CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Gregory of Tours - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"70fda6cc-6bf3-4556-83f0-e19e8e308651","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gregory_of_Tours","wgTitle":"Gregory of Tours","wgCurRevisionId":1258411874,"wgRevisionId":1258411874,"wgArticleId":50851,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020","Articles containing French-language text","Articles needing additional references from August 2019","All articles needing additional references","All articles with incomplete citations", "Articles with incomplete citations from July 2024","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles containing Turkish-language text","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9","CS1 Latin-language sources (la)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with LibriVox links","538 births","594 deaths","6th-century apocalypticists","6th-century Frankish bishops","6th-century Frankish saints","6th-century Frankish writers","6th-century historians","6th-century writers in Latin","Bishops of Tours","Christian anti-Gnosticism","Frankish historians","Hagiographers","Clergy from Clermont-Ferrand","Sources on Germanic paganism","6th-century Gallo-Roman people","Writers from Clermont-Ferrand"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Gregory_of_Tours","wgRelevantArticleId":50851,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q67841", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg/1200px-Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2667"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg/800px-Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1778"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg/640px-Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1422"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Gregory of Tours - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gregory_of_Tours rootpage-Gregory_of_Tours skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gregory+of+Tours" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gregory+of+Tours" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gregory+of+Tours" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gregory+of+Tours" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_the_Franks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_Franks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>History of the Franks</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_Franks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Book 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_2_(397–511)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_2_(397–511)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Book 2 (397–511)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_2_(397–511)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_3_(511–548)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_3_(511–548)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Book 3 (511–548)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_3_(511–548)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_4_(548–575)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_4_(548–575)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Book 4 (548–575)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_4_(548–575)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_5_(575–581)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_5_(575–581)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Book 5 (575–581)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_5_(575–581)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_6_(581–584)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_6_(581–584)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Book 6 (581–584)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_6_(581–584)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_7_(584)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_7_(584)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>Book 7 (584)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_7_(584)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_8_(585)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_8_(585)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.9</span> <span>Book 8 (585)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_8_(585)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_9_(586–587)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_9_(586–587)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.10</span> <span>Book 9 (586–587)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_9_(586–587)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_10_(587–591)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_10_(587–591)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.11</span> <span>Book 10 (587–591)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_10_(587–591)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.12</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_of_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_of_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.13</span> <span>Problems of interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_of_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hagiographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hagiographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hagiographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hagiographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fighting_heresy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting_heresy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fighting heresy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fighting_heresy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gregory's_Creed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gregory's_Creed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Gregory's Creed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gregory's_Creed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Views on wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilingual_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilingual_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Bilingual editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilingual_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gregory of Tours</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_van_Tours" title="Gregorius van Tours – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gregorius van Tours" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_von_Tours" title="Gregor von Tours – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gregor von Tours" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Грыгорый Турскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грыгорый Турскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Григорий Турски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Григорий Турски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Teurgn" title="Gregor Teurgn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gregor Teurgn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregori_de_Tours" title="Gregori de Tours – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gregori de Tours" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98eho%C5%99_z_Tours" title="Řehoř z Tours – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řehoř z Tours" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_af_Tours" title="Gregor af Tours – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gregor af Tours" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_von_Tours" title="Gregor von Tours – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gregor von Tours" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toursi_Gregorius" title="Toursi Gregorius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toursi Gregorius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Γρηγόριος Τουρώνης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γρηγόριος Τουρώνης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_de_Tours" title="Gregorio de Tours – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gregorio de Tours" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_de_Tours" title="Gregorio de Tours – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gregorio de Tours" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Tourskoa" title="Gregorio Tourskoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gregorio Tourskoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="گریگوری تور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گریگوری تور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Tours" title="Grégoire de Tours – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grégoire de Tours" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregoarius_fan_Toers" title="Gregoarius fan Toers – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gregoarius fan Toers" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_de_Tours" title="Gregorio de Tours – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gregorio de Tours" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%88%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%84%A8%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="그레고리우스 투로넨시스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그레고리우스 투로넨시스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Գրիգոր Տուրցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրիգոր Տուրցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grgur_iz_Toursa" title="Grgur iz Toursa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grgur iz Toursa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_dari_Tours" title="Gregorius dari Tours – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gregorius dari Tours" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_di_Tours" title="Gregorio di Tours – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gregorio di Tours" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="גרגוריוס מטור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרגוריוס מטור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="გრიგოლ ტურელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრიგოლ ტურელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregori_wa_Tours" title="Gregori wa Tours – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gregori wa Tours" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_Turonensis" title="Gregorius Turonensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gregorius Turonensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours-i_Szent_Gergely" title="Tours-i Szent Gergely – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tours-i Szent Gergely" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Григориј Турски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Григориј Турски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="جريجورى اوف تورز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جريجورى اوف تورز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_van_Tours" title="Gregorius van Tours – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gregorius van Tours" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="トゥールのグレゴリウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トゥールのグレゴリウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_av_Tours" title="Gregorius av Tours – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gregorius av Tours" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_z_Tours" title="Grzegorz z Tours – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grzegorz z Tours" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%C3%B3rio_de_Tours" title="Gregório de Tours – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gregório de Tours" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_de_Tours" title="Gregor de Tours – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gregor de Tours" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Григорий Турский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Григорий Турский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Toursky" title="Gregor Toursky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gregor Toursky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_iz_Toursa" title="Gregor iz Toursa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gregor iz Toursa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Гргур Турски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гргур Турски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_od_Toursa" title="Gregor od Toursa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gregor od Toursa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_Toursilainen" title="Gregorius Toursilainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gregorius Toursilainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_av_Tours" title="Gregorius av Tours – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gregorius av Tours" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_(Tours_piskoposu)" title="Gregorius (Tours piskoposu) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gregorius (Tours piskoposu)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Григорій Турський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Григорій Турський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%88%BE%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%8D%E6%88%91%E7%95%A5" title="都爾的額我略 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="都爾的額我略" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q67841#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gregory_of_Tours" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gregory_of_Tours" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gregory_of_Tours" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&oldid=1258411874" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Gregory_of_Tours&id=1258411874&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGregory_of_Tours"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGregory_of_Tours"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gregory_of_Tours&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gregory_of_Tours" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Gregory_of_Tours" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q67841" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">6th-century historian and Bishop of Tours</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Historia Francorum" redirects here. For the history of the First Crusade, see <a href="/wiki/Historia_Francorum_qui_ceperunt_Iherusalem" title="Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem">Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem</a>. For the anonymous 8th-century chronicle, see <a href="/wiki/Liber_Historiae_Francorum" title="Liber Historiae Francorum">Liber Historiae Francorum</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Gregory of Tours</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg/220px-Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="489" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg/330px-Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg/440px-Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="3511" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">St. Gregory of Tours, 19th century statue by Jean Marcellin, in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Bishop of Tours</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">30 November <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 538</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a><sup id="cite_ref-patron_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patron-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">593-11-17</span>)</span>17 November 593 or 594<sup id="cite_ref-cathen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">Kingdom of Orleans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17 November</td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Gregory of Tours</b> (born <b><span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la">Georgius Florentius</span></span></b>; 30 November <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 538</span> – 17 November 594 AD) was a <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a> historian and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Tours">Bishop of Tours</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian period</a><sup id="cite_ref-cathen_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is known as the "father of French history".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelate</a> in the Merovingian kingdom, encompassing <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>'s historic region. </p><p>Gregory's most notable work is the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Decem Libri Historiarum</i></span> ('Ten Books of Histories'), also known as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia Francorum</i></span> ('History of the Franks'). <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Decem Libri Historiarum</i></span> is considered a <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary source</a> for the study of <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian</a> history and chronicles the accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> during the period. Gregory is also known for documenting accounts of religious figures, notably that of <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Martin of Tours</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gregory was born in <a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a> region of central Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-butler_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was born into the upper stratum of Gallo-Roman society as the son of Florentius, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate#Senate_in_the_West" title="Roman Senate">Senator</a> of Clermont, by his wife Armentaria II, niece of <a href="/wiki/Nicetius_of_Lyon" title="Nicetius of Lyon">Bishop Nicetius of Lyon</a> and granddaughter of both Florentinus, Senator of Geneva, and Saint <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Langres" title="Gregory of Langres">Gregory of Langres</a>. Relatives of Gregory held the Bishoprics of Tours, Lyon, and Langres at the time of his birth and he claimed that he was related to 13 of the 18 bishops of Tours who preceded him. Gregory's paternal grandmother, Leocadia III, descended from Vettius Epagathus, the illustrious martyr of Lyon. </p><p>His father died while Gregory was young and his widowed mother moved to <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>, where she had property. Gregory went to live with his paternal uncle <a href="/wiki/Gal_I_(Bishop_of_Clermont)" title="Gal I (Bishop of Clermont)">St. Gallus, bishop of Clermont</a>, under whom, and his successor St. Avitus, Gregory had his education. Gregory also received the clerical <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a> from Gallus. Having contracted a serious illness, Gregory made a visit of devotion to the tomb of St. Martin at Tours. Upon his recovery, he began to pursue a clerical career and was ordained deacon by Avitus. Upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Eufronius" title="Eufronius">St. Euphronius</a>, he was chosen as bishop by the clergy and people, who had been charmed with his piety, learning, and humility. Their deputies overtook him at the court of <a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">King Sigebert of Austrasia</a>, and being compelled to acquiesce, though much against his will, Gregory was consecrated by Giles, bishop of Rheims, on 22 August 573, at the age of 34.<sup id="cite_ref-butler_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He spent most of his career at Tours, although he assisted at the council of Paris in 577.<sup id="cite_ref-butler_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world in which he lived in was on the cusp between the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> and the sweeping changes of <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early-medieval</a> Europe. Gregory lived also on the border between the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> culture of the <a href="/wiki/Merovingians" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingians">Merovingians</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a> culture of the south of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Division_of_Gaul_-_511.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Division_of_Gaul_-_511.jpg/220px-Division_of_Gaul_-_511.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Division_of_Gaul_-_511.jpg/330px-Division_of_Gaul_-_511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Division_of_Gaul_-_511.jpg/440px-Division_of_Gaul_-_511.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>Realms of <a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> Gaul at the death of <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a> (511 AD).</figcaption></figure> <p>At Tours, Gregory was well placed to hear and meet people of influence in Merovingian culture. Tours was situated on the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman roads</a> radiated from it, and it was on the main route between the Frankish north and <a href="/wiki/Aquitania" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitania">Aquitania</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Early medieval Spain">Spain</a> beyond. At Tours, the Frankish influences of the north and the Gallo-Roman influences of the south had their chief contact <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(see map)</span>. As the center for the popular cult of St Martin, Tours was a pilgrimage site, hospital, and a political sanctuary to which important leaders fled during periods of violence and turmoil in Merovingian politics. </p><p>Gregory struggled through personal relations with four Frankish kings, <a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Childebert_II" title="Childebert II">Childebert II</a>, and he personally knew most of the leading Franks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Tours,_Histoire_des_Francs,_livres_1_%C3%A0_6,_page_de_frontispice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Tours%2C_Histoire_des_Francs%2C_livres_1_%C3%A0_6%2C_page_de_frontispice.jpg/180px-Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Tours%2C_Histoire_des_Francs%2C_livres_1_%C3%A0_6%2C_page_de_frontispice.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Tours%2C_Histoire_des_Francs%2C_livres_1_%C3%A0_6%2C_page_de_frontispice.jpg/270px-Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Tours%2C_Histoire_des_Francs%2C_livres_1_%C3%A0_6%2C_page_de_frontispice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Tours%2C_Histoire_des_Francs%2C_livres_1_%C3%A0_6%2C_page_de_frontispice.jpg/360px-Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Tours%2C_Histoire_des_Francs%2C_livres_1_%C3%A0_6%2C_page_de_frontispice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">Frontispiece</a> of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia Francorum</i></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gregory wrote in <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a>, which frequently departed from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a> usage in both syntax and spelling, although with relatively few changes in inflection.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_Franks"><i>History of the Franks</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of the Franks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summary">Summary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gregory of Tours' history is densely written, with numerous narratives and characters. It contains Christian tales of miracles, descriptions of omens and natural events, stories of Christian martyrs, dialogues of church debates, discussions of the lives of holy men, nobility, and eccentric peasants, frequent Bible verses and references, and explorations of the complex international relations between numerous tribes and nations including the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, also Gregory's biography and interpretation of events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_1">Book 1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Book 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Book One begins with a pronouncement by the author that he is a Frankish <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> clergyman who follows the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> and abhors heresy like those of the "wicked" <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> sect among other heresies. The narrative history begins with a brief epitome of the biblical <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, and the subsequent spread of the Christian religion into Gaul. Next, Gregory covers the history of Christianity in Gaul and some of the major events in Roman-Gallo relations. It ends with the death of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_of_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Martin of Tours">Saint Martin of Tours</a> in 397. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_2_(397–511)"><span id="Book_2_.28397.E2.80.93511.29"></span>Book 2 (397–511)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Book 2 (397–511)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Book Two covers the beginnings of the Merovingian dynasty, including King <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>'s conversion to Christianity by his wife <a href="/wiki/Clotilde" title="Clotilde">Clotilde</a>, and ending with his death in 511, after his conquest of large tracts of land in modern-day France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_3_(511–548)"><span id="Book_3_.28511.E2.80.93548.29"></span>Book 3 (511–548)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Book 3 (511–548)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Book Three follows the four sons of Clovis who equally divide his realms after his death in 511. These four kings, <a href="/wiki/Theuderic_I" title="Theuderic I">Theuderic I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlothar_I" title="Chlothar I">Chlothar I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chlodomer" title="Chlodomer">Chlodomer</a>, quarrel and fight for supremacy over the Frankish realm. Despite their disputes, they occasionally work together against an outside threat, such as their attack of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Burgundians" title="Kingdom of the Burgundians">Burgundians</a> in 523. Eventually, Chlothar becomes the most powerful king in the Frankish realm. After the death of Theuderic I in 534, Book Three ends with the death of his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Theudebert_I" title="Theudebert I">Theudebert I</a> in 548. Theudebert's kingdom is inherited by <a href="/wiki/Theudebald" title="Theudebald">Theudebald</a> until his own death in 555. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_4_(548–575)"><span id="Book_4_.28548.E2.80.93575.29"></span>Book 4 (548–575)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Book 4 (548–575)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Book Four continues from when the two remaining sons of Clovis die: Childebert in 558 and Clothar in 561. The last years of Clothar's life see the entire realm of the Franks ruled by him. At the time of his demise in 561 (as under Clovis before him), the kingdom is divided equally between four sons of Clothar: <a href="/wiki/Charibert_I" title="Charibert I">Charibert I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a>; they quarrel for control of the entire realm. A truce between them is maintained until after the death of Charibert I in 567. Clothar's remaining sons fight for the supremacy, with Sigibert showing the strongest military force. Book Four ends with the killing of Sigbert in 575, leaving Chilperic as the dominant king. Gregory of Tours blames <a href="/wiki/Fredegund" title="Fredegund">Fredegund</a>, the wife of Chilperic, for the assassination. Fredegund, he says, had long held a grudge against Sigibert and his wife <a href="/wiki/Brunhilda_of_Austrasia" title="Brunhilda of Austrasia">Brunhilda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_5_(575–581)"><span id="Book_5_.28575.E2.80.93581.29"></span>Book 5 (575–581)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Book 5 (575–581)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Book Five begins the part where the author has much personal knowledge about the events in the Frankish kingdom. This book and the ones after are considerably longer and more detailed than the previous, while covering a shorter amount of time. This book also contains Gregory's impressions of ecclesiastical issues he witnessed and had some bearing on. It describes a possible debate that Gregory had with a rival Arian church leader. Moreover, Book 5 also introduces <a href="/wiki/Childebert_II" title="Childebert II">Childebert II</a>, the son of recently slain Sigibert and of the still-living Brunhilda. Childebert is taken along with Brunhilda under the protection of Gunthram, brother and sometime rival of Chilperic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_6_(581–584)"><span id="Book_6_.28581.E2.80.93584.29"></span>Book 6 (581–584)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Book 6 (581–584)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Book Six, the young Childebert betrays his alliance with his adoptive uncle Gunthram, who had protected Childebert and his mother after his father Sigibert's death. Now Childebert forms an alliance with his uncle, Chilperic, who had often been an enemy of Sigibert. In 584, Chilperic is murdered under mysterious circumstances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_7_(584)"><span id="Book_7_.28584.29"></span>Book 7 (584)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Book 7 (584)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Book Seven, Fredegund assumes regency for her young son <a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Clothar II</a>. In the future, he will be king of all Franks until his death in 629 – beyond Gregory's narrative, which ends in roughly 593. Fredegund and her son are under the protection of Gunthram. She remains in power until her death in 597. Also in this book is the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Gundoald" title="Gundoald">Gundovald</a> and its failure. Gundovald claimed to be a lost illegitimate son of dead Chlothar I. Many of the Frankish nobles and the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> gave some support to this rebellion; however, it is swiftly crushed by Guntram. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_8_(585)"><span id="Book_8_.28585.29"></span>Book 8 (585)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Book 8 (585)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Many evil things were done at this time", as Gregory writes in Book Eight. It begins with the travels of Guntram to Paris and Orleans and describes numerous confrontations between the king and some bishops. Meanwhile, Guntram becomes ill and fears for his life. Gregory comments that the king's illness is a just punishment since he is planning to send a great number of bishops into exile. Fredegund gives two poisoned daggers to two clerics and sends them away with the order to assassinate Childebert and Brunehild. However, the two clerics are arrested by Childebert, tortured, and executed. Meanwhile, Fredegund is also behind the assassination of bishop Praetextus of Rouen while he is praying in his church. Guntram orders his army to march against Arian-controlled <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a> and Spain without success and blames his army commanders for having allowed atrocities and random destruction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_9_(586–587)"><span id="Book_9_.28586.E2.80.93587.29"></span>Book 9 (586–587)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Book 9 (586–587)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Book Nine, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Andelot" title="Treaty of Andelot">Treaty of Andelot</a> is signed in 587 between Guntram, Brunhilda, and Childebert II. It is a close pact of alliance, wherein Childebert is formally adopted as Guntram's heir. Brunhilda also formally allies with Guntram and comes under his protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_10_(587–591)"><span id="Book_10_.28587.E2.80.93591.29"></span>Book 10 (587–591)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Book 10 (587–591)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last book is set around 589. Basina, the daughter of Chilperic I and Clotilda (daughter of Charibert) leads a brief revolt from a nunnery. </p><p>The 18 bishops of Tours are named and described. The book ends with a summary of Gregory's previous written works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analysis">Analysis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">List of Frankish kings</a></div> <p>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia Francorum</i></span> is made up of ten books. Books I to IV initially recount the world's history from the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a> (as was traditional for such works);<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but move quickly on to the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of Gaul">Christianization of Gaul</a>, the life and times of <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Saint Martin of Tours</a>, the conversion of the Franks and the conquest of Gaul under <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the more detailed history of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">Frankish kings</a> down to the death of <a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a> in 575. At this date, Gregory had been bishop of Tours for two years. </p><p>With his fifth book, Gregory embarks (with some relief) on contemporary history, opening: "Here, I am glad to say, begins Book V".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, the second part of his history, Books V and VI, closes with <a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a>'s death in 584. During the years that Chilperic held Tours, relations between him and Gregory were tense. After hearing rumours that the bishop of Tours had slandered his wife, <a href="/wiki/Fredegund" title="Fredegund">Fredegund</a>, Chilperic had Gregory arrested and tried for treason – a charge which threatened both Gregory's bishopric and his life.<sup id="cite_ref-cathen_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most eloquent passage in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia</i></span> is the closing chapter of Book VI, in which Chilperic's character is summed up unsympathetically through the use of an invective: <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> are among the comparisons employed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third part, comprising Books VII to X, takes his increasingly personal account to the year 591, and concludes with a plea for further chroniclers to preserve his work in entirety (as indeed would be done).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007210_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007210-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Epilogue" title="Epilogue">epilogue</a> was written in 594, the year of Gregory's death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Problems_of_interpretation">Problems of interpretation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Problems of interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Readers of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia Francorum</i></span> may find that one royal Frankish house is more generously treated than others. Gregory was also a Catholic bishop, and his writing reveals views typical of someone in his position. His views on perceived dangers of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, still strong among the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007204_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007204-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led him to preface the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia</i></span> with a detailed expression of his orthodoxy on the nature of Christ. In addition, his ridiculing of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a> reflected how his works were used to spread the <a href="/wiki/Christian_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian faith">Christian faith</a>. For example, in book 2, chapters 28–31, he described the pagans as incestuous and weak and then described the process by which newly converted King Clovis led a much better life than that of a pagan and was healed of all the conundrums he experienced as a pagan. </p><p>Gregory's education was the standard <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> one of <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, focusing on <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber de Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae</i></span>, but also other key texts such as <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a>'s <i>Chronicles</i>, which his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia</i></span> continues, and <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a>; he referred to all these works in his own. His education, as was typical for the time, did not extend to a broad acquaintance with the pagan classics,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007200_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007200-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rather progressed to mastery of the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulgate Bible">Vulgate Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that he constantly complained about his use of grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not understand how to correctly write masculine and feminine phrases, reflecting either a lack of ability or changes in the Latin language. Though he had read <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, considered the greatest Latin stylist, he cautioned: "We ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death." By contrast, he seems to have thoroughly studied the lengthy and complex Vulgate Bible, as well as numerous religious works and historical treatises, which he frequently quoted, particularly in the earlier books of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia</i></span>. </p><p>The main impression that historians once retained from the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia</i></span> focused on Gregory's anecdotes about violence;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007203–204_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007203–204-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until recently, historians tended to conclude that Merovingian Gaul was a chaotic, brutal place. Recent scholarship have concluded that Gregory's underlying purpose was to highlight the vanity of secular life and contrast it with the miracles of the saints.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Gregory conveys political and other messages through the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia</i></span>, and these are studied very closely, historians now generally agree that this contrast itself is the central and ever-present narrative device.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilp%C3%A9ric_Ier_et_%C3%A9v%C3%AAques.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chilp%C3%A9ric_Ier_et_%C3%A9v%C3%AAques.jpg/260px-Chilp%C3%A9ric_Ier_et_%C3%A9v%C3%AAques.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chilp%C3%A9ric_Ier_et_%C3%A9v%C3%AAques.jpg/390px-Chilp%C3%A9ric_Ier_et_%C3%A9v%C3%AAques.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chilp%C3%A9ric_Ier_et_%C3%A9v%C3%AAques.jpg/520px-Chilp%C3%A9ric_Ier_et_%C3%A9v%C3%AAques.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>St Gregory and King <a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a>, from the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Grandes_Chroniques_de_France" title="Grandes Chroniques de France">Grandes Chroniques de France de Charles V</a></i></span>, 14th-century illumination</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hagiographies">Hagiographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hagiographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Special:EditPage/Gregory of Tours">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>His <i>Life of the Fathers</i> comprises twenty <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographies</a> of the most prominent religious men of the preceding generation, taking in a wide range the spiritual community of early medieval Gaul, including lives of bishops, clerics, monks, abbots, holy men, and hermits. He praised <a href="/wiki/Illidius" title="Illidius">St. Illidius</a> for purity of heart, <a href="/wiki/Bracchio" title="Bracchio">St. Brachio</a> the abbot for discipline and determination in study of the scriptures, <a href="/wiki/Patroclus_of_Bourges" title="Patroclus of Bourges">St Patroclus</a> for unwavering faith in the face of weakness, and <a href="/wiki/Nicetius_of_Lyon" title="Nicetius of Lyon">St. Nicetius</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lyon" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon">bishop of Lyon</a> for justice. It is the life of <a href="/wiki/Nicetius_of_Trier" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicetius of Trier">St. Nicetius of Trier</a>, though, which dominates this book; his great authority and sense of episcopal responsibility which is the focus of Gregory's account as his figure, predestined to be great, bestrode the lives of the others. It is told that he felt a weight on his head, but was unable to see what it was when turning around, though upon smelling its sweet scent he realised that it was the weight of episcopal responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He surmounted the others in the glory of his miracles and was chosen by God to have the entire succession of past and future Frankish kings revealed to him. </p><p>A further aspect of this work is the appearance of Gregory himself in certain sections, notably in the life of St. Leobardus. This is for two reasons: Firstly, it created a distinct link between the temporal and the spiritual worlds, firmly placing the accounts of the lives in a world which was understandable and recognisable; or, seen from the other angle, confirming the presence of miracles in the temporal world. </p><p>In 587, Gregory began writing the <i>Book of the Glories of the Martyrs</i> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber in gloria martyrum</i></span>), which deals "almost exclusively with the miracles wrought in Gaul by the martyrs of the Roman persecutions".<sup id="cite_ref-cathen_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it also tells the story of one Theodore who made a pilgrimage to India and reported the existence of a large monastery where the body of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> was first interred and where miracles took place.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fighting_heresy">Fighting heresy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fighting heresy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Special:EditPage/Gregory of Tours">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Gregory's avowed aim in writing this book was to "fire others with that enthusiasm by which the saints deservedly climbed to heaven", though this was not his sole purpose, and he most surely did not expect his entire audience to show promise of such piety as to witness the power of God flowing through them in the way that it did for the fathers. More immediate concerns were at the forefront of his mind as he sought to create a further layer of religious commitment, not only to the Church at Rome, but also to local churches and cathedrals throughout Gaul. Along with his other books (notably the <i>Glory of the Confessors</i>, the <i>Glory of the Martyrs</i>, and the <i>Life of St. Martin</i>), meticulous attention is paid to the local as opposed to universal Christian experience. Within these grandiloquent lives are tales and anecdotes which tie miracles, saints, and their relics to a great diversity of local areas, furnishing his audience with greater knowledge of their local shrine, and providing them with evidence of the work of God in their immediate vicinity, thus greatly expanding their connection with and understanding of their faith. Attacks on heresy also appear throughout his hagiographies; Arianism he took to be the common face of heresy across Europe, exposed to great ridicule. Often, the scenes which expose the weaknesses of heresy<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> focused on images of fire and burning, whilst the Catholics were proved right by the protection lavished on them by God, in Gregory's view. </p><p>This was of great relevance to Gregory himself as he presided over the important <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a> of Tours, where extensive use was made of the cult of St. Martin in establishing the authority of the bishopric with the congregation and in the context of the Frankish church. Gregory's hagiography was an essential component of this. However, this should not be seen as a selfish grab for power on behalf of the bishops who emerge so triumphantly from the <i>Life of the Fathers</i>, but rather as a bid for hegemony of doctrine and control over the practice of worship, which they believed to be in the best interests of their congregation and the wider church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gregory's_Creed"><span id="Gregory.27s_Creed"></span>Gregory's Creed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gregory's Creed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an example of Gregory's zeal in his fight against heresy, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia Francorum</i></span> includes a declaration of faith with which Gregory aimed to prove his orthodoxy with respect to the heresies of his time ("so that my reader may have no doubt that I am Catholic for they are").<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Confession of faith">confession</a> is in many phrases, each of which refutes a specific Christian heresy. Thus, Gregory's creed presents, in the negative, a virtual litany of heresies:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I believe, then, in God the Father omnipotent. I believe in <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> his only Son, our Lord God, born of the Father, not created. [I believe] that he has always been with the Father, not only since time began but before all time. For the Father could not have been so named unless he had a son; and there could be no son without a father. But as for those who say: "There was a time when he was not", [note: a leading belief of Arian Christology] I reject them with curses, and call men to witness that they are separated from the church. I believe that the word of the Father by which all things were made was Christ. I believe that this word was made flesh and by its suffering the world was redeemed, and I believe that humanity, not deity, was subject to the suffering. I believe that he rose again on the third day, that he freed sinful man, that he ascended to heaven, that he sits on the right hand of the Father, that he will come to judge the living and the dead. I believe that the holy Spirit proceeded from the Father and the Son, that it is not inferior and is not of later origin, but is God, equal and always coeternal with the Father and the Son, consubstantial in its nature, equal in omnipotence, equally eternal in its essence, and that it has never existed apart from the Father and the Son and is not inferior to the Father and the Son. I believe that this holy Trinity exists with separation of persons, and one person is that of the Father, another that of the Son, another that of the Holy Spirit. And in this Trinity confess that there is one Deity, one power, one essence. I believe that the blessed Mary was a virgin after the birth as she was a virgin before. I believe that the soul is immortal but that nevertheless it has no part in deity. And I faithfully believe all things that were established at Nicæa by the three hundred and eighteen bishops. But as to the end of the world I hold beliefs which I learned from our forefathers, that Antichrist will come first. An Antichrist will first propose circumcision, asserting that he is Christ; next he will place his statue in the temple at Jerusalem to be worshiped, just as we read that the Lord said: "You shall see the abomination of desolation standing in the holy place." But the Lord himself declared that that day is hidden from all men, saying; "But of that day and that hour knoweth no one not even the angels in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father alone." Moreover we shall here make answer to the heretics [note: the Arians] who attack us, asserting that the Son is inferior to the Father since he is ignorant of this day. Let them learn then that Son here is the name applied to the Christian people, of whom God says: "I shall be to them a father and they shall be to me for sons." For if he had spoken these words of the only begotten Son he would never have given the angels first place. For he uses these words: "Not even the angels in heaven nor the Son," showing that he spoke these words not of the only-begotten but of the people of adoption. But our end is Christ himself, who will graciously bestow eternal life on us if we turn to him.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_wine">Views on wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Views on wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gregory's writings make ample references to <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a>. He argued in his writings that wine drinking was defensible when consumed with proper gratitude towards God, but that it was problematic when consumed solely for pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>History of the Franks</i> by Gregory of Tours is an historical record of great importance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregoryBrehautHalsall1997"Introduction",_pp._ix–xxv_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryBrehautHalsall1997"Introduction",_pp._ix–xxv-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a central source for early Frankish history, representing the period of transition from late Roman antiquity to early Medieval times in a nascent Europe. It is believed to be the only reliable source of information to describe the emerging military and political power of the Franks in one kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill198967,_76_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill198967,_76-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory has often been compared to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuryGwatkinWhitney1913157_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuryGwatkinWhitney1913157-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (with his detailed interest in, and accounts of, ecclesiastical history and maneuverings) to a bloodier <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Trollope" title="Anthony Trollope">Anthony Trollope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007208–289_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007208–289-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Robert Win's analysis:<sup id="cite_ref-Win_2017_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Win_2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. Missing volume and issue. (July 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There can be no argument that Gregory deliberately structured his narrative to protect himself from any political attacks and that it was the political circumstances around him that governed what he could and could not write.</p></blockquote> <p>Gregory's Latin was relatively poor in comparison with earlier centuries when writers were educated at secular Roman grammar and rhetoric schools. He was self-aware of this and apologized for his poor Latin in his introduction: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ista etenim atque et his similia iugiter intuens dici, pro commemoratione praeteritorum, ut notitiam adtingerint venientum, etsi incultu effatu, nequivi tamen obtegere vel certamena flagitiosorum vel vitam recte viventium; et praesertim his inlicitus stimulis, quod a nostris fari plerumque miratus sum, quia: "Philosophantem rethorem intellegunt pauci, loquentem rusticum multi".</i></span> </p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hearing continually these complaints and others like them I have undertaken to commemorate the past, in order that it may come to the knowledge of the future; and although my speech is rude, I have been unable to be silent as to the struggles between the wicked and the upright; and I have been especially encouraged because, to my surprise, it has often been said by men of our day: "few understand the rhetorician but many the rustic speaker".</p></blockquote> <p>Win further observed:<sup id="cite_ref-Win_2017_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Win_2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia Francorum</i></span> is the only source of that period covering the beginning of the Franks in the decaying Roman Empire from around 397 (the death of Martin of Tours) to 590 (the early reign of king Chlothar II). Gregory's chronology of the Franks is continued with the Fourth Book of Fredegar and its continuations for the events up to 642. Likewise, the fourth Book of Fredegar and its continuations is  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] the only source of any significance for much of the period it covers.</p></blockquote> <p>Gregory's hagiographies are also a valuable source of anecdotes and stories which enrich modern understanding of life and belief in Merovingian Gaul. The motivation behind his works was to show readers the importance and strength of Christianity, and this bias should always be remembered. Alongside the most outstanding poet <a href="/wiki/Venantius_Fortunatus" title="Venantius Fortunatus">Venantius Fortunatus</a> in his lifetime, Gregory of Tours is the unique historian from the 6th-century Merovingian world;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuryGwatkinWhitney1913156_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuryGwatkinWhitney1913156-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his extensive literary output is itself a testimony to the preservation of learning and to the lingering continuity of Gallo-Roman civic culture through the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a>. </p><p>Gregory's writings have also provided valuable evidence for music scholars studying <a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican liturgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallican_chant" title="Gallican chant">Gallican chant</a>. His <i>Decem Libri Historiarum</i> is particular has many liturgical references relating to music.<sup id="cite_ref-GROVE_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GROVE-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunhilda_of_Austrasia" title="Brunhilda of Austrasia">Brunhilda of Austrasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widukind_of_Corvey" title="Widukind of Corvey">Widukind of Corvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Aubin" title="Abbey of Saint-Aubin">Abbey of Saint-Aubin</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-patron-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patron_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Terry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070110221417/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintg87.htm">"Gregory of Tours"</a>. <i>Patron Saints Index</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintg87.htm">the original</a> on 10 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patron+Saints+Index&rft.atitle=Gregory+of+Tours&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-forum.com%2Fsaints%2Fsaintg87.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cathen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cathen_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cathen_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cathen_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cathen_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeclercq1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Leclercq, Henri (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07018b.htm">"St. Gregory of Tours"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2014</span> – via NewAdvent.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Gregory+of+Tours&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Co.&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Leclercq&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07018b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoronha-DiVanna2010" class="citation book cs1">Noronha-DiVanna, Isabel (19 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fkUaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126"><i>Writing History in the Third Republic</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2010-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2010-3"><bdi>978-1-4438-2010-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1162437900">1162437900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+History+in+the+Third+Republic&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1162437900&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-2010-3&rft.aulast=Noronha-DiVanna&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfkUaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-butler-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-butler_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-butler_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-butler_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1866" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Alban (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/210/11/173.html"><i>The Lives of the Saints</i></a>. Vol. XI – via Bartleby.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Saints&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alban&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F210%2F11%2F173.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandys1903" class="citation book cs1">Sandys, John Edwin (1903). <i>History of Classical Scholarship</i>. Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 434–435.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Classical+Scholarship&rft.pages=434-435&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Sandys&rft.aufirst=John+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrow2007" class="citation book cs1">Burrow, John (2007). <i>A History of Histories: Epics, Chronicles, and Inquiries from Herodotus and Thucydides to the Twentieth Century</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane" title="Allen Lane">Allen Lane</a>. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713993370" title="Special:BookSources/9780713993370"><bdi>9780713993370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Histories%3A+Epics%2C+Chronicles%2C+and+Inquiries+from+Herodotus+and+Thucydides+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780713993370&rft.aulast=Burrow&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span> Also reprinted by Knopf (2008), Vintage (2009), and Penguin (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace-Hadrill1989" class="citation book cs1">Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. (1989) [1952, 1957, 1967]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barbarianwest4000000wall_q3r1/"><i>The Barbarian West: 400–1000</i></a></span> (3rd revd. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts / Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 71–72 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbarian+West%3A+400%E2%80%931000&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+%2F+Oxford&rft.pages=71-72&rft.edition=3rd+revd.&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Wallace-Hadrill&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbarbarianwest4000000wall_q3r1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFBurrow2007">Burrow (2007)</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuryGwatkinWhitney1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, J. B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Melvill_Gwatkin" title="Henry Melvill Gwatkin">Gwatkin, H. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Pounder_Whitney" title="James Pounder Whitney">Whitney, J. P.</a>, eds. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgemedieva02buryuoft/"><i>The Cambridge Medieval History</i></a>. Vol. II: The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundation of the Western Empire. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> / <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. p. 122 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%2F+Macmillan&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgemedieva02buryuoft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007210-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007210_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurrow2007">Burrow (2007)</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007204-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007204_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurrow2007">Burrow (2007)</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007200-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007200_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurrow2007">Burrow (2007)</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1974" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Lewis (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffranks00greg/page/30"><i>The History of the Franks</i></a></span>. London: Penguin Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffranks00greg/page/30">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044295-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044295-3"><bdi>978-0-14-044295-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Franks&rft.place=London&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044295-3&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffranks00greg%2Fpage%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_of_Tours1974" class="citation book cs1">Gregory of Tours (1974). <a href="/wiki/Betty_Radice" title="Betty Radice">Radice, Betty</a> (ed.). <i>The History of the Franks</i>. "<a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>" series. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Thorpe" title="Lewis Thorpe">Thorpe, Lewis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Franks&rft.series=%22Penguin+Classics%22+series&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Gregory+of+Tours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007203–204-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007203–204_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurrow2007">Burrow (2007)</a>, pp. 203–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See especially <a href="#CITEREFGoffart1988">Goffart (1988)</a>, and <a href="#CITEREFMitchellWood2002">Mitchell & Wood (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Life of the Fathers</i>, XVII, 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverberg1972" class="citation book cs1">Silverberg, Robert (1972). <i>The Realm of Prester John</i>. Garden City, New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Realm+of+Prester+John&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Silverberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Glory of the Martyrs</i>, 79, 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia Francorum</i></span>, Book I, i.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryBrehautHalsall1997" class="citation book cs1">Gregory of Tours (1997) [1916]. Halsall, Paul (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/gregory-hist.asp"><i>History of the Franks, Books I–X</i></a>. Translated by Brehaut, Earnest. Internet History Sourcebooks Project, <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Franks%2C+Books+I%E2%80%93X&rft.pub=Internet+History+Sourcebooks+Project%2C+Fordham+University&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Gregory+of+Tours&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fbasis%2Fgregory-hist.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalfond2023" class="citation journal cs1">Halfond, Gregory I. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03044181.2023.2228801">"Representing the mysteries of the vine: Drinking wine with Gregory of Tours"</a>. <i>Journal of Medieval History</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 427–446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2023.2228801">10.1080/03044181.2023.2228801</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4181">0304-4181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=Representing+the+mysteries+of+the+vine%3A+Drinking+wine+with+Gregory+of+Tours&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=427-446&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03044181.2023.2228801&rft.issn=0304-4181&rft.aulast=Halfond&rft.aufirst=Gregory+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F03044181.2023.2228801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryBrehautHalsall1997"Introduction",_pp._ix–xxv-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregoryBrehautHalsall1997"Introduction",_pp._ix–xxv_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregoryBrehautHalsall1997">Gregory, Brehaut & Halsall (1997)</a>, "Introduction", pp. ix–xxv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill198967,_76-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill198967,_76_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace-Hadrill1989">Wallace-Hadrill (1989)</a>, pp. 67, 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuryGwatkinWhitney1913157-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuryGwatkinWhitney1913157_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuryGwatkinWhitney1913">Bury, Gwatkin & Whitney (1913)</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007208–289-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow2007208–289_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurrow2007">Burrow (2007)</a>, p. 208–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Win_2017-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Win_2017_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Win_2017_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Win, Robert (2017). "Gregory of Tours, the Eastern Emperor, and Merovingian Gaul". <i>Northwestern Review</i>: 34–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northwestern+Review&rft.atitle=Gregory+of+Tours%2C+the+Eastern+Emperor%2C+and+Merovingian+Gaul&rft.pages=34-35&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Win&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuryGwatkinWhitney1913156-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuryGwatkinWhitney1913156_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuryGwatkinWhitney1913">Bury, Gwatkin & Whitney (1913)</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GROVE-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GROVE_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Gregory of Tours". <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.11732">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gregory+of+Tours&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.11732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following represent key modern texts on Gregory of Tours, including the most recent translations of his work. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Thorpe" title="Lewis Thorpe">Lewis Thorpe</a>'s translation of <i>The History of the Franks</i> is more accessible than Brehaut's, his introduction and commentary are not well regarded by contemporary historians (see "Secondary sources", below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Editions">Editions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Gregorii episcopi Turonensis. Libri Historiarum X</i></span> (ed. Bruno Krusch and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Levison" title="Wilhelm Levison">Wilhelm Levison</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_merov_1_1/#page/(III)/mode/1up">MGH SS rer. Merov. 1,1</a>, Hannover, 1951</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Miracula et opera minora</i></span> (ed. Bruno Krusch), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_merov_1_2/#page/(III)/mode/1up">MGH SS rer. Merov. 1,2</a>, Hannover, 1969 (reprint from 1885)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Translations">Translations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fränkische Geschichte</i></span>, 3 vols. (German transl. by Wilhelm von Giesebrecht, rev. by Manfred Gebauer), Essen, 1988.</li> <li><i>From Roman to Merovingian Gaul: A Reader</i> (ed. and transl. Alexander Callander Murray; "Readings in medieval Civilisations and Cultures" series, Vol. 5), Toronto, 2000, pp. 287–446.</li> <li><i>Glory of the Confessors</i>, 2nd edition (ed. and transl. Raymond Van Dam; Translated Texts for Historians 4), Liverpool, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-226-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-226-1">0-85323-226-1</a>.</li> <li><i>Glory of the Martyrs</i>, 2nd edition (ed. and transl. Raymond Van Dam; Translated Texts for Historians 3), Liverpool, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-236-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-236-9">0-85323-236-9</a>.</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber de passione et virtutibus sancti Iuliani martyris</i></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">und</i></span> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Libri de virtutibus sancti Martini episcopi</i></span>, German transl., in: Raymond Van Dam (ed.), <i>Saints and their Miracles in Late Antique Gaul</i>, Princeton, 1993, 153–317.</li> <li><i>Life of the Fathers</i>, 2nd edition (ed. and transl. James Edward; "Translated Texts for Historians" series, Vol. 1), Liverpool, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-327-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-327-6">0-85323-327-6</a>.</li> <li><i>The History of the Franks</i> (transl. M. Dalton), Oxford University Press, 1927.</li> <li><i>The History of the Franks</i> (transl. L. Thorpe), Penguin, 1974.</li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Historias</i></span> (Spanish transl. P. Herrera), Servicio de Publicaciones de la <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Extremadura" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Extremadura">Universidad de Extremadura</a>, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7723-190-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7723-190-5">978-84-7723-190-5</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0XUaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Histoire des Franks</i></span></a>, in French.</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Vita Patrum</i></span> (ed. and transl. Seraphim Rose), St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-938635-23-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-938635-23-9">0-938635-23-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bilingual_editions">Bilingual editions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bilingual editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les livres des miracles et autres opuscules de Georges Florent Grégoire évêque de Tours</i></span> (ed. and French transl. Léonard Bordier), Vol. 1, Paris, 1857.</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zehn Bücher Geschichten. Band I-II</i></span> (ed. and German transl. Wilhelm Giesebrecht and Rudolf Buchner), Darmstadt, 1955–1956.</li> <li><i>Lives and Miracles</i> (ed. and transl. Giselle de Nie; "Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library" series, Vol. 39), Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2015.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bianchi, Dante, "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Da Gregorio Di Tours a Paolo Diacono</i></span>", <i>Aevum</i>, Vol. XXXV, Fasc. 1/2 (1961), pp. 150–166.</li> <li>Bonnet, Max, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Latin de Grégoire de Tours</i></span>, Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1890.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Robert_Lamont_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Robert Lamont Brown">Brown, Peter</a>, <i>The Cult of the Saints</i>, London, 1981.</li> <li>Butzmann, Hans, "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Wolfenbütteler Fragmente der Historien des Gregor von Tours</i></span>", <i>Scriptorium</i>, XX/1 (1966), pp. 31–40</li> <li>Caires, Valerie Anne, "Evagrius Scholasticus and Gregory of Tours: A Literary Comparison", PhD thesis, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, 1976.</li> <li>Cameron, Averil, "The Byzantine Sources of Gregory of Tours", <i>The Journal of Theological Studies, New Series</i>, Vol. XXVI, No. 2 (October 1975), pp. 421–426.</li> <li>Choda, Kamil, "Intellectual Sources of Historian's Legitimization - The Case of Gregory of Tours", <i>Classica Cracoviensia</i>, Vol. XVIII (2015), pp. 111–124.</li> <li>Choda, Kamil, "The Religious Other in the Histories of Gregory of Tours", <i>Classica Cracoviensia</i>, Vol. XVII (2014), pp. 5–19.</li> <li>Cuzzolin, Pierluigi, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Osservazioni sul rapporto tra grafia e fonetica nel latino di Gregorio di Tours, XI Congreso International sobre el Latín Vulgar y Tardío (Oviedo, 1–5 de septiembre de 2014)</i></span>, eds. García Leal, Alfonso; Prieto Entrialgo, Clara Elena. Hildesheim, Zürich: Olms-Weidmann, 2017, pp. 193–206.</li> <li>Dailey, E. T., <i>Queens, Consorts, Concubines: Gregory of Tours and Women of the Merovingian Elite</i>, Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>, 2015.</li> <li>Diem, Albrecht, "Gregory's Chess Board: Monastic Conflict and Competition in Early Medieval Gaul", in <i>Compétition et sacré au haut Moyen Âge: Entre médiation et exclusion</i>, Philippe Depreux, François Bougard, and Régine Le Jan (eds.), Turnhout: <a href="/wiki/Brepols" title="Brepols">Brepols</a>, 2015, pp. 165–191.</li> <li>Ersoy, Tolga, "<span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Gregorius Turonensis'in</i></span> '<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Decem Libri Historiarum</i></span>' <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Adlı Yapıtında Hunlara ve Avarlara Dair Kayıtların Değerlendirilmesi</i></span>", <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Bozkırın Oğlu: Ahmet Taşağıl'a Armağan</i></span>, ed. Tuğba Eray Biber, İstanbul, 2019, pp. 115–122.</li> <li>Goetz, Hans-Werner, "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grégoire de Tours: (comment) a-t-il perçu une «coopétition»?</i></span>", <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Coopétition: Rivaliser, coopérer dans les sociétés du haut Moyen Âge (500–1100)</i></span> ("<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Haut Moyen Âge</i></span>" series, Vol. 31), eds. Régine Le Jan, Geneviève Bührer-Thierry, and Stefano Gasparri, Turnhout: <a href="/wiki/Brepols" title="Brepols">Brepols</a>, 2018, pp. 49–60.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffart1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Goffart" title="Walter Goffart">Goffart, Walter</a> (1982). "Foreigners in the Histories of Gregory of Tours". <i><a href="/wiki/Florilegium_(journal)" title="Florilegium (journal)">Florilegium</a></i>. <b>IV</b> (1): 80–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florilegium&rft.atitle=Foreigners+in+the+Histories+of+Gregory+of+Tours&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-89&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Goffart&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffart1988" class="citation book cs1">Goffart, Walter (1988). <i>The Narrators of Barbarian History (A.D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede and Paul the Deacon</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Narrators+of+Barbarian+History+%28A.D.+550%E2%80%93800%29%3A+Jordanes%2C+Gregory+of+Tours%2C+Bede+and+Paul+the+Deacon&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Goffart&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hailstone, Catherine-Rose, <i>Fear in the Mind and Works of Gregory of Tours</i>, PhD thesis, <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a>, 2020.</li> <li>Heinzelmann, Martin, <i>Gregory of Tours: History and Society in the Sixth Century</i>, trans. Christopher Carroll, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2001.</li> <li>James, E., <i>The Franks</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1988.</li> <li>Kaiser, Reinhold, "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich</i></span>", <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Enzyklopädie deutscher</i></span>, Vol. 26, Munich, 2004.</li> <li>Keely, A., "Arians and Jews in the 'Histories' of Gregory of Tours", <i>Journal of Medieval History</i>, Vol. XXIII/2 (1997), pp. 103–115.</li> <li>Loseby, S. T., "Marseille and the Pirenne thesis, I: Gregory of Tours, the Merovingian kings and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">un grand port</i></span>" in <i>The Sixth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand</i>, eds. Richard Hodges and William Bowden, pp. 203–229, Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>, 1998.</li> <li>Loseby, S. T., "Gregory's cities: Urban functions in sixth-century Gaul", in <i>Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian period: An Ethnographic Perspective</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Ian_N._Wood" title="Ian N. Wood">Ian N. Wood</a>; Woodbridge, Sussex: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>, 1998, pp. 239–270.</li> <li>McSheffrey, Shannon, <i>The History of the Franks</i>, Harmondsworth, 1974.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellWood2002" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Kathleen; <a href="/wiki/Ian_N._Wood" title="Ian N. Wood">Wood, Ian N.</a>, eds. (2002). <i>The World of Gregory of Tours</i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Gregory+of+Tours&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Moorhead, John, "Gregory of Tours on the Arian kingdoms", <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Studi medievali</i></span>, Vol. XXXVI, Fasc. 2 (1995), pp. 903–915.</li> <li>Murray, A. C. (ed.), <i>A Companion to Gregory of Tours</i>, Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>, 2016.</li> <li>Nie, Giselle de, <i>Views from a Many-windowed Tower: Studies of Imagination in the Works of Gregory of Tours</i>, Amsterdam: <a href="/wiki/Rodopi_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodopi (publisher)">Rodopi</a>, 1987.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfister1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Pfister" title="Christian Pfister">Pfister, Christian</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gregory, St, of Tours"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gregory,_St,_of_Tours">"Gregory, St, of Tours" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). p. 564565.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gregory%2C+St%2C+of+Tours&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=564565&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Pfister&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Serra, Antonio, "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">L'</i></span><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ingenium artis</i></span> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">di Gregorio di Tours: Preliminari d'indagine</i></span>", <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Invigilata Lucernis</i></span> 32 (2010), pp. 157–175.</li> <li>Van Dam, Raymond, <i>Saints and Their Miracles in Late Antique Gaul</i>, Princeton University Press, 1993.</li> <li>Vieillard-Troiekouroff, May, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les monuments religieux de la Gaule d'après les oeuvres de Grégoire de Tours</i></span>, Paris: <a href="/wiki/H._Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Champion">H. Champion</a>, 1976</li> <li>Vogüé, Adalbert de, "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grégoire le Grand, lecteur de Grégoire de Tours?</i></span>", <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Analecta Bollandiana</i></span>, Vol. XCIV, Nos. 3–4 (1976), pp. 225–233.</li> <li>Wagner, Norbert, "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geirom studdo (Vsp. 21,4) und Gregor von Tours</i></span>", <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur</i></span>, 114. Bd., H. 2 (2nd Quarter, 1985), pp. 89–91.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_N._Wood" title="Ian N. Wood">Wood, Ian N.</a>, <i>Gregory of Tours</i>, Bangor, Wales, 1994.</li> <li>Wood, Ian N., <i>The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751</i>, London, 1994.</li> <li>Wood, Ian N., "The secret histories of Gregory of Tours", <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire</i></span>, LXXII/2 (1993), pp. 253–270.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gregory_of_Tours" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/St Gregory of Tours"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/St_Gregory_of_Tours">"St Gregory of Tours" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XI (9th ed.). 1880. pp. 181–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St+Gregory+of+Tours&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=181-182&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_of_Tours" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gregory of Tours. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/gregorytours.html">"Historiae, Libri X"</a> (in Latin). The Latin Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historiae%2C+Libri+X&rft.pub=The+Latin+Library&rft.au=Gregory+of+Tours&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fgregorytours.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_of_Tours1997" class="citation book cs1">Gregory of Tours (1997) [1916]. Halsall, Paul (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/gregory-hist.asp"><i>History of the Franks, Books I–X</i></a>. Translated by Brehaut, Earnest. Internet History Sourcebooks Project, <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Franks%2C+Books+I%E2%80%93X&rft.pub=Internet+History+Sourcebooks+Project%2C+Fordham+University&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Gregory+of+Tours&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fbasis%2Fgregory-hist.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_of_Tours1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gregory of Tours (1994) [1853]. Haase, Friedrich (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbc.wroc.pl/publication/1616"><i>Liber ineditus De cursu stellarum: Ratio qualiter ad officium implendum debeat observari: Sive de cursibus ecclesiasticis</i></a> (in Latin). Bratislava: Jos. Max et Soc. / Dolnośląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liber+ineditus+De+cursu+stellarum%3A+Ratio+qualiter+ad+officium+implendum+debeat+observari%3A+Sive+de+cursibus+ecclesiasticis&rft.place=Bratislava&rft.pub=Jos.+Max+et+Soc.+%2F+Dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85ska+Biblioteka+Cyfrowa&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Gregory+of+Tours&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbc.wroc.pl%2Fpublication%2F1616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bsbsbb.bsb.lrz.de/~db/0000/sbb00000157/images/index.html?seite=00154&signatur=Msc.Patr.61">Staatsbibliothek Bamberg Msc.Patr.61</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232739/http://bsbsbb.bsb.lrz.de/~db/0000/sbb00000157/images/index.html?seite=00154&signatur=Msc.Patr.61">Archived</a> 8 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, the primary witness of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De cursu stellarum</i></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_of_Tours2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gregory of Tours (2011) [1857–1864]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6oB3k9PfPGgC"><i>Les livres des miracles et autres opuscules de Georges Florent Grégoire</i></a> (in French and Latin). Translated by Bordier, Henri Léonard. Paris: J. Renouard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+livres+des+miracles+et+autres+opuscules+de+Georges+Florent+Gr%C3%A9goire&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=J.+Renouard&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Gregory+of+Tours&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6oB3k9PfPGgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Tours" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbN8OTHecuI">Lecture on Procopius and Gregory of Tours</a> by Paul Freedman at Yale University (Fall 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14517">Works by Gregory of Tours</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67841#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67841#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67841#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121442316">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95289837">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/83984609">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/61732/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjGyPfPB3KhJrwYhVcWkpd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118697439">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80128596">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11905825m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11905825m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00441670">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gregorius : Turonensis <santo>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV055355">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35149546">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001355&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070516855">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90131410">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000074054&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000192234&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=141133">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqqshv4vn3tgk">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810649118205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/22836">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262057605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512655006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13956822">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00364288?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/842785">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118697439.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118697439">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026902133">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/010304">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nw354p">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&oldid=1258411874">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&oldid=1258411874</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:538_births" title="Category:538 births">538 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:594_deaths" title="Category:594 deaths">594 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_apocalypticists" title="Category:6th-century apocalypticists">6th-century apocalypticists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_Frankish_bishops" title="Category:6th-century Frankish bishops">6th-century Frankish bishops</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_Frankish_saints" title="Category:6th-century Frankish saints">6th-century Frankish saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_Frankish_writers" title="Category:6th-century Frankish writers">6th-century Frankish writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_historians" title="Category:6th-century historians">6th-century historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_writers_in_Latin" title="Category:6th-century writers in Latin">6th-century writers in Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bishops_of_Tours" title="Category:Bishops of Tours">Bishops of Tours</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_anti-Gnosticism" title="Category:Christian anti-Gnosticism">Christian anti-Gnosticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Frankish_historians" title="Category:Frankish historians">Frankish historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hagiographers" title="Category:Hagiographers">Hagiographers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Clergy_from_Clermont-Ferrand" title="Category:Clergy from Clermont-Ferrand">Clergy from Clermont-Ferrand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sources_on_Germanic_paganism" title="Category:Sources on Germanic paganism">Sources on Germanic paganism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_Gallo-Roman_people" title="Category:6th-century Gallo-Roman people">6th-century Gallo-Roman people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Clermont-Ferrand" title="Category:Writers from Clermont-Ferrand">Writers from Clermont-Ferrand</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2024">Use dmy dates from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2019">Articles needing additional references from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from July 2024">Articles with incomplete citations from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_EB9" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)">CS1 Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 15:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Tours&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-2cjtx","wgBackendResponseTime":166,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.123","walltime":"1.409","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6346,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":113001,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11224,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":104709,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1229.248 1 -total"," 18.07% 222.082 58 Template:Lang"," 17.13% 210.555 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.71% 131.645 1 Template:Infobox_saint"," 10.32% 126.882 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.31% 102.164 1 Template:Authority_control"," 7.65% 94.055 15 Template:Cite_book"," 7.52% 92.396 2 Template:Cite_web"," 7.41% 91.083 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.57% 80.728 4 Template:Br_separated_entries"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.745","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18119720,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBaynesSmith1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrow2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuryGwatkinWhitney1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoffart1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoffart1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoryBrehautHalsall1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_of_Tours\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_of_Tours1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_of_Tours1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_of_Tours1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_of_Tours2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalfond2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeclercq1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchellWood2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoronha-DiVanna2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfister1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandys1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverberg1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorpe1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace-Hadrill1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWin2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB9\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Complete citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Crossref\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Gregory Of Tours\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox saint\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 58,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refimprove section\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 9,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6fdd9f9b88-sskp5","timestamp":"20241129060511","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gregory of Tours","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_of_Tours","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q67841","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q67841","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-29T19:19:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T15:53:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/75\/Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg","headline":"Gallo-Roman historian and Bishop of Tours"}</script> </body> </html>