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<script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-analog_largeleader'); }); </script> </div></div><div class="site-inner"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content" id="genesis-content"><article class="post-3475 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-analog-ics category-data-converters category-faq category-featured category-products tag-basics tag-faq entry" aria-label="Practical points for Analog-to-Digital converters"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">Practical points for Analog-to-Digital converters</h1> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">October 17, 2017</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/author/michael-parks/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Michael Parks</span></a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_top"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_16 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.analogictips.com/practical-points-analog-digital-converters/" data-a2a-title="Practical points for Analog-to-Digital converters"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analogictips.com%2Fpractical-points-analog-digital-converters%2F&linkname=Practical%20points%20for%20Analog-to-Digital%20converters" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_x" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/x?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analogictips.com%2Fpractical-points-analog-digital-converters%2F&linkname=Practical%20points%20for%20Analog-to-Digital%20converters" title="X" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_linkedin" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/linkedin?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analogictips.com%2Fpractical-points-analog-digital-converters%2F&linkname=Practical%20points%20for%20Analog-to-Digital%20converters" title="LinkedIn" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div><p>Confusion often arises around the topic of criteria for picking analog-to-digital converters (ADC). Much discussion is usually given to the <em>sampling rate</em> (also referred to as the <em>conversion rate</em>) which dictates how frequently the source signal must be sampled per second to faithfully reproduce that signal. Twentieth-century electronic communications engineer Harry Nyquist answered that question with the <em>Nyquist rate</em>. The Nyquist rate dictates that any given signal must be sampled at a minimum of twice its maximum component frequency. If not, any component signals above the sampling rate could possibly suffer from <em>aliasing</em>. In other words, higher frequency components could be misinterpreted as a lower frequency signal. Running a signal through a low pass filter tuned to at least one-half of the ADC sampling rate will help to eliminate aliasing concerns.</p> <p>For simple sine waves, this notion is straightforward to visualize. For complex waveforms made up of multiple sine waves, a spectrum analyzer or an oscilloscope with Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) functionality would be needed to discern the various frequency components. We measure the sampling rate in samples per second (sps), or ksps (thousands of samples per second) of Msps (millions of samples per second).</p> <figure id="attachment_3476" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-3476" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="http://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/ADC_SamplingRate_SamplingDepth.png"><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-3476 size-medium" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/ADC_SamplingRate_SamplingDepth-300x146.png" alt="analog-to-digital converters" width="300" height="146" srcset="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/ADC_SamplingRate_SamplingDepth-300x146.png 300w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/ADC_SamplingRate_SamplingDepth-150x73.png 150w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/ADC_SamplingRate_SamplingDepth.png 480w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-3476" class="wp-caption-text">Fig 1a (Top) 5Vpp would have a resolution of ~4.9mV per step. Fig 1b (Bottom) Viewing a 1MHz source signal in the frequency domain can help to visualize the discrete frequency components of complex signals.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many discussions on ADCs end at this point, but another major factor for analog conversion is the <em>sampling depth</em>. The sampling depth impacts the precision of measuring the voltage level during any given sample or the resolution at which we can look at the amplitude of the source signal. The amount we can <em>quantize</em> an analog signal is given by equation 2<sup>n</sup>, meaning a signal can be broken into 2<sup>n</sup> discrete levels. For a 10-bit ADC, there are 2<sup>10</sup> or 1024 discrete values that we can discern from a given source signal, and we can calculate the resolution from the equation:</p> <p>Q = [ V<sub>PeakHigh </sub>– V<sub>PeakLow </sub>] / 2<sup>n</sup></p> <p>Using the same 10-bit example from before, if we are sampling a 0V to 5V signal than the smallest change in signal we can detect is [5V – 0V] / 1024, which is approximately 2.5mV. Of course, this is academic and in the real-world, resolution is limited by noise and other sources of distortion, which causes SINAD or Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio. Practically speaking, there is an effective limit on the resolution. If the datasheet of the ADC gives the SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) of the device, then it is possible to calculate the Effective Number of Bits (ENOB) using the formula:</p> <p>ENOB = [SNR(dB) – 1.76dB ] / 6.02dB</p> <p>One final aspect of ADCs that should be considered is called <em>step recovery</em>. Put simply; step recovery dictates how fast the output of an ADC can respond to a change in the input. This has more to do with the topology of the ADC design and can vary greatly from one type of ADC to the next.</p> <p>Practically speaking, the variety of families of ADCs each have their strengths and weaknesses that must be considered from an application specific perspective. Designers must also consider interface technologies (e.g., I<sup>2</sup>C, SPI, etc.) and power versus speed. Some general rules of thumb are:</p> <p><strong>Successive Approximation Register</strong>: For medium to high-speed applications (100s ksps to a few MSPs) and shallow sampling depths (less than 16-bits);</p> <p><strong>Delta-Sigma</strong>: For medium speed high applications (measured in 100s ksps to low Msps) and deeper sampling depths (16-bits or greater);</p> <p><strong>Slope Integrating</strong> (single, dual, quad-slope): Good for low-speed applications (10s to 100s samples per second); and</p> <p><strong>Flash or Direct Conversion</strong>: For very high-speed applications that are measured in 100s of Msps.</p> <div class="bawmrp"> <h3>You may also like:</h3> <ul> <li style="float:left;width:120px;height:auto;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;border-right: 1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding:0px 5px;" class="bawmrp_manual"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/how-to-specify-and-use-analog-switches/"><img decoding="async" width="100" height="100" 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