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data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Editar</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="gl" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> Este artigo <b>precisa de máis <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citar_as_fontes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citar as fontes">fontes ou referencias</a></b> que aparezan nunha <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilidade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verificabilidade">publicación acreditada</a> que poidan verificar o seu contido, como libros ou outras publicacións especializadas no tema. Por favor, axude <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DD%25C3%25A9beda_p%25C3%25BAblica%26action%3Dedit">mellorando este artigo</a>. </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>A <b>débeda pública</b> ou débeda soberana é aquela emitida polo <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goberno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goberno">goberno</a>, xeralmente cun compromiso de realizar liquidacións periódicas de intereses e de devolver o valor nominal no prazo de vencemento. A débeda pública acostúmase expresar na propia <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moeda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moeda">moeda</a> do país. Calquera emisión de bonos realizada por unha entidade pública é débeda pública, pero ás veces o termo emprégase para referirse á emisión de bonos nunha moeda diferente da do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estado">Estado</a>. O termo crise de débeda pública foi acuñado pola prensa para facer referencia aos casos nos que un goberno está en risco de non poder asumir os pagamentos da súa débeda pública.</p> <p>As condicións nas que un goberno pode vender débeda dependen da solvencia que os mercados estiman que ten. Aínda que as axencias internacionais de cualificación crediticia avalían a súa débeda, son os participantes no mercado os que toman a decisión de adquirila.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="gl" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Índice</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historia"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Riscos"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Riscos</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Risco_de_cr%C3%A9dito"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Risco de crédito</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Risco_de_cambio"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Risco de cambio</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Risco_de_inflaci%C3%B3n"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Risco de inflación</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Oferta_monetaria"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Oferta monetaria</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Crises_de_d%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Crises de débeda pública</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Crise_das_subprime_e_influencia_nas_d%C3%A9bedas_europeas"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Crise das subprime e influencia nas débedas europeas</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#PIGS,_PIIGS,_PIIIGS,_PIGGS_e_PIIGGS"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">PIGS, PIIGS, PIIIGS, PIGGS e PIIGGS</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notas"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#V%C3%A9xase_tam%C3%A9n"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Véxase tamén</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Outros_artigos"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Outros artigos</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Historia»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:1976_%245000_8%25_Treasury_Note.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1976_%245000_8%25_Treasury_Note.jpg/220px-1976_%245000_8%25_Treasury_Note.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4681" data-file-height="5179"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 243px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1976_%245000_8%25_Treasury_Note.jpg/220px-1976_%245000_8%25_Treasury_Note.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="243" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1976_%245000_8%25_Treasury_Note.jpg/330px-1976_%245000_8%25_Treasury_Note.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1976_%245000_8%25_Treasury_Note.jpg/440px-1976_%245000_8%25_Treasury_Note.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bono_do_Estado&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bono do Estado (a páxina aínda non existe)">Bono do Estado</a> de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estados Unidos de América">EEUU</a>: <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1976?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1976">1976</a> 8% Nota do Tesouro </figcaption> </figure> <p>A primeira emisión de débeda pública en forma de bonos produciuse no que hoxe son os <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Países Baixos">Países Baixos</a> no ano 1517.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Os Países Baixos non existían naquel momento, os bonos emitidos pola cidade de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%81msterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ámsterdam">Ámsterdam</a> considéranse os seus predecesores, que posteriormente se fusionaron coa débeda pública do país. O tipo de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xuro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xuro">xuro</a> medio naquel momento flutuaba arredor do 20%.</p> <p>A primeira emisión de bonos de débeda pública realizada polo goberno dun Estado realizouna o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banco_de_Inglaterra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banco de Inglaterra">Banco de Inglaterra</a> en 1693 por medio da tontina (operación de lucro na que un fondo económico achegado por varias persoas se reparte entre os superviventes nunha data fixada de antemán) para financiar unha guerra contra <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francia">Francia</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guillerme_III_de_Inglaterra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guillerme III de Inglaterra">Guillerme III de Inglaterra</a>, o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe_de_Orange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Príncipe de Orange">Príncipe de Orange</a>, creou o Banco de Inglaterra e copiou da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provincias_Unidas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provincias Unidas">República dos Sete Países Baixos Unidos</a> o sistema de emisión de bonos para así aumentar a débeda pública nos territorios nos que gobernaba como <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estat%C3%BAder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estatúder">estatúder</a> co obxectivo de financiar os esforzos de Inglaterra na guerra.</p> <p>Máis tarde, os gobernos europeos empezaron a emitir bonos perpetuos (bonos sen data de vencemento) para financiar guerras e outros gastos do goberno. A utilización de débeda perpetua cesou no <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século XX">século XX</a> e agora os gobernos emiten débeda con data límite de vencemento.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Riscos">Riscos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Riscos»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Risco_de_crédito"><span id="Risco_de_cr.C3.A9dito"></span>Risco de crédito</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Risco de crédito»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A emisión de bonos de débeda pública na moeda do país tómase ás veces como unha aproximación da débeda de risco cero teórica, dado que se supón que o goberno pode elevar os <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imposto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imposto">impostos</a> ou emitir máis moeda para amortizar o bono ao seu vencemento. Déronse casos nos que un goberno incumpriu a súa débeda interna, por exemplo en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> no 1998 (a «<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Crise_do_rublo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Crise do rublo (a páxina aínda non existe)">crise do rublo</a>»).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Risco_de_cambio">Risco de cambio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Risco de cambio»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>O risco de cambio é a perda potencial como consecuencia das variacións do tipo de cambio, é dicir, aquel no que o valor da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moeda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moeda">divisa</a> na que se paga o bono de débeda diminúe con respecto da divisa de referencia do comprador do bono. Por exemplo, un investidor alemán pode considerar que a débeda dos <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estados Unidos de América">Estados Unidos</a> ten un maior risco de cambio cá débeda alemá, dado que o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%B3lar_estadounidense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dólar estadounidense">dólar</a> pode baixar con relación ao <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">euro</a>. De igual forma, un investidor estadounidense pode considerar que a débeda alemá ten máis risco de cambio cá débeda estadounidense, xa que o euro pode baixar con respecto ao dólar. Mercar débeda nunha moeda que historicamente non mantén o seu valor pode non ser unha boa decisión, mesmo se o tipo de xuro que se ofrece é elevado.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Risco_de_inflación"><span id="Risco_de_inflaci.C3.B3n"></span>Risco de inflación</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Risco de inflación»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>O risco de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inflaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inflación">inflación</a> é a incerteza que provoca a existencia de inflación sobre a taxa de rendemento real dun <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Investimento?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Investimento">investimento</a>, é dicir, o valor da moeda na que se paga un bono de débeda pública diminúe ao longo do tempo. Os investidores esperan certa inflación, polo que o risco está en que a taxa de inflación sexa maior cá esperada. Moitos gobernos emiten bonos indexados á inflación que protexen aos investidores contra este risco por medio da vinculación das liquidacións de xuros e do pagamento ao vencemento cun índice de prezos ao consumidor.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Oferta_monetaria">Oferta monetaria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Oferta monetaria»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Se un banco central, por exemplo o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banco_Central_Europeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banco Central Europeo">Banco Central Europeo</a> (BCE) merca débeda soberana, como bonos ou letras do Tesouro, aumenta a oferta monetaria e, en consecuencia, créase diñeiro. No caso de Europa e o BCE, a mutualización da débeda consiste na emisión común de débeda europea, titulizada e negociábel nos mercados, emitida por unha única entidade –na actualidade, ante a falta dun “Tesouro Europeo” é o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mecanismo_Europeo_de_Estabilidade&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mecanismo Europeo de Estabilidade (a páxina aínda non existe)">Mecanismo Europeo de Estabilidade</a>. Durante a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pandemia de COVID-19">crise da COVD-19</a> formulouse a mutualización da débeda en Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Iso favorece os países máis endebedados e economicamente fráxiles, pois a responsabilidade de pagar esta débeda recaería en todos os países membros. Significa que, se, por exemplo, Portugal non tivese fondos para transferir ao “Tesouro Europeo” para facer fronte á súa parte da débeda europea mutualizada, os restantes países membros estarían obrigados a transferir máis fondos, de forma que a Tesouraría da Unión Europea non podería predeterminar.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Crises_de_débeda_pública"><span id="Crises_de_d.C3.A9beda_p.C3.BAblica"></span>Crises de débeda pública</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Crises de débeda pública»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <span> <video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/General_government_gross_debt_and_general_government_net_lending_borrowing_in_percent_of_GDP_from_1999-2018.webm/220px--General_government_gross_debt_and_general_government_net_lending_borrowing_in_percent_of_GDP_from_1999-2018.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="130" data-durationhint="644705" data-mwtitle="General_government_gross_debt_and_general_government_net_lending_borrowing_in_percent_of_GDP_from_1999-2018.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Ficheiro:General_government_gross_debt_and_general_government_net_lending_borrowing_in_percent_of_GDP_from_1999-2018.webm"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/General_government_gross_debt_and_general_government_net_lending_borrowing_in_percent_of_GDP_from_1999-2018.webm/General_government_gross_debt_and_general_government_net_lending_borrowing_in_percent_of_GDP_from_1999-2018.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="812" data-height="480"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/General_government_gross_debt_and_general_government_net_lending_borrowing_in_percent_of_GDP_from_1999-2018.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1124" data-height="664"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/General_government_gross_debt_and_general_government_net_lending_borrowing_in_percent_of_GDP_from_1999-2018.webm/General_government_gross_debt_and_general_government_net_lending_borrowing_in_percent_of_GDP_from_1999-2018.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="240"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/General_government_gross_debt_and_general_government_net_lending_borrowing_in_percent_of_GDP_from_1999-2018.webm/General_government_gross_debt_and_general_government_net_lending_borrowing_in_percent_of_GDP_from_1999-2018.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="610" data-height="360"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/General_government_gross_debt_and_general_government_net_lending_borrowing_in_percent_of_GDP_from_1999-2018.webm/General_government_gross_debt_and_general_government_net_lending_borrowing_in_percent_of_GDP_from_1999-2018.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="610" data-height="360"> </video></span> <figcaption> Animación coa evolución da débeda pública e o déficit dos países europeos entre 1980 e 2013 </figcaption> </figure> <p>A situación de tensións e dificultades que se presentan no financiamento do erario dun país. Os problemas poden manifestarse na imposibilidade de pagar os compromisos asumidos polo Estado, na dificultade para atopar investidores para facer novos créditos ou na suba do tipo de xuro que deben pagar os Estados pola emisión de nova débeda.</p> <p>A orixe destas crises vén producida por unha crecente acumulación de débeda pública emitida para financiar os déficits orzamentarios acumulados dun país. A crise desencadea cando o importe total da débeda é dun importe no que o Estado non pode facer fronte ao pagamento de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xuro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xuro">xuros</a> ou á amortización do capital prestado, porque estes alcanzan unha porcentaxe considerable dos recursos públicos. Fálase de crise de débeda externa nos casos nos que o erario público ten unha débeda excesiva co resto do mundo, e non dispón de moeda estranxeira para satisfacer os seus intereses e amortizacións.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Crise_das_subprime_e_influencia_nas_débedas_europeas"><span id="Crise_das_subprime_e_influencia_nas_d.C3.A9bedas_europeas"></span>Crise das subprime e influencia nas débedas europeas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Crise das subprime e influencia nas débedas europeas»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>As crises de débeda privada poden influír de diversos xeitos na débeda pública. Entre 2006 e 2008 comezou nos Estados Unidos unha crise por causa das hipotecas de alto risco (<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hipoteca_de_alto_risco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hipoteca de alto risco"><i>subprime</i></a>) asociada á falta de regulación do mercado de derivados financeiros. Tres das principais globais axencias de cualificación (<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Moody's&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Moody's (a páxina aínda non existe)">Moody's</a>, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Standard_%26_Poors&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Standard & Poors (a páxina aínda non existe)">Standard & Poors</a> e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fitch&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Fitch (a páxina aínda non existe)">Fitch</a>) falseaban a cualificación crediticia de produtos derivados simplemente para gañar máis diñeiro.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Ao darlles as mellores notas -ás veces triplo A, a mesma que os bonos do Tesouro dos Estados Unidos de América-, as axencias enviaban ao mercado a mensaxe de que eses activos eran seguros e pagaba a pena investir neles.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>A crise das subprime derivou na <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crise_do_euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crise do euro">crise do euro</a> en varios Estados de Europa. Sendo a política monetaria dictada pola <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Europea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unión Europea">Unión Europea</a>, non se mutualizou a débeda nin se puido recorrer á desvalorización da moeda para o manexo da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inflaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inflación">inflación</a> e a débeda. A crise tivo un grande impacto na política da UE, provocando cambios políticos en 8 países dos 17 que forman a eurozona, conducindo a cambios de goberno en Grecia, Irlanda, España, Eslovenia, Eslovaquia e os <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Países Baixos">Países Baixos</a>. A débeda pública ascendeu en 2013 en España ao 93,4% do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produto_interior_bruto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produto interior bruto">PIB</a> (Produto Interior Bruto). Varios países do oeste e do sur de Europa, como <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portugal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="España">España</a>, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irlanda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irlanda">Irlanda</a> ou <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grecia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grecia">Grecia</a> foron resgatados ou estiveron en risco de selo. Nese contexto varios medios acuñaron o termo despectivo PIGS e variantes.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="PIGS,_PIIGS,_PIIIGS,_PIGGS_e_PIIGGS"><span id="PIGS.2C_PIIGS.2C_PIIIGS.2C_PIGGS_e_PIIGGS"></span>PIGS, PIIGS, PIIIGS, PIGGS e PIIGGS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «PIGS, PIIGS, PIIIGS, PIGGS e PIIGGS»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:PIGS-PIIGS-PIIGGS.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PIGS-PIIGS-PIIGGS.png/220px-PIGS-PIIGS-PIIGGS.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2100"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 231px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PIGS-PIIGS-PIIGGS.png/220px-PIGS-PIIGS-PIIGGS.png" data-width="220" data-height="231" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PIGS-PIIGS-PIIGGS.png/330px-PIGS-PIIGS-PIIGGS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PIGS-PIIGS-PIIGGS.png/440px-PIGS-PIIGS-PIIGGS.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Acrónimos pexorativos PIGS, PIIGS e PIIGGS. </figcaption> </figure> <p>PIGS é un <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acr%C3%B3nimo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acrónimo">acrónimo</a> pexorativo en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_inglesa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a> (de <i>pig</i> = porco) co que varios medios financeiros anglosaxóns facían referencia aos países da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_meridional?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa meridional">Europa meridional</a>, onde se abordaban os problemas de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9ficit_orzamentario?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Déficit orzamentario">déficit</a> e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balanza_de_pagamentos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balanza de pagamentos">balanza de pagamentos</a> dos devanditos países. Despois da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crise_financeira_de_2007-2008?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crise financeira de 2007-2008">Gran Recesión</a>, o termo a miúdo inclúe <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irlanda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irlanda">Irlanda</a> (co acrónimo PIIGS ou o tamén despectivo ou <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Racismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Racismo">racista</a> GIPSI = xitano) e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islandia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islandia">Islandia</a> (co acrónimo 'PIIIGS) para referirse aos países, algúns coñecidos anteriormente como "exemplares", que sufriron un aumento da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crise_econ%C3%B3mica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crise económica">crise</a> en comparación co resto de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Tamén se engadía ás veces a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reino_Unido?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reino Unido">Gran Bretaña</a> formando o acrónimo PIGGS ou PIIGGS. En 2012, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=CNBC&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="CNBC (a páxina aínda non existe)">CNBC</a> press suxeriu que <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francia">Francia</a> tamén se debería engadir ao acrónimo.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Notas»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Shemsizedek, Negus (2019-07-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcreditunion.wordpress.com/2019/07/10/world-government-bond/">"World Government bond"</a>. <i>World Credit Union Authority</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_inglesa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">2022-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9beda+p%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=World+Government+bond&rft.aufirst=Negus&rft.aulast=Shemsizedek&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Credit+Union+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldcreditunion.wordpress.com%2F2019%2F07%2F10%2Fworld-government-bond%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">20minutos (2020-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4331830/0/que-significa-mutualizar-la-deuda/">"¿Qué significa mutualizar la deuda?"</a>. <i>www.20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_castel%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua castelá">castelán</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">2022-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9beda+p%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=%BFQu%C3%A9+significa+mutualizar+la+deuda%3F&rft.au=20minutos&rft.date=2020-07-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.20minutos.es+-+%C3%9Altimas+Noticias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.20minutos.es%2Fnoticia%2F4331830%2F0%2Fque-significa-mutualizar-la-deuda%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301222038/https://blogues.publico.pt/tudomenoseconomia/2017/10/18/mutualizacao-da-divida-publica-europeia-o-que-podemos-aprender-da-experiencia-nacional-parte-i/">"Mutualização da dívida pública europeia: o que podemos aprender da experiência nacional? (Parte I)"</a>. <i>Tudo Menos Economia</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_portuguesa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua portuguesa">portugués</a>)</span>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blogues.publico.pt/tudomenoseconomia/2017/10/18/mutualizacao-da-divida-publica-europeia-o-que-podemos-aprender-da-experiencia-nacional-parte-i/">o orixinal</a> o 01 de marzo de 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">2022-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9beda+p%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=Mutualiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+d%C3vida+p%C3%BAblica+europeia%3A+o+que+podemos+aprender+da+experi%C3%AAncia+nacional%3F+%28Parte+I%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tudo+Menos+Economia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogues.publico.pt%2Ftudomenoseconomia%2F2017%2F10%2F18%2Fmutualizacao-da-divida-publica-europeia-o-que-podemos-aprender-da-experiencia-nacional-parte-i%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301215611/http://www.terraetempo.gal/artigo.php?artigo%3D1749%26seccion%3D6">"A crise da débeda soberana"</a>. <i>Terra e tempo</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.terraetempo.gal/artigo.php?artigo%3D1749%26seccion%3D6">o orixinal</a> o 01-03-2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 1-3-2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9beda+p%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=A+crise+da+d%C3%A9beda+soberana&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terra+e+tempo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terraetempo.gal%2Fartigo.php%3Fartigo%3D1749%26seccion%3D6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Velázquez-Gaztelu, Juan Pedro (2007-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://elpais.com/diario/2007/08/16/economia/1187215207_850215.html">"Las alarmas no sonaron a tiempo"</a>. <i>El País</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_castel%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua castelá">castelán</a>)</span>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">2022-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9beda+p%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=Las+alarmas+no+sonaron+a+tiempo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Pedro&rft.aulast=Vel%C3%A1zquez-Gaztelu&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F2007%2F08%2F16%2Feconomia%2F1187215207_850215.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">http:/ / www.ceps.eu/book/adjustment-difficulties-gipsy-club</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cnbc.com/id/47440687">https://www.cnbc.com/id/47440687</a></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Véxase_tamén"><span id="V.C3.A9xase_tam.C3.A9n"></span>Véxase tamén</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portada_galega" class="extiw" title="commons:Portada galega">Wikimedia Commons</a> ten máis contidos multimedia na categoría: <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Government_debt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Government debt">Débeda pública</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3024789" title="Modificar a ligazón no Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Modificar a ligazón no Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" data-alt="Modificar a ligazón no Wikidata" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/18px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/24px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Outros_artigos">Outros artigos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Outros artigos»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9beda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Débeda">Débeda</a></li> <li><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inflaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inflación">Inflación</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9beda_p%C3%BAblica&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="InternetArchiveBot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1713249682"> <span>Última edición o 16 de abril de 2024 ás 06:41</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Linguas</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585" title="دين عام – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دين عام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25B6vl%25C9%2599t_borcu" title="Dövlət borcu – acerbaixano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövlət borcu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="acerbaixano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B7%25D1%258F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B0%25D1%259E%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D1%259E%25D0%25B3" title="Дзяржаўны доўг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзяржаўны доўг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%258A%25D1%2580%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B4%25D1%258A%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3" title="Държавен дълг – búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държавен дълг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deute_p%25C3%25BAblic" title="Deute públic – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deute públic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%25C3%25A1tn%25C3%25AD_dluh" title="Státní dluh – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Státní dluh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsg%25C3%25A6ld" title="Statsgæld – dinamarqués" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Statsgæld" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarqués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsverschuldung" title="Staatsverschuldung – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staatsverschuldung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2594%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BC%25CF%258C%25CF%2583%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BF_%25CF%2587%25CF%2581%25CE%25AD%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Δημόσιο χρέος – grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημόσιο χρέος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Government debt" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%259Ctat%25C5%259Duldo" title="Ŝtatŝuldo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtatŝuldo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuda_p%25C3%25BAblica" title="Deuda pública – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deuda pública" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riigiv%25C3%25B5lg" title="Riigivõlg – estoniano" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riigivõlg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zor_publiko" title="Zor publiko – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zor publiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA" title="بدهی دولت – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بدهی دولت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtionvelka" title="Valtionvelka – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valtionvelka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dette_publique" title="Dette publique – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dette publique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2597%25D7%2595%25D7%2591_%25D7%25A6%25D7%2599%25D7%2591%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599" title="חוב ציבורי – hebreo" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוב ציבורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AF_%25E0%25A4%258B%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="राजकीय ऋण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राजकीय ऋण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%25C5%25BEavni_dug" title="Državni dug – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Državni dug" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2581llamad%25C3%25B3ss%25C3%25A1g" title="Államadósság – húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Államadósság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258A%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25BA%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25BF%25D6%2584" title="Պետական պարտք – armenio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պետական պարտք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utang_pemerintah" title="Utang pemerintah – indonesio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Utang pemerintah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debito_pubblico" title="Debito pubblico – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Debito pubblico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2585%25AC%25E5%2582%25B5" title="公債 – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="公債" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2588" title="Мемлекеттік борыш – kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мемлекеттік борыш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B5%25AD%25EA%25B0%2580%25EC%25B1%2584%25EB%25AC%25B4" title="국가채무 – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국가채무" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staotssj%25C3%25B6ld" title="Staotssjöld – limburgués" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Staotssjöld" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debit_publegh" title="Debit publegh – lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Debit publegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyriausyb%25C4%2597s_skola" title="Vyriausybės skola – lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vyriausybės skola" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2588%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3" title="Јавен долг – macedonio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јавен долг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutang_kerajaan" title="Hutang kerajaan – malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hutang kerajaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%258B%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="सरकारी ऋण – nepalí" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सरकारी ऋण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overheidsschuld" title="Overheidsschuld – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Overheidsschuld" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsgjeld" title="Statsgjeld – noruegués bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Statsgjeld" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegués bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C5%2582ug_publiczny" title="Dług publiczny – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dług publiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AD%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C_%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B6%25DB%2592" title="حکومتی قرضے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حکومتی قرضے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A_%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1" title="دولتي پور – paxto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دولتي پور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25ADvida_governamental" title="Dívida governamental – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dívida governamental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datorie_public%25C4%2583" title="Datorie publică – romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Datorie publică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3" title="Государственный долг – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государственный долг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%25C5%25BEavni_dug" title="Državni dug – serbocroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Državni dug" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlh_verejnej_spr%25C3%25A1vy" title="Dlh verejnej správy – eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dlh verejnej správy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borxhi_qeveritar" title="Borxhi qeveritar – albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Borxhi qeveritar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsskuld" title="Statsskuld – sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Statsskuld" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25AA%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25AD%25E0%25B1%2581%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B5_%25E0%25B0%258B%25E0%25B0%25A3%25E0%25B0%2582" title="ప్రభుత్వ ఋణం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రభుత్వ ఋణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2593%25E0%25B8%25B0" title="หนี้สาธารณะ – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนี้สาธารณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pambansang_utang" title="Pambansang utang – tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pambansang utang" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet_borcu" title="Devlet borcu – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devlet borcu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3" title="Державний борг – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Державний борг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraíno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AD%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C_%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B6%25DB%2592" title="حکومتی قرضے – urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حکومتی قرضے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davlat_qarzi" title="Davlat qarzi – uzbeko" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Davlat qarzi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25E1%25BB%25A3_ch%25C3%25ADnh_ph%25E1%25BB%25A7" title="Nợ chính phủ – vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nợ chính phủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2585%25AC%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2580%25BA%25E5%258A%25A1" title="公共债务 – chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="公共债务" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2585%25AC%25E5%2582%25B5" title="公債 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="公債" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">A última edición desta páxina foi o 16 de abril de 2024 ás 06:41.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Todo o contido está dispoñible baixo a licenza <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.gl">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, agás que se indique o contrario.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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