CINXE.COM
ASPEST: Bridging the Gap Between Active Learning and Selective Prediction
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="http://research.google/pubs/aspest-bridging-the-gap-between-active-learning-and-selective-prediction/" /><meta property="og:title" content="ASPEST: Bridging the Gap Between Active Learning and Selective Prediction"><meta property="og:url" content="http://research.google/pubs/aspest-bridging-the-gap-between-active-learning-and-selective-prediction/"><meta property="og:image" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Open_Graph.width-800.format-jpeg.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Open_Graph.width-800.format-jpeg.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="Website"> <title>ASPEST: Bridging the Gap Between Active Learning and Selective Prediction</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1 viewport-fit=cover"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/gr/static/assets/favicon.ico"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans&family=Google+Sans+Display:ital@0;1&family=Google+Sans:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&family=Google+Sans+Text:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&display=swap" as="style"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans&family=Google+Sans+Display:ital@0;1&family=Google+Sans:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&family=Google+Sans+Text:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&display=swap"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto+Mono:wght@400;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://www.gstatic.com/glue/cookienotificationbar/cookienotificationbar.min.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="https://www.gstatic.com/glue/v27_1/glue-material.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gr/static/css/googleresearch.css?id=0c26ea1fed8bdd0324f9f4fad1f6a470"> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K8QBZ7Q'); </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> </head> <body class=" js-google-tag-wrapper" data-gt-page-path="http://research.google/pubs/aspest-bridging-the-gap-between-active-learning-and-selective-prediction/" data-env="production"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K8QBZ7Q" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <header class="global-header glue-header glue-header--single not-glue"> <a href="#page-content" class="glue-header__skip-content">Jump to Content</a> <div class="glue-header__bar glue-header__bar--mobile not-glue"> <div class="glue-header__tier not-glue"> <!-- mobile lockup component --> <div class="glue-header__container"> <div class="glue-header__lock-up"> <!-- Hamburger button component --> <div class="glue-header__hamburger"> <button class="glue-header__drawer-toggle-btn" aria-label="Open the navigation drawer"> <svg class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#menu"></use> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="glue-header__logo"> <a class="glue-header__logo-link" href="/" title="Google Research"> <!-- Logo component --> <div class="glue-header__logo-container"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" alt='Google' class="glue-icon glue-icon glue-header__logo-svg"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#google-color-logo"></use> </svg> </div> <span class="glue-header__logo--product">Research</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glue-header__bar glue-header__bar--desktop glue-header__drawer"> <div class="glue-header__tier"> <!-- desktop lockup component --> <div class="glue-header__container"> <div class="glue-header__lock-up"> <div class="glue-header__logo"> <a class="glue-header__logo-link" href="/" title="Google Research"> <!-- Logo component --> <div class="glue-header__logo-container"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" alt='Google' class="glue-icon glue-icon glue-header__logo-svg not-glue --dark-logo"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#google-solid-logo"></use> </svg> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" alt='Google' class="glue-icon glue-icon glue-header__logo-svg --light-logo"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#google-color-logo"></use> </svg> </div> <span class="glue-header__logo--product">Research</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <!-- linkbar component --> <div class="glue-header__container glue-header__container--linkbar"> <nav class="glue-header__link-bar navigation js-gt-global-nav-wrapper"> <ul class="glue-header__list"> <li class="glue-header__item js-sub-nav-parent --parent" data-gt-primary="Who we are" > <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > <span class=""> Who we are <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </span> </button> <div class="navigation__sub js-sub-nav" role="menu"> <div class="navigation__sub__container"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Who we are <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <div class="block-nav_drawer_columns_content"> <div class="navigation__sub--content" data-gt-secondary="Defining the technology of today and tomorrow."> <div class="navigation__sub__wrapper"> <div class="navigation__sub__heading"> <h2 class="headline-3">Defining the technology of today and tomorrow.</h2> </div> <ul class="navigation__sub__columns"> <li data-gt-secondary="Philosophy"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Philosophy </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">We strive to create an environment conducive to many different types of research across many different time scales and levels of risk.</p> <a href="http://research.google/philosophy/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Philosophy</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/philosophy/" > Philosophy </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="People"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> People </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Our researchers drive advancements in computer science through both fundamental and applied research.</p> <a href="http://research.google/people/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our People</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/people/" > People </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-header__item js-sub-nav-parent --parent" data-gt-primary="Research areas" > <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > <span class=""> Research areas <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </span> </button> <div class="navigation__sub js-sub-nav" role="menu"> <div class="navigation__sub__container"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Research areas <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <div class="block-nav_drawer_columns_link_list"> <div class="navigation__sub--list"> <div class="navigation__sub__wrapper"> <ul class="navigation__sub__columns"> <li data-gt-secondary="Research areas"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading">Research areas</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/" > Explore all research areas </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" data-panel="nested" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> Research areas <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </button> <div class="navigation__nested-sub js-sub-nav-parent"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Research areas <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <ul> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Explore all research areas <span> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Foundational ML & Algorithms"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading">Foundational ML & Algorithms</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/algorithms-and-theory/" > Algorithms & Theory </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/data-management/" > Data Management </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/data-mining-and-modeling/" > Data Mining & Modeling </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/information-retrieval-and-the-web/" > Information Retrieval & the Web </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-intelligence/" > Machine Intelligence </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-perception/" > Machine Perception </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-translation/" > Machine Translation </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/natural-language-processing/" > Natural Language Processing </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/speech-processing/" > Speech Processing </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" data-panel="nested" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> Foundational ML & Algorithms <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </button> <div class="navigation__nested-sub js-sub-nav-parent"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Foundational ML & Algorithms <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <ul> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/algorithms-and-theory/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Algorithms & Theory <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/data-management/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Data Management <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/data-mining-and-modeling/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Data Mining & Modeling <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/information-retrieval-and-the-web/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Information Retrieval & the Web <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-intelligence/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Machine Intelligence <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-perception/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Machine Perception <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-translation/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Machine Translation <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/natural-language-processing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Natural Language Processing <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/speech-processing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Speech Processing <span> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Computing Systems & Quantum AI"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading">Computing Systems & Quantum AI</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/distributed-systems-and-parallel-computing/" > Distributed Systems & Parallel Computing </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/hardware-and-architecture/" > Hardware & Architecture </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/mobile-systems/" > Mobile Systems </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/networking/" > Networking </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/quantum-computing/" > Quantum Computing </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/robotics/" > Robotics </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/security-privacy-and-abuse-prevention/" > Security, Privacy, & Abuse Prevention </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/software-engineering/" > Software Engineering </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/software-systems/" > Software Systems </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" data-panel="nested" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> Computing Systems & Quantum AI <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </button> <div class="navigation__nested-sub js-sub-nav-parent"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Computing Systems & Quantum AI <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <ul> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/distributed-systems-and-parallel-computing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Distributed Systems & Parallel Computing <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/hardware-and-architecture/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Hardware & Architecture <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/mobile-systems/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Mobile Systems <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/networking/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Networking <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/quantum-computing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Quantum Computing <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/robotics/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Robotics <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/security-privacy-and-abuse-prevention/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Security, Privacy, & Abuse Prevention <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/software-engineering/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Software Engineering <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/software-systems/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Software Systems <span> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Science, AI & Society"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading">Science, AI & Society</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/climate-and-sustainability/" > Climate & Sustainability </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/economics-and-electronic-commerce/" > Economics & Electronic Commerce </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/education-innovation/" > Education Innovation </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/general-science/" > General Science </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/health-bioscience/" > Health & Bioscience </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/human-computer-interaction-and-visualization/" > Human-Computer Interaction and Visualization </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" data-panel="nested" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> Science, AI & Society <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </button> <div class="navigation__nested-sub js-sub-nav-parent"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Science, AI & Society <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <ul> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/climate-and-sustainability/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Climate & Sustainability <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/economics-and-electronic-commerce/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Economics & Electronic Commerce <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/education-innovation/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Education Innovation <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/general-science/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > General Science <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/health-bioscience/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Health & Bioscience <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/human-computer-interaction-and-visualization/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Human-Computer Interaction and Visualization <span> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-header__item js-sub-nav-parent --parent" data-gt-primary="Our work" > <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > <span class=""> Our work <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </span> </button> <div class="navigation__sub js-sub-nav" role="menu"> <div class="navigation__sub__container"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Our work <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <div class="block-nav_drawer_columns_content"> <div class="navigation__sub--content" data-gt-secondary=""> <div class="navigation__sub__wrapper"> <ul class="navigation__sub__columns"> <li data-gt-secondary="Projects"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Projects </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">We regularly open-source projects with the broader research community and apply our developments to Google products.</p> <a href="http://research.google/resources/our-projects/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Projects</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/resources/our-projects/" > Projects </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Publications"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Publications </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Publishing our work allows us to share ideas and work collaboratively to advance the field of computer science.</p> <a href="http://research.google/pubs/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Publications</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/pubs/" > Publications </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Resources"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Resources </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">We make products, tools, and datasets available to everyone with the goal of building a more collaborative ecosystem.</p> <a href="http://research.google/resources/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Resources</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/resources/" > Resources </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-header__item js-sub-nav-parent --parent" data-gt-primary="Programs & events" > <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > <span class=""> Programs & events <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </span> </button> <div class="navigation__sub js-sub-nav" role="menu"> <div class="navigation__sub__container"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Programs & events <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <div class="block-nav_drawer_columns_content"> <div class="navigation__sub--content" data-gt-secondary="Shaping the future, together."> <div class="navigation__sub__wrapper"> <div class="navigation__sub__heading"> <h2 class="headline-3">Shaping the future, together.</h2> <a href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/" class="js-drawer-link" > Collaborate with us </a> </div> <ul class="navigation__sub__columns"> <li data-gt-secondary="Student programs"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Student programs </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Supporting the next generation of researchers through a wide range of programming.</p> <a href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/student-engagement/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Student programs</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/student-engagement/" > Student programs </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Faculty programs"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Faculty programs </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Participating in the academic research community through meaningful engagement with university faculty.</p> <a href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/faculty-engagement/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Faculty programs</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/faculty-engagement/" > Faculty programs </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Conferences & events"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Conferences & events </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Connecting with the broader research community through events is essential for creating progress in every aspect of our work.</p> <a href="http://research.google/conferences-and-events/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Conferences & events</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/conferences-and-events/" > Conferences & events </a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="navigation__sub__cta"> <a class="glue-button glue-button--high-emphasis js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" > Collaborate with us </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-header__item " data-gt-primary="Careers" > <a class="glue-header__link " href="http://research.google/careers/" > <span class=""> Careers </span> </a> </li> <li class="glue-header__item " data-gt-primary="Blog" > <a class="glue-header__link " href="http://research.google/blog/" > <span class=""> Blog </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <!-- search (hide on search page) --> <div class="glue-header__search js-header-search"> <div class="glue-header__search__input"> <div class="search-input " data-type="header"> <input type="search" class="caption --empty-search js-search-bar js-gt-search-input" placeholder="Search"> <button class="search-input__button --search js-gt-search-btn"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--18px "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#search"></use> </svg> </button> <button class="search-input__button --clear"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--18px "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#close"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <button class="glue-header__search__btn js-header-search-btn"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px search"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#search"></use> </svg> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px close"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#close"></use> </svg> <span class="sr-text js-header-search-sr-text">Search</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glue-header__drawer-backdrop"> <div class="glue-header__mobile_close"> <button class="glue-header__drawer-toggle-btn js-mobile-nav-close" aria-label="Close the navigation drawer"> <svg class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#close"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </header> <main id="page-content"> <section class="basic-hero basic-hero--publication --theme-dark" data-gt-id="basic_hero" data-gt-component-name=""> <div class="glue-page"> <nav class="glue-breadcrumbs" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"> <ol class="glue-breadcrumbs__list"> <li class="glue-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="glue-breadcrumbs__link attribution" href="/">Home</a> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#chevron-right"></use> </svg> </li> <li class="glue-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="glue-breadcrumbs__link attribution" href="/pubs/">Publications</a> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#chevron-right"></use> </svg> </li> </ol> </nav> <div class="glue-grid"> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-12 glue-grid__col--span-10-lg"> <h1 class="headline-2">ASPEST: Bridging the Gap Between Active Learning and Selective Prediction</h1> <div class="basic-hero--publication__authors"> <div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__item"> <a href="/people/jiefengchen/">Jiefeng Chen</a> </div> <div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__spacer"></div> <div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__item"> <a href="/people/106672/">Jinsung Yoon</a> </div> <div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__spacer"></div> <div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__item"> <a href="/people/saynaebrahimi/">Sayna Ebrahimi</a> </div> <div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__spacer"></div> <div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__item"> <a href="/people/106303/">Sercan Arik</a> </div> <div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__spacer"></div> <div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__item"> Somesh Jha </div> <div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__spacer"></div> <div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__item"> <a href="/people/105803/">Tomas Pfister</a> </div> <div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__spacer"></div> <div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__item"> Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR) (2024) </div> </div> <div class="basic-hero--publication__buttons"> <a class="glue-button glue-button--high-emphasis glue-button--reversed glue-button--icon" href="https://openreview.net/pdf?id=3nprbNR3HB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#file-download"></use> </svg> <span class="js-gt-item-id">Download</span> </a> <a class="glue-button glue-button--medium-emphasis glue-button--reversed" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?lr&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=ASPEST: Bridging the Gap Between Active Learning and Selective Prediction Jiefeng Chen Jinsung Yoon Sayna Ebrahimi Sercan Arik Somesh Jha Tomas Pfister" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> <span class="js-gt-item-id">Google Scholar</span> </a> <div class="glue-copy" glue-copy-success="copied!" glue-copy-fail="Press Ctrl+C or ⌘+C to copy"> <input class="glue-copy-value" type="text" value="@article{53278, title = {ASPEST: Bridging the Gap Between Active Learning and Selective Prediction}, author = {Jiefeng Chen and Jinsung Yoon and Sayna Ebrahimi and Sercan Arik and Somesh Jha and Tomas Pfister}, year = {2024}, URL = {https://openreview.net/pdf?id=3nprbNR3HB}, journal = {Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR)} } " aria-label="URL" readonly> <button class="glue-button glue-button--medium-emphasis glue-button--reversed glue-copy-button" aria-live='polite'> <span class="js-gt-item-id">Copy Bibtex</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="offset-two-up --theme-light"> <div class="glue-page glue-grid"> <div class="offset-two-up__left-col glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-3-lg"> <h3 class="offset-two-up__headline headline-3">Abstract</h3> </div> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-9-lg"> Selective prediction aims to learn a reliable model that abstains from making predictions when uncertain. These predictions can then be deferred to humans for further evaluation. As an everlasting challenge for machine learning, in many real-world scenarios, the distribution of test data is different from the training data. This results in more inaccurate predictions, and often increased dependence on humans, which can be difficult and expensive. Active learning aims to lower the overall labeling effort, and hence human dependence, by querying the most informative examples. Selective prediction and active learning have been approached from different angles, with the connection between them missing. In this work, we introduce a new learning paradigm, active selective prediction, which aims to query more informative samples from the shifted target domain while increasing accuracy and coverage. For this new paradigm, we propose a simple yet effective approach, ASPEST, that utilizes ensembles of model snapshots with self-training with their aggregated outputs as pseudo labels. Extensive experiments on numerous image, text and structured datasets, which suffer from domain shifts, demonstrate that ASPEST can significantly outperform prior work on selective prediction and active learning (e.g. on the MNIST→SVHN benchmark with the labeling budget of 100, ASPEST improves the AUACC metric from 79.36% to 88.84%) and achieves more optimal utilization of humans in the loop. </div> </div> </section> <section class="offset-two-up --theme-light"> <div class="glue-page glue-grid"> <div class="offset-two-up__left-col glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-3-lg"> <h3 class="offset-two-up__headline headline-3">Research Areas</h3> </div> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-9-lg"> <ul class="card-stack--small nested-glue-grid-override" data-gt-id="research_areas_small_card_stack" data-gt-component-name="Resarch Areas - Small Card Stack"> <li class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-6-md glue-grid__col--span-4-sm"> <a class="glue-card not-glue glue-card--small" href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-intelligence/"> <div class="glue-card__inner"> <div class="glue-card__content"> <div class="content-wrapper"> <p class="glue-headline body js-gt-item-id"> Machine Intelligence </p> </div> <div class="glue-card__cta glue-card__cta--arrow"> <span class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-button--icon"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#arrow-forward"></use> </svg> </span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <section class="banner --theme-" data-gt-id="banner" data-gt-component-name=""> <div class="banner__wrapper glue-page glue-grid"> <div class="banner__copy glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-6-md"> <h2 class="banner__headline headline-3">Learn more about how we conduct our research</h2> <p class="banner__body-copy body">We maintain a portfolio of research projects, providing individuals and teams the freedom to emphasize specific types of work.</p> <a class="glue-button glue-button--medium-emphasis" href="http://research.google/philosophy/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Our research philosophy</span> </a> </div> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-0-sm glue-grid__col--span-1"></div> <div class="banner__image glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-5-md"> <img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Philosophy-light-banner.original.jpg" alt="Philosophy-light-banner" /> </div> </div> </section> </main> <footer class="glue-footer"> <div class="glue-page"> <section class="glue-social"> <div class="glue-social__group glue-social--monochrome"> <p class="glue-social__title glue-social__title--inline"> Follow us </p> <nav class="js-gt-follow-us-wrapper" aria-label="Social media links"> <ul class="glue-social__list" role="list"> <li class="glue-social__item"> <a class="glue-social__link" href="https://twitter.com/GoogleAI" title="Follow us on x" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-gt-method="x"" > <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/twitter-x.svg#twitter-x"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="glue-social__item"> <a class="glue-social__link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/googleresearch/" title="Follow us on linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-gt-method="linkedin"" > <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#post-linkedin"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="glue-social__item"> <a class="glue-social__link" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/GoogleResearch" title="Follow us on youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-gt-method="youtube"" > <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#video-youtube"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="glue-social__item"> <a class="glue-social__link" href="https://github.com/google-research" title="Follow us on github" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-gt-method="github"" > <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/github.svg#github"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </section> </div> <div class="glue-fullbleed"></div> <section class="glue-page"> <nav class="glue-footer__global" aria-label="Footer resource links"> <div class="glue-footer__logo"> <a href="https://www.google.com" title="Google" class="glue-footer__link"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-footer__logo-img"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#google-solid-logo"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <ul class="glue-footer__global-links glue-no-bullet js-gt-global-nav-wrapper" role="list"> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item" data-gt-primary="About Google"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://about.google/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> About Google </a> </li> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item" data-gt-primary="Google Products"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://about.google/intl/en/products/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Google Products </a> </li> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item" data-gt-primary="Privacy"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://policies.google.com/privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Privacy </a> </li> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item" data-gt-primary="Terms"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://policies.google.com/terms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Terms </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="glue-footer__global-links glue-footer__global-links--extra glue-no-bullet" role="list"> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item glue-footer__global-links-list-item--extra"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://support.google.com/?hl=en"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px glue-icon--footer-help"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#help"></use> </svg> Help </a> </li> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item glue-footer__global-links-list-item--extra"> <button class="glue-footer__link google-feedback js-feedback-button" href="" data-product-id="5137383" > Submit feedback </button> </li> </ul> </nav> </section> </footer> <script src="https://www.gstatic.com/glue/v27_1/material-components-web.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.youtube.com/player_api"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/gr/static/js/googleresearch.js?id=b70549917812130af912601ad763f13e"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://support.google.com/inapp/api.js"></script> <script src="https://www.gstatic.com/glue/cookienotificationbar/cookienotificationbar.min.js" data-glue-cookie-notification-bar-category="2B"> </script> </body> </html>