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class="wikilink1" title="languages:ulster_scots_in_the_uk" data-wiki-id="languages:ulster_scots_in_the_uk">Ulster Scots in the United Kingdom</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="/languages:courses" class="wikilink1" title="languages:courses" data-wiki-id="languages:courses">Student sheets</a> (login required)</div> </li> </ul> <hr /> </div>  <h2 class="sectionedit2" id="general_information">General information</h2> <div class="level2"> <ul> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="/general_information:glossary_of_terms" class="wikilink1" title="general_information:glossary_of_terms" data-wiki-id="general_information:glossary_of_terms">Glossary of Terms</a></div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="/general_information:international_legislation" class="wikilink1" title="general_information:international_legislation" data-wiki-id="general_information:international_legislation">International treaties</a></div> </li> <li 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</li> </ul> <hr /> </div>  <h2 class="sectionedit3" id="wiki_manual">Wiki manual</h2> <div class="level2"> <ul> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="/manual:good_style" class="wikilink1" title="manual:good_style" data-wiki-id="manual:good_style">good style</a></div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="/manual:example_page" class="wikilink1" title="manual:example_page" data-wiki-id="manual:example_page">example page</a></div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="https://www.dokuwiki.org/editing" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://www.dokuwiki.org/editing" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">editing a page</a></div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="https://www.dokuwiki.org/wiki:syntax" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://www.dokuwiki.org/wiki:syntax" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">formatting text</a></div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="/manual:colour_codes" class="wikilink1" title="manual:colour_codes" data-wiki-id="manual:colour_codes">the language vitality table</a></div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="/manual:adding_media" class="wikilink1" title="manual:adding_media" data-wiki-id="manual:adding_media">adding images, audio, or video</a></div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="/manual:revisions" class="wikilink1" title="manual:revisions" data-wiki-id="manual:revisions">undoing changes</a></div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="/playground:start" class="wikilink1" title="playground:start" data-wiki-id="playground:start">practice editing this wiki</a></div> </li> </ul> <hr /> </div>  <h2 class="sectionedit4" id="wiki_on_minority_language_learning">Wiki on minority language learning</h2> <div class="level2"> <ul> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="/manual:wiki_news" class="wikilink1" title="manual:wiki_news" data-wiki-id="manual:wiki_news">news</a></div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="/manual:about_the_wiki_on_minority_language_learning" class="wikilink1" title="manual:about_the_wiki_on_minority_language_learning" data-wiki-id="manual:about_the_wiki_on_minority_language_learning">about the Wiki </a></div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="/manual:become_an_author" class="wikilink1" title="manual:become_an_author" data-wiki-id="manual:become_an_author">contribute</a></div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="/manual:ownership_of_content" class="wikilink1" title="manual:ownership_of_content" data-wiki-id="manual:ownership_of_content">ownership of content</a></div> </li> </ul> </div>  </div></div> </div></nav>  <main id="dokuwiki__content"><div class="pad group"> <div class="pageId"><span>languages:lombard_in_italy</span></div> <div class="page group">   <div id="dw__toc" class="dw__toc"> <h3 class="toggle">Table of Contents</h3> <div> <ul class="toc"> <li class="level1"><div class="li"><a href="#lombard_in_italy">Lombard in Italy</a></div> <ul class="toc"> <li class="level2"><div class="li"><a href="#demographics">Demographics</a></div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"><a href="#education_of_the_language">Education of the language</a></div> <ul class="toc"> <li class="level2"><div class="li"><a href="#history_of_language_education">History of language education:</a></div></li> <li class="level2"><div class="li"><a href="#legislation_of_language_education">Legislation of language education</a></div></li> <li class="level2"><div class="li"><a href="#support_structure_for_education_on_the_language">Support structure for education on the language</a></div></li> <li class="level2"><div class="li"><a href="#education_in_practice">Education in practice</a></div></li> <li class="level2"><div class="li"><a href="#learning_resources_and_educational_institutions">Learning resources and educational institutions</a></div></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <p> </p> <h1 class="sectionedit1" id="lombard_in_italy">Lombard in Italy</h1> <div class="level1"> </div> <h3 class="sectionedit2" id="language_designations">Language designations:</h3> <div class="level3"> <ul> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> In the language itself: <em>lumbaart, or lengua lumbarda</em></div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="/general_information:glossary_of_terms#iso_639-3" class="wikilink1" title="general_information:glossary_of_terms" data-wiki-id="general_information:glossary_of_terms">ISO 639-3</a> standard: <em>language's ISO 639-3-LMO</em></div> </li> </ul> </div> <h3 class="sectionedit3" id="language_vitality_according_to">Language vitality according to:</h3> <div class="level3"> <div class="table sectionedit4"><table class="inline"> <thead> <tr class="row0"> <th class="col0"> <a href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/lombard" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/lombard" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">UNESCO</a> </th><th class="col1"> <a href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lmo/" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lmo/" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">Ethnologue</a> </th><th class="col2"> <a href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">Endangered Languages</a> </th><th class="col3 centeralign"> <a href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lomb1257" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lomb1257" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">Glottolog</a> </th> </tr> </thead> <tr class="row1"> <td class="col0 centeralign"> <img src="/_media/endangerment:yellow.png" class="media" loading="lazy" title="Definitely Endangered" alt="Definitely Endangered" /> </td><td class="col1 centeralign"> <img src="/_media/endangerment:blue.png" class="media" loading="lazy" title="Stable" alt="Stable" /> </td><td class="col2 centeralign"> n/a </td><td class="col3 centeralign"> <img src="/_media/endangerment:green.png" class="media" loading="lazy" title="not endangered" alt="not endangered" /> </td> </tr> </table></div> </div> <h3 class="sectionedit5" id="linguistic_aspects">Linguistic aspects:</h3> <div class="level3"> <ul> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> Classification: <em>Indo-European</em> → <em>Gallo-Italian</em>. For more information, see <a href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lomb1257" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lomb1257" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">language resource at Glottolog</a></div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> Script: <em>Latin/Roman script</em></div> </li> </ul> <p> Listen to the language <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nb0L5YeFCmU" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nb0L5YeFCmU" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">here</a> (Milanese variety). </p> </div> <h3 class="sectionedit6" id="language_standardization">Language standardization</h3> <div class="level3"> <p> The <a href="http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">Unesco Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> states that Lombard is a cluster of essentially homogeneous varieties, however, an accepted standard does not exist. It is disqualified from accessing higher domains and is exclusively used on an informal level. </p> <p> Traditional orthography is based on French and therefore gives the reader a blurred first impression of Lombard phonology. Recently, a more phonetic orthography has evolved in Ticino and Valtellina - the Lombard regions along the common borders of Switerland and Italy - which is strongly influenced by German ortography, identifiable through the usage of umlaut marks ö and ü. </p> <p> Concerning the mutual intelligibility with Italian, a <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01434632.2013.860149" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01434632.2013.860149" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">case study</a> found a 44,3% intelligibility rate of Lombard with standard Italian which is relatively low<sup><a href="#fn__1" id="fnt__1" class="fn_top">1)</a></sup>. </p> <p> The main institiution to research the Lombard variety is the <a href="https://www4.ti.ch/decs/dcsu/cde/cde//" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://www4.ti.ch/decs/dcsu/cde/cde//" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">CDE</a> or Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia located in Bellinzona, Switzerland. In 2004, the CDE released a dictionary containing five volumes which cover all the Lombard varieties spoken in the Swiss areas. Lombard is furthermore used in television and radio broadcast in the area around Bellinzona. Italy does not have a comparable institution, which is why there is significantly less data on Lombard as spoken in Italy<sup><a href="#fn__2" id="fnt__2" class="fn_top">2)</a></sup>. </p> <p> Projects such as <a href="http://inlombard.eu5.net/" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="http://inlombard.eu5.net/" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">In_Lombard</a> promote the collection of data on Lombard and its standardization by creating a linguistic observatory online. </p> </div> <h2 class="sectionedit7" id="demographics">Demographics</h2> <div class="level2"> </div> <h3 class="sectionedit8" id="language_area">Language Area</h3> <div class="level3"> <p> The online encylopedia <a href="http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Lombard/Lombard.html" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Lombard/Lombard.html" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">Orbis Latinus</a> states that Lombard is spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy, the Novara province in Piedmont and in Switzerland (Canton Ticino and parts of Graubünden/Grigioni). </p> <p> <a href="/_detail/languages:mm_2017:lombardian_dialects.gif?id=languages%3Alombard_in_italy" class="media" title="languages:mm_2017:lombardian_dialects.gif"><img src="/_media/languages:mm_2017:lombardian_dialects.gif?w=400&tok=3673f0" class="media" loading="lazy" alt="" width="400" /></a> </p> <p> The preceding <a href="http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Lombard/Lombard.html" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Lombard/Lombard.html" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">map</a> shows the two main Lombard dialect clusters, Eastern and Western Lombard. </p> <p> <strong>Western Lombard</strong> includes: Milanese, Lodigian, Comask, Ticinese, Varesotto, Novarese, Pavese, Vogherese, Lomellinese, Bosin (Ligurian-Lombard), Cremonese, Valtellinese and other minor varieties. </p> <p> <strong>Eastern Lombard</strong> includes: Bergamask, Brescian, Cremask, Mantuan, Tirolian (Tyrolean) Lombard and other minor varieties. </p> </div> <h3 class="sectionedit9" id="speaker_numbers">Speaker numbers</h3> <div class="level3"> <p> The <a href="http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">Unesco Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> states a number of <strong>3,500,000 speakers</strong> based on various sources. </p> <p> In Italy most of Lombard speakers are from the older generations. Younger generations use Italian due to media influences and school<sup><a href="#fn__3" id="fnt__3" class="fn_top">3)</a></sup>. </p> <hr /> </div> <h1 class="sectionedit10" id="education_of_the_language">Education of the language</h1> <div class="level1"> </div> <h2 class="sectionedit11" id="history_of_language_education">History of language education:</h2> <div class="level2"> <p> There is no evidence of the usage of Lombard in formal education in neither Switzerland nor Italy. </p> </div> <h2 class="sectionedit12" id="legislation_of_language_education">Legislation of language education</h2> <div class="level2"> </div> <h4 id="european">European</h4> <div class="level4"> <p> Even though Italy signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages <a href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-charter-regional-or-minority-languages/homel" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-charter-regional-or-minority-languages/homel" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">(ECRML)</a> in 2000, it has not ratified it. </p> </div> <h4 id="national">National</h4> <div class="level4"> <p> Italy defines minority langauges legally by a national law, <a href="https://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">N. 482/99</a>, which protects twelve languages: Catalan, Occitan, Albanian, German, Greek, Slovene, Croatian, French, Francoprovençal, Friulian, Ladin and Sardinian <sup><a href="#fn__4" id="fnt__4" class="fn_top">4)</a></sup>. The Italian government considers Lombard a dialect of Standard Italian despite evidence of very limited mutual intelligibilty<sup><a href="#fn__5" id="fnt__5" class="fn_top">5)</a></sup>. </p> </div> <h4 id="regional">Regional</h4> <div class="level4"> <p> In October 2016, Lombard received regional recognition within the region of Lombardia with Legge Regionale, oct 2016, n5., the <a href="http://normelombardia.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it/NormeLombardia/Accessibile/main.aspx?exp_coll=lr002016100700025&view=showdoc&iddoc=lr002016100700025&selnode=lr002016100700025" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="http://normelombardia.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it/NormeLombardia/Accessibile/main.aspx?exp_coll=lr002016100700025&view=showdoc&iddoc=lr002016100700025&selnode=lr002016100700025" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">Politiche regionali in materia culturale - Riordino normativo</a>. There, broad measurements are taken for the promotion and safeguarding of the Lombard language, such as: </p> <p> Article 1 </p> <ul> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> a) dissemination of knowledge and expansion of the use of the tangible and intangible cultural heritage present in the Lombardy region;</div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> d) promotion of respect for intellectual property rights related to the use of goods, cultural activities and entertainment;</div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> e) dissemination and safeguarding of cultures, traditions and popular music, typical food culture and linguistic heritage and enhancement of the multiform expressions of identities, languages and cultural productions in Lombardy;</div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> i) integration with policies and interventions related to the protection and enhancement of the environment and landscape, the promotion of the territory, tourism, crafts, research, education and training, welfare</div> </li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="sectionedit13" id="support_structure_for_education_on_the_language">Support structure for education on the language</h2> <div class="level2"> <p> According to a case study on Western Lombard, language planning - including the use of Western Lombard in education - is carried out by a number of uncoordinated initiatives by private bodies and institutions, which are centred around the Milanese variety<sup><a href="#fn__6" id="fnt__6" class="fn_top">6)</a></sup>. The most prominent one is the <a href="http://www.filologico.it/" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="http://www.filologico.it/" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">Circolo Filologico Milanese</a>, which offers courses of 25 lessons on the grammar, luterature, translations, converstaions, proverbs and visits to artistic cultural places <sup><a href="#fn__7" id="fnt__7" class="fn_top">7)</a></sup>. . </p> </div> <h2 class="sectionedit14" id="education_in_practice">Education in practice</h2> <div class="level2"> <p> Bilingual education in Lombard and Italian has only been present in full-time education in a few experimental trials, with the focus on the Milanese variety. In higher education, Lombard is virtually absent<sup><a href="#fn__8" id="fnt__8" class="fn_top">8)</a></sup>. </p> </div> <h2 class="sectionedit15" id="learning_resources_and_educational_institutions">Learning resources and educational institutions</h2> <div class="level2"> <ul> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="http://www.lengualombarda.org/434755821" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="http://www.lengualombarda.org/434755821" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">FAR LOMBARD associazion per la lengua lombarda</a>, an organisation for the Lombard Language with 15 lessons (with video) on the language, and an online accessable collection of Lombard books, music and videos. </div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="https://www.mylanguageexchange.com/Learn/Lombard.asp" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://www.mylanguageexchange.com/Learn/Lombard.asp" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">Learn to Speak Lombard</a> makes an effort to bring together students of Lombard with native Lombard speakers. This exchange is not only limited to the linguistic aspects of Lombard but furthermore recognizes its distinct culture.</div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="http://inlombard.eu5.net/scriver_lmo.html" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="http://inlombard.eu5.net/scriver_lmo.html" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">Concise description of Lombard spelling</a></div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="http://dizionarilombard.eu5.net/" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="http://dizionarilombard.eu5.net/" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">Online dictionary</a> Italian-Lombard</div> </li> <li class="level1"><div class="li"> <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/bstqnzbnvji4oep/La%20Lengua%20Lombarda%20-%20Lezion%201.pdf?dl=0" class="urlextern" target="_blank" title="https://www.dropbox.com/s/bstqnzbnvji4oep/La%20Lengua%20Lombarda%20-%20Lezion%201.pdf?dl=0" rel="ugc nofollow noopener">short lesson</a> on common phrases</div> </li> </ul> <hr /> </div> <div class="footnotes"> <div class="fn"><sup><a href="#fnt__1" id="fn__1" class="fn_bot">1)</a></sup> , <sup><a href="#fnt__2" id="fn__2" class="fn_bot">2)</a></sup> , <sup><a href="#fnt__5" id="fn__5" class="fn_bot">5)</a></sup> <div class="content">Tamburelli, M. (2014). Uncovering the ‘hidden’ multilingualism of Europe: an Italian case study. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(3), 252-270</div></div> <div class="fn"><sup><a href="#fnt__3" id="fn__3" class="fn_bot">3)</a></sup> <div class="content">Stephen A. Wurm: Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing. Paris 2001, UNESCO Publishing, p. 29.</div></div> <div class="fn"><sup><a href="#fnt__4" id="fn__4" class="fn_bot">4)</a></sup> <div class="content">Coluzzi, Paolo. “Endangered minority and regional languages (‘dialects’) in Italy.” Modern Italy 14.1 (2009): 39-54.</div></div> <div class="fn"><sup><a href="#fnt__6" id="fn__6" class="fn_bot">6)</a></sup> , <sup><a href="#fnt__8" id="fn__8" class="fn_bot">8)</a></sup> <div class="content">Coluzzi, Paolo. “Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy: The cases of Lombardy and Friuli.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 27.6 (2006): 457-471.</div></div> <div class="fn"><sup><a href="#fnt__7" id="fn__7" class="fn_bot">7)</a></sup> <div class="content">Circolo Filologico Milanese. <em>Milanese</em>. (n.d.) 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