiction#Jungle_and_swamp" title="Venus in fiction">swamp-and-jungle Venus</a>, and a canal-infested Mars, while all classic science-fiction devices, are all, in fact, based upon earlier misapprehensions by planetary scientists. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>, 1978<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></cite></div> </div> During the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">opposition</a> of Mars <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mars_observation#Martian_canals" title="History of Mars observation">in 1877</a>, Italian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli" title="Giovanni Schiaparelli">Giovanni Schiaparelli</a> announced the discovery of linear structures he dubbed canali (literally <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channels</a>, but widely translated as <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>) on the Martian surface.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyInventingANewMars-13">[13]</a> These were generally interpreted—by those who accepted their disputed existence—as waterways,<a href="#cite_note-HotakainenCanals-31">[31]</a> and they made their earliest appearance in fiction in the anonymously published 1883 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_Life_in_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics and Life in Mars (page does not exist)">Politics and Life in Mars</a>, where the Martians live in the water.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyUtopia-24">[24]</a> Schiaparelli's observations, and perhaps the translation of canali as "canals" rather than "channels", inspired <a href="/wiki/Percival_Lowell" title="Percival Lowell">Percival Lowell</a> to speculate that these were artificial constructs and write a series of non-fiction books—Mars in 1895, Mars and Its Canals in 1906, and Mars as the Abode of Life in 1908—popularizing the idea.<a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFELowell-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-OldMars-34">[34]</a> Lowell posited that Mars was home to an ancient and advanced but dying or already dead Martian civilization who had constructed these vast canals for irrigation to survive on an increasingly arid planet,<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFELowell-33">[33]</a> and this became an enduring vision of Mars that influenced writers across several decades.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFELowell-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheNewMartianNovel-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction scholar">Science fiction scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Gary Westfahl</a>, drawing from the catalogue of <a href="/wiki/Early_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Early science fiction">early science fiction</a> works compiled by <a href="/wiki/E._F._Bleiler" title="E. F. Bleiler">E. F. Bleiler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bleiler" title="Richard Bleiler">Richard Bleiler</a> in the reference works <a href="/wiki/Science-Fiction:_The_Early_Years" title="Science-Fiction: The Early Years">Science-Fiction: The Early Years</a> from 1990 and <a href="/wiki/Science-Fiction:_The_Gernsback_Years" title="Science-Fiction: The Gernsback Years">Science-Fiction: The Gernsback Years</a> from 1998, concludes that Lowell thus "effectively set the boundaries for subsequent narratives about an inhabited Mars".<a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a> Canals became a feature of romantic portrayals of Mars such as Burroughs's Barsoom series.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheNewMartianNovel-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-MillerMars-36">[36]</a> Early works that did not depict any waterways on Mars typically explained the appearance of straight lines on the surface in some other way, such as <a href="/wiki/Simoom" title="Simoom">simooms</a> or large tracts of vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyInventingANewMars-13">[13]</a> Although they quickly fell out of favour as a serious scientific theory, largely as a result of higher-quality telescopic observations by astronomers such as <a href="/wiki/E._M._Antoniadi" title="E. M. Antoniadi">E. M. Antoniadi</a> failing to detect them,<a href="#cite_note-HotakainenCanals-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheNewMartianNovel-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-MillerMars-36">[36]</a> canals continued to make sporadic appearances in fiction for a while in works such as the 1936 novel <a href="/wiki/Planet_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet Plane">Planet Plane</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Wyndham" title="John Wyndham">John Wyndham</a>, the 1938 novel Out of the Silent Planet by C. S. Lewis, and the 1949 novel <a href="/wiki/Red_Planet_(novel)" title="Red Planet (novel)">Red Planet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBestTradition-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheNewMartianNovel-35">[35]</a> Said Lewis in response to criticism from biologist <a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a>, "The canals in Mars are there not because I believe in them but because they are part of the popular tradition."<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBestTradition-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheNewMartianNovel-35">[35]</a> Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">flyby of Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a> in 1965 conclusively determined that the canals were mere <a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">optical illusions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFELowell-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utopias">Utopias</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Utopias">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Plunge_into_Space,_cover_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Book cover for A Plunge into Space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/A_Plunge_into_Space%2C_cover_image.jpg/220px-A_Plunge_into_Space%2C_cover_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/A_Plunge_into_Space%2C_cover_image.jpg/330px-A_Plunge_into_Space%2C_cover_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/A_Plunge_into_Space%2C_cover_image.jpg/440px-A_Plunge_into_Space%2C_cover_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/A_Plunge_into_Space" title="A Plunge into Space">A Plunge into Space</a>, an 1890 piece of <a href="/wiki/Utopian_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian fiction">utopian fiction</a> set on Mars</figcaption></figure> Because <a href="/wiki/History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses" title="History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses">early versions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">nebular hypothesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Solar System formation</a> held that the planets were formed sequentially starting at the outermost planets, some authors envisioned Mars as an older and more mature world than the Earth, and it became the setting for many <a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">utopian works of fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-HotakainenCanals-31">[31]</a> This genre made up the majority of stories about Mars in the late 1800s and continued to be represented through the early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a> The earliest of these works was the 1880 novel Across the Zodiac by Percy Greg.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a> The 1887 novel <a href="/wiki/Bellona%27s_Husband:_A_Romance" title="Bellona's Husband: A Romance">Bellona's Husband: A Romance</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_James_Roe" title="William James Roe">William James Roe</a> portrays a Martian society where everyone ages backwards.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyInventingANewMars-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The 1890 novel A Plunge into Space by Robert Cromie depicts a society that is so advanced that life there has become dull and, as a result, the humans who visit succumb to boredom and leave ahead of schedule—to the approval of the Martians, who have come to view them as a corrupting influence.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyInventingANewMars-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a> The 1892 novel Messages from Mars, By Aid of the Telescope Plant by Robert D. Braine is unusual in portraying a completely rural Martian utopia without any cities.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyInventingANewMars-13">[13]</a> An early work of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">feminist science fiction</a>, Jones's and Merchant's 1893 novel Unveiling a Parallel: A Romance, depicts a man from Earth visiting two <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian society">egalitarian societies</a> on Mars: one where women have adopted male vices and one where equality has brought out everyone's best qualities.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The 1897 novel <a href="/wiki/Two_Planets" title="Two Planets">Auf zwei Planeten</a> (Two Planets) by <a href="/wiki/German_science_fiction" title="German science fiction">German science fiction</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/Kurd_Lasswitz" title="Kurd Lasswitz">Kurd Lasswitz</a> contrasts a utopian society on Mars with that society's <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialist</a> actions on Earth. The book was translated into several languages and was highly influential in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>, including inspiring rocket scientist <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>, but did not receive a translation into English until the 1970s, which limited its impact in the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyUtopia-24">[24]</a> The 1910 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Man_from_Mars,_Or_Service_for_Service%27s_Sake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Man from Mars, Or Service for Service's Sake (page does not exist)">The Man from Mars, Or Service for Service's Sake</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Wallace_Dowding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Wallace Dowding (page does not exist)">Henry Wallace Dowding</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q65952198#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q65952198">Wikidata</a>] portrays a civilization on Mars based on a variation on <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> where woman was created first, in contrast to the conventional <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyUtopia-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Gernsback" title="Hugo Gernsback">Hugo Gernsback</a> depicted a science-based utopia on Mars in the 1915–1917 <a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">serial</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baron_M%C3%BCnchhausen%27s_New_Scientific_Adventures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baron Münchhausen's New Scientific Adventures (page does not exist)">Baron Münchhausen's New Scientific Adventures</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a> but by and large, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> spelled the end for utopian Martian fiction.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBestTradition-19">[19]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction">Russian science fiction</a>, Mars became the setting for <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> utopias and revolutions.<a href="#cite_note-DibsOnTheRedStar-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-WandererAmHimmelMars-40">[40]</a> The 1908 novel <a href="/wiki/Red_Star_(novel)" title="Red Star (novel)">Red Star</a> (Красная звезда) by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a> is the primary example of this, and inspired many others.<a href="#cite_note-DibsOnTheRedStar-39">[39]</a> Red Star portrays a socialist society on Mars from the perspective of a Russian <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> invited there, where the <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">struggle between classes</a> has been replaced with a common struggle against the harshness of nature.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyUtopia-24">[24]</a> The 1913 prequel <a href="/wiki/Engineer_Menni" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineer Menni">Engineer Menni</a> (Инженер Мэнни), also by Bogdanov, is set several centuries earlier and serves as an <a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">origin story</a> for the Martian society by detailing the events of the revolution that brought it about.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyUtopia-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-DibsOnTheRedStar-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-AshgateExtraterrestrial-41">[41]</a> Another prominent example is the 1922 novel <a href="/wiki/Aelita_(novel)" title="Aelita (novel)">Aelita</a> (Аэлита) by <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy" title="Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy">Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy</a>—along with its <a href="/wiki/Aelita" title="Aelita">1924 film adaptation</a>, the earliest Soviet science fiction film—which adapts the story of the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a> to the Martian surface.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-JennerMarvin-42">[42]</a> Red Star and Aelita are in some ways opposites. Red Star, written between the failed revolution in 1905 and the successful <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">1917 Russian Revolution</a>, sees Mars as a socialist utopia from which Earth can learn, whereas in Aelita the socialist revolution is instead exported from the early <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> to Mars. Red Star depicts a <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a> on Mars, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopia</a> initially found on Mars in Aelita—though both are <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocracies</a>. Red Star is a sincere and idealistic work of traditional utopian fiction, whereas Aelita is a <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBestTradition-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-DibsOnTheRedStar-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-AshgateExtraterrestrial-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_War_of_the_Worlds">The War of the Worlds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The War of the Worlds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a></div> The 1897 novel The War of the Worlds by <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, which depicts an <a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">alien invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> by Martians in search of resources, represented a turning point in Mars fiction. Rather than being portrayed as essentially human, <a href="/wiki/Martian_(The_War_of_the_Worlds)" title="Martian (The War of the Worlds)">Wells's Martians</a> have a completely inhuman appearance and cannot be communicated with. Rather than being noble creatures to emulate, the Martians dispassionately kill and exploit the Earthlings like livestock—a critique of contemporary <a href="/wiki/British_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonialism">British colonialism</a> in general and its devastating effects on the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanians" title="Aboriginal Tasmanians">Aboriginal Tasmanians</a> in particular.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-AshleyLostMars-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyWells-16">[16]</a> The novel set the tone for the majority of the science-fictional depictions of Mars in the decades that followed in portraying the Martians as malevolent and Mars as a dying world.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a> Beyond Martian fiction, the novel had a large influence on the broader science fiction genre,<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-JennerDeathStars-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-ScienceFictionAndEcology-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and inspired rocket scientist <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Webb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> According to science fiction essayist <a href="/wiki/Bud_Webster" title="Bud Webster">Bud Webster</a>, "It's impossible to overstate the importance of The War of the Worlds and the influence it's had over the years."<a href="#cite_note-Webster-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson_Welles_War_of_the_Worlds_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Orson Welles surrounded by reporters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Orson_Welles_War_of_the_Worlds_1938.jpg/220px-Orson_Welles_War_of_the_Worlds_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Orson_Welles_War_of_the_Worlds_1938.jpg/330px-Orson_Welles_War_of_the_Worlds_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Orson_Welles_War_of_the_Worlds_1938.jpg/440px-Orson_Welles_War_of_the_Worlds_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3831" data-file-height="2911" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> interviewed by reporters after his <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(1938_radio_drama)" title="The War of the Worlds (1938 radio drama)">1938 radio adaptation</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a> caused a panic.</figcaption></figure> An unauthorized sequel—<a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Conquest_of_Mars" title="Edison's Conquest of Mars">Edison's Conquest of Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Garrett_P._Serviss" title="Garrett P. Serviss">Garrett P. Serviss</a>—was released in 1898,<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1850–1900-47">[47]</a> as was a parody by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_L._Graves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles L. Graves (page does not exist)">Charles L. Graves</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16944166#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q16944166">Wikidata</a>] and <a href="/wiki/E._V._Lucas" title="E. V. Lucas">E. V. Lucas</a> titled <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_War_of_the_Wenuses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The War of the Wenuses (page does not exist)">The War of the Wenuses</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q124090563#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q124090563">Wikidata</a>].<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyInventingANewMars-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westfahl2022Venus-48">[48]</a> Wells's story gained further notoriety in 1938 when <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(1938_radio_drama)" title="The War of the Worlds (1938 radio drama)">a radio adaptation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> in the style of a news broadcast was mistaken for a real newscast by some listeners in the US, leading to panic;<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a> less famously, a 1949 broadcast in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, Ecuador, also resulted in a riot.<a href="#cite_note-Baxter-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-JennerDeathStars-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-HartzmanMarsInvadesPopCulture-49">[49]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_based_on_The_War_of_the_Worlds#Sequels_by_other_authors" title="List of works based on The War of the Worlds">sequels and adaptations by other authors</a> have been written since, including the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> comic book story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Magic_on_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Magic on Mars (page does not exist)">Black Magic on Mars</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Schwartz_(comics)" title="Alvin Schwartz (comics)">Alvin Schwartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Boring" title="Wayne Boring">Wayne Boring</a> where Orson Welles tries to warn Earth of an impending Martian invasion but is dismissed,<a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a> the 1968 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Second_Invasion_from_Mars" title="The Second Invasion from Mars">The Second Invasion from Mars</a> (Второе нашествие марсиан) by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet science fiction">Soviet science fiction</a> writers <a href="/wiki/Arkady_and_Boris_Strugatsky" title="Arkady and Boris Strugatsky">Arkady and Boris Strugatsky</a> where the Martians forgo military conquest in favour of infiltration,<a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a> the 1975 novel <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes%27s_War_of_the_Worlds" title="Sherlock Holmes's War of the Worlds">Sherlock Holmes's War of the Worlds</a> by <a href="/wiki/Manly_Wade_Wellman" title="Manly Wade Wellman">Manly Wade Wellman</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade_Wellman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wade Wellman (page does not exist)">Wade Wellman</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q121745664#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q121745664">Wikidata</a>] and the 1976 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Second_War_of_the_Worlds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Second War of the Worlds (page does not exist)">The Second War of the Worlds</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith_(fiction_author)" title="George H. Smith (fiction author)">George H. Smith</a> which both combine Wells's story with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> characters,<a href="#cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-PringleTheMartians-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> the 1976 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Space_Machine" title="The Space Machine">The Space Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Priest_(novelist)" title="Christopher Priest (novelist)">Christopher Priest</a> which combines the story of The War of the Worlds with that of Wells's 1895 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-PringleTheMartians-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> the 2002 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulla,_Ulla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulla, Ulla (page does not exist)">Ulla, Ulla</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Brown_(writer)" title="Eric Brown (writer)">Eric Brown</a> which reframes the invasion as a desperate escape by a peaceful race from a dying world,<a href="#cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTransformingMars-53">[53]</a> and the 2005 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Martian_War" title="The Martian War">The Martian War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_J._Anderson" title="Kevin J. Anderson">Kevin J. Anderson</a> where Wells himself goes to Mars and instigates a <a href="/wiki/Slave_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave uprising">slave uprising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyAlternativeVisions-54">[54]</a> The authorised 2017 sequel novel <a href="/wiki/The_Massacre_of_Mankind" title="The Massacre of Mankind">The Massacre of Mankind</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Baxter_(author)" title="Stephen Baxter (author)">Stephen Baxter</a> is set in 1920 in an <a href="/wiki/Alternate_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate timeline">alternate timeline</a> where the events of the original novel caused World War I never to happen by making Britain war-weary and isolationist, and the Martians attack yet again after inoculating themselves against the microbes that were their downfall the first time.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_on_Mars">Life on Mars</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Life on Mars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Martian" and "Martians" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Martian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Martian (disambiguation)">Martian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> The term Martians typically refers to inhabitants of Mars that are similar to humans in terms of having such things as <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>, though it is also occasionally used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrials</a> in general.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> These inhabitants of Mars have variously been depicted as enlightened, evil, and decadent; in keeping with the conception of Mars as an older civilization than Earth, Westfahl refers to these as "good parents", "bad parents", and "dependent parents", respectively.<a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a> Martians have also been equated with humans in different ways. Humans are revealed to be the descendants of Martians in several stories including the 1954 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Survey_Team&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survey Team (page does not exist)">Survey Team</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTransformingMars-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-StanwayWeAreTheMartians-60">[60]</a> Conversely, Martians are the descendants of humans from Earth in some works such as the 1889 novel Mr. Stranger's Sealed Packet by Hugh MacColl, where a close approach between Mars and Earth in the past allowed some humans to get to Mars,<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyInventingANewMars-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webster-18">[18]</a> and Tolstoy's Aelita where they are descended from inhabitants of the lost civilization of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBestTradition-19">[19]</a> Human settlers take on the new identity of Martians in the 1946 short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Million_Year_Picnic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Million Year Picnic">The Million Year Picnic</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a> (later included in the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Fix-up" title="Fix-up">fix-up</a> novel <a href="/wiki/The_Martian_Chronicles" title="The Martian Chronicles">The Martian Chronicles</a>), and this theme of "becoming Martians" came to be a recurring motif in Martian fiction toward the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheNewMartianNovel-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rabkin-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightened">Enlightened</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Enlightened">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klaatu_-_screenshot_from_trailer_for_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Still frame from the trailer for the 1951 film The Day the Earth Stood Still, showing the character Klaatu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Klaatu_-_screenshot_from_trailer_for_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still.jpg/220px-Klaatu_-_screenshot_from_trailer_for_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Klaatu_-_screenshot_from_trailer_for_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still.jpg/330px-Klaatu_-_screenshot_from_trailer_for_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Klaatu_-_screenshot_from_trailer_for_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still.jpg/440px-Klaatu_-_screenshot_from_trailer_for_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Klaatu_(The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still)" title="Klaatu (The Day the Earth Stood Still)">Klaatu</a>, the Martian who visits Earth in the 1951 film <a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></figcaption></figure> The portrayal of Martians as superior to Earthlings appeared throughout the <a href="/wiki/Utopian_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian fiction">utopian fiction</a> of the late 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a> In-depth treatment of the nuances of the concept was pioneered by Kurd Lasswitz with the 1897 novel Auf zwei Planeten, wherein the Martians visit Earth to share their more advanced knowledge with humans and gradually end up acting as an occupying colonial power.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1850–1900-47">[47]</a> Martians sharing wisdom or knowledge with humans is a recurring element in these stories, and some works such as the 1952 novel <a href="/wiki/David_Starr,_Space_Ranger" title="David Starr, Space Ranger">David Starr, Space Ranger</a> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> depict Martians sharing their advanced technology with the inhabitants of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a> Several depictions of enlightened Martians have a religious dimension:<a href="#cite_note-AshleyLostMars-8">[8]</a> in the 1938 novel <a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Silent_Planet" title="Out of the Silent Planet">Out of the Silent Planet</a> by <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>, Martians are depicted as <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> beings free from <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a> the Martian <a href="/wiki/Klaatu_(The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still)" title="Klaatu (The Day the Earth Stood Still)">Klaatu</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[a]</a> who visits Earth in the 1951 film <a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Christ_figure" title="Christ figure">Christ figure</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-MartiansOldAndNewStillStandingOverUs-63">[63]</a> and the 1961 novel <a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land" title="Stranger in a Strange Land">Stranger in a Strange Land</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> revolves around a human raised by Martians who brings a religion based on their ideals to Earth as a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-AshleyLostMars-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a>, the superhero <a href="/wiki/Martian_Manhunter" title="Martian Manhunter">Martian Manhunter</a> first appeared in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a> In the 1956 novel <a href="/wiki/No_Man_Friday" title="No Man Friday">No Man Friday</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rex_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rex Gordon">Rex Gordon</a>, an astronaut stranded on Mars encounters <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> Martians and feels compelled to omit the human history of warfare lest they think of humans as savage creatures akin to <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">[61]</a> On television, the 1963–1966 <a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">sitcom</a> <a href="/wiki/My_Favorite_Martian" title="My Favorite Martian">My Favorite Martian</a>—later adapted to <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's animation">children's animation</a> in 1973 and to <a href="/wiki/My_Favorite_Martian_(film)" title="My Favorite Martian (film)">film in 1999</a>—portrayed a Martian comedically; the contemporaneous science fiction <a href="/wiki/Anthology_series" title="Anthology series">anthology series</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)" title="The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)">The Twilight Zone</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Outer_Limits_(1963_TV_series)" title="The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)">The Outer Limits</a> also occasionally featured Martian characters,<a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a> such as in "<a href="/wiki/Mr._Dingle,_the_Strong" title="Mr. Dingle, the Strong">Mr. Dingle, the Strong</a>" where they find disappointment in human lack of altruism<a href="#cite_note-HartzmanMarsInvadesPopCulture-49">[49]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Controlled_Experiment" title="Controlled Experiment">Controlled Experiment</a>" where murder is a foreign concept to them.<a href="#cite_note-Westfahl2022PastAndFuture-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evil">Evil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evil">edit</a>]</div> There is a long tradition of portraying Martians as warlike, perhaps inspired by the planet's association with the <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Roman god of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Westfahl2022Venus-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyAlternativeVisions-54">[54]</a> The seminal depiction of Martians as evil creatures was the 1897 novel The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells, wherein the Martians attack Earth.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a> This characterization dominated the <a href="/wiki/Pulp_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulp era">pulp era</a> of science fiction, appearing in works such as the 1928 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Menace_of_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Menace of Mars (page does not exist)">The Menace of Mars</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Clare_Winger_Harris" title="Clare Winger Harris">Clare Winger Harris</a>, the 1931 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monsters_of_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monsters of Mars (page does not exist)">Monsters of Mars</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Hamilton" title="Edmond Hamilton">Edmond Hamilton</a>, and the 1935 short story "Mars Colonizes" by <a href="/wiki/Miles_J._Breuer" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles J. Breuer">Miles J. Breuer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a> It quickly became regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">cliché</a> and inspired a kind of <a href="/wiki/Countermovement" title="Countermovement">countermovement</a> that portrayed Martians as meek in works like the 1933 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Forgotten_Man_of_Space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Forgotten Man of Space (page does not exist)">The Forgotten Man of Space</a>" by <a href="/wiki/P._Schuyler_Miller" title="P. Schuyler Miller">P. Schuyler Miller</a> and the 1934 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Faithful_(short_story)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Faithful (short story) (page does not exist)">Old Faithful</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Z._Gallun" title="Raymond Z. Gallun">Raymond Z. Gallun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a> The 1946 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Mars" title="The Man from Mars">The Man from Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Polish_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish science fiction">Polish science fiction</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a> likewise depicts a Martian mistreated by humans.<a href="#cite_note-MarsAntologiaPolskiejFantastyki-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Outside of the pulps, the <a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">alien invasion</a> theme pioneered by Wells appeared in <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Stapledon" title="Olaf Stapledon">Olaf Stapledon</a>'s 1930 novel <a href="/wiki/Last_and_First_Men" title="Last and First Men">Last and First Men</a>—with the twist that the invading Martians are cloud-borne and microscopic, and neither aliens nor humans recognize the other as a sentient species.<a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBestTradition-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> In film, this theme gained popularity in 1953 with the releases of <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(1953_film)" title="The War of the Worlds (1953 film)">The War of the Worlds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invaders_from_Mars_(1953_film)" title="Invaders from Mars (1953 film)">Invaders from Mars</a>; later films about Martian invasions of Earth include the 1954 film <a href="/wiki/Devil_Girl_from_Mars" title="Devil Girl from Mars">Devil Girl from Mars</a>, the 1962 film <a href="/wiki/The_Day_Mars_Invaded_Earth" title="The Day Mars Invaded Earth">The Day Mars Invaded Earth</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Invaders_from_Mars_(1986_film)" title="Invaders from Mars (1986 film)">1986 remake</a> of Invaders from Mars and <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_based_on_The_War_of_the_Worlds#Adaptations" title="List of works based on The War of the Worlds">three different adaptations of The War of the Worlds</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a> Martians attacking humans who come to Mars appear in the 1948 short story "<a href="/wiki/Mars_Is_Heaven!" title="Mars Is Heaven!">Mars Is Heaven!</a>" by Ray Bradbury (later revised and included in The Martian Chronicles as "The Third Expedition"), where they use <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathic</a> abilities to impersonate the humans' deceased loved ones before killing them.<a href="#cite_note-AshgateExtraterrestrial-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-JennerDeathStars-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rabkin-62">[62]</a> Comical portrayals of evil Martians appear in the 1954 novel <a href="/wiki/Martians,_Go_Home" title="Martians, Go Home">Martians, Go Home</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Brown" title="Fredric Brown">Fredric Brown</a>, where they are <a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">little green men</a> who wreak havoc by exposing secrets and lies;<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">[61]</a> in the form of the cartoon character <a href="/wiki/Marvin_the_Martian" title="Marvin the Martian">Marvin the Martian</a> introduced in the 1948 short film "<a href="/wiki/Haredevil_Hare" title="Haredevil Hare">Haredevil Hare</a>", who seeks to destroy Earth to get a better view of Venus;<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-JennerMarvin-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-HartzmanMarsInvadesPopCulture-49">[49]</a> and in the 1996 film <a href="/wiki/Mars_Attacks!" title="Mars Attacks!">Mars Attacks!</a>, a pastiche of <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films#Post-War_and_1950s" title="History of science fiction films">1950s alien invasion films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decadent">Decadent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Decadent">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planet_stories_195103.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Planet_stories_195103.jpg/220px-Planet_stories_195103.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Planet_stories_195103.jpg/330px-Planet_stories_195103.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Planet_stories_195103.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Decadent portrayals of Martians were popularized by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>, inspiring many authors such as <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Brackett" title="Leigh Brackett">Leigh Brackett</a>. Seen here is the March 1951 cover of <a href="/wiki/Planet_Stories" title="Planet Stories">Planet Stories</a>, featuring Brackett's "<a href="/wiki/Black_Amazon_of_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Amazon of Mars">Black Amazon of Mars</a>".</figcaption></figure> The conception of Martians as decadent was largely derived from <a href="/wiki/Percival_Lowell" title="Percival Lowell">Percival Lowell</a>'s vision of Mars.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFELowell-33">[33]</a> The first appearance of Martians characterized by decadence in a work of fiction was in the 1905 novel <a href="/wiki/Lieut._Gullivar_Jones:_His_Vacation" title="Lieut. Gullivar Jones: His Vacation">Lieut. Gullivar Jones: His Vacation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lester_Arnold" title="Edwin Lester Arnold">Edwin Lester Arnold</a>, one of the earliest examples of the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">planetary romance</a> subgenre.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The idea was developed further and popularized by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a> in the 1912–1943 <a href="/wiki/Barsoom" title="Barsoom">Barsoom</a> series starting with <a href="/wiki/A_Princess_of_Mars" title="A Princess of Mars">A Princess of Mars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a> Burroughs presents a Mars in need of human intervention to regain its vitality,<a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a> a place where violence has replaced sexual desire.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies-20">[20]</a> Science fiction critic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Crossley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Crossley (page does not exist)">Robert Crossley</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55188564#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q55188564">Wikidata</a>], in the 2011 non-fiction book <a href="/wiki/Imagining_Mars:_A_Literary_History" title="Imagining Mars: A Literary History">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>, identifies Burroughs's work as the archetypal example of what he dubs "masculinist fantasies", where "male travelers expect to find princesses on Mars and devote much of their time either to courting or to protecting them".<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies-20">[20]</a> This version of Mars also functions as a kind of stand-in for the bygone <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>, where protagonist <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_of_Mars" title="John Carter of Mars">John Carter</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> veteran of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> who is made <a href="/wiki/Superhuman_strength" title="Superhuman strength">superhumanly strong</a> by the lower <a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Mars" title="Gravity of Mars">gravity of Mars</a>—encounters indigenous Martians representing <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewellLamont-23">[23]</a> Burroughs's vision of Mars would go on to have an influence approaching but not quite reaching Wells's,<a href="#cite_note-Webb-1">[1]</a> inspiring the works of many other authors—for instance, <a href="/wiki/C._L._Moore" title="C. L. Moore">C. L. Moore</a>'s stories about <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Smith" title="Northwest Smith">Northwest Smith</a> starting with the 1933 short story "<a href="/wiki/Shambleau" title="Shambleau">Shambleau</a>".<a href="#cite_note-LiptakDestinationMars-72">[71]</a> Another author who followed Burroughs's lead in the decadent portrayal of Mars and its inhabitants—while updating the politics to reflect shifting attitudes toward <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> in the intervening years—was <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Brackett" title="Leigh Brackett">Leigh Brackett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewellLamont-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a> the "Queen of the Planetary Romance".<a href="#cite_note-AshleyLostMars-8">[8]</a> Brackett's works in this vein include the 1940 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_Quest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martian Quest (page does not exist)">Martian Quest</a>" and the 1944 novel <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Over_Mars" title="Shadow Over Mars">Shadow Over Mars</a>, as well as the stories about <a href="/wiki/Eric_John_Stark" title="Eric John Stark">Eric John Stark</a> including the 1949 short story "<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Martian_Catacombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the Martian Catacombs">Queen of the Martian Catacombs</a>" and the 1951 short story "<a href="/wiki/Black_Amazon_of_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Amazon of Mars">Black Amazon of Mars</a>" (later expanded into the 1964 novels <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_Sinharat" title="The Secret of Sinharat">The Secret of Sinharat</a> and <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Talisman" title="People of the Talisman">People of the Talisman</a>, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewellLamont-23">[23]</a> Decadent Martians appeared in many other stories as well. The 1933 novel <a href="/wiki/Cat_Country_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat Country (novel)">Cat Country</a> (貓城記) by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese science fiction</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Lao_She" title="Lao She">Lao She</a> portrays feline Martians overcome by vices such as opium addiction and corruption as a vehicle for <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> of contemporary Chinese society.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In the 1950 film <a href="/wiki/Rocketship_X-M" title="Rocketship X-M">Rocketship X-M</a>, Martians are depicted as disfigured <a href="/wiki/Cavepeople" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavepeople">cavepeople</a> inhabiting a barren wasteland, descendants of the few survivors of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">nuclear holocaust</a>;<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> in the 1963 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Fell_to_Earth_(novel)" title="The Man Who Fell to Earth (novel)">The Man Who Fell to Earth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Tevis" title="Walter Tevis">Walter Tevis</a> a survivor of nuclear holocaust on Mars comes to Earth for refuge but finds it to be similarly corrupt and degenerate.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Inverting the premise of Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land, the 1963 short story "<a href="/wiki/A_Rose_for_Ecclesiastes" title="A Rose for Ecclesiastes">A Rose for Ecclesiastes</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a> sees decadent Martians visited by a preacher from Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Webster-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_and_non-humanoid_life">Past and non-humanoid life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Past and non-humanoid life">edit</a>]</div> In some stories where Mars is not inhabited by humanoid lifeforms, it was in the past or is inhabited by other types of life. The ruins of extinct Martian civilizations are depicted in the 1943 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost_Art_(short_story)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lost Art (short story) (page does not exist)">Lost Art</a>" by <a href="/wiki/George_O._Smith" title="George O. Smith">George O. Smith</a> where their <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual motion machine">perpetual motion machine</a> is recreated and the 1957 short story "<a href="/wiki/Omnilingual" title="Omnilingual">Omnilingual</a>" by <a href="/wiki/H._Beam_Piper" title="H. Beam Piper">H. Beam Piper</a> in which scientists attempt to <a href="/wiki/Decipherment" title="Decipherment">decipher</a> their fifty-thousand-year-old language;<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a> the 1933 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Outlaws_of_Mars" title="The Outlaws of Mars">The Outlaws of Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Otis_Adelbert_Kline" title="Otis Adelbert Kline">Otis Adelbert Kline</a> and the 1949 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Sword_of_Rhiannon" title="The Sword of Rhiannon">The Sword of Rhiannon</a> by Leigh Brackett employ <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a> to set stories in the past when Mars was still alive.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">[61]</a> The 1934 short story "<a href="/wiki/A_Martian_Odyssey" title="A Martian Odyssey">A Martian Odyssey</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Weinbaum" title="Stanley G. Weinbaum">Stanley G. Weinbaum</a> contains what Webster describes as "the first really alien aliens" in science fiction, in contrast to previous depictions of Martians as monsters or essentially human.<a href="#cite_note-Webster-18">[18]</a> The story broke new ground in portraying an entire Martian <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> wholly unlike that of Earth—inhabited by species that are alien in anatomy and inscrutable in behaviour—and in depicting extraterrestrial life that is non-human and <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Extraterrestrial intelligence">intelligent</a> without being hostile.<a href="#cite_note-D'AmmassaAMartianOdyssey-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-CriticalStudiesWeinbaum-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In particular, one Martian creature called <a href="/wiki/Tweel_(A_Martian_Odyssey)" title="Tweel (A Martian Odyssey)">Tweel</a> is found to be intelligent but have thought processes that are utterly inhuman.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBestTradition-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-CriticalStudiesWeinbaum-79">[78]</a> This creates an impenetrable language barrier between the alien and the human it encounters, and they are limited to communicating through the <a href="/wiki/Universal_language" title="Universal language">universal language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-D'AmmassaAMartianOdyssey-78">[77]</a> Asimov would later say that this story met the challenge <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction editor">science fiction editor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell" title="John W. Campbell">John W. Campbell</a> made to science fiction writers in the 1940s: to write a creature who thinks at least as well as humans, yet not like humans.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Three different species of intelligent lifeforms appear on Mars in C. S. Lewis's 1938 novel Out of the Silent Planet, only one of which is humanoid.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> In the 1943 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cave_(short_story)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Cave (short story) (page does not exist)">The Cave</a>" by P. Schuyler Miller, lifeforms endure on Mars long after the civilization that used to exist there has driven itself to <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> through <a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">ecological collapse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a> The 1951 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Sands_of_Mars" title="The Sands of Mars">The Sands of Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> features some indigenous life in the form of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen production">oxygen-producing</a> plants and Martian creatures resembling Earth <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>, but otherwise depicts a mostly desolate environment—reflecting then-emerging data about the scarcity of life-sustaining resources on Mars.<a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTransformingMars-53">[53]</a> Other novels of the 1950s likewise limited themselves to rudimentary lifeforms such as <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tumbleweed" title="Tumbleweed">tumbleweed</a> that could conceivably exist in the absence of any appreciable atmosphere or quantities of water.<a href="#cite_note-MartianMusings-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifeless_Mars">Lifeless Mars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lifeless Mars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariner_4_craters.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Mars from the Mariner 4 probe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mariner_4_craters.gif/220px-Mariner_4_craters.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mariner_4_craters.gif/330px-Mariner_4_craters.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mariner_4_craters.gif/440px-Mariner_4_craters.gif 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="2119" /></a><figcaption>Data returned from <a href="/wiki/Mars_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars exploration">Mars exploration</a> missions in the 1960s and 1970s, such as this photograph by the <a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a> probe, led to stories of <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">life on Mars</a> becoming unfashionable.</figcaption></figure> In light of the <a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a> probes to Mars between 1965 and 1976 revealing the planet's inhospitable conditions, almost all fiction started to portray Mars as a lifeless world.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MillerMars-36">[36]</a> The disappointment of finding Mars to be hostile to life is reflected in the 1970 novel Die Erde ist nah (<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Earth_Is_Near&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Earth Is Near (page does not exist)">The Earth Is Near</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction">Czech science fiction</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Lud%C4%9Bk_Pe%C5%A1ek" title="Luděk Pešek">Luděk Pešek</a>, which depicts the members of an <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiological</a> expedition on Mars driven to despair by the realization that their search for life there is futile.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a> A handful of authors still found ways to place life on the red planet: <a href="/wiki/Microbial_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial life">microbial life</a> exists on Mars in the 1977 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Martian_Inca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Martian Inca (page does not exist)">The Martian Inca</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Watson_(author)" title="Ian Watson (author)">Ian Watson</a>, and intelligent life is found in <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a> there in the 1977 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Hall_of_the_Martian_Kings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In the Hall of the Martian Kings (page does not exist)">In the Hall of the Martian Kings</a>" by <a href="/wiki/John_Varley_(author)" title="John Varley (author)">John Varley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-MillerMars-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a> By the turn of the millennium, the idea of microbial life on Mars gained popularity, appearing in the 1999 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Martian_Race&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Martian Race (page does not exist)">The Martian Race</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Benford" title="Gregory Benford">Gregory Benford</a> and the 2001 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_of_Life_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Secret of Life (novel) (page does not exist)">The Secret of Life</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._McAuley" title="Paul J. McAuley">Paul J. McAuley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MillerMars-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_survival">Human survival</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Human survival">edit</a>]</div> As stories about an inhabited Mars fell out of favour in the mid-1900s amid mounting evidence of the planet's inhospitable nature, they were replaced by stories about enduring the harsh conditions of the planet.<a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a> Themes in this tradition include <a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">colonization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terraforming" title="Terraforming">terraforming</a>, and pure survival stories.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonization">Colonization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Colonization">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">colonization of Mars</a> became a major theme in science fiction in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a> The central piece of Martian fiction in this era was <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>'s 1950 <a href="/wiki/Fix-up" title="Fix-up">fix-up</a> novel <a href="/wiki/The_Martian_Chronicles" title="The Martian Chronicles">The Martian Chronicles</a>, which contains a series of loosely connected stories depicting the first few decades of human efforts to colonize Mars.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Unlike later works on this theme, The Martian Chronicles makes no attempt at realism (Mars has a breathable atmosphere, for instance, even though <a href="/wiki/Spectrographic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrographic analysis">spectrographic analysis</a> had at that time revealed no detectable amounts of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>); Bradbury said that "Mars is a mirror, not a crystal", a vehicle for <a href="/wiki/Social_commentary" title="Social commentary">social commentary</a> rather than attempting to predict the future.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheNewMartianNovel-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">[61]</a> Contemporary issues touched upon in the book include <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a> in "<a href="/wiki/Usher_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Usher II">Usher II</a>", <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynching in the United States</a> in "<a href="/wiki/Way_in_the_Middle_of_the_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Way in the Middle of the Air">Way in the Middle of the Air</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_anxiety" title="Nuclear anxiety">nuclear anxiety</a> throughout.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> There are also several allusions to the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a>: the first few missions to Mars in the book encounter Martians, with direct references to both <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>, but the indigenous population soon goes extinct due to <a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">chickenpox</a> in a parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_soil_epidemic" title="Virgin soil epidemic">virgin soil epidemics</a> that <a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">devastated Native American populations</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-AshgateExtraterrestrial-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">[61]</a> The majority of works about colonizing Mars endeavoured to portray the challenges of doing so realistically.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a> The hostile environment of the planet is countered by the colonists bringing <a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">life-support systems</a> in works like the 1951 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Sands_of_Mars" title="The Sands of Mars">The Sands of Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> and the 1966 short story "<a href="/wiki/We_Can_Remember_It_for_You_Wholesale" title="We Can Remember It for You Wholesale">We Can Remember It for You Wholesale</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a> the early colonists during the centuries-long terraforming process in the 1953 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixus_Etiam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crucifixus Etiam (page does not exist)">Crucifixus Etiam</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Walter_M._Miller_Jr." title="Walter M. Miller Jr.">Walter M. Miller Jr.</a> are dependent on <a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation" title="Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation">a machine that oxygenates their blood</a> from the thin atmosphere,<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTransformingMars-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> and the scarcity of oxygen even after generations of terraforming forces the colonists to live in a <a href="/wiki/Domed_city" title="Domed city">domed city</a> in the 1953 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Your_Planet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Your Planet (page does not exist)">Police Your Planet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lester_del_Rey" title="Lester del Rey">Lester del Rey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a> In the 1955 fix-up novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_Dust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alien Dust (page does not exist)">Alien Dust</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Charles_Tubb" title="Edwin Charles Tubb">Edwin Charles Tubb</a>, colonists are unable to return to a life on Earth because inhaling the Martian dust has given them <a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">pneumoconiosis</a> and the lower gravity has <a href="/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">atrophied their muscles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-BostonBroderick-89">[88]</a> The 1952 novel <a href="/wiki/Outpost_Mars" title="Outpost Mars">Outpost Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Judd" title="Cyril Judd">Cyril Judd</a> (joint pseudonym of <a href="/wiki/Cyril_M._Kornbluth" title="Cyril M. Kornbluth">Cyril M. Kornbluth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Merril" title="Judith Merril">Judith Merril</a>) revolves around an attempt at making a Mars colony economically sustainable by way of resource extraction.<a href="#cite_note-AshleyLostMars-8">[8]</a> Mars colonies seeking independence from or outright revolting against Earth is a recurring motif;<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">[61]</a> in del Rey's Police Your Planet a revolution is precipitated by Earth using unrest against the colony's corrupt mayor as a pretext for bringing Mars under firmer <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Terran" class="extiw" title="wikt:Terran">Terran</a> control,<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyAlternativeVisions-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a> and in Tubb's Alien Dust the colonists <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_blackmail" title="Nuclear blackmail">threaten Earth with nuclear weapons</a> unless their demands for necessary resources are met.<a href="#cite_note-BostonBroderick-89">[88]</a> In the 1952 short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Martian_Way" title="The Martian Way">The Martian Way</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, Martian colonists <a href="/wiki/Space_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Space mining">extract water</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">rings of Saturn</a> so as not to depend on importing water from Earth.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTransformingMars-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyAlternativeVisions-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">[61]</a> Besides direct conflicts with Earth, Mars colonies get other kinds of unfavourable treatment in several works. Mars is a dilapidated colony and neglected in favour of locations outside of the Solar System in the 1967 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Born_Under_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Born Under Mars (page does not exist)">Born Under Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Brunner_(author)" title="John Brunner (author)">John Brunner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a> a place where political dissidents and criminals are <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exiled</a> in Police Your Planet,<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a> and the site of an outright <a href="/wiki/Prison_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison colony">prison colony</a> in the 1966 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farewell,_Earth%27s_Bliss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farewell, Earth's Bliss (page does not exist)">Farewell, Earth's Bliss</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_G._Compton" title="David G. Compton">David G. Compton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a> The vision of Mars as a prison colony recurs in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese science fiction</a> author <a href="/wiki/Moto_Hagio" title="Moto Hagio">Moto Hagio</a>'s 1978–1979 <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> series <a href="/wiki/Star_Red" title="Star Red">Star Red</a> (スター・レッド), a <a href="/wiki/Homage_(arts)" title="Homage (arts)">homage</a> to Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The independence theme was adopted by on-screen portrayals of Mars colonies in the 1990s in works like the 1990 film <a href="/wiki/Total_Recall_(1990_film)" title="Total Recall (1990 film)">Total Recall</a> (a loose adaptation of Dick's "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale") and the 1994–1998 television series <a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a>, now both in terms of Earth-based governments and—likely inspired by the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a>—especially corporations.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terraforming">Terraforming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Terraforming">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming in popular culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarsTransitionV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Artist's impression of the hypothetical phases of the terraforming of Mars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MarsTransitionV.jpg/220px-MarsTransitionV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MarsTransitionV.jpg/330px-MarsTransitionV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MarsTransitionV.jpg/440px-MarsTransitionV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption>Some works depict Mars being <a href="/wiki/Terraforming" title="Terraforming">terraformed</a> to enable <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">human habitation</a>.</figcaption></figure> Clarke's The Sands of Mars features one of the earliest depictions of <a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">terraforming Mars</a> to make it more hospitable to human life; in the novel, the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmosphere of Mars</a> is made breathable by plants that release <a href="/wiki/Oxide_mineral" title="Oxide mineral">oxygen from minerals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Martian soil</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">climate</a> is improved by creating an artificial sun.<a href="#cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a> The theme appeared occasionally in other 1950s works like the aforementioned "Crucifixus Etiam" and Police Your Planet, but largely fell out of favour in the 1960s as the scale of the associated challenges became apparent.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceFictionAndEcology-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTransformingMars-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> By the 1970s, Martian literature as a whole had mostly succumbed to the discouragement of finding the planet's conditions to be so hostile, and stories set on Mars became much less common than they had been in previous decades.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a> A resurgence of popularity of the terraforming theme began to emerge in the late 1970s in light of data from the <a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a> probes suggesting that there might be substantial quantities of non-liquid and sub-surface <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">water on Mars</a>; among the earliest such works are the 1977 novel The Martian Inca by Ian Watson and the 1978 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Double_Shadow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Double Shadow (page does not exist)">A Double Shadow</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Turner_(poet)" title="Frederick Turner (poet)">Frederick Turner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTransformingMars-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-MartianMusings-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMarsRemade-93">[92]</a> Works depicting the terraforming of Mars continued to appear throughout the 1980s. The 1984 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Greening_of_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greening of Mars">The Greening of Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Allaby" title="Michael Allaby">Michael Allaby</a>, a study on how Mars might be settled and terraformed presented in the form of a fiction narrative, was influential on science and fiction alike.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceFictionAndEcology-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMarsRemade-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyFallingIntoTheory-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a> was an early prolific writer on the subject with the 1982 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exploring_Fossil_Canyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exploring Fossil Canyon (page does not exist)">Exploring Fossil Canyon</a>", the 1984 novel <a href="/wiki/Icehenge" title="Icehenge">Icehenge</a>, and the 1985 short story "<a href="/wiki/Green_Mars_(novella)" title="Green Mars (novella)">Green Mars</a>". Turner revisited the concept in 1988 with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genesis_(poem)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genesis (poem) (page does not exist)">Genesis</a>, a 10,000-line <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" title="Iambic pentameter">iambic pentameter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ian_McDonald_(British_author)" title="Ian McDonald (British author)">Ian McDonald</a> combined terraforming with <a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">magical realism</a> in the 1988 novel <a href="/wiki/Desolation_Road" title="Desolation Road">Desolation Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTransformingMars-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMarsRemade-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> By the 1990s, terraforming had become the predominant theme in Martian fiction.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a> Several methods for accomplishing it were depicted, including ancient alien artefacts in the 1990 film Total Recall and the 1997 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Underground_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars Underground (novel) (page does not exist)">Mars Underground</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Kenneth_Hartmann" title="William Kenneth Hartmann">William Kenneth Hartmann</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTransformingMars-53">[53]</a> utilizing indigenous animal lifeforms in the 1991 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_Rainbow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martian Rainbow (page does not exist)">Martian Rainbow</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Forward" title="Robert L. Forward">Robert L. Forward</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a> and relocating the entire planet to a new <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">solar system</a> in the 1993 novel <a href="/wiki/Moving_Mars" title="Moving Mars">Moving Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Bear" title="Greg Bear">Greg Bear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBeingThere-97">[96]</a> The 1993 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Dust_(McAuley_novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Dust (McAuley novel) (page does not exist)">Red Dust</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._McAuley" title="Paul J. McAuley">Paul J. McAuley</a> portrays Mars in the process of reverting to its natural state after an abandoned attempt at terraforming it.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baxter-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a> With a Mars settled primarily by China, Red Dust also belongs to a tradition of portraying a multicultural Mars that developed parallel to the rise to prominence of the terraforming theme. Other such works include the 1989 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crescent_in_the_Sky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crescent in the Sky (page does not exist)">Crescent in the Sky</a> by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Moffitt" title="Donald Moffitt">Donald Moffitt</a>, where Arabs apply their experience with surviving in desert conditions to living in their new <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> on a partially terraformed Mars, and the 1991 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Martian_Viking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Martian Viking (page does not exist)">The Martian Viking</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Sullivan_(writer)" title="Tim Sullivan (writer)">Tim Sullivan</a> where Mars is terraformed by <a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Hygelac" title="Hygelac">Hygelac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baxter-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTransformingMars-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMarsRemade-93">[92]</a> The most prominent work of fiction dealing with the subject of terraforming Mars is the <a href="/wiki/Mars_trilogy" title="Mars trilogy">Mars trilogy</a> by Kim Stanley Robinson (consisting of the novels Red Mars from 1992, Green Mars from 1993, and Blue Mars from 1996),<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a> story of a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> project wherein 100 carefully selected scientists are sent to Mars to start the first settlement there.<a href="#cite_note-MammothPlanets-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBecomingMartian-99">[98]</a> The series explores in depth the practical and ideological considerations involved, the principal one being whether to turn Mars "Green" by terraforming or keep it in its pristine "Red" state.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyFallingIntoTheory-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBecomingMartian-99">[98]</a> Other major topics besides the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_terraforming" title="Ethics of terraforming">ethics of terraforming</a> include the social and economic organization of the emerging Martian society and its political relationship to Earth and the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> economic interests that finance the mission, revisiting the earlier themes of Mars as a setting for utopia—albeit in this case one in the making rather than a pre-existing one—and Martian struggle for independence from Earth.<a href="#cite_note-TheNewMartianNovel-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyFallingIntoTheory-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Alternatives to terraforming have also been explored. The opposite approach of modifying humans to adapt them to the existing environment, known as <a href="/wiki/Pantropy" title="Pantropy">pantropy</a>, appears in the 1976 novel <a href="/wiki/Man_Plus" title="Man Plus">Man Plus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a> but has otherwise been sparsely depicted.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-MammothPlanets-98">[97]</a> The conflict between pantropy and terraforming is explored in the 1994 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Climbing_Olympus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climbing Olympus (page does not exist)">Climbing Olympus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_J._Anderson" title="Kevin J. Anderson">Kevin J. Anderson</a>, as the humans that have been "areoformed" to survive on Mars do not wish the planet to be altered to accommodate unmodified humans at their expense.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBecomingMartian-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Other works where terraforming is eschewed in favour of alternatives include the 1996 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=River_of_Dust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River of Dust (page does not exist)">River of Dust</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jablokov" title="Alexander Jablokov">Alexander Jablokov</a>, where the settlers create a liveable environment by burrowing underground,<a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> and the 1999 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Mars,_or,_The_Mind_Set_Free:_A_21st-Century_Utopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Mars, or, The Mind Set Free: A 21st-Century Utopia (page does not exist)">White Mars, or, The Mind Set Free: A 21st-Century Utopia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> where <a href="/wiki/Environmental_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental preservation">environmental preservation</a> is prioritized and humans live in domed cities.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBecomingMartian-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robinsonades">Robinsonades</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Robinsonades">edit</a>]</div> Martian <a href="/wiki/Robinsonade" title="Robinsonade">robinsonades</a>—stories of <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> stranded on Mars—emerged in the 1950s with works such as the 1952 novel <a href="/wiki/Marooned_on_Mars" title="Marooned on Mars">Marooned on Mars</a> by Lester del Rey, the 1956 novel <a href="/wiki/No_Man_Friday" title="No Man Friday">No Man Friday</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rex_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rex Gordon">Rex Gordon</a>, and the 1959 short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Lost_the_Sea" title="The Man Who Lost the Sea">The Man Who Lost the Sea</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon" title="Theodore Sturgeon">Theodore Sturgeon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a> Crossley writes that No Man Friday is in some respects an "anti-robinsonade", inasmuch as it rejects the underlying colonialist attitudes and portrays the Martians as more advanced than humans rather than less.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">[61]</a> Robinsonades remained popular throughout the 1960s; examples include the 1966 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welcome to Mars (page does not exist)">Welcome to Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Blish" title="James Blish">James Blish</a> and the 1964 film <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_on_Mars" title="Robinson Crusoe on Mars">Robinson Crusoe on Mars</a>, the latter being significantly if unofficially based on No Man Friday.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">[25]</a> The subgenre was later revisited with the 2011 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Martian_(Weir_novel)" title="The Martian (Weir novel)">The Martian</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Weir" title="Andy Weir">Andy Weir</a> and its <a href="/wiki/The_Martian_(film)" title="The Martian (film)">2015 film adaptation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">[3]</a> in which an astronaut accidentally left behind by the third mission to Mars uses the resources available to him to survive until such a time that he can be rescued.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nostalgic_depictions">Nostalgic depictions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nostalgic depictions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Venus_in_fiction#Nostalgic_depictions" title="Venus in fiction">Venus in fiction § Nostalgic depictions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_American_Museum_journal_(c1900-(1918))_(17539936613).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%2817539936613%29.jpg/220px-The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%2817539936613%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%2817539936613%29.jpg/330px-The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%2817539936613%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%2817539936613%29.jpg/440px-The_American_Museum_journal_%28c1900-%281918%29%29_%2817539936613%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Globe of Mars based on drawing by <a href="/wiki/Percival_Lowell" title="Percival Lowell">Percival Lowell</a>, featuring the purported <a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">Martian canals</a></figcaption></figure> Although most stories by the middle of the 1900s acknowledged that advances in <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary science</a> had rendered previous notions about the conditions of Mars obsolete and portrayed the planet accordingly, some continued to depict a romantic version of Mars rather than a realistic one.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheNewMartianNovel-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">[61]</a> Besides the stories of <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>'s 1950 <a href="/wiki/Fix-up" title="Fix-up">fix-up</a> novel <a href="/wiki/The_Martian_Chronicles" title="The Martian Chronicles">The Martian Chronicles</a>, another early example of this was <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>'s 1949 novel <a href="/wiki/Red_Planet_(novel)" title="Red Planet (novel)">Red Planet</a> where Mars has a breathable (albeit thin) atmosphere, a diverse ecosystem including sentient Martians, and Lowellian canals.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheNewMartianNovel-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">Martian canals</a> remained a prominent symbol of this more traditional vision of Mars, appearing both in lighthearted works like the 1954 novel <a href="/wiki/Martians,_Go_Home" title="Martians, Go Home">Martians, Go Home</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Brown" title="Fredric Brown">Fredric Brown</a> and more serious ones like the 1963 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Fell_to_Earth_(novel)" title="The Man Who Fell to Earth (novel)">The Man Who Fell to Earth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Tevis" title="Walter Tevis">Walter Tevis</a> and the 1964 novel <a href="/wiki/Martian_Time-Slip" title="Martian Time-Slip">Martian Time-Slip</a> by Philip K. Dick.<a href="#cite_note-TheNewMartianNovel-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a> Some works attempted to reconcile both visions of Mars, one example being the 1952 novel Marooned on Mars by Lester del Rey where the presumed canals turn out to be rows of vegetables and the only animal life is primitive.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a> commenced the divide between portraying Mars as it was and as it had previously been imagined deepened, and the discoveries made by <a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a> in 1965 solidified it.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTransformingMars-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a> Some authors simply ignored the scientific findings, such as <a href="/wiki/Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Lin Carter</a> who included intelligent Martians in the 1973 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Loved_Mars" title="The Man Who Loved Mars">The Man Who Loved Mars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Brackett" title="Leigh Brackett">Leigh Brackett</a> who declared in the foreword to The Coming of the Terrans (a 1967 collection of earlier short stories) that "in the affairs of men and Martians, mere fact runs a poor second to Truth, which is mighty and shall prevail".<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a> Others were cognizant of them and used workarounds: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a> invented the fictional <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar</a> Mars-like planet <a href="/wiki/Arrakis" title="Arrakis">Arrakis</a> for the 1965 novel <a href="/wiki/Dune_(novel)" title="Dune (novel)">Dune</a> rather than setting the story on Mars, <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Young" title="Robert F. Young">Robert F. Young</a> set the 1979 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_First_Mars_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The First Mars Mission (page does not exist)">The First Mars Mission</a>" in 1957 so as not to have to take the findings of Mariner 4 into account, and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Greenland" title="Colin Greenland">Colin Greenland</a> set the 1993 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harm%27s_Way_(Greenland_novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harm's Way (Greenland novel) (page does not exist)">Harm's Way</a> in the 1800s with corresponding scientific concepts like the <a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">luminiferous aether</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMarsRemade-93">[92]</a> The 1965 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Alternate_Martians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Alternate Martians (page does not exist)">The Alternate Martians</a> by <a href="/wiki/A._Bertram_Chandler" title="A. Bertram Chandler">A. Bertram Chandler</a> is based on the premise that the depictions of Mars that appear in older stories are not incorrect but reflect <a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">alternative universes</a>; the book is dedicated to "the Mars that used to be, but never was".<a href="#cite_note-HartzmanMarsInvadesPopCulture-49">[49]</a> The urge to recapture the romantic vision of Mars is reflected as part of the story in the 1968 novel <a href="/wiki/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F" title="Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?">Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?</a> by Philip K. Dick, where the people living on a desolate Mars enjoy reading old stories about the lifeful Mars that never was,<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTransformingMars-53">[53]</a> as well as in the 1989 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Barsoom_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Barsoom Project (page does not exist)">The Barsoom Project</a> by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Barnes" title="Steven Barnes">Steven Barnes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Niven" title="Larry Niven">Larry Niven</a>, where the fantastical version of Mars is recreated as an <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baxter-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martian_face_viking_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Part of an image of the Cydonia region of Mars taken by the Viking 1 orbiter, depicting the so-called "Face on Mars"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Martian_face_viking_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Face_on_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Face on Mars">Face on Mars</a>", photographed by <a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a> in 1976 (the black dots are missing data errors).<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Later higher-quality images (such as <a href="/wiki/File:Mars_face.png" title="File:Mars face.png">this one</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a> in 2001) do not resemble a face.<a href="#cite_note-JennerCydonia-106">[105]</a></figcaption></figure> Following the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a> probes in 1976, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Face_on_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Face on Mars">Face on Mars</a>" superseded the Martian canals as the most central symbol of nostalgic depictions of Mars.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">[65]</a> The "Face" is a rock formation in the Cydonia region of Mars first photographed by the <a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a> orbiter under conditions that made it resemble a human face; higher-quality photographs taken by subsequent probes under different lighting conditions revealed this to be a case of <a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">pareidolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WandererAmHimmelMars-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-JennerCydonia-106">[105]</a> It was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Hoagland" title="Richard C. Hoagland">Richard C. Hoagland</a>, who interpreted it as an artificial construction by intelligent extraterrestrials, and has appeared in works of fiction including the 1992 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth_of_Night&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labyrinth of Night (page does not exist)">Labyrinth of Night</a> by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Steele" title="Allen Steele">Allen Steele</a>, the 1995 short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Martian_Pyramid_Hoax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Great Martian Pyramid Hoax (page does not exist)">The Great Martian Pyramid Hoax</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Oltion" title="Jerry Oltion">Jerry Oltion</a>, and the 1998 novel <a href="/wiki/Semper_Mars" title="Semper Mars">Semper Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Douglas_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Douglas (author)">Ian Douglas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-JennerCydonia-106">[105]</a> Outside of literature, it has made appearances in the 1993 episode "<a href="/wiki/Space_(The_X-Files)" title="Space (The X-Files)">Space</a>" of <a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a>, the 2000 film <a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mars" title="Mission to Mars">Mission to Mars</a>, and the 2002 episode "<a href="/wiki/Where_the_Buggalo_Roam" title="Where the Buggalo Roam">Where the Buggalo Roam</a>" of the animated television show <a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baxter-29">[29]</a> Deliberately nostalgic homages to older works have continued to appear through the turn of the millennium.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a> In the 1999 novel <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Mars" title="Rainbow Mars">Rainbow Mars</a> by Larry Niven, a <a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">time traveller</a> goes to visit Mars's past but instead appears in the parallel universe of Mars's fictional past and encounters the creations of science fiction authors such as <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Stories collected in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Crowther" title="Peter Crowther">Peter Crowther</a>'s 2002 anthology <a href="/wiki/Mars_Probes" title="Mars Probes">Mars Probes</a> pay tribute to the works of <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Weinbaum" title="Stanley G. Weinbaum">Stanley G. Weinbaum</a> and Leigh Brackett, among others.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMarsUnderConstruction-108">[107]</a> The 2013 anthology <a href="/wiki/Old_Mars" title="Old Mars">Old Mars</a> edited by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Dozois" title="Gardner Dozois">Gardner Dozois</a> consists of newly written stories in the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">planetary romance</a> style of older stories whose visions of Mars are now outdated; Martin compared it to the common practice of setting <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Westerns</a> in a romanticized version of the <a href="/wiki/Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West">Old West</a> rather than a more realistic one.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-OldMars-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_landings_and_near-future_human_presence">First landings and near-future human presence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: First landings and near-future human presence">edit</a>]</div> Stories about the first <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human mission to Mars</a> became popular after US president <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> announced the <a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> in 1989, which proposed to accomplish this feat by 2019,<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a> though the concept had earlier appeared indirectly in the 1977 film <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_One" title="Capricorn One">Capricorn One</a>, wherein <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> fakes the Mars landing.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Among these are the 1992 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beachhead_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beachhead (novel) (page does not exist)">Beachhead</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Williamson" title="Jack Williamson">Jack Williamson</a> and the 1992 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(Bova_novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars (Bova novel) (page does not exist)">Mars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bova" title="Ben Bova">Ben Bova</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_(novel_series)" title="Grand Tour (novel series)">Grand Tour series</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a> both of which emphasize the barrenness of the Martian landscape upon arrival and contrast it with a desire to find beauty there.<a href="#cite_note-TheNewMartianNovel-35">[35]</a> The idea was spoofed in the 1990 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyage_to_the_Red_Planet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyage to the Red Planet (page does not exist)">Voyage to the Red Planet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Bisson" title="Terry Bisson">Terry Bisson</a>, which posits that a mission like that could only get funding by being turned into a movie.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBeingThere-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Stephen Baxter's 1996 novel <a href="/wiki/Voyage_(novel)" title="Voyage (novel)">Voyage</a> depicts an <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> where US president <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> was not <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassinated in 1963</a>, ultimately leading to the first Mars landing happening in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkleyTransformingMars-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFEBaxter-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> The 1999 novel The Martian Race by Gregory Benford adapts the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Direct" title="Mars Direct">Mars Direct</a> proposal by <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace engineer">aerospace engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zubrin" title="Robert Zubrin">Robert Zubrin</a> to fiction by depicting a <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> competition to conduct the first crewed Mars landing with a large monetary reward attached. Zubrin would later write a story of his own along the same lines: the 2001 novel <a href="/wiki/First_Landing" title="First Landing">First Landing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBeingThere-97">[96]</a> In a variation on the theme, <a href="/wiki/Ian_McDonald_(British_author)" title="Ian McDonald (British author)">Ian McDonald</a>'s 2002 short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Old_Cosmonaut_and_the_Construction_Worker_Dream_of_Mars" title="The Old Cosmonaut and the Construction Worker Dream of Mars">The Old Cosmonaut and the Construction Worker Dream of Mars</a>" (included in the aforementioned anthology Mars Probes) portrays the lingering yearning for Mars in a future where the intended first Mars landing was cancelled and the era of space exploration has come to an end without the dream of a human mission to Mars ever being realized.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMarsUnderConstruction-108">[107]</a> Beyond the events of the first crewed landing on Mars, this time period also saw an increase in portrayals of the early stages of exploration and settlement happening in the near future, especially following the 1996 launches of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a> probes.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a> In the 1991 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Genesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Genesis (page does not exist)">Red Genesis</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=S._C._Sykes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. C. Sykes (page does not exist)">S. C. Sykes</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1253960#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1253960">Wikidata</a>], settlement of Mars begins in 2015, though the bulk of the narrative is set decades later and focuses on the social—rather than technical—challenges of the project.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBeingThere-97">[96]</a> The 1997 novel Mars Underground by William K. Hartmann also deals with the early efforts of establishing a permanent human presence on the red planet.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a> The members of the third human mission to Mars are forced to trek across the planet's surface in the 2000 novel <a href="/wiki/Mars_Crossing" title="Mars Crossing">Mars Crossing</a> by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_A._Landis" title="Geoffrey A. Landis">Geoffrey A. Landis</a> to reach a return vehicle from a previous mission after theirs is damaged beyond repair.<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyBeingThere-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_new_millennium">In the new millennium</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In the new millennium">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:400px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> [Mars] offers an accessible and somewhat-known-but-somewhat-mysterious setting for all kinds of imaginative storylines. For this reason, video games love using Mars-related maps or themes – colonisation, space travel, dying and dystopian societies, scientific research settlements gone wrong, cosmic war, aliens, the unknown. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Nicky Jenner, 4th Rock from the Sun: The Story of Mars<a href="#cite_note-JennerMarvin-42">[42]</a></cite></div> </div> In the year 2000, Westfahl estimated the total number of works of fiction dealing with Mars up to that point to exceed five thousand.<a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a> Depictions of Mars have remained common since then, though without a clear overarching trend—rather, says <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a>, Mars fiction has "ramified in several directions".<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster movies</a> set on Mars have appeared throughout this time period including the 2001 film <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_of_Mars" title="Ghosts of Mars">Ghosts of Mars</a>, the 2005 film <a href="/wiki/Doom_(film)" title="Doom (film)">Doom</a> (based on <a href="/wiki/Doom_(franchise)" title="Doom (franchise)">the video game franchise</a>), and the 2013 film <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_on_Mars" title="The Last Days on Mars">The Last Days on Mars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HistoricalDictionaryOfScienceFictionCinemaMars-113">[112]</a> In the 2003 novel <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(novel)" title="Ilium (novel)">Ilium</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dan_Simmons" title="Dan Simmons">Dan Simmons</a> and its 2005 sequel <a href="/wiki/Olympos_(novel)" title="Olympos (novel)">Olympos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> is reenacted on Mars,<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyAlternativeVisions-54">[54]</a> and the 2011 animated film <a href="/wiki/Mars_Needs_Moms" title="Mars Needs Moms">Mars Needs Moms</a> revisits the older theme of evil Martians coming to Earth, though with more modest ambitions than launching an all-out invasion.<a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a> The 2011–2021 novel series <a href="/wiki/The_Expanse_(novel_series)" title="The Expanse (novel series)">The Expanse</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_S._A._Corey" title="James S. A. Corey">James S. A. Corey</a> (joint pseudonym of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Abraham_(author)" title="Daniel Abraham (author)">Daniel Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ty_Franck" title="Ty Franck">Ty Franck</a>), starting with <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_Wakes" title="Leviathan Wakes">Leviathan Wakes</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">space opera</a> set in part on Mars that was originally based on a <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing game</a> and later adapted to <a href="/wiki/The_Expanse_(TV_series)" title="The Expanse (TV series)">a television series starting in 2015</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_Chmielewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Chmielewski (page does not exist)">Tom Chmielewski</a>'s 2014 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Dust,_Martian_Sands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lunar Dust, Martian Sands (page does not exist)">Lunar Dust, Martian Sands</a> is a piece of <a href="/wiki/Noir_fiction" title="Noir fiction">noir fiction</a> set partially on Mars.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The Martian—book and film—is <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a>; the film adaptation was described by the production team as being "as much science fact as science fiction".<a href="#cite_note-JennerDeathStars-43">[43]</a> The 100th anniversary of Burroughs's A Princess of Mars in 2012 saw the release of both the film adaptation <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_(film)" title="John Carter (film)">John Carter</a> and an anthology of new <a href="/wiki/Barsoom" title="Barsoom">Barsoom</a> fiction: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Under_the_Moons_of_Mars:_New_Adventures_on_Barsoom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Under the Moons of Mars: New Adventures on Barsoom (page does not exist)">Under the Moons of Mars: New Adventures on Barsoom</a> edited by <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Adams" title="John Joseph Adams">John Joseph Adams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Polish_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish science fiction">Polish science fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Kosik" title="Rafał Kosik">Rafał Kosik</a>'s 2003 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(Kosik_novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars (Kosik novel) (page does not exist)">Mars</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(powie%C5%9B%C4%87)" class="extiw" title="pl:Mars (powieść)">pl</a>] depicts people migrating to Mars to escape an Earth ravaged by <a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">overpopulation</a>, and an anthology of short stories titled Mars: Antologia polskiej fantastyki (Mars: An Anthology of Polish Fantasy) was published in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-MarsAntologiaPolskiejFantastyki-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Mars has also made frequent appearances in <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>; examples include the 2001 game <a href="/wiki/Red_Faction_(video_game)" title="Red Faction (video game)">Red Faction</a> which is set on Mars and the 2014 game <a href="/wiki/Destiny_(video_game)" title="Destiny (video game)">Destiny</a> where Mars is an <a href="/wiki/Unlockable_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlockable (gaming)">unlockable</a> setting.<a href="#cite_note-JennerMarvin-42">[42]</a> In addition, Mars continues to make regular appearances in stories where it is not the main focus, such as <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haldeman" title="Joe Haldeman">Joe Haldeman</a>'s 2008 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsbound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsbound (page does not exist)">Marsbound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFEMars-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarsAntologiaPolskiejFantastyki-27">[27]</a> Says Crossley, "Where imagined Mars will go as the twenty-first century unfolds cannot be prophesied, because—undoubtedly—improbable, original, and masterful talents will work new variations on the matter of Mars."<a href="#cite_note-CrossleyMarsUnderConstruction-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moons">Moons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Moons">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laputa_-_Grandville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustration of the floating island Laputa in Gulliver's Travels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Laputa_-_Grandville.jpg/220px-Laputa_-_Grandville.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Laputa_-_Grandville.jpg/330px-Laputa_-_Grandville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Laputa_-_Grandville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Floating_cities_and_islands_in_fiction" title="Floating cities and islands in fiction">floating island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Laputa" title="Laputa">Laputa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a>. The mention that its astronomers have discovered two <a href="/wiki/Martian_moons" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian moons">Martian moons</a> is their earliest appearance in fiction.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars has two small moons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a>, which were both discovered by <a href="/wiki/Asaph_Hall" title="Asaph Hall">Asaph Hall</a> in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a> The first appearance of the moons of Mars in fiction predates their discovery by a century and a half; the satirical 1726 novel <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> includes a mention that the advanced astronomers of <a href="/wiki/Laputa" title="Laputa">Laputa</a> have discovered two Martian moons.<a href="#cite_note-117">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-JennerDeathStars-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-SheehanMars-118">[116]</a> The 1752 work <a href="/wiki/Microm%C3%A9gas" title="Micromégas">Micromégas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> likewise mentions two moons of Mars; <a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">astronomy historian</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Sheehan_(astronomer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Sheehan (astronomer) (page does not exist)">William Sheehan</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q111504276#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q111504276">Wikidata</a>] surmises that Voltaire was inspired by Swift.<a href="#cite_note-SheehanMars-118">[116]</a> German astronomer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eberhard_Christian_Kindermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eberhard Christian Kindermann (page does not exist)">Eberhard Christian Kindermann</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Christian_Kindermann" class="extiw" title="de:Eberhard Christian Kindermann">de</a>], mistakenly believing that he had discovered a Martian moon, described a fictional voyage to it in the 1744 story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Geschwinde_Reise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Geschwinde Reise (page does not exist)">Die Geschwinde Reise</a>" ("The Speedy Journey").<a href="#cite_note-AshleyLostMars-8">[8]</a> The moons' small sizes have made them unpopular settings in science fiction,<a href="#cite_note-121">[c]</a> with some exceptions such as the 1955 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phobos,_the_Robot_Planet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phobos, the Robot Planet (page does not exist)">Phobos, the Robot Planet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Capon" title="Paul Capon">Paul Capon</a> and the 2001 short story "<a href="/wiki/Romance_with_Phobic_Variations" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance with Phobic Variations">Romance with Phobic Variations</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Purdom" title="Tom Purdom">Tom Purdom</a> in the case of Phobos, and the 1936 short story "Crystals of Madness" by <a href="/wiki/D._L._James" class="mw-redirect" title="D. L. James">D. L. James</a> in the case of Deimos.<a href="#cite_note-StablefordMars-10">[10]</a> Phobos is turned into a small <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> to provide heat and light to Mars in the 1951 novel The Sands of Mars by Arthur C. Clarke.<a href="#cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">[14]</a> The moons are revealed to be alien spacecraft in the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Juvenile novel">juvenile novel</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_the_Martian_Moons" title="The Secret of the Martian Moons">The Secret of the Martian Moons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Wollheim" title="Donald A. Wollheim">Donald A. Wollheim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_in_culture" title="Mars in culture">Mars in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_on_Mars" title="List of films set on Mars">List of films set on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Science_Fiction_Stories_About_Mars" title="Great Science Fiction Stories About Mars">Great Science Fiction Stories About Mars</a> – 1966 short story anthology</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Although Klaatu's planet of origin is not named in the 1951 film, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction scholar">science fiction scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Gary Westfahl</a> notes that the information provided uniquely identifies it as Mars.<a href="#cite_note-ReadingMars-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-MartiansOldAndNewStillStandingOverUs-63">[63]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Klaatu_(The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still)#Analysis" title="Klaatu (The Day the Earth Stood Still)">Klaatu (The Day the Earth Stood Still) § Analysis</a> for further details. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars#Jonathan_Swift" title="Moons of Mars">Moons of Mars § Jonathan Swift</a> for further details. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> In the catalogue of <a href="/wiki/Early_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Early science fiction">early science fiction</a> works compiled by <a href="/wiki/E._F._Bleiler" title="E. F. Bleiler">E. F. Bleiler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bleiler" title="Richard Bleiler">Richard Bleiler</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference works</a> <a href="/wiki/Science-Fiction:_The_Early_Years" title="Science-Fiction: The Early Years">Science-Fiction: The Early Years</a> from 1990 and <a href="/wiki/Science-Fiction:_The_Gernsback_Years" title="Science-Fiction: The Gernsback Years">Science-Fiction: The Gernsback Years</a> from 1998, the Martian moons only appear in 8 (out of 2,475) and 11 (out of 1,835) works respectively,<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> compared to 194 for Mars itself and 131 for Venus in The Gernsback Years alone.<a href="#cite_note-Westfahl2022Venus-48">[48]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Webb-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWebb2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Webb_(scientist)" title="Stephen Webb (scientist)">Webb, Stephen</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TVPJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">"Space Travel"</a>. All the Wonder that Would Be: Exploring Past Notions of the Future. Science and Fiction. Springer. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-51759-9_3">10.1007/978-3-319-51759-9_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51759-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51759-9"><bdi>978-3-319-51759-9</bdi></a>. <q>War of the Worlds is an archetypical piece of science fiction, and one of the most influential books in the canon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Space+Travel&rft.btitle=All+the+Wonder+that+Would+Be%3A+Exploring+Past+Notions+of+the+Future&rft.series=Science+and+Fiction&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-51759-9_3&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51759-9&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTVPJDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFEMars-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-73">bv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-74">bw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-75">bx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-76">by</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-77">bz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-78">ca</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFEMars_2-79">cb</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillhefferStablefordLangford2024" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Killheffer, Robert K. J.; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/mars">"Mars"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Killheffer&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.+J.&rft.au=Stableford%2C+Brian&rft.au=Langford%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fmars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WestfahlMars-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlMars_3-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA427">"Mars and Martians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Literature_through_History:_An_Encyclopedia" title="Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia">Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 427–430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6617-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6617-3"><bdi>978-1-4408-6617-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+and+Martians&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction+Literature+through+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=427-430&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6617-3&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWETPEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossleyDreamworlds-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyDreamworlds_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyDreamworlds_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyDreamworlds_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyDreamworlds_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2011" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA24">"Dreamworlds of the Telescope"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imagining_Mars:_A_Literary_History" title="Imagining Mars: A Literary History">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 24–26, 29–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6927-1</bdi></a>. <q>But Mars holds little interest for the Marquise and the philosopher. The few data generated by seventeenth-century science suggest that Mars is so similar to Earth that it "isn't worth the trouble of stopping there". Martians, it would seem, are probably too much like us to afford many of the pleasures of novelty that other habitable worlds promised.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dreamworlds+of+the+Telescope&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mars%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pages=24-26%2C+29-34&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3TDEDfEPdEC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStableford2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55wUHXiay-gC&pg=PA16">"Science Fiction Before the Genre"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_(historian)" title="Edward James (historian)">James, Edward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Farah_Mendlesohn" title="Farah Mendlesohn">Mendlesohn, Farah</a> (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01657-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01657-5"><bdi>978-0-521-01657-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+Fiction+Before+the+Genre&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01657-5&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D55wUHXiay-gC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdías2021" class="citation web cs1">Udías, Agustín (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/52517326">"Athanasius Kircher's Vision of the Universe: The Ecstatic Heavenly Journey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Complutense_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Complutense de Madrid">Universidad Complutense de Madrid</a>. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220621030208/https://www.academia.edu/52517326/Athanasius_Kirchers_vision_of_the_universe_The_Ecstatic_heavenly_journey">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athanasius+Kircher%27s+Vision+of+the+Universe%3A+The+Ecstatic+Heavenly+Journey&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Universidad+Complutense+de+Madrid&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Ud%C3%ADas&rft.aufirst=Agust%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F52517326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(British_writer)" title="Adam Roberts (British writer)">Roberts, Adam</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gq7LDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">"Seventeenth-Century SF"</a>. The History of Science Fiction. Palgrave Histories of Literature (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-137-56957-8_4">10.1057/978-1-137-56957-8_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56957-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56957-8"><bdi>978-1-137-56957-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956382503">956382503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seventeenth-Century+SF&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Science+Fiction&rft.series=Palgrave+Histories+of+Literature&rft.pages=65&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956382503&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-56957-8_4&rft.isbn=978-1-137-56957-8&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgq7LDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AshleyLostMars-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AshleyLostMars_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AshleyLostMars_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AshleyLostMars_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AshleyLostMars_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AshleyLostMars_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AshleyLostMars_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AshleyLostMars_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AshleyLostMars_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AshleyLostMars_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AshleyLostMars_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AshleyLostMars_8-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Ashley_(writer)" title="Mike Ashley (writer)">Ashley, Mike</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hOl3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">"Introduction"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mike_Ashley_(writer)" title="Mike Ashley (writer)">Ashley, Mike</a> (ed.). Lost Mars: Stories from the Golden Age of the Red Planet. University of Chicago Press. pp. 7–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-57508-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-57508-7"><bdi>978-0-226-57508-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Lost+Mars%3A+Stories+from+the+Golden+Age+of+the+Red+Planet&rft.pages=7-26&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-226-57508-7&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhOl3DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleiler1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._F._Bleiler" title="E. F. Bleiler">Bleiler, Everett Franklin</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEZxhkG5eikC&pg=PA780">"[Anonymous]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science-Fiction:_The_Early_Years" title="Science-Fiction: The Early Years">Science-fiction, the Early Years: A Full Description of More Than 3,000 Science-fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930: with Author, Title, and Motif Indexes</a>. With the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bleiler" title="Richard Bleiler">Richard J. Bleiler</a>. Kent State University Press. pp. 780–781. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-416-2"><bdi>978-0-87338-416-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%5BAnonymous%5D&rft.btitle=Science-fiction%2C+the+Early+Years%3A+A+Full+Description+of+More+Than+3%2C000+Science-fiction+Stories+from+Earliest+Times+to+the+Appearance+of+the+Genre+Magazines+in+1930%3A+with+Author%2C+Title%2C+and+Motif+Indexes&rft.pages=780-781&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-416-2&rft.aulast=Bleiler&rft.aufirst=Everett+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEZxhkG5eikC%26pg%3DPA780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StablefordMars-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StablefordMars_10-27">ab</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStableford2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uefwmdROKTAC&pg=PA281">"Mars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Fact_and_Science_Fiction:_An_Encyclopedia" title="Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia">Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 281–284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97460-8"><bdi>978-0-415-97460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars&rft.btitle=Science+Fact+and+Science+Fiction%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=281-284&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97460-8&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuefwmdROKTAC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClute2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/de_roumier-robert_marie-anne">"de Roumier-Robert, Marie-Anne"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 11 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=de+Roumier-Robert%2C+Marie-Anne&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Clute&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fde_roumier-robert_marie-anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleiler1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._F._Bleiler" title="E. F. Bleiler">Bleiler, Everett Franklin</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEZxhkG5eikC&pg=PA5">"Aermont, Paul (unidentified pseudonym)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science-Fiction:_The_Early_Years" title="Science-Fiction: The Early Years">Science-fiction, the Early Years: A Full Description of More Than 3,000 Science-fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930: with Author, Title, and Motif Indexes</a>. With the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bleiler" title="Richard Bleiler">Richard J. Bleiler</a>. Kent State University Press. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-416-2"><bdi>978-0-87338-416-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aermont%2C+Paul+%28unidentified+pseudonym%29&rft.btitle=Science-fiction%2C+the+Early+Years%3A+A+Full+Description+of+More+Than+3%2C000+Science-fiction+Stories+from+Earliest+Times+to+the+Appearance+of+the+Genre+Magazines+in+1930%3A+with+Author%2C+Title%2C+and+Motif+Indexes&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-416-2&rft.aulast=Bleiler&rft.aufirst=Everett+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEZxhkG5eikC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossleyInventingANewMars-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyInventingANewMars_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyInventingANewMars_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyInventingANewMars_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyInventingANewMars_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyInventingANewMars_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyInventingANewMars_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyInventingANewMars_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyInventingANewMars_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyInventingANewMars_13-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2011" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA37">"Inventing a New Mars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imagining_Mars:_A_Literary_History" title="Imagining Mars: A Literary History">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 37–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inventing+a+New+Mars&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mars%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pages=37-67&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3TDEDfEPdEC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HotakainenMarsFiction-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenMarsFiction_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenMarsFiction_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenMarsFiction_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenMarsFiction_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenMarsFiction_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenMarsFiction_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenMarsFiction_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenMarsFiction_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenMarsFiction_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenMarsFiction_14-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenMarsFiction_14-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenMarsFiction_14-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenMarsFiction_14-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenMarsFiction_14-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHotakainen2010" class="citation book cs1">Hotakainen, Markus (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sPs3S5TYOEMC&pg=PA201">"Little Green Persons"</a>. Mars: From Myth and Mystery to Recent Discoveries. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 201–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-76508-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-76508-2"><bdi>978-0-387-76508-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Little+Green+Persons&rft.btitle=Mars%3A+From+Myth+and+Mystery+to+Recent+Discoveries&rft.pages=201-216&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-387-76508-2&rft.aulast=Hotakainen&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsPs3S5TYOEMC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTurnOfTheCentury_15-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Markley" title="Robert Markley">Markley, Robert</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=loalUL6vakoC&pg=PA115">""Different Beyond the Most Bizarre Imaginings of Nightmare": Mars in Science Fiction, 1880–1913"</a>. Dying Planet: Mars in Science and the Imagination. Duke University Press. pp. 115–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8727-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8727-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-8727-5</bdi></a>. <q>Mars was defined by the ecological constraints dictated by the nebular hypothesis. The planet dominated fantasies of a plurality of worlds during this period [...] If Darwin and Lowell were correct, then the inhabitants of this older world should have evolved beyond nineteenth-century humanity—biologically, culturally, politically, and perhaps morally as well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Different+Beyond+the+Most+Bizarre+Imaginings+of+Nightmare%22%3A+Mars+in+Science+Fiction%2C+1880%E2%80%931913&rft.btitle=Dying+Planet%3A+Mars+in+Science+and+the+Imagination&rft.pages=115-149&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-8727-5&rft.aulast=Markley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DloalUL6vakoC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossleyWells-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyWells_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyWells_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2011" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA110">"H. G. Wells and the Great Disillusionment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imagining_Mars:_A_Literary_History" title="Imagining Mars: A Literary History">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 110–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6927-1</bdi></a>. <q>But in the last decades of the nineteenth century, a discernible shift of locale took place. Fictional goings and comings between Earth and Mars took precedence over all other forms of the interplanetary romance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=H.+G.+Wells+and+the+Great+Disillusionment&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mars%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pages=110-128&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3TDEDfEPdEC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossleyParanormal-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyParanormal_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyParanormal_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2011" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA129">"Mars and the Paranormal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imagining_Mars:_A_Literary_History" title="Imagining Mars: A Literary History">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 129–131, 138–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+and+the+Paranormal&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mars%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pages=129-131%2C+138-140&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3TDEDfEPdEC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_18-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2006" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bud_Webster" title="Bud Webster">Webster, Bud</a> (1 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philsp.com/articles/pastmasters_01.html">"Mars — the Amply Read Planet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Helix_SF" title="Helix SF">Helix SF</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pe.cgi?32655">ISFDB series #32655</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004211726/http://www.philsp.com/articles/pastmasters_01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helix+SF&rft.atitle=Mars+%E2%80%94+the+Amply+Read+Planet&rft.date=2006-07-01&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Bud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philsp.com%2Farticles%2Fpastmasters_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossleyBestTradition-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBestTradition_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBestTradition_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBestTradition_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBestTradition_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBestTradition_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBestTradition_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBestTradition_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBestTradition_19-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2011" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA178">"Quite in the Best Tradition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imagining_Mars:_A_Literary_History" title="Imagining Mars: A Literary History">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 168–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quite+in+the+Best+Tradition&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mars%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pages=168-194&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3TDEDfEPdEC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMasculinistFantasies_20-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2011" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA149">"Masculinist Fantasies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imagining_Mars:_A_Literary_History" title="Imagining Mars: A Literary History">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 149–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Masculinist+Fantasies&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mars%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pages=149-167&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3TDEDfEPdEC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeed2011" class="citation book cs1">Seed, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BC1lxSwsZewC&pg=PA28">"Alien Encounters"</a>. Science Fiction: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162010-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162010-2"><bdi>978-0-19-162010-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alien+Encounters&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162010-2&rft.aulast=Seed&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBC1lxSwsZewC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyLimitsOfImagination_22-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Markley" title="Robert Markley">Markley, Robert</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=loalUL6vakoC&pg=PA203">"Mars at the Limits of Imagination: The Dying Planet from Burroughs to Dick"</a>. Dying Planet: Mars in Science and the Imagination. Duke University Press. pp. 182–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8727-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8727-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-8727-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+at+the+Limits+of+Imagination%3A+The+Dying+Planet+from+Burroughs+to+Dick&rft.btitle=Dying+Planet%3A+Mars+in+Science+and+the+Imagination&rft.pages=182-229&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-8727-5&rft.aulast=Markley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DloalUL6vakoC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewellLamont-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewellLamont_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewellLamont_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewellLamont_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewellLamont_23-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewellLamont2014" class="citation book cs1">Newell, Diana; Lamont, Victoria (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjIglebU6CIC&pg=PA73">"Savagery on Mars: Representations of the Primitive in Brackett and Burroughs"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Howard_V._Hendrix" title="Howard V. Hendrix">Hendrix, Howard V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Slusser" class="mw-redirect" title="George Slusser">Slusser, George</a>; Rabkin, Eric S. (eds.). Visions of Mars: Essays on the Red Planet in Fiction and Science. McFarland. pp. 73–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-8470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Savagery+on+Mars%3A+Representations+of+the+Primitive+in+Brackett+and+Burroughs&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Mars%3A+Essays+on+the+Red+Planet+in+Fiction+and+Science&rft.pages=73-79&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8470-6&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Lamont%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjIglebU6CIC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossleyUtopia-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyUtopia_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyUtopia_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyUtopia_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyUtopia_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyUtopia_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyUtopia_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyUtopia_24-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyUtopia_24-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyUtopia_24-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyUtopia_24-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2011" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA90">"Mars and Utopia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imagining_Mars:_A_Literary_History" title="Imagining Mars: A Literary History">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 90–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6927-1</bdi></a>. <q>In some cases, however, the method of passage to Mars is ignored altogether.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+and+Utopia&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mars%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pages=90-109&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3TDEDfEPdEC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreenwoodMars-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodMars_25-24">y</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greenwoodencyclo0002unse_f3t4/page/498/mode/2up">"Mars"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Greenwood_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy:_Themes,_Works,_and_Wonders" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders">The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 499–501. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32952-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32952-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy%3A+Themes%2C+Works%2C+and+Wonders&rft.pages=499-501&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32952-4&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreenwoodencyclo0002unse_f3t4%2Fpage%2F498%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarpold2014" class="citation book cs1">Harpold, Terry (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjIglebU6CIC&pg=PA32">"Where Is Verne's Mars?"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Howard_V._Hendrix" title="Howard V. Hendrix">Hendrix, Howard V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Slusser" class="mw-redirect" title="George Slusser">Slusser, George</a>; Rabkin, Eric S. (eds.). Visions of Mars: Essays on the Red Planet in Fiction and Science. McFarland. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-8470-6</bdi></a>. <q>In Edgar Rice Burroughs's novels, John Carter travels to Barsoom by means of "astral projection," a way of moving the mind without moving the body.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Where+Is+Verne%27s+Mars%3F&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Mars%3A+Essays+on+the+Red+Planet+in+Fiction+and+Science&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8470-6&rft.aulast=Harpold&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjIglebU6CIC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarsAntologiaPolskiejFantastyki-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarsAntologiaPolskiejFantastyki_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarsAntologiaPolskiejFantastyki_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarsAntologiaPolskiejFantastyki_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarsAntologiaPolskiejFantastyki_27-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedeńko2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sedeńko, Wojtek (2021). "Przedmowa" [Foreword]. In Sedeńko, Wojtek (ed.). Mars: Antologia polskiej fantastyki [Mars: An Anthology of Polish Fantasy] (in Polish). Stalker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-66280-71-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-66280-71-7"><bdi>978-83-66280-71-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Przedmowa&rft.btitle=Mars%3A+Antologia+polskiej+fantastyki&rft.pub=Stalker+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-83-66280-71-7&rft.aulast=Sede%C5%84ko&rft.aufirst=Wojtek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonieczny2024" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Konieczny, Piotr (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/uminski_wladyslaw">"Umiński, Władysław"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Umi%C5%84ski%2C+W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Konieczny&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fuminski_wladyslaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baxter-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baxter_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baxter_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baxter_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baxter_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baxter_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baxter_29-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1996" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Baxter_(author)" title="Stephen Baxter (author)">Baxter, Stephen</a> (Autumn 1996). "Martian Chronicles: Narratives of Mars in Science and SF". <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(journal)" title="Foundation (journal)">Foundation</a>. No. 68. <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Foundation" title="Science Fiction Foundation">Science Fiction Foundation</a>. pp. 5–16. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-4964">0306-4964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundation&rft.atitle=Martian+Chronicles%3A+Narratives+of+Mars+in+Science+and+SF&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=68&rft.pages=5-16&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0306-4964&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagan1978" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Sagan, Carl</a> (28 May 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/28/archives/growing-up-with.html">"Growing up with Science Fiction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712161346/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/28/archives/growing-up-with.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Growing+up+with+Science+Fiction&rft.date=1978-05-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1978%2F05%2F28%2Farchives%2Fgrowing-up-with.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HotakainenCanals-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenCanals_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenCanals_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HotakainenCanals_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHotakainen2010" class="citation book cs1">Hotakainen, Markus (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sPs3S5TYOEMC&pg=PA27">"Martian Canal Engineers"</a>. Mars: From Myth and Mystery to Recent Discoveries. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 27–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-76508-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-76508-2"><bdi>978-0-387-76508-2</bdi></a>. <q>In those days the Solar System was thought to have been born by the accretion of a rotating cloud of gas and dust according to a "nebular hypothesis" proposed by the German Immanuel Kant and developed further by the Frenchman Pierre Simon de Laplace. The main difference with the current theory is that the cloud was thought to have condensed and cooled down starting from the outer edge so that the outer planets are older than the inner ones and thus evolved further.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martian+Canal+Engineers&rft.btitle=Mars%3A+From+Myth+and+Mystery+to+Recent+Discoveries&rft.pages=27-41&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-387-76508-2&rft.aulast=Hotakainen&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsPs3S5TYOEMC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReadingMars-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReadingMars_32-15">p</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2000" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (December 2000). "Reading Mars: Changing Images of Mars in Twentieth-Century Science Fiction". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Science_Fiction" title="The New York Review of Science Fiction">The New York Review of Science Fiction</a>. No. 148. pp. 1, 8–13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1052-9438">1052-9438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Reading+Mars%3A+Changing+Images+of+Mars+in+Twentieth-Century+Science+Fiction&rft.issue=148&rft.pages=1%2C+8-13&rft.date=2000-12&rft.issn=1052-9438&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7WREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146">"Mars—Reading Mars: Changing Images of the Red Planet"</a>. The Stuff of Science Fiction: Hardware, Settings, Characters. McFarland. pp. 146–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8659-2"><bdi>978-1-4766-8659-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars%E2%80%94Reading+Mars%3A+Changing+Images+of+the+Red+Planet&rft.btitle=The+Stuff+of+Science+Fiction%3A+Hardware%2C+Settings%2C+Characters&rft.pages=146-163&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-8659-2&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7WREAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFELowell-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SFELowell_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFELowell_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFELowell_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFELowell_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFELowell_33-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/lowell_percival">"Lowell, Percival"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lowell%2C+Percival&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Flowell_percival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OldMars-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OldMars_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OldMars_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">Martin, George R. R.</a> (2015) [2013]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldmars0000unse/page/3/mode/2up">"Introduction: Red Planet Blues"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">Martin, George R. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Dozois" title="Gardner Dozois">Dozois, Gardner</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Old_Mars" title="Old Mars">Old Mars</a> (UK ed.). <a href="/wiki/Titan_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan Books">Titan Books</a>. pp. 3, 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78329-949-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78329-949-2"><bdi>978-1-78329-949-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Red+Planet+Blues&rft.btitle=Old+Mars&rft.pages=3%2C+10-11&rft.edition=UK&rft.pub=Titan+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78329-949-2&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=George+R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldmars0000unse%2Fpage%2F3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheNewMartianNovel-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheNewMartianNovel_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNewMartianNovel_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNewMartianNovel_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNewMartianNovel_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNewMartianNovel_35-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNewMartianNovel_35-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNewMartianNovel_35-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNewMartianNovel_35-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNewMartianNovel_35-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNewMartianNovel_35-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNewMartianNovel_35-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNewMartianNovel_35-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2000" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0p0YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152">"Sign, Symbol, Power: The New Martian Novel"</a>. In Sandison, Alan; Dingley, Robert (eds.). Histories of the Future: Studies in Fact, Fantasy and Science Fiction. Springer. pp. 152–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1929-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1929-8"><bdi>978-1-4039-1929-8</bdi></a>. <q>The three books [of Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars trilogy] indeed enact a forward-moving history, a utopia-in-progress, rather than an achieved ideal state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sign%2C+Symbol%2C+Power%3A+The+New+Martian+Novel&rft.btitle=Histories+of+the+Future%3A+Studies+in+Fact%2C+Fantasy+and+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=152-167&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1929-8&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0p0YDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillerMars-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MillerMars_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MillerMars_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MillerMars_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MillerMars_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MillerMars_36-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Joseph D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjIglebU6CIC&pg=PA17">"Mars of Science, Mars of Dreams"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Howard_V._Hendrix" title="Howard V. Hendrix">Hendrix, Howard V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Slusser" class="mw-redirect" title="George Slusser">Slusser, George</a>; Rabkin, Eric S. (eds.). Visions of Mars: Essays on the Red Planet in Fiction and Science. McFarland. pp. 17–19, 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-8470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+of+Science%2C+Mars+of+Dreams&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Mars%3A+Essays+on+the+Red+Planet+in+Fiction+and+Science&rft.pages=17-19%2C+26-27&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8470-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Joseph+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjIglebU6CIC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlusser2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Slusser" class="mw-redirect" title="George Slusser">Slusser, George</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjIglebU6CIC&pg=PA59">"The Martians Among Us: Wells and the Strugatskys"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Howard_V._Hendrix" title="Howard V. Hendrix">Hendrix, Howard V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Slusser" class="mw-redirect" title="George Slusser">Slusser, George</a>; Rabkin, Eric S. (eds.). Visions of Mars: Essays on the Red Planet in Fiction and Science. McFarland. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-8470-6</bdi></a>. <q>a number of popular novels saw Mars as the perfect place for a utopian society. Examples are [...] Bellona's Bridegroom: [sic] A Romance</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Martians+Among+Us%3A+Wells+and+the+Strugatskys&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Mars%3A+Essays+on+the+Red+Planet+in+Fiction+and+Science&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8470-6&rft.aulast=Slusser&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjIglebU6CIC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomaine1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Romaine" title="Suzanne Romaine">Romaine, Suzanne</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ai95AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA331">"Writing Feminist Futures"</a>. Communicating Gender. Psychology Press. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-67944-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-67944-6"><bdi>978-1-135-67944-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writing+Feminist+Futures&rft.btitle=Communicating+Gender&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-135-67944-6&rft.aulast=Romaine&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dai95AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DibsOnTheRedStar-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DibsOnTheRedStar_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DibsOnTheRedStar_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DibsOnTheRedStar_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DibsOnTheRedStar_39-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYudina2014" class="citation book cs1">Yudina, Ekaterina (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjIglebU6CIC&pg=PA51">"Dibs on the Red Star: The Bolsheviks and Mars in the Russian Literature of the Early Twentieth Century"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Howard_V._Hendrix" title="Howard V. Hendrix">Hendrix, Howard V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Slusser" class="mw-redirect" title="George Slusser">Slusser, George</a>; Rabkin, Eric S. (eds.). Visions of Mars: Essays on the Red Planet in Fiction and Science. McFarland. pp. 51–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-8470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dibs+on+the+Red+Star%3A+The+Bolsheviks+and+Mars+in+the+Russian+Literature+of+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Mars%3A+Essays+on+the+Red+Planet+in+Fiction+and+Science&rft.pages=51-55&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8470-6&rft.aulast=Yudina&rft.aufirst=Ekaterina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjIglebU6CIC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WandererAmHimmelMars-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WandererAmHimmelMars_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WandererAmHimmelMars_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryadRömerZingsem2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Caryad; Römer, Thomas; Zingsem, Vera (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_WJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150">"Roter Planet und Grüne Männchen"</a> [Red Planet and Little Green Men]. Wanderer am Himmel: Die Welt der Planeten in Astronomie und Mythologie [Wanderers in the Sky: The World of the Planets in Astronomy and Mythology] (in German). Springer-Verlag. pp. 150–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-55343-1_8">10.1007/978-3-642-55343-1_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-55343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-55343-1"><bdi>978-3-642-55343-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roter+Planet+und+Gr%C3%BCne+M%C3%A4nnchen&rft.btitle=Wanderer+am+Himmel%3A+Die+Welt+der+Planeten+in+Astronomie+und+Mythologie&rft.pages=150-152&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-55343-1_8&rft.isbn=978-3-642-55343-1&rft.au=Caryad&rft.au=R%C3%B6mer%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Zingsem%2C+Vera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_WJBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AshgateExtraterrestrial-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AshgateExtraterrestrial_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AshgateExtraterrestrial_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AshgateExtraterrestrial_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AshgateExtraterrestrial_41-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatonCarlsonMaguire2014" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Lance; Carlson, Laurie; Maguire, Muireann (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uly8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219">"Extraterrestrial"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Andrew_Weinstock" title="Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock">Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew</a> (ed.). The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 219, 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-0060-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-0060-4"><bdi>978-1-4724-0060-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Extraterrestrial&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+Encyclopedia+of+Literary+and+Cinematic+Monsters&rft.pages=219%2C+226&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-0060-4&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft.au=Carlson%2C+Laurie&rft.au=Maguire%2C+Muireann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUly8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JennerMarvin-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JennerMarvin_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JennerMarvin_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JennerMarvin_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JennerMarvin_42-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenner2017" class="citation book cs1">Jenner, Nicky (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=od7oDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT52">"Marvin and the Spiders"</a>. 4th Rock from the Sun: The Story of Mars. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 45–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2251-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2251-9"><bdi>978-1-4729-2251-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marvin+and+the+Spiders&rft.btitle=4th+Rock+from+the+Sun%3A+The+Story+of+Mars&rft.pages=45-62&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-2251-9&rft.aulast=Jenner&rft.aufirst=Nicky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dod7oDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JennerDeathStars-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JennerDeathStars_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JennerDeathStars_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JennerDeathStars_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JennerDeathStars_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JennerDeathStars_43-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenner2017" class="citation book cs1">Jenner, Nicky (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=od7oDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT65">"Death Stars and Little Green Martians"</a>. 4th Rock from the Sun: The Story of Mars. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 63–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2251-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2251-9"><bdi>978-1-4729-2251-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Death+Stars+and+Little+Green+Martians&rft.btitle=4th+Rock+from+the+Sun%3A+The+Story+of+Mars&rft.pages=63-82&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-2251-9&rft.aulast=Jenner&rft.aufirst=Nicky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dod7oDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScienceFictionAndEcology-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScienceFictionAndEcology_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScienceFictionAndEcology_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScienceFictionAndEcology_44-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStableford2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PiphRocVYRwC&pg=PA129">"Science Fiction and Ecology"</a>. In Seed, David (ed.). A Companion to Science Fiction. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 129, 135–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-79701-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-79701-3"><bdi>978-0-470-79701-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+Fiction+and+Ecology&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=129%2C+135-136&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-470-79701-3&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPiphRocVYRwC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Webb_(scientist)" title="Stephen Webb (scientist)">Webb, Stephen</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TVPJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">"Aliens"</a>. All the Wonder that Would Be: Exploring Past Notions of the Future. Science and Fiction. Springer. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-51759-9_4">10.1007/978-3-319-51759-9_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51759-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51759-9"><bdi>978-3-319-51759-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aliens&rft.btitle=All+the+Wonder+that+Would+Be%3A+Exploring+Past+Notions+of+the+Future&rft.series=Science+and+Fiction&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-51759-9_4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51759-9&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTVPJDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/science-fiction-meets-science-fact-how-film-inspired-moon-landing">"Science fiction meets science fact: how film inspired the Moon landing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_Greenwich" title="Royal Museums Greenwich">Royal Museums Greenwich</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725122048/https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/science-fiction-meets-science-fact-how-film-inspired-moon-landing">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Museums+Greenwich&rft.atitle=Science+fiction+meets+science+fact%3A+how+film+inspired+the+Moon+landing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmg.co.uk%2Fstories%2Ftopics%2Fscience-fiction-meets-science-fact-how-film-inspired-moon-landing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts1850–1900-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1850–1900_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1850–1900_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(British_writer)" title="Adam Roberts (British writer)">Roberts, Adam</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gq7LDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA174">"SF 1850–1900: Mobility and Mobilisation"</a>. The History of Science Fiction. Palgrave Histories of Literature (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 174, 177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-137-56957-8_7">10.1057/978-1-137-56957-8_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56957-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56957-8"><bdi>978-1-137-56957-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956382503">956382503</a>. <q>[...] Edison's Conquest of Mars (1898) by Garrett P Serviss which was written as a more upbeat American sequel—unauthorised, naturally—to H G Wells's Martian invasion story The War of the Worlds</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SF+1850%E2%80%931900%3A+Mobility+and+Mobilisation&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Science+Fiction&rft.series=Palgrave+Histories+of+Literature&rft.pages=174%2C+177&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956382503&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-56957-8_7&rft.isbn=978-1-137-56957-8&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgq7LDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westfahl2022Venus-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Westfahl2022Venus_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westfahl2022Venus_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westfahl2022Venus_48-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7WREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166">"Venus—Venus of Dreams ... and Nightmares: Changing Images of Earth's Sister Planet"</a>. The Stuff of Science Fiction: Hardware, Settings, Characters. McFarland. pp. 165–166, 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8659-2"><bdi>978-1-4766-8659-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Venus%E2%80%94Venus+of+Dreams+...+and+Nightmares%3A+Changing+Images+of+Earth%27s+Sister+Planet&rft.btitle=The+Stuff+of+Science+Fiction%3A+Hardware%2C+Settings%2C+Characters&rft.pages=165-166%2C+169&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-8659-2&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7WREAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HartzmanMarsInvadesPopCulture-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HartzmanMarsInvadesPopCulture_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HartzmanMarsInvadesPopCulture_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HartzmanMarsInvadesPopCulture_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HartzmanMarsInvadesPopCulture_49-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartzman2020" class="citation book cs1">Hartzman, Marc (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4W-2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157">"Mars Invades Pop Culture"</a>. The Big Book of Mars: From Ancient Egypt to The Martian, A Deep-Space Dive into Our Obsession with the Red Planet. Quirk Books. pp. 148–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68369-210-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68369-210-2"><bdi>978-1-68369-210-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+Invades+Pop+Culture&rft.btitle=The+Big+Book+of+Mars%3A+From+Ancient+Egypt+to+The+Martian%2C+A+Deep-Space+Dive+into+Our+Obsession+with+the+Red+Planet&rft.pages=148-201&rft.pub=Quirk+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-68369-210-2&rft.aulast=Hartzman&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4W-2DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PringleTheMartians-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PringleTheMartians_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PringleTheMartians_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Pringle" title="David Pringle">Pringle, David</a>, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultimateencyclop0000unse_a8c7/page/269/mode/2up">"The Martians"</a>. The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Science Fiction: The Definitive Illustrated Guide. Carlton. pp. 269–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85868-188-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85868-188-X"><bdi>1-85868-188-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38373691">38373691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Martians&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction%3A+The+Definitive+Illustrated+Guide&rft.pages=269-270&rft.pub=Carlton&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38373691&rft.isbn=1-85868-188-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fultimateencyclop0000unse_a8c7%2Fpage%2F269%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_M._Butler" title="Andrew M. Butler">Butler, Andrew M.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz4iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">"Big Dumb Objects: Science Fiction as Self-Parody"</a>. Solar Flares: Science Fiction in the 1970s. Oxford University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-834-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-834-4"><bdi>978-1-84631-834-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Big+Dumb+Objects%3A+Science+Fiction+as+Self-Parody&rft.btitle=Solar+Flares%3A+Science+Fiction+in+the+1970s&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-834-4&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQz4iCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Mann_(writer)" title="George Mann (writer)">Mann, George</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammothencyclope00mann/page/243/mode/2up">"Priest, Christopher"</a>. The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0887-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0887-1"><bdi>978-0-7867-0887-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Priest%2C+Christopher&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-0887-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammothencyclope00mann%2Fpage%2F243%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarkleyTransformingMars-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTransformingMars_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTransformingMars_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTransformingMars_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTransformingMars_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTransformingMars_53-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTransformingMars_53-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTransformingMars_53-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTransformingMars_53-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTransformingMars_53-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTransformingMars_53-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTransformingMars_53-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTransformingMars_53-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyTransformingMars_53-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Markley" title="Robert Markley">Markley, Robert</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=loalUL6vakoC&pg=PA288">"Transforming Mars, Transforming "Man": Science Fiction in the Space Age"</a>. Dying Planet: Mars in Science and the Imagination. Duke University Press. pp. 269–270, 272, 276–277, 288–290, 293–297, 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8727-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8727-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-8727-5</bdi></a>. <q>By the early 1950s, scientific assessments of Mars had made the colonization of an earthlike twin seem unlikely. Although the composition of the atmosphere would not be understood until the Mariner era, best-guess estimates of available water and oxygen placed the inventories of those resources far below what would be necessary to sustain human life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transforming+Mars%2C+Transforming+%22Man%22%3A+Science+Fiction+in+the+Space+Age&rft.btitle=Dying+Planet%3A+Mars+in+Science+and+the+Imagination&rft.pages=269-270%2C+272%2C+276-277%2C+288-290%2C+293-297%2C+299&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-8727-5&rft.aulast=Markley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DloalUL6vakoC%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossleyAlternativeVisions-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyAlternativeVisions_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyAlternativeVisions_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyAlternativeVisions_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyAlternativeVisions_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyAlternativeVisions_54-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2012" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bx_xd0cYPowC&pg=PA66">"From Invasion to Liberation: Alternative Visions of Mars, Planet of War"</a>. In Seed, David (ed.). Future Wars: The Anticipations and the Fears. Liverpool University Press. pp. 66–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-755-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-755-2"><bdi>978-1-84631-755-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Invasion+to+Liberation%3A+Alternative+Visions+of+Mars%2C+Planet+of+War&rft.btitle=Future+Wars%3A+The+Anticipations+and+the+Fears&rft.pages=66-84&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-755-2&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBx_xd0cYPowC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/sequels_by_other_hands">"Sequels by Other Hands"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 6 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sequels+by+Other+Hands&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fsequels_by_other_hands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2017" class="citation web cs1">Alexander, Niall (19 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tor.com/2017/01/19/book-review-the-massacre-of-mankind-by-stephen-baxter/">"Graphic Geometry: The Massacre of Mankind by Stephen Baxter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tor.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor.com">Tor.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003140414/https://www.tor.com/2017/01/19/book-review-the-massacre-of-mankind-by-stephen-baxter/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor.com&rft.atitle=Graphic+Geometry%3A+The+Massacre+of+Mankind+by+Stephen+Baxter&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tor.com%2F2017%2F01%2F19%2Fbook-review-the-massacre-of-mankind-by-stephen-baxter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDihal2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kanta_Dihal" title="Kanta Dihal">Dihal, Kanta</a> (12 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theoxfordculturereview.com/2017/02/12/review-the-massacre-of-mankind/">"Review: The Massacre of Mankind"</a>. The Oxford Culture Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102143/https://theoxfordculturereview.com/2017/02/12/review-the-massacre-of-mankind/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Culture+Review&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Massacre+of+Mankind&rft.date=2017-02-12&rft.aulast=Dihal&rft.aufirst=Kanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheoxfordculturereview.com%2F2017%2F02%2F12%2Freview-the-massacre-of-mankind%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaBare2014" class="citation book cs1">LaBare, Sha (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjIglebU6CIC&pg=PA152">"Chronicling Martians"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Howard_V._Hendrix" title="Howard V. Hendrix">Hendrix, Howard V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Slusser" class="mw-redirect" title="George Slusser">Slusser, George</a>; Rabkin, Eric S. (eds.). Visions of Mars: Essays on the Red Planet in Fiction and Science. McFarland. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-8470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronicling+Martians&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Mars%3A+Essays+on+the+Red+Planet+in+Fiction+and+Science&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8470-6&rft.aulast=LaBare&rft.aufirst=Sha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjIglebU6CIC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenner2017" class="citation book cs1">Jenner, Nicky (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=od7oDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16">"Mars Fever"</a>. 4th Rock from the Sun: The Story of Mars. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2251-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2251-9"><bdi>978-1-4729-2251-9</bdi></a>. <q>In a way, the word 'Martian' has become synonymous with 'alien'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+Fever&rft.btitle=4th+Rock+from+the+Sun%3A+The+Story+of+Mars&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-2251-9&rft.aulast=Jenner&rft.aufirst=Nicky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dod7oDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StanwayWeAreTheMartians-60"><a href="#cite_ref-StanwayWeAreTheMartians_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanway2023" class="citation web cs1">Stanway, Elizabeth (26 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/astro/people/stanway/sciencefiction/cosmicstories/we_are_the">"We are the Martians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Warwick_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwick University">Warwick University</a>. Cosmic Stories Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402120633/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/astro/people/stanway/sciencefiction/cosmicstories/we_are_the/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warwick+University&rft.atitle=We+are+the+Martians&rft.date=2023-02-26&rft.aulast=Stanway&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarwick.ac.uk%2Ffac%2Fsci%2Fphysics%2Fresearch%2Fastro%2Fpeople%2Fstanway%2Fsciencefiction%2Fcosmicstories%2Fwe_are_the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossleyThreshold-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyThreshold_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyThreshold_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyThreshold_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyThreshold_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyThreshold_61-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyThreshold_61-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyThreshold_61-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyThreshold_61-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyThreshold_61-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyThreshold_61-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyThreshold_61-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyThreshold_61-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyThreshold_61-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyThreshold_61-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2011" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA195">"On the Threshold of the Space Age"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imagining_Mars:_A_Literary_History" title="Imagining Mars: A Literary History">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 195–221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Threshold+of+the+Space+Age&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mars%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pages=195-221&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3TDEDfEPdEC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabkin-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rabkin_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabkin_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabkin2014" class="citation book cs1">Rabkin, Eric S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjIglebU6CIC&pg=PA95">"Is Mars Heaven? The Martian Chronicles, Fahrenheit 451 and Ray Bradbury's Landscape of Longing"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Howard_V._Hendrix" title="Howard V. Hendrix">Hendrix, Howard V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Slusser" class="mw-redirect" title="George Slusser">Slusser, George</a>; Rabkin, Eric S. (eds.). Visions of Mars: Essays on the Red Planet in Fiction and Science. McFarland. pp. 95, 98, 102–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-8470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+Mars+Heaven%3F+The+Martian+Chronicles%2C+Fahrenheit+451+and+Ray+Bradbury%27s+Landscape+of+Longing&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Mars%3A+Essays+on+the+Red+Planet+in+Fiction+and+Science&rft.pages=95%2C+98%2C+102-103&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8470-6&rft.aulast=Rabkin&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjIglebU6CIC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MartiansOldAndNewStillStandingOverUs-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MartiansOldAndNewStillStandingOverUs_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartiansOldAndNewStillStandingOverUs_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2001" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (June 2001). <a href="/wiki/David_Pringle" title="David Pringle">Pringle, David</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interzone-168-2001-06-bogof-39/page/56/mode/2up">"Martians Old and New, Still Standing Over Us"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interzone_(magazine)" title="Interzone (magazine)">Interzone</a>. No. 168. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0264-3596">0264-3596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interzone&rft.atitle=Martians+Old+and+New%2C+Still+Standing+Over+Us&rft.issue=168&rft.pages=57-58&rft.date=2001-06&rft.issn=0264-3596&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterzone-168-2001-06-bogof-39%2Fpage%2F56%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2005" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, Theodore James (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greenwoodencyclo0000unse_k2b9/page/20/mode/2up">"Allegory"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Greenwood_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy:_Themes,_Works,_and_Wonders" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders">The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32951-7"><bdi>978-0-313-32951-7</bdi></a>. <q>Klaatu is also a Christ figure</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allegory&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy%3A+Themes%2C+Works%2C+and+Wonders&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32951-7&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Theodore+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreenwoodencyclo0000unse_k2b9%2Fpage%2F20%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossleyScientificAdvances-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyScientificAdvances_66-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2011" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA222">"Retrograde Visions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imagining_Mars:_A_Literary_History" title="Imagining Mars: A Literary History">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 222–242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Retrograde+Visions&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mars%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pages=222-242&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3TDEDfEPdEC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2014" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjIglebU6CIC&pg=PA165">"Mars as Cultural Mirror: Martian Fictions in the Early Space Age"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Howard_V._Hendrix" title="Howard V. Hendrix">Hendrix, Howard V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Slusser" class="mw-redirect" title="George Slusser">Slusser, George</a>; Rabkin, Eric S. (eds.). Visions of Mars: Essays on the Red Planet in Fiction and Science. McFarland. pp. 165–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-8470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+as+Cultural+Mirror%3A+Martian+Fictions+in+the+Early+Space+Age&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Mars%3A+Essays+on+the+Red+Planet+in+Fiction+and+Science&rft.pages=165-174&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8470-6&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjIglebU6CIC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westfahl2022PastAndFuture-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Westfahl2022PastAndFuture_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7WREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">"The Past and Future—Time Out of Mind: Journeys through Time in Science Fiction"</a>. The Stuff of Science Fiction: Hardware, Settings, Characters. McFarland. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8659-2"><bdi>978-1-4766-8659-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Past+and+Future%E2%80%94Time+Out+of+Mind%3A+Journeys+through+Time+in+Science+Fiction&rft.btitle=The+Stuff+of+Science+Fiction%3A+Hardware%2C+Settings%2C+Characters&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-8659-2&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7WREAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker2014" class="citation book cs1">Booker, M. Keith (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WRi7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA160">"Lem, Stanisław (1921–2006)"</a>. Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction in Literature. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7884-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7884-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-7884-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lem%2C+Stanis%C5%82aw+%281921%E2%80%932006%29&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Science+Fiction+in+Literature&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7884-6&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=M.+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWRi7BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntington2014" class="citation book cs1">Huntington, John W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjIglebU6CIC&pg=PA82">"The (In)Significance of Mars in the 1930s"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Howard_V._Hendrix" title="Howard V. Hendrix">Hendrix, Howard V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Slusser" class="mw-redirect" title="George Slusser">Slusser, George</a>; Rabkin, Eric S. (eds.). Visions of Mars: Essays on the Red Planet in Fiction and Science. McFarland. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-8470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%28In%29Significance+of+Mars+in+the+1930s&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Mars%3A+Essays+on+the+Red+Planet+in+Fiction+and+Science&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8470-6&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjIglebU6CIC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Mann_(writer)" title="George Mann (writer)">Mann, George</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammothencyclope00mann/page/390/mode/2up">"Mars Attacks!"</a>. The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0887-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0887-1"><bdi>978-0-7867-0887-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+Attacks%21&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-0887-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammothencyclope00mann%2Fpage%2F390%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Pringle" title="David Pringle">Pringle, David</a>, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultimateencyclop0000unse_a8c7/page/23/mode/2up">"Planetary Romances"</a>. The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Science Fiction: The Definitive Illustrated Guide. Carlton. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85868-188-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85868-188-X"><bdi>1-85868-188-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38373691">38373691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Planetary+Romances&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction%3A+The+Definitive+Illustrated+Guide&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Carlton&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38373691&rft.isbn=1-85868-188-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fultimateencyclop0000unse_a8c7%2Fpage%2F23%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiptakDestinationMars-72"><a href="#cite_ref-LiptakDestinationMars_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Liptak, Andrew (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clarkesworldmagazine.com/liptak_05_15/">"Destination: Mars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarkesworld_Magazine" title="Clarkesworld Magazine">Clarkesworld Magazine</a>. 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McFarland. pp. 146–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-8470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martian+Musings+and+the+Miraculous+Conjunction&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Mars%3A+Essays+on+the+Red+Planet+in+Fiction+and+Science&rft.pages=146-151&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8470-6&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Kim+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjIglebU6CIC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Nicholls, Peter</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/bradbury_ray">"Bradbury, Ray"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bradbury%2C+Ray&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fbradbury_ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Mann_(writer)" title="George Mann (writer)">Mann, George</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammothencyclope00mann/page/74/mode/2up">"Bradbury, Ray"</a>. The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0887-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0887-1"><bdi>978-0-7867-0887-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bradbury%2C+Ray&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-0887-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammothencyclope00mann%2Fpage%2F74%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2003" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Elisabeth Anne (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55wUHXiay-gC&pg=PA256">"Race and Ethnicity in Science Fiction"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_(historian)" title="Edward James (historian)">James, Edward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Farah_Mendlesohn" title="Farah Mendlesohn">Mendlesohn, Farah</a> (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01657-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01657-5"><bdi>978-0-521-01657-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Race+and+Ethnicity+in+Science+Fiction&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=256-257&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01657-5&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D55wUHXiay-gC%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(British_writer)" title="Adam Roberts (British writer)">Roberts, Adam</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gq7LDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA315">"Golden Age SF: 1940–1960"</a>. The History of Science Fiction. Palgrave Histories of Literature (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-137-56957-8_11">10.1057/978-1-137-56957-8_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56957-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56957-8"><bdi>978-1-137-56957-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956382503">956382503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Golden+Age+SF%3A+1940%E2%80%931960&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Science+Fiction&rft.series=Palgrave+Histories+of+Literature&rft.pages=315&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956382503&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-56957-8_11&rft.isbn=978-1-137-56957-8&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgq7LDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BostonBroderick-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BostonBroderick_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BostonBroderick_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostonBroderick2013" class="citation book cs1">Boston, John; <a href="/wiki/Damien_Broderick" title="Damien Broderick">Broderick, Damien</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9j70AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA87">"Temporary Stability (1951–53)"</a>. Building New Worlds, 1946–1959: The Carnell Era, Volume One. Wildside Press LLC. pp. 87–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-4720-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-4720-3"><bdi>978-1-4344-4720-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Temporary+Stability+%281951%E2%80%9353%29&rft.btitle=Building+New+Worlds%2C+1946%E2%80%931959%3A+The+Carnell+Era%2C+Volume+One&rft.pages=87-89&rft.pub=Wildside+Press+LLC&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4344-4720-3&rft.aulast=Boston&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Broderick%2C+Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9j70AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Clements" title="Jonathan Clements">Clements, Jonathan</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/hagio_moto">"Hagio Moto"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 20 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hagio+Moto&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fhagio_moto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienMichalskiStanley2012" class="citation journal cs1">O'Brien, Stanley; Michalski, Nicki L.; Stanley, Ruth J. H. (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4903396">"Are There Tea Parties on Mars? Business and Politics in Science Fiction Films"</a>. Journal of Literature and Art Studies. 2 (3): 383, 387–388, 390, 394. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-5836">2159-5836</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901154557/https://www.academia.edu/4903396/Are_There_Tea_Parties_on_Mars_Business_and_Politics_in_Science_Fiction_Films">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Literature+and+Art+Studies&rft.atitle=Are+There+Tea+Parties+on+Mars%3F+Business+and+Politics+in+Science+Fiction+Films&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=383%2C+387-388%2C+390%2C+394&rft.date=2012-03&rft.issn=2159-5836&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Michalski%2C+Nicki+L.&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Ruth+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4903396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsStablefordLangford2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Edwards" title="Malcolm Edwards">Edwards, Malcolm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/terraforming">"Terraforming"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 22 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terraforming&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Stableford%2C+Brian&rft.au=Langford%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fterraforming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossleyMarsRemade-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMarsRemade_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMarsRemade_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMarsRemade_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMarsRemade_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMarsRemade_93-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2011" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA243">"Mars Remade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imagining_Mars:_A_Literary_History" title="Imagining Mars: A Literary History">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 243–262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+Remade&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mars%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pages=243-262&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3TDEDfEPdEC%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarkleyFallingIntoTheory-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyFallingIntoTheory_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyFallingIntoTheory_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkleyFallingIntoTheory_94-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Markley" title="Robert Markley">Markley, Robert</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=loalUL6vakoC&pg=PA355">"Falling into Theory: Terraformation and Eco-Economics in Kim Stanley Robinson's Martian Trilogy"</a>. Dying Planet: Mars in Science and the Imagination. Duke University Press. pp. 355–384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8727-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8727-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-8727-5</bdi></a>. <q>Robinson's trilogy is structured ideationally as a series of conflicts between competing visions of terraforming Mars and, therefore, opposing views of politics, economics, and social organization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Falling+into+Theory%3A+Terraformation+and+Eco-Economics+in+Kim+Stanley+Robinson%27s+Martian+Trilogy&rft.btitle=Dying+Planet%3A+Mars+in+Science+and+the+Imagination&rft.pages=355-384&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-8727-5&rft.aulast=Markley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DloalUL6vakoC%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClute2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/allaby_michael">"Allaby, Michael"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allaby%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Clute&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fallaby_michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangfordClute2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/lovelock_james">"Lovelock, James"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lovelock%2C+James&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Clute%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Flovelock_james&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Walton" title="Jo Walton">Walton, Jo</a> (21 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tor.com/2009/12/21/magical-realist-mars-ian-mcdonalds-lemgdesolation-roadlemg/">"Magical Realist Mars: Ian McDonald's Desolation Road"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tor.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor.com">Tor.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007020647/https://www.tor.com/2009/12/21/magical-realist-mars-ian-mcdonalds-lemgdesolation-roadlemg/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor.com&rft.atitle=Magical+Realist+Mars%3A+Ian+McDonald%27s+Desolation+Road&rft.date=2009-12-21&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tor.com%2F2009%2F12%2F21%2Fmagical-realist-mars-ian-mcdonalds-lemgdesolation-roadlemg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossleyBeingThere-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBeingThere_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBeingThere_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBeingThere_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBeingThere_97-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBeingThere_97-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2011" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA271">"Being There"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imagining_Mars:_A_Literary_History" title="Imagining Mars: A Literary History">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 265–268, 271, 277, 279–283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Being+There&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mars%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pages=265-268%2C+271%2C+277%2C+279-283&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3TDEDfEPdEC%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MammothPlanets-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MammothPlanets_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MammothPlanets_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Mann_(writer)" title="George Mann (writer)">Mann, George</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammothencyclope00mann/page/498/mode/2up">"Planets"</a>. The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 498. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0887-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0887-1"><bdi>978-0-7867-0887-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Planets&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=498&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-0887-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammothencyclope00mann%2Fpage%2F498%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossleyBecomingMartian-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBecomingMartian_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBecomingMartian_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBecomingMartian_99-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyBecomingMartian_99-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2011" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA284">"Becoming Martian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imagining_Mars:_A_Literary_History" title="Imagining Mars: A Literary History">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 284–306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Becoming+Martian&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mars%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pages=284-306&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3TDEDfEPdEC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackford2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Blackford" title="Russell Blackford">Blackford, Russell</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jlU0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187">"Conclusion: Great Power and Great Responsibility"</a>. Science Fiction and the Moral Imagination: Visions, Minds, Ethics. Science and Fiction. Springer. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-61685-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-61685-8"><bdi>978-3-319-61685-8</bdi></a>. <q>At the same time as they attempt to settle this debate, the colonists have to sort out the political relationship between their new home and Earth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion%3A+Great+Power+and+Great+Responsibility&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction+and+the+Moral+Imagination%3A+Visions%2C+Minds%2C+Ethics&rft.series=Science+and+Fiction&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-61685-8&rft.aulast=Blackford&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjlU0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranko2005" class="citation book cs1">Franko, Carol (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PiphRocVYRwC&pg=PA544">"Kim Stanley Robinson: Mars Trilogy"</a>. In Seed, David (ed.). A Companion to Science Fiction. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 544–555. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-79701-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-79701-3"><bdi>978-0-470-79701-3</bdi></a>. <q>Meanwhile, two recurring themes in SF treating Mars is that of Mars as a locale for building Utopia (James 1996: 64–75) and of Martian societies gaining independence from Earth (Baxter 1996: 8–9).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kim+Stanley+Robinson%3A+Mars+Trilogy&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=544-555&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-470-79701-3&rft.aulast=Franko&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPiphRocVYRwC%26pg%3DPA544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuker2002" class="citation book cs1">Buker, Derek M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionfa00buke_0/page/26/mode/2up">"Mars"</a>. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Readers' Advisory: The Librarian's Guide to Cyborgs, Aliens, and Sorcerers. <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-0831-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-0831-0"><bdi>978-0-8389-0831-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars&rft.btitle=The+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy+Readers%27+Advisory%3A+The+Librarian%27s+Guide+to+Cyborgs%2C+Aliens%2C+and+Sorcerers&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=American+Library+Association&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8389-0831-0&rft.aulast=Buker&rft.aufirst=Derek+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencefictionfa00buke_0%2Fpage%2F26%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Filippo1996" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Di_Filippo" title="Paul Di Filippo">Di Filippo, Paul</a> (October–November 1996). <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Dozois" title="Gardner Dozois">Dozois, Gardner</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asimovs-v-20-n-10-11-1996-10-11/page/283/mode/2up">"Intruders in the Dust"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asimov%27s_Science_Fiction" title="Asimov's Science Fiction">Asimov's Science Fiction</a>. Vol. 20, no. 10/11 #250/251. pp. 283–284. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1065-2698">1065-2698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asimov%27s+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Intruders+in+the+Dust&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=10%2F11+%23250%2F251&rft.pages=283-284&rft.date=1996-10%2F1996-11&rft.issn=1065-2698&rft.aulast=Di+Filippo&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasimovs-v-20-n-10-11-1996-10-11%2Fpage%2F283%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2016" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Thomas Kent (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7R5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT136">"The Martian (2015)"</a>. Mars in the Movies: A History. McFarland. pp. 126–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2626-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2626-0"><bdi>978-1-4766-2626-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Martian+%282015%29&rft.btitle=Mars+in+the+Movies%3A+A+History&rft.pages=126-128&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2626-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY7R5DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/pia01141">"PIA01141: Geologic 'Face on Mars' Formation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 2 April 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021017223417/https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/pia01141">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2002. Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=PIA01141%3A+Geologic+%27Face+on+Mars%27+Formation&rft.date=1998-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotojournal.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcatalog%2Fpia01141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JennerCydonia-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JennerCydonia_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JennerCydonia_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JennerCydonia_106-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenner2017" class="citation book cs1">Jenner, Nicky (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=od7oDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT147">"The Draw of Cydonia"</a>. 4th Rock from the Sun: The Story of Mars. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 145–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2251-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2251-9"><bdi>978-1-4729-2251-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Draw+of+Cydonia&rft.btitle=4th+Rock+from+the+Sun%3A+The+Story+of+Mars&rft.pages=145-160&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-2251-9&rft.aulast=Jenner&rft.aufirst=Nicky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dod7oDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaman1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Seaman, Andrew (July–August 1999). Cullen, Tony; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_M._Butler" title="Andrew M. Butler">Butler, Andrew M.</a>; Dalkin, Gary; Jeffery, Steve (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fanac.org/fanzines/Vector/Vector206.pdf">"Larry Niven – Rainbow Mars"</a> (PDF). First Impressions. <a href="/wiki/Vector_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (magazine)">Vector</a>. No. 206. <a href="/wiki/British_Science_Fiction_Association" title="British Science Fiction Association">British Science Fiction Association</a>. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0505-0448">0505-0448</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230106065245/https://www.fanac.org/fanzines/Vector/Vector206.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vector&rft.atitle=Larry+Niven+%E2%80%93+Rainbow+Mars&rft.issue=206&rft.pages=29-30&rft.date=1999-07%2F1999-08&rft.issn=0505-0448&rft.aulast=Seaman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fanac.org%2Ffanzines%2FVector%2FVector206.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossleyMarsUnderConstruction-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMarsUnderConstruction_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMarsUnderConstruction_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossleyMarsUnderConstruction_108-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2011" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC&pg=PA307">"Mars under Construction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imagining_Mars:_A_Literary_History" title="Imagining Mars: A Literary History">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 307–309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+under+Construction&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mars%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pages=307-309&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3TDEDfEPdEC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrosnanNichollsLangford2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Brosnan" title="John Brosnan">Brosnan, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Nicholls, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/capricorn_one">"Capricorn One"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 26 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capricorn+One&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Brosnan&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+Peter&rft.au=Langford%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fcapricorn_one&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClute2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/bisson_terry">"Bisson, Terry"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 15 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bisson%2C+Terry&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Clute&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fbisson_terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFEBaxter-111"><a href="#cite_ref-SFEBaxter_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClute2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/baxter_stephen">"Baxter, Stephen"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baxter%2C+Stephen&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Clute&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fbaxter_stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Ammassa2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_D%27Ammassa" title="Don D'Ammassa">D'Ammassa, Don</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc0000damm/page/29/mode/2up">"Baxter, Stephen"</a>. Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Facts On File. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5924-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5924-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5924-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baxter%2C+Stephen&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5924-9&rft.aulast=D%27Ammassa&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofsc0000damm%2Fpage%2F29%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoricalDictionaryOfScienceFictionCinemaMars-113"><a href="#cite_ref-HistoricalDictionaryOfScienceFictionCinemaMars_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker2020" class="citation book cs1">Booker, M. Keith (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_C_YDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274">"Mars"</a>. Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Cinema (Second ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 274–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3010-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3010-0"><bdi>978-1-5381-3010-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Science+Fiction+Cinema&rft.pages=274-276&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-3010-0&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=M.+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_C_YDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangfordClute2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/abraham_daniel">"Abraham, Daniel"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abraham%2C+Daniel&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Clute%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fabraham_daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClute2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/franck_tyler_corey">"Franck, Tyler Corey"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Franck%2C+Tyler+Corey&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Clute&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Ffranck_tyler_corey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/chmielewski_tom">"Chmielewski, Tom"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 19 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chmielewski%2C+Tom&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fchmielewski_tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmolik2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Smolik, Bartosz (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studiapolitologica.up.krakow.pl/article/view/4502/4230">"Wizje podboju Marsa. Od literackiej dystopii do kluczowych decyzji politycznych"</a> [The Vision of Conquering Mars. From Literary Dystopia to Key Political Decisions]. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica (in Polish). 18 (247): 123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24917%2F20813333.18.10">10.24917/20813333.18.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2081-3333">2081-3333</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240170651">240170651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Universitatis+Paedagogicae+Cracoviensis.+Studia+Politologica&rft.atitle=Wizje+podboju+Marsa.+Od+literackiej+dystopii+do+kluczowych+decyzji+politycznych&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=247&rft.pages=123&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240170651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2081-3333&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24917%2F20813333.18.10&rft.aulast=Smolik&rft.aufirst=Bartosz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudiapolitologica.up.krakow.pl%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4502%2F4230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SheehanMars-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SheehanMars_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SheehanMars_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan1996" class="citation book cs1">Sheehan, William (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSy6Hhbpjw4C&pg=PA204">"The Hurtling Moons of Mars"</a>. The Planet Mars: A History of Observation & Discovery. University of Arizona Press. pp. 204–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1641-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1641-4"><bdi>978-0-8165-1641-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hurtling+Moons+of+Mars&rft.btitle=The+Planet+Mars%3A+A+History+of+Observation+%26+Discovery&rft.pages=204-205&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-1641-4&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSy6Hhbpjw4C%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleiler1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._F._Bleiler" title="E. F. Bleiler">Bleiler, Everett Franklin</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEZxhkG5eikC&pg=PA907">"Motif and Theme Index"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science-Fiction:_The_Early_Years" title="Science-Fiction: The Early Years">Science-fiction, the Early Years: A Full Description of More Than 3,000 Science-fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930: with Author, Title, and Motif Indexes</a>. With the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bleiler" title="Richard Bleiler">Richard J. Bleiler</a>. Kent State University Press. p. 907. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-416-2"><bdi>978-0-87338-416-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Motif+and+Theme+Index&rft.btitle=Science-fiction%2C+the+Early+Years%3A+A+Full+Description+of+More+Than+3%2C000+Science-fiction+Stories+from+Earliest+Times+to+the+Appearance+of+the+Genre+Magazines+in+1930%3A+with+Author%2C+Title%2C+and+Motif+Indexes&rft.pages=907&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-416-2&rft.aulast=Bleiler&rft.aufirst=Everett+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEZxhkG5eikC%26pg%3DPA907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleilerBleiler1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._F._Bleiler" title="E. F. Bleiler">Bleiler, Everett Franklin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bleiler" title="Richard Bleiler">Bleiler, Richard</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PbMdeizaCNcC&pg=PA632">"Motif and Theme Index"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science-fiction:_The_Gernsback_Years_:_a_Complete_Coverage_of_the_Genre_Magazines_..._from_1926_Through_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936">Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936</a>. Kent State University Press. pp. 632, 674. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-604-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-604-3"><bdi>978-0-87338-604-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Motif+and+Theme+Index&rft.btitle=Science-fiction%3A+The+Gernsback+Years+%3A+a+Complete+Coverage+of+the+Genre+Magazines+...+from+1926+Through+1936&rft.pages=632%2C+674&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-604-3&rft.aulast=Bleiler&rft.aufirst=Everett+Franklin&rft.au=Bleiler%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPbMdeizaCNcC%26pg%3DPA632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_in_fiction&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mars_in_fiction" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mars in fiction">Mars in fiction</a>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Clark_(author)" title="Stuart Clark (author)">Clark, Stuart</a>, ed. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQGfEAAAQBAJ">The Book of Mars: An Anthology of Fact and Fiction</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80110-929-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80110-929-1"><bdi>978-1-80110-929-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Mars%3A+An+Anthology+of+Fact+and+Fiction&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-80110-929-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQGfEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3TDEDfEPdEC">Imagining Mars: A Literary History</a>. Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6927-1"><bdi>978-0-8195-6927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mars%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6927-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3TDEDfEPdEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_V._Hendrix" title="Howard V. Hendrix">Hendrix, Howard V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Slusser" class="mw-redirect" title="George Slusser">Slusser, George</a>; Rabkin, Eric S., eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjIglebU6CIC">Visions of Mars: Essays on the Red Planet in Fiction and Science</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8470-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-8470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Mars%3A+Essays+on+the+Red+Planet+in+Fiction+and+Science&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8470-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjIglebU6CIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jenner, Nicky (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=od7oDAAAQBAJ">4th Rock from the Sun: The Story of Mars</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2251-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2251-9"><bdi>978-1-4729-2251-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=4th+Rock+from+the+Sun%3A+The+Story+of+Mars&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-2251-9&rft.aulast=Jenner&rft.aufirst=Nicky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dod7oDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Markley" title="Robert Markley">Markley, Robert</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=loalUL6vakoC">Dying Planet: Mars in Science and the Imagination</a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8727-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8727-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-8727-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying+Planet%3A+Mars+in+Science+and+the+Imagination&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-8727-5&rft.aulast=Markley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DloalUL6vakoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">May, Andrew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKTRDgAAQBAJ">Destination Mars: The Story of our Quest to Conquer the Red Planet</a>. Icon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78578-226-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78578-226-8"><bdi>978-1-78578-226-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destination+Mars%3A+The+Story+of+our+Quest+to+Conquer+the+Red+Planet&rft.pub=Icon+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78578-226-8&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZKTRDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Miller, Thomas Kent (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7R5DQAAQBAJ">Mars in the Movies: A History</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2626-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2626-0"><bdi>978-1-4766-2626-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mars+in+the+Movies%3A+A+History&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2626-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY7R5DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Morton_(science_writer)" title="Oliver Morton (science writer)">Morton, Oliver</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Hs4_2pXRlwC">Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination and the Birth of a World</a>. HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-739705-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-739705-1"><bdi>978-0-00-739705-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Mars%3A+Science%2C+Imagination+and+the+Birth+of+a+World&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-00-739705-1&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Hs4_2pXRlwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rabkin, Eric S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a2QP30zybNkC">Mars: A Tour of the Human Imagination</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98719-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98719-0"><bdi>978-0-275-98719-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mars%3A+A+Tour+of+the+Human+Imagination&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98719-0&rft.aulast=Rabkin&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da2QP30zybNkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shindell, Matthew (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSi4EAAAQBAJ">For the Love of Mars: A Human History of the Red Planet</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226821894" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226821894"><bdi>978-0226821894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Love+of+Mars%3A+A+Human+History+of+the+Red+Planet&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0226821894&rft.aulast=Shindell&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSi4EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stanley, O'Brien; Michalski, Nicki L.; Roth, Lane "Doc"; Zani, Steven J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_ljDwAAQBAJ">Martian Pictures: Analyzing the Cinema of the Red Planet</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-3170-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-3170-7"><bdi>978-1-4766-3170-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martian+Pictures%3A+Analyzing+the+Cinema+of+the+Red+Planet&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-3170-7&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=O%27Brien&rft.au=Michalski%2C+Nicki+L.&rft.au=Roth%2C+Lane+%22Doc%22&rft.au=Zani%2C+Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_ljDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Encyclopedia entries</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Killheffer, Robert K. J.; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/mars">"Mars"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a> (4th ed.). Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Killheffer&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.+J.&rft.au=Stableford%2C+Brian&rft.au=Langford%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fmars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uefwmdROKTAC&pg=PA281">"Mars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Fact_and_Science_Fiction:_An_Encyclopedia" title="Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia">Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 281–284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97460-8"><bdi>978-0-415-97460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars&rft.btitle=Science+Fact+and+Science+Fiction%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=281-284&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97460-8&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuefwmdROKTAC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greenwoodencyclo0002unse_f3t4/page/498/mode/2up">"Mars"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Greenwood_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy:_Themes,_Works,_and_Wonders" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders">The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 499–501. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32952-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32952-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy%3A+Themes%2C+Works%2C+and+Wonders&rft.pages=499-501&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32952-4&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreenwoodencyclo0002unse_f3t4%2Fpage%2F498%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA427">"Mars and Martians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Literature_through_History:_An_Encyclopedia" title="Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia">Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 427–430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6617-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6617-3"><bdi>978-1-4408-6617-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+and+Martians&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction+Literature+through+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=427-430&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6617-3&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWETPEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Essays, articles, and book chapters</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Ashley_(writer)" title="Mike Ashley (writer)">Ashley, Mike</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hOl3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">"Introduction"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mike_Ashley_(writer)" title="Mike Ashley (writer)">Ashley, Mike</a> (ed.). Lost Mars: Stories from the Golden Age of the Red Planet. University of Chicago Press. pp. 7–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-57508-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-57508-7"><bdi>978-0-226-57508-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Lost+Mars%3A+Stories+from+the+Golden+Age+of+the+Red+Planet&rft.pages=7-26&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-226-57508-7&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhOl3DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Bakoš, Juraj (2016). Suk, Jan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf2.uhk.cz/hkjas/pi/pdf/vol3nr1_2016.pdf#page=20">"Northrop Frye Flies to Mars: Theory of Modes across Martian Fiction"</a> (PDF). Hradec Králové Journal of Anglophone Studies. 3 (1): 20–25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2336-3347">2336-3347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hradec+Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9+Journal+of+Anglophone+Studies&rft.atitle=Northrop+Frye+Flies+to+Mars%3A+Theory+of+Modes+across+Martian+Fiction&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-25&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=2336-3347&rft.aulast=Bako%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Juraj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf2.uhk.cz%2Fhkjas%2Fpi%2Fpdf%2Fvol3nr1_2016.pdf%23page%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ballero, Silvia Kuno (31 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iltascabile.com/scienze/visioni-di-marte/">"Visioni di Marte"</a> [Visions of Mars]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_Tascabile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Il Tascabile (page does not exist)">Il Tascabile</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Tascabile" class="extiw" title="it:Il Tascabile">it</a>] (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201124109/https://www.iltascabile.com/scienze/visioni-di-marte/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Tascabile%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bit%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Visioni+di+Marte&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft.aulast=Ballero&rft.aufirst=Silvia+Kuno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iltascabile.com%2Fscienze%2Fvisioni-di-marte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Baxter_(author)" title="Stephen Baxter (author)">Baxter, Stephen</a> (Autumn 1996). "Martian Chronicles: Narratives of Mars in Science and SF". <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(journal)" title="Foundation (journal)">Foundation</a>. No. 68. <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Foundation" title="Science Fiction Foundation">Science Fiction Foundation</a>. pp. 5–16. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-4964">0306-4964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundation&rft.atitle=Martian+Chronicles%3A+Narratives+of+Mars+in+Science+and+SF&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=68&rft.pages=5-16&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0306-4964&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Booker, M. Keith (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_C_YDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274">"Mars"</a>. Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Cinema (Second ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 274–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3010-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3010-0"><bdi>978-1-5381-3010-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Science+Fiction+Cinema&rft.pages=274-276&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-3010-0&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=M.+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_C_YDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Calanchi, Alessandra (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aisna.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Calanchi.pdf">"Out of Exception, Into Emergency: Fast-forward to Earth Zero"</a> (PDF). RSA Journal (33). AISNA: 29–46. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/742528412">742528412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Out+of+Exception%2C+Into+Emergency%3A+Fast-forward+to+Earth+Zero&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=29-46&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F742528412&rft.aulast=Calanchi&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisna.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F09%2FCalanchi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Cambias" title="James Cambias">Cambias, James L.</a> (2002). "Mars Observed". GURPS Mars. <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jackson_Games" title="Steve Jackson Games">Steve Jackson Games</a>. pp. 5–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55634-534-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55634-534-0"><bdi>978-1-55634-534-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+Observed&rft.btitle=GURPS+Mars&rft.pages=5-12&rft.pub=Steve+Jackson+Games&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55634-534-0&rft.aulast=Cambias&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Crossley, Robert (Winter 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/211162206">"H. G. 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Science Fiction: The Interdisciplinary Genre. <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318093501/https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/23227/1/SF2013_McMaster_Fayter_P.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Some+Eden+Lost+in+Space%27%3A+The+wider+contexts+of+Frederick+Philip+Grove%27s+%27The+Legend+of+the+Planet+Mars%27+%281915%29&rft.series=Science+Fiction%3A+The+Interdisciplinary+Genre&rft.pub=McMaster+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Fayter&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacsphere.mcmaster.ca%2Fbitstream%2F11375%2F23227%2F1%2FSF2013_McMaster_Fayter_P.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fraknoi" title="Andrew Fraknoi">Fraknoi, Andrew</a> (January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrosociety.org/file_download/inline/7b5edc23-7a89-46c1-a6b3-33a30ed4c876">"Science Fiction Stories with Good Astronomy & Physics: A Topical Index"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_Society_of_the_Pacific" title="Astronomical Society of the Pacific">Astronomical Society of the Pacific</a> (7.3 ed.). pp. 11–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240210011957/https://astrosociety.org/file_download/inline/7b5edc23-7a89-46c1-a6b3-33a30ed4c876">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2024. 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Quirk Books. pp. 148–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68369-210-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68369-210-2"><bdi>978-1-68369-210-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+Invades+Pop+Culture&rft.btitle=The+Big+Book+of+Mars%3A+From+Ancient+Egypt+to+The+Martian%2C+A+Deep-Space+Dive+into+Our+Obsession+with+the+Red+Planet&rft.pages=148-201&rft.pub=Quirk+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-68369-210-2&rft.aulast=Hartzman&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4W-2DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hotakainen, Markus (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sPs3S5TYOEMC&pg=PA201">"Little Green Persons"</a>. 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No. 148. pp. 1, 8–13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1052-9438">1052-9438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Reading+Mars%3A+Changing+Images+of+Mars+in+Twentieth-Century+Science+Fiction&rft.issue=148&rft.pages=1%2C+8-13&rft.date=2000-12&rft.issn=1052-9438&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7WREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146">"Mars—Reading Mars: Changing Images of the Red Planet"</a>. The Stuff of Science Fiction: Hardware, Settings, Characters. McFarland. pp. 146–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8659-2"><bdi>978-1-4766-8659-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars%E2%80%94Reading+Mars%3A+Changing+Images+of+the+Red+Planet&rft.btitle=The+Stuff+of+Science+Fiction%3A+Hardware%2C+Settings%2C+Characters&rft.pages=146-163&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-8659-2&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7WREAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"> (updated version of the above)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Zorpette" title="Glenn Zorpette">Zorpette, Glenn</a> (30 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/at-last-the-great-martian-movie">"At Last, the Great Martian Movie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9235">0018-9235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813090431/https://spectrum.ieee.org/at-last-the-great-martian-movie">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=At+Last%2C+the+Great+Martian+Movie&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft.issn=0018-9235&rft.aulast=Zorpette&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fat-last-the-great-martian-movie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astronomical_locations_in_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astronomical_locations_in_fiction" title="Template:Astronomical locations in fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astronomical_locations_in_fiction" title="Template talk:Astronomical locations in fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astronomical_locations_in_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astronomical locations in fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astronomical_locations_in_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Astronomical locations in fiction</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solar System</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fiction" title="Mercury in fiction">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_in_fiction" title="Venus in fiction">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_science_fiction" title="Earth in science fiction">Earth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction" title="Jupiter in fiction">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_in_fiction" title="Saturn in fiction">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_in_fiction" title="Uranus in fiction">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_in_fiction" title="Neptune in fiction">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_planets_of_the_Solar_System" title="Fictional planets of the Solar System">Fictional planets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_bodies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_in_fiction" title="Sun in fiction">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_in_science_fiction" title="Moon in science fiction">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_appearances_of_the_Moon_in_fiction" title="List of appearances of the Moon in fiction">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroids_in_fiction" title="Asteroids in fiction">Asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comets_in_fiction" title="Comets in fiction">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_in_fiction" title="Pluto in fiction">Pluto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Saturnx.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Saturn"><img alt="Saturn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Saturnx.png/75px-Saturnx.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Saturnx.png/113px-Saturnx.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Saturnx.png/150px-Saturnx.png 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="949" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_stars_in_fiction" title="Neutron stars in fiction">Neutron stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernovae_in_fiction" title="Supernovae in fiction">Supernovae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars" title="Template:Mars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars" title="Template talk:Mars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mars" title="Outline of Mars">Outline of Mars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Areography" title="Areography">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_general_circulation_model" title="Mars general circulation model">Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dust_devils" title="Martian dust devils">Dust devil tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_methane_on_Mars" title="Natural methane on Mars">Methane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrae_on_Mars" title="List of terrae on Mars">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Terra" title="Arabia Terra">Arabia Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(Mars)" title="Cerberus (Mars)">Cerberus (Mars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars)">Cydonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridania_Lake" title="Eridania Lake">Eridania Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iani_Chaos" title="Iani Chaos">Iani Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Undae" title="Olympia Undae">Olympia Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Boreum" title="Planum Boreum">Planum Boreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">Quadrangles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Meridiani" title="Sinus Meridiani">Sinus Meridiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe_Terra" title="Tempe Terra">Tempe Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Cimmeria" title="Terra Cimmeria">Terra Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sabaea" title="Terra Sabaea">Terra Sabaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander#Landing_zone" title="Mars Polar Lander">Ultimi Scopuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis">Vastitas Borealis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_surface_features_of_Mars" title="Common surface features of Mars">Physical features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">"Canals"</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_canals" title="List of Martian canals">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasma#Mars" title="Chasma">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater_chain" title="Crater chain">Catenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_terrain" title="Chaos terrain">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars" title="List of craters on Mars">Craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(planetary_nomenclature)" title="Fossa (planetary nomenclature)">Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensa_(geology)" title="Mensa (geology)">Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature#Descriptor_terms_(feature_types)" title="Planetary nomenclature">Labyrinthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars" title="List of mountains on Mars">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars" title="List of mountains on Mars">by height</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">Observed rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outflow_channels" title="Outflow channels">Outflow channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plains_on_Mars" title="List of plains on Mars">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_network_(Mars)" title="Valley network (Mars)">Valley network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallis_(planetary_geology)" title="Vallis (planetary geology)">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Mars" title="Gravity of Mars">Gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_terrain" title="Brain terrain">Brain terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars" title="Carbonates on Mars">Carbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_of_chaos_terrain_on_Mars" title="List of areas of chaos terrain on Mars">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_surface_color" title="Mars surface color">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_Mars" title="Composition of Mars">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_crater_fill" title="Concentric crater fill">Concentric crater fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_slope_streak" title="Dark slope streak">Dark slope streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dichotomy" title="Martian dichotomy">Dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretted_terrain" title="Fretted terrain">Fretted terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geysers_on_Mars" title="Geysers on Mars">Geysers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_on_Mars" title="Glaciers on Mars">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_on_Mars" title="Groundwater on Mars">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_on_Mars" title="Lakes on Mars">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_lava_tube" title="Martian lava tube">Lava tubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobate_debris_apron" title="Lobate debris apron">Lobate debris apron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">Marsquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite" title="Martian meteorite">Meteorites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_meteorites" title="List of Martian meteorites">on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">on Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_cracks_on_Mars" title="Mud cracks on Mars">Mud cracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Polar_Basin_(Mars)" title="North Polar Basin (Mars)">North Polar Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_ocean_theory" title="Mars ocean theory">Ocean theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_resources_on_Mars" title="Ore resources on Mars">Ore resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">Polar caps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/True_polar_wander_on_Mars" title="True polar wander on Mars">polar wander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Recurring slope lineae (RSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_mold_crater" title="Ring mold crater">Ring mold craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Seasonal flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith" title="Martian regolith">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_spherules" title="Martian spherules">Spherules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_surface" title="Martian surface">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheese_features" title="Swiss cheese features">"Swiss cheese" feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain_softening" title="Terrain softening">Terrain softening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis#Location_and_Size" title="Tharsis">Tharsis bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars" title="Volcanism on Mars">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardangs_on_Mars" title="Yardangs on Mars">Yardangs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Mars" title="Geological history of Mars">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)" title="Amazonian (Mars)">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperian" title="Hesperian">Hesperian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noachian" title="Noachian">Noachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mars_observation" title="History of Mars observation">Observation history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_albedo_features_on_Mars" title="Classical albedo features on Mars">Classical albedo features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_on_Mars" title="Astronomy on Mars">Astronomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stickney_(crater)" title="Stickney (crater)">Stickney crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limtoc" title="Limtoc">Limtoc crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_monolith" title="Phobos monolith">Monolith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(Deimian_crater)" title="Swift (Deimian crater)">Swift crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire_(crater)" title="Voltaire (crater)">Voltaire crater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_transit" title="Astronomical transit">Transits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Mars" title="Solar eclipses on Mars">Solar eclipses on Mars</a></li> <li>Satellite transits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Phobos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Phobos from Mars">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Deimos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Deimos from Mars">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planetary transits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Earth_from_Mars" title="Transit of Earth from Mars">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury_from_Mars" title="Transit of Mercury from Mars">Mercury</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Mars" title="Impact events on Mars">Impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars-crossers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_WD5" title="2007 WD5">2007 WD5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5261_Eureka" title="5261 Eureka">5261 Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(101429)_1998_VF31" title="(101429) 1998 VF31">1998 VF31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(121514)_1999_UJ7" title="(121514) 1999 UJ7">1999 UJ7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(311999)_2007_NS2" title="(311999) 2007 NS2">2007 NS2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Mars" title="Orbit of Mars">Orbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft">Missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">Artificial objects on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials#Mars" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">Memorials on Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_on_Mars" title="List of films set on Mars">List of films set on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_scientist" title="Martian scientist">Martian scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mars" title="Flag of Mars">Flag of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" title="Sub-Earth">Sub-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">Timekeeping on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sol" title="Mars sol">Sol (day on Mars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian calendar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mars" title="Category:Mars">Category</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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