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<span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selectivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selectivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Selectivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selectivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protectionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Protectionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protectionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Widening_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Widening_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Widening access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Widening_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Russell Group</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84" title="مجموعة رسل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجموعة رسل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassell_qrupu" title="Rassell qrupu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rassell qrupu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Russell Group" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Russell Group" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C5%B5p_Russell" title="Grŵp Russell – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grŵp Russell" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell-Gruppe" title="Russell-Gruppe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russell-Gruppe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Russell" title="Grupo Russell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grupo Russell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Russell" title="Grupo Russell – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grupo Russell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="گروه راسل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه راسل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Russell Group" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%85%80_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A3%B9" title="러셀 그룹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러셀 그룹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Russell Group" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Russell Group" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C" title="קבוצת ראסל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קבוצת ראסל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="რასელის ჯგუფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რასელის ჯგუფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell-csoport" title="Russell-csoport – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Russell-csoport" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مجموعة راسل للجامعات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجموعة راسل للجامعات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF_(%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B4)" title="Рассел групп (дээд сургуулиуд) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рассел групп (дээд сургуулиуд)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russellgroep" title="Russellgroep – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russellgroep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" title="ラッセル・グループ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラッセル・グループ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Russell Group" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Russell" title="Grupo Russell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grupo Russell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Расселл (группа университетов) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Расселл (группа университетов)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russellova_grupa" title="Russellova grupa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Russellova grupa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell-ryhm%C3%A4" title="Russell-ryhmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Russell-ryhmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russellgruppen" title="Russellgruppen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Russellgruppen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5" title="กลุ่มรัสเซล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มรัสเซล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Расельська група – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Расельська група" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_Russell" title="Nhóm Russell – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm Russell" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" title="罗素大学集团 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗素大学集团" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q590631#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Russell Group</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:RussellGroup.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RussellGroup.svg/220px-RussellGroup.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RussellGroup.svg/330px-RussellGroup.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RussellGroup.svg/440px-RussellGroup.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="198" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1994<span class="noprint">; 30 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1994</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Association of United Kingdom-based universities</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">50/60 <a href="/wiki/Station_Road,_Cambridge" title="Station Road, Cambridge">Station Road</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a><br />CB1 2JH<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data">24:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary University of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Tim Bradshaw<br />(chief executive)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Day_(hepatologist)" title="Chris Day (hepatologist)">Chris Day</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chair_Day_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chair_Day-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(chair 2023–2026)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russellgroup.ac.uk/">russellgroup<wbr />.ac<wbr />.uk</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590631#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Russell Group</b> is a self-selected association of twenty-four <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research universities</a> in the United Kingdom. The group is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and was established in 1994 to represent its members' interests, principally to <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Government">government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>. It was incorporated in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-About_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its members are often perceived as being the UK's best universities, but this has been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2017,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Russell Group members receive over three-quarters of all university research grant and contract income in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell Group members award 60% of all doctorates gained in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Research_Excellence_Framework" title="Research Excellence Framework">Research Excellence Framework</a>, Russell Group universities accounted for 65% of all world-leading (4*) research conducted in the UK, and 91% of the Russell Group's research was judged to be world-leading (4*) or internationally excellent (3*).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Teaching_Excellence_Framework" title="Teaching Excellence Framework">Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Framework</a> (TEF), of the 20 English Russell Group universities which were assessed, 7 hold gold awards (35%) and 13 silver (65%). This compares to proportions across 128 higher education institutions of which 29% hold gold, 62% silver, and 9% bronze.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their graduates hold 61% of all UK jobs that require a university degree, despite being only 17% of all higher education graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russell Group is named after the location of the first informal meetings of the Group, which took place at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Russell">Hotel Russell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russell_Square" title="Russell Square">Russell Square</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc12312_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc12312-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russell Group of universities was formed in 1994 by 17 British research universities – Birmingham, Bristol, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Imperial College London, Leeds, Liverpool, London School of Economics, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham, Oxford, Sheffield, Southampton, University College London and Warwick, who originally met at <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Russell">Hotel Russell</a> shortly before meetings of the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (now <a href="/wiki/Universities_UK" title="Universities UK">Universities UK</a>) in nearby <a href="/wiki/Tavistock_Square" title="Tavistock Square">Tavistock Square</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> buildings and, particularly, <a href="/wiki/Senate_House_(University_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate House (University of London)">Senate House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc12312_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc12312-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">Warwick</a> (established in the 1960s), the founder members of the group were all universities or university colleges prior to World War I, including most of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Ancient_university" title="Ancient university">ancient universities</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Redbrick_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Redbrick universities">redbrick universities</a>". In 1998, Cardiff University and King's College London joined the group.<sup id="cite_ref-kclandcardiff_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kclandcardiff-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2001, the Russell Group decided against selecting a preferred option for the future funding of higher education, stating that endowments, a graduate contribution, increased public funding and top-up fees should all remain options.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2005, it was announced that the Russell Group would be appointing its first full-time director-general as a result of a planned expansion of its operations, including commissioning and conducting its own policy research.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2006, Queen's University Belfast was admitted as the twentieth member of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-the91106_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the91106-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same month <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Piatt" title="Wendy Piatt">Wendy Piatt</a>, the then deputy director in the Prime Minister's strategy unit, was announced as the group's new Director General and chief executive.<sup id="cite_ref-the91106_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the91106-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2012, it was announced that four universities – Durham, Exeter, Queen Mary University of London; and York – would become members of the Russell Group in August of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc12312_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc12312-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the new members had previously been members of the <a href="/wiki/1994_Group" title="1994 Group">1994 Group</a> of British universities.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc12312_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc12312-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2013, it was announced that the Russell Group would establish an academic board to advise the English exams watchdog <a href="/wiki/Ofqual" title="Ofqual">Ofqual</a> on the content of <a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)">A-Levels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the group launched the website "Informed Choices" to advise school children on which A-level subject choices were useful for various degree courses, replacing an earlier teachers' guide of the same name from 2011 that had identified a list of "facilitating subjects'.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px"><div style="position:relative;width:400px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the UK with location of Russell Group universities highlighted"><img alt="Map of the UK with location of Russell Group universities highlighted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/400px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="618" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/600px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/800px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1369" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:77%;left:73.864%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Oxford"><img alt="Oxford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" 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/></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.083%;left:82.348%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="London"><img alt="London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/City_locator_11.svg/12px-City_locator_11.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/City_locator_11.svg/18px-City_locator_11.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/City_locator_11.svg/24px-City_locator_11.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><i><b>London</b></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.75%;left:66.439%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Manchester"><img alt="Manchester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">Manchester</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.167%;left:74.242%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nottingham"><img alt="Nottingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">Bristol</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.917%;left:71.591%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Leeds"><img alt="Leeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">Leeds</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.5%;left:72.045%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sheffield"><img alt="Sheffield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.25%;left:68.712%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Birmingham"><img alt="Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.917%;left:72.727%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Southampton"><img alt="Southampton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">Southampton</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.25%;left:60.833%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Liverpool"><img alt="Liverpool" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.167%;left:71.061%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Newcastle"><img alt="Newcastle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.833%;left:71.515%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Warwick"><img alt="Warwick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">Warwick</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.083%;left:59.167%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Edinburgh"><img alt="Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.75%;left:50.833%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Glasgow"><img alt="Glasgow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">Glasgow</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.25%;left:59.242%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cardiff"><img alt="Cardiff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.5%;left:38.409%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Queen's"><img alt="Queen's" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.75%;left:75.379%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="York"><img alt="York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">York</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.917%;left:71.439%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Durham"><img alt="Durham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.5%;left:56.591%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Exeter"><img alt="Exeter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">Exeter</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.333%;left:0%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-1px;top:-1px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="London:  Imperial  King's  LSE  QMUL  UCL"><img alt="London:  Imperial  King's  LSE  QMUL  UCL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TransparentPlaceholder.png/1px-TransparentPlaceholder.png" decoding="async" width="1" height="1" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TransparentPlaceholder.png/2px-TransparentPlaceholder.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:2px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Education_in_London#Research" title="Education in London">London:</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">LSE</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">QMUL</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">UCL</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg" title="File:United Kingdom adm location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Locations of Russell Group universities</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objectives">Objectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russell Group states that "its aim is to help ensure that our universities have the optimum conditions in which to flourish and continue to make social, economic and cultural impacts through their world-leading research and teaching".<sup id="cite_ref-About_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It works towards this by lobbying the UK government and parliament; commissioning reports and research; creating a forum in which its member institutions can discuss issues of common concern; and identify opportunities for them to work together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russell Group is led by Chief Executive Tim Bradshaw and chaired by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Day_(hepatologist)" title="Chris Day (hepatologist)">Chris Day</a>, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Newcastle.<sup id="cite_ref-Chair_Day_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chair_Day-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Russell Group chairs 2000–2026 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Dates</th> <th>Institution </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colin_Lucas" title="Colin Lucas">Colin Lucas</a></td> <td>2000–2003</td> <td>Oxford </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sterling" title="Michael Sterling">Michael Sterling</a></td> <td>2003–2006</td> <td>Birmingham </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Grant" title="Malcolm Grant">Malcolm Grant</a></td> <td>2006–2009</td> <td>UCL </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Arthur_(physician)" title="Michael Arthur (physician)">Michael Arthur</a></td> <td>2009–2012</td> <td>Leeds </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Eastwood" title="David Eastwood">David Eastwood</a></td> <td>2012–2015</td> <td>Birmingham </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Greenaway_(economist)" title="David Greenaway (economist)">David Greenaway</a></td> <td>2015–2017</td> <td>Nottingham </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anton_Muscatelli" title="Anton Muscatelli">Anton Muscatelli</a></td> <td>2017–2020</td> <td>Glasgow </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Rothwell" title="Nancy Rothwell">Nancy Rothwell</a></td> <td>2020–2023</td> <td>Manchester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Day_(hepatologist)" title="Chris Day (hepatologist)">Chris Day</a></td> <td>2023–2026</td> <td>Newcastle </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russell Group currently has twenty-four members,<sup id="cite_ref-guardian2012_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which twenty are from England, two from Scotland, and one from each of Wales and Northern Ireland. Of the English members, five are from <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>; three from the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a> region; two from each of the <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a> regions; and one from each of the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East</a> regions. Four Russell Group members are constituent colleges of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> and a fifth London institution, Imperial College London, was part of the University of London until 2007. </p><p>The table below gives the members of the group, along with when they joined, their student and staff numbers, and their latest <a href="/wiki/Teaching_Excellence_Framework" title="Teaching Excellence Framework">Teaching Excellence Framework</a> overall rating (non-English universities were not assessed). </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">University </th> <th scope="col">Year of joining </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduates" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduates">Undergraduate students</a> (2021/22)<sup id="cite_ref-HESAStudents_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HESAStudents-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduates" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduates">Postgraduate students</a> (2021/22)<sup id="cite_ref-HESAStudents_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HESAStudents-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Total students (2021/22)<sup id="cite_ref-HESAStudents_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HESAStudents-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Total academic staff (2022/23)<sup id="cite_ref-HESAStaff_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HESAStaff-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Excellence_Framework" title="Teaching Excellence Framework">TEF award</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Birmingham"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_University_of_Birmingham.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shield_of_the_University_of_Birmingham.svg/14px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Birmingham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shield_of_the_University_of_Birmingham.svg/21px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Birmingham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shield_of_the_University_of_Birmingham.svg/28px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Birmingham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="2401" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>25,150 </td> <td>12,840 </td> <td>37,990 </td> <td>3,195 </td> <td data-sort-value="0">Silver† </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Bristol"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_University_of_Bristol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Shield_of_the_University_of_Bristol.svg/14px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Bristol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Shield_of_the_University_of_Bristol.svg/21px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Bristol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Shield_of_the_University_of_Bristol.svg/28px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Bristol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="2399" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>23,055 </td> <td>8,425 </td> <td>31,485 </td> <td>2,830 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Silver </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Cambridge"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_University_of_Cambridge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_University_of_Cambridge.svg/14px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_University_of_Cambridge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_University_of_Cambridge.svg/21px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_University_of_Cambridge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_University_of_Cambridge.svg/28px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_University_of_Cambridge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2339" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>13,645 </td> <td>8,960 </td> <td>22,610 </td> <td>4,935 </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Gold* </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Cardiff"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_University_of_Cardiff.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Shield_of_the_University_of_Cardiff.svg/14px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Cardiff.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Shield_of_the_University_of_Cardiff.svg/21px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Cardiff.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Shield_of_the_University_of_Cardiff.svg/28px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Cardiff.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="2401" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a> </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>23,765 </td> <td>10,220 </td> <td>33,985 </td> <td>2,540 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Durham"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham_shield.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Durham_shield.png/14px-Durham_shield.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Durham_shield.png/21px-Durham_shield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Durham_shield.png/28px-Durham_shield.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="942" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>17,395 </td> <td>4,835 </td> <td>22,230 </td> <td>1,745 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Silver </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Edinburgh"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Edinburgh_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/University_of_Edinburgh_arms.svg/14px-University_of_Edinburgh_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/University_of_Edinburgh_arms.svg/21px-University_of_Edinburgh_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/University_of_Edinburgh_arms.svg/28px-University_of_Edinburgh_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="642" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>26,000 </td> <td>15,245 </td> <td>41,250 </td> <td>4,200 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Exeter"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_University_of_Exeter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arms_of_the_University_of_Exeter.svg/14px-Arms_of_the_University_of_Exeter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arms_of_the_University_of_Exeter.svg/21px-Arms_of_the_University_of_Exeter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arms_of_the_University_of_Exeter.svg/28px-Arms_of_the_University_of_Exeter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>23,755 </td> <td>8,710 </td> <td>32,465 </td> <td>2,320 </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Gold* </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Glasgow"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_University_of_Glasgow.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Shield_of_the_University_of_Glasgow.svg/14px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Glasgow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Shield_of_the_University_of_Glasgow.svg/21px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Glasgow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Shield_of_the_University_of_Glasgow.svg/28px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Glasgow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="698" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>23,460 </td> <td>19,520 </td> <td>42,980 </td> <td>3,155 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Imperial"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_Imperial_College_London.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shield_of_Imperial_College_London.svg/14px-Shield_of_Imperial_College_London.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shield_of_Imperial_College_London.svg/21px-Shield_of_Imperial_College_London.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shield_of_Imperial_College_London.svg/28px-Shield_of_Imperial_College_London.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="702" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>11,740 </td> <td>9,730 </td> <td>21,470 </td> <td>3,715 </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Gold </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="King's"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_King%27s_College_London.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shield_of_King%27s_College_London.svg/14px-Shield_of_King%27s_College_London.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shield_of_King%27s_College_London.svg/21px-Shield_of_King%27s_College_London.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shield_of_King%27s_College_London.svg/28px-Shield_of_King%27s_College_London.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="703" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a><sup>‡</sup> </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>23,225 </td> <td>18,270 </td> <td>41,490 </td> <td>3,850 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Silver </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Leeds"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_University_of_Leeds.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Shield_of_the_University_of_Leeds.svg/14px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Leeds.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Shield_of_the_University_of_Leeds.svg/21px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Leeds.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Shield_of_the_University_of_Leeds.svg/28px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Leeds.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="701" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>27,015 </td> <td>10,175 </td> <td>37,190 </td> <td>3,040 </td> <td data-sort-value="0">Silver† </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Liverpool"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_University_of_Liverpool.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Shield_of_the_University_of_Liverpool.svg/14px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Liverpool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Shield_of_the_University_of_Liverpool.svg/21px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Liverpool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Shield_of_the_University_of_Liverpool.svg/28px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Liverpool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="701" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>22,265 </td> <td>6,415 </td> <td>28,680 </td> <td>2,440 </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Gold </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="London School of Economics"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_School_of_Economics_Coat_of_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/London_School_of_Economics_Coat_of_Arms.svg/14px-London_School_of_Economics_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/London_School_of_Economics_Coat_of_Arms.svg/21px-London_School_of_Economics_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/London_School_of_Economics_Coat_of_Arms.svg/28px-London_School_of_Economics_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a><sup>‡</sup> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>5,575 </td> <td>7,400 </td> <td>12,975 </td> <td>1,095 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Silver </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Manchester"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_University_of_Manchester.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Shield_of_the_University_of_Manchester.svg/14px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Manchester.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Shield_of_the_University_of_Manchester.svg/21px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Manchester.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Shield_of_the_University_of_Manchester.svg/28px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Manchester.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="877" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>30,900 </td> <td>15,505 </td> <td>46,410 </td> <td>4,195 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Silver </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Newcastle"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Newcastle_Coat_of_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/University_of_Newcastle_Coat_of_Arms.svg/14px-University_of_Newcastle_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/University_of_Newcastle_Coat_of_Arms.svg/21px-University_of_Newcastle_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/University_of_Newcastle_Coat_of_Arms.svg/28px-University_of_Newcastle_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="676" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>20,760 </td> <td>6,520 </td> <td>27,280 </td> <td>2,525 </td> <td data-sort-value="0">Silver† </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Nottingham"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_University_of_Nottingham.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Shield_of_the_University_of_Nottingham.svg/14px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Nottingham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Shield_of_the_University_of_Nottingham.svg/21px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Nottingham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Shield_of_the_University_of_Nottingham.svg/28px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Nottingham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="703" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>28,690 </td> <td>8,570 </td> <td>37,260 </td> <td>2,870 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Silver </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Oxford"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Oxford.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Oxford.svg/14px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Oxford.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Oxford.svg/21px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Oxford.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Oxford.svg/28px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Oxford.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2338" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>15,685 </td> <td>11,610 </td> <td>27,290 </td> <td>6,005 </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Gold* </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Queen Mary"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Mary,_University_of_London_Crest-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Queen_Mary%2C_University_of_London_Crest-2.png/14px-Queen_Mary%2C_University_of_London_Crest-2.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Queen_Mary%2C_University_of_London_Crest-2.png/21px-Queen_Mary%2C_University_of_London_Crest-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Queen_Mary%2C_University_of_London_Crest-2.png/28px-Queen_Mary%2C_University_of_London_Crest-2.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="220" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary University of London</a><sup>‡</sup> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>17,430 </td> <td>8,615 </td> <td>26,045 </td> <td>2,065 </td> <td data-sort-value="0">Silver† </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Queen's"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen%27s_University_Belfast_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Queen%27s_University_Belfast_arms.svg/14px-Queen%27s_University_Belfast_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Queen%27s_University_Belfast_arms.svg/21px-Queen%27s_University_Belfast_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Queen%27s_University_Belfast_arms.svg/28px-Queen%27s_University_Belfast_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="913" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a> </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>17,970 </td> <td>7,325 </td> <td>25,295 </td> <td>1,775 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Sheffield"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_University_of_Sheffield.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Shield_of_the_University_of_Sheffield.svg/14px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Sheffield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Shield_of_the_University_of_Sheffield.svg/21px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Sheffield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Shield_of_the_University_of_Sheffield.svg/28px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Sheffield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="703" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>20,040 </td> <td>10,820 </td> <td>30,860 </td> <td>2,855 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Silver </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Southampton"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_University_of_Southampton.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shield_of_the_University_of_Southampton.svg/14px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Southampton.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shield_of_the_University_of_Southampton.svg/21px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Southampton.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shield_of_the_University_of_Southampton.svg/28px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Southampton.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="672" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>15,110 </td> <td>8,685 </td> <td>23,795 </td> <td>2,060 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Silver </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="University College London"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UCL_Crest.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/UCL_Crest.svg/14px-UCL_Crest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/UCL_Crest.svg/21px-UCL_Crest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/UCL_Crest.svg/28px-UCL_Crest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1344" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a><sup>‡</sup> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>23,800 </td> <td>23,030 </td> <td>46,830 </td> <td>6,460 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Silver </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Warwick"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_University_of_Warwick.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shield_of_the_University_of_Warwick.svg/14px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Warwick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shield_of_the_University_of_Warwick.svg/21px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Warwick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shield_of_the_University_of_Warwick.svg/28px-Shield_of_the_University_of_Warwick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="702" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>18,955 </td> <td>9,870 </td> <td>28,825 </td> <td>2,270 </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Gold* </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="York"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_York_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/University_of_York_coat_of_arms.svg/14px-University_of_York_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/University_of_York_coat_of_arms.svg/21px-University_of_York_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/University_of_York_coat_of_arms.svg/28px-University_of_York_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="395" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>15,350 </td> <td>8,070 </td> <td>23,420 </td> <td>1,810 </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Gold </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><small><b>Notes:</b><br /> <sup>‡</sup> Member institution of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, awarding its own degrees<br /> <sup>*</sup> Achieved 'Gold' rating in all three categories of the assessment<br /> <sup>†</sup> Achieved overall 'Silver' rating with one category rated 'Bronze' </small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022/23, following the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Research_Excellence_Framework" title="Research Excellence Framework">Research Excellence Framework</a> (REF), the English universities of the Russell Group saw their share of recurring research funding from <a href="/wiki/Research_England" title="Research England">Research England</a> drop by 2.71 percentage points from the 2021/22 funding (based on the previous 2014 REF) to 68.21 per cent, although most institutions saw a rise in actual funding levels due to an overall increase in funding. The top 19 English institutions in terms of funding continued to all be from the Russell Group, with the top 20 being rounded off, as before, by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lancaster">Lancaster</a>. The LSE was, as in previous REF rounds, the exception, ranking 31st in terms of funding (down from 23rd in 2021/11) and seeing a nine per cent fall (£1.7 million) in its allocation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015/16, following the 2014 REF, the 19 English universities with <a href="/wiki/HEFCE" class="mw-redirect" title="HEFCE">HEFCE</a> research funding allocations (excluding transitional funding) in excess of £20 million were all members of the Russell Group. The only English Russell Group institution to receive an allocation below £20 million was the LSE (£18.6 million), which ranked 22nd behind the Universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">Leicester</a> and Lancaster (both on £19 million).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010/11, 19 of the 20 UK universities with the highest income from research grants and contracts were members of the Russell Group.<sup id="cite_ref-thefindat_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thefindat-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of total research funding allocations from the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_England" title="Higher Education Funding Council for England">Higher Education Funding Council for England</a> (HEFCE) in 2007/8, the top 15 universities were all Russell Group institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-education.guardian.co.uk_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-education.guardian.co.uk-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">LSE</a> was 21st, due to its focus on less costly social sciences research. <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, were not included in this table, as they are not English institutions. The Russell Group institutions received 82% of the total HEFCE research funding allocation.<sup id="cite_ref-education.guardian.co.uk_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-education.guardian.co.uk-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The research funding figures depend on factors other than the quality of research, in particular there are variations due to institutional size and subject spread (e.g. science, technology and medicine tend to attract more money). </p><p>In 2008, 18 of the then 20 members were positioned in the top 20 of <a href="/wiki/Research_Fortnight" title="Research Fortnight">Research Fortnight</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Research_Assessment_Exercise" title="Research Assessment Exercise">Research Assessment Exercise</a> 'Power' Table. The other two places were occupied by <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary University of London</a>, which were not then Russell Group members but have since joined. The two Russell Group institutions outside the top 20 were QUB (21st) and the LSE (27th), while the other two universities to have since joined were York (22nd) and Exeter (25th).<sup id="cite_ref-Research_Fortnight_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Research_Fortnight-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the equivalent table for the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Research_Excellence_Framework" title="Research Excellence Framework">Research Excellence Framework</a>, the 24 Russell Group members occupied the top 24 positions, with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lancaster">University of Lancaster</a> in 25th being the highest-ranked non-Russell Group university.<sup id="cite_ref-Research_Fortnight_2014_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Research_Fortnight_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings">Rankings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>In 2023, all eight UK universities in the ARWU top 100, seventeen of the eighteen in the QS top 100 (the other place being occupied by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>), and all ten in the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">THE</a> top 100 are members of the Russell Group. The Russell Group provides seven of the top ten in the Complete, Guardian, and Times/Sunday Times. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200px">University </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU 2023</a></i> (Global)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><i><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS 2024</a></i> (Global)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE 2024</a></i> (Global)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><i><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Complete_University_Guide" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Complete 2025</a></i> (National)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><i><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Guardian" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Guardian 2024</a></i> (National)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><i><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Times/The_Sunday_Times" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Times/Sunday Times 2024</a></i> (National)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>University of Birmingham </td> <td>151–200 </td> <td>84 </td> <td>101 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Bristol </td> <td>88 </td> <td>55 </td> <td>81 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Cambridge </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cardiff University </td> <td>151–200 </td> <td>154= </td> <td>190 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Durham University </td> <td>301–400 </td> <td>78 </td> <td>174 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Edinburgh </td> <td>38 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>30= </td> <td>15 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Exeter </td> <td>151–200 </td> <td>153 </td> <td>177= </td> <td>14 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Glasgow </td> <td>101–150 </td> <td>76= </td> <td>87= </td> <td>29 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Imperial College London </td> <td>23 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>King's College London </td> <td>59 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>38= </td> <td>24 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Leeds </td> <td>151–200 </td> <td>75 </td> <td>129 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Liverpool </td> <td>101–150 </td> <td>176= </td> <td>168= </td> <td>18= </td> <td>36 </td> <td>29= </td></tr> <tr> <td>London School of Economics </td> <td>151–200 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>46 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Manchester </td> <td>41 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>51 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Newcastle University </td> <td>201–300 </td> <td>110 </td> <td>168= </td> <td>26 </td> <td>67 </td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Nottingham </td> <td>101–150 </td> <td>100= </td> <td>130= </td> <td>30 </td> <td>59 </td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Oxford </td> <td>7 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Queen Mary University of London </td> <td>201–300 </td> <td>145= </td> <td>135 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>73 </td> <td>46 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Queen's University Belfast </td> <td>301–400 </td> <td>202 </td> <td>201–250 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Sheffield </td> <td>151–200 </td> <td>104 </td> <td>105 </td> <td>18= </td> <td>21 </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Southampton </td> <td>151–200 </td> <td>81= </td> <td>97= </td> <td>20 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University College London </td> <td>17 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Warwick </td> <td>101–150 </td> <td>67 </td> <td>106= </td> <td>10 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of York </td> <td>301–400 </td> <td>167 </td> <td>147 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>15 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selectivity">Selectivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Selectivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All but two of the universities in the Russell Group are part of the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Trust" title="Sutton Trust">Sutton Trust</a>'s group of 30 highly selective universities, the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Trust#Sutton_Trust_30" title="Sutton Trust">Sutton 30</a> (the absent members being Queen Mary University of London and Queen's University Belfast).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Trust#Sutton_Trust_13" title="Sutton Trust">Sutton 13</a> group of the 13 most highly selective universities only includes one non-Russell Group member, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top 10 by average <a href="/wiki/UCAS_Tariff" title="UCAS Tariff">UCAS points</a> of new undergraduate students in 2021–22 included three non-Russell Group universities: St Andrews (1st: 212 points), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a> (2nd: 210 points), and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> (joint 10th with Durham: 185 points).<sup id="cite_ref-Entry_Standards_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entry_Standards-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top 10 by lowest offer rate to new undergraduate students in 2023-24 included three non-Russell Group universities: St Andrews (4th; 26.6%), <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s,_University_of_London" title="St George's, University of London">St George's</a> (9th; 41.4%) and <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London" title="University of the Arts London">University of the Arts London</a> (10th; 44.8%). The average offer rate, including conditional and unconditional offers, across 'higher tariff' UK institutions (as defined by <a href="/wiki/UCAS" title="UCAS">UCAS</a>) was 59.7% in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-offer_rate_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-offer_rate-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>University </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><i><a href="/wiki/UCAS_Tariff" title="UCAS Tariff">Average Entry Tariff</a></i><sup>a</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Entry_Standards_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entry_Standards-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Offer Rate (%)<sup>b</sup><sup id="cite_ref-offer_rate_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-offer_rate-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>University of Birmingham </td> <td>158 </td> <td>65.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Bristol </td> <td>174 </td> <td>58.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Cambridge </td> <td>209 </td> <td>24.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cardiff University </td> <td>153 </td> <td>70.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Durham University </td> <td>185 </td> <td>62.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Edinburgh </td> <td>197 </td> <td>37.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Exeter </td> <td>164 </td> <td>82.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Glasgow </td> <td>209 </td> <td>63.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Imperial College London </td> <td>206 </td> <td>33.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>King's College London </td> <td>171 </td> <td>38.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Leeds </td> <td>162 </td> <td>56.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Liverpool </td> <td>147 </td> <td>72.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>London School of Economics </td> <td>195 </td> <td>20.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Manchester </td> <td>167 </td> <td>53.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Newcastle University </td> <td>151 </td> <td>79.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Nottingham </td> <td>154 </td> <td>71.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Oxford </td> <td>205 </td> <td>19.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Queen Mary University of London </td> <td>151 </td> <td>61.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Queen's University Belfast </td> <td>156 </td> <td>70.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Sheffield </td> <td>157 </td> <td>75.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Southampton </td> <td>156 </td> <td>71.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University College London </td> <td>190 </td> <td>27.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Warwick </td> <td>173 </td> <td>62.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of York </td> <td>157 </td> <td>78.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small><b>Notes:</b><br /> <sup>a</sup> The average <a href="/wiki/UCAS" title="UCAS">UCAS</a> tariff achieved by new undergraduate students entering the university in 2021–22. This is based on qualifications achieved, for example <a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)">A-levels</a>: A* = 56, A = 48, B = 40 UCAS points; <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">IBO Certificate in Higher Level</a>: H7 = 56, H6 = 48, H5 = 32.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><sup>b</sup> The average offer rate for June deadline undergraduate applicants (all ages) in 2023.<br /></small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russell Group accounted for 49.1% of the income of the higher education sector in the UK in 2013–14, having risen from 44.7% of the total in 2001–02. Over the same period the total income of Russell Group universities rose by 69.9% in real terms, compared to a sector average of 54.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell Group universities are also seen as "particularly creditworthy" due to their membership of the group, allowing them to borrow money at low interest rates.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total annual income for Russell Group members for 2020–21 was £20.30 billion of which £4.77 billion was from research grants and contracts, with an operating surplus of £1.15 billion. Russell Group universities hold a total endowment value of £6.18 billion (exclusive of colleges) and net assets of £31.52 billion. The table below is a record of each Russell Group member's financial data for the 2020–21 financial year. </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>University </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Government funding body grants (£m) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Teaching income (£m) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Teaching income as % of total income </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Research income (£m) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Research income as % of total income </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Total income (£m) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Operating surplus (£m) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Surplus as % of total income </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Endowment value (£m) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Total net assets (£m) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a><sup id="cite_ref-Birmingham_Financial_Statement_20/21_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birmingham_Financial_Statement_20/21-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>93.1 </td> <td>389.6 </td> <td>50.3% </td> <td>168.3 </td> <td>21.7% </td> <td><b>774.1</b> </td> <td>35.6 </td> <td>4.60% </td> <td>134.5 </td> <td>1,252.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bristol_Financial_Statement_20/21_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bristol_Financial_Statement_20/21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>119.9 </td> <td>349.8 </td> <td>46.5% </td> <td>176.4 </td> <td>22.6% </td> <td><b>752.0</b> </td> <td>85.3 </td> <td>11.34% </td> <td>91.3 </td> <td>1,190.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a><sup>‡</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_Financial_Statement_20/21_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_Financial_Statement_20/21-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>212.9 </td> <td>332.1 </td> <td>16.5% </td> <td>580.4 </td> <td>28.8% </td> <td><b>2,019.1</b> </td> <td>119.8 </td> <td>5.93% </td> <td>2,031.0 </td> <td>5,283.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cardiff_FS_2020/21_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardiff_FS_2020/21-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>109.5 </td> <td>306.9 </td> <td>50.9% </td> <td>112.6 </td> <td>18.7% </td> <td><b>603.4</b> </td> <td>31.3 </td> <td>5.19% </td> <td>45.5 </td> <td>678.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a><sup>‡</sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>43.0 </td> <td>241.3 </td> <td>61.4% </td> <td>51.2 </td> <td>13.0% </td> <td><b>393.2</b> </td> <td>19.8 </td> <td>5.04% </td> <td>98.2 </td> <td>476.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>236.3 </td> <td>435.0 </td> <td>37.0% </td> <td>324.0 </td> <td>27.6% </td> <td><b>1,175.6</b> </td> <td>130.0 </td> <td>11.0% </td> <td>565.2 </td> <td>2,406.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a><sup id="cite_ref-Exeter_Financial_Statement_20/21_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exeter_Financial_Statement_20/21-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>59.4 </td> <td>287.5 </td> <td>57.2% </td> <td>94.6 </td> <td>18.8% </td> <td><b>503.1</b> </td> <td>—9.7 </td> <td>—1.93% </td> <td>49.5 </td> <td>513.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>198.4 </td> <td>288.9 </td> <td>35.7% </td> <td>173.3 </td> <td>21.4% </td> <td><b>809.4</b> </td> <td>116.3 </td> <td>14.4% </td> <td>225.2 </td> <td>1,008.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>156.0 </td> <td>383.5 </td> <td>35.8% </td> <td>363.0 </td> <td>33.9% </td> <td><b>1,072.0</b> </td> <td>23.1 </td> <td>2.15% </td> <td>202.1 </td> <td>1,878.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>145.5 </td> <td>505.5 </td> <td>50.5% </td> <td>187.9 </td> <td>18.8% </td> <td><b>1,002.0</b> </td> <td>36.4 </td> <td>3.63% </td> <td>300.6 </td> <td>1,489.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a><sup id="cite_ref-Leeds2021_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeds2021-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>96.2 </td> <td>405.7 </td> <td>54.0% </td> <td>130.1 </td> <td>17.3% </td> <td><b>751.7</b> </td> <td>—8.1 </td> <td>—1.08% </td> <td>90.5 </td> <td>737.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a><sup id="cite_ref-Liverpool_Financial_Statement_20/21_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liverpool_Financial_Statement_20/21-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>78.7 </td> <td>303.7 </td> <td>50.8% </td> <td>112.5 </td> <td>18.8% </td> <td><b>597.4</b> </td> <td>29.0 </td> <td>4.85% </td> <td>190.2 </td> <td>801.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a><sup id="cite_ref-LSE_Financial_Statement_20/21_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSE_Financial_Statement_20/21-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>37.0 </td> <td>250.7 </td> <td>64.1% </td> <td>32.8 </td> <td>8.4% </td> <td><b>391.1</b> </td> <td>56.9 </td> <td>14.6% </td> <td>240.8 </td> <td>757.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>138.1 </td> <td>577.9 </td> <td>52.5% </td> <td>237.0 </td> <td>21.5% </td> <td><b>1,101.6</b> </td> <td>63.6 </td> <td>5.77% </td> <td>242.2 </td> <td>1,857.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a><sup id="cite_ref-Newcastle_university_financial_statement_20/21_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newcastle_university_financial_statement_20/21-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>81.2 </td> <td>276.3 </td> <td>52.8% </td> <td>99.6 </td> <td>19.0% </td> <td><b>523.6</b> </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>0.90% </td> <td>101.8 </td> <td>503.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nottingham_Financial_Statement_20/21_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nottingham_Financial_Statement_20/21-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>102.0 </td> <td>387.7 </td> <td>55.9% </td> <td>114.9 </td> <td>16.6% </td> <td><b>694.0</b> </td> <td>14.0 </td> <td>2.02% </td> <td>72.3 </td> <td>524.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a><sup>‡</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Financial_Statement_20/21_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Financial_Statement_20/21-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>203.8 </td> <td>418.5 </td> <td>18.6% </td> <td>647.8 </td> <td>28.8% </td> <td><b>2,249.8</b> </td> <td>95.0 </td> <td>4.22% </td> <td>1,149.0 </td> <td>5,071.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary University of London</a><sup id="cite_ref-QMUL_2020-21_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QMUL_2020-21-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>76.0 </td> <td>272.9 </td> <td>53.3% </td> <td>114.7 </td> <td>22.4% </td> <td><b>512.5</b> </td> <td>71.3 </td> <td>13.9% </td> <td>41.3 </td> <td>533.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a><sup id="cite_ref-Queen's_University_Belfast_Financial_Statement_20/21_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queen's_University_Belfast_Financial_Statement_20/21-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>109.9 </td> <td>143.4 </td> <td>36.2% </td> <td>88.6 </td> <td>22.4% </td> <td><b>395.8</b> </td> <td>22.3 </td> <td>5.63% </td> <td>70.0 </td> <td>536.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sheffield_Financial_Statement_20/21_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheffield_Financial_Statement_20/21-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>96.1 </td> <td>370 </td> <td>49.9% </td> <td>163.0 </td> <td>22.0% </td> <td><b>741.0</b> </td> <td>32.4 </td> <td>4.37% </td> <td>46.7 </td> <td>1,229.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Southampton_2021_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Southampton_2021-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>84.2 </td> <td>237.0 </td> <td>43.3% </td> <td>119.7 </td> <td>21.9% </td> <td><b>547.7</b> </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>0.91% </td> <td>14.9 </td> <td>499.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>221.4 </td> <td>732.9 </td> <td>46.1% </td> <td>475.7 </td> <td>29.9% </td> <td><b>1,591.7</b> </td> <td>109.8 </td> <td>6.90% </td> <td>163.3 </td> <td>1,613.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a><sup id="cite_ref-Warwick_2021_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warwick_2021-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>66.8 </td> <td>389.7 </td> <td>55.8% </td> <td>139.8 </td> <td>20.0% </td> <td><b>698.2</b> </td> <td>76.7 </td> <td>11.0% </td> <td>7.0 </td> <td>384.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a><sup id="cite_ref-York_2021_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-York_2021-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>47.5 </td> <td>229.1 </td> <td>56.8% </td> <td>69.8 </td> <td>17.3% </td> <td><b>403.6</b> </td> <td>—6.3 </td> <td>—1.56% </td> <td>8.0 </td> <td>289.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small><b>Notes:</b><br /> <sup>‡</sup> exclusive of colleges </small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Elite'_status_questioned"><span id=".27Elite.27_status_questioned"></span>'Elite' status questioned</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 'Elite' status questioned"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a statement made in 2014 to the Higher Education Policy Institute, <a href="/wiki/David_Watson_(academic)" title="David Watson (academic)">David Watson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> suggested that the Russell Group's claim to represent 24 'leading universities' was "a real stretch". In the context of the Russell Group's reputation in the sector, he continued: "particularly dangerous, I think, is the bottom half of the Russell Group...The problem with the Russell Group is that it represents neither the sector as a whole [nor], in many cases, the best of the sector". Performance in research intensity showed that there were dozens of other UK universities "above the bottom Russellers".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> academic, Vikki Boliver, published a report in 2015 claiming that the prestigious position of the Russell Group was not based on evidence, but rather successful marketing. Only the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were significantly more elite than the majority of "old" universities when a grouping analysis was performed using data on academic selectivity, research activity, teaching quality, socio-economic exclusivity and economic resources. The other 22 members of the Russell Group sit in a second tier of universities along with 17 other "old" universities (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">Bath</a>*, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">Dundee</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">East Anglia</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">Goldsmiths</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster</a>*, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">Leicester</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Loughborough_University" title="Loughborough University">Loughborough</a>*, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">Reading</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway</a>*, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">St Andrews</a>*, <a href="/wiki/SOAS,_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAS, University of London">SOAS</a>*, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">Surrey</a>* and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">Sussex</a>*), mostly comprising former members of the defunct <a href="/wiki/1994_Group" title="1994 Group">1994 Group</a> (shown by asterisks). Another 13 "old" universities and 54 <a href="/wiki/New_universities_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="New universities (United Kingdom)">"new" universities</a> made up a third tier, with a fourth tier of 19 "new" universities. Within each tier, the differences between the institutions were less significant than the differences between the tiers.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflected an earlier result from 2010 that, when the <a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(universities)" title="Golden triangle (universities)">"Golden Triangle"</a> universities (defined in the study as Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial, LSE, and UCL) were omitted, the remaining (then) members of the Russell Group were outperformed by the (then) members of the 1994 Group.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ant Bagshaw from the Wonkhe think-tank has criticised the use of Russell Group membership as a proxy for selectivity in official Department for Education reports and statistics, as better measures of selectivity are available from UCAS data. He states that the idea that "Russell Group membership is synonymous with 'best<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" is "persistent, but unverified". He also notes that this may lead to less scrutiny of the performance of non-Russell Group selective universities with respect to widening participation and improving access.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protectionism">Protectionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Protectionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">Institute of Economic Affairs</a> has argued that the Russell Group acts out of protectionist interests. It is claimed that this will "restrict competition, discourage innovation and encourage inefficiency, thereby depriving students of lower prices and/or greater choice".<sup id="cite_ref-Stanfield_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanfield-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The twenty-four universities in the Russell Group are responsible for around half of the Scope 1 and 2 carbon emissions of the UK university sector.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This links to data, not an analysis of that data, so this claim may constitute original research. (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Group as a whole has been criticised for an inconsistent and inadequate response to the need to identify emissions and take reduction measures.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Environmental Sustainability Network was announced by the Russell Group in December 2019;<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of November 2021 no outcomes from this had been announced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Widening_access">Widening access</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Widening access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analysis by the Labour Party in 2018 found that the number of students from disadvantaged areas has only increased by one percentage point since 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Durham academic Vikki Bolívar published a paper, <i>Lies, damned lies, and statistics on widening access to Russell Group universities</i>, criticising the statistical analysis in the Russell Group publication <i>Opening Doors</i>. This had said that "real progress has been made over the last few years" in widening access, but Bolívar highlighted four areas where the statistics used to justify this claim were misleading. She also pointed out that there was "a growing body of statistical research evidence which indicates that one important barrier to widening access at Russell Group universities is that applicants from less advantaged social backgrounds are less likely to be offered places at these universities than comparably qualified applicants from more advantaged social groups" that had not been mentioned in the Russell Group report.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption>UCAS statistics on offers to applicants from low/high participation neighbourhoods (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="3">POLAR4 Q1 (lowest participation 20% neighbourhoods) </th> <th colspan="3">POLAR4 Q5 (highest participation 20% neighbourhoods) </th></tr> <tr> <th>University </th> <th>Offer rate difference<sup>a</sup> </th> <th>Flag<sup>b</sup> </th> <th>% of all offers </th> <th>Offer rate difference<sup>a</sup> </th> <th>Flag<sup>b</sup> </th> <th>% of all offers </th></tr> <tr> <td>Birmingham </td> <td>+2.3 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>9.2 </td> <td>+0.9 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>39.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bristol </td> <td>+5.6 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>7.3 </td> <td>-1.9 </td> <td>- </td> <td>48.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cambridge </td> <td>+1.2 </td> <td> </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>-0.2 </td> <td> </td> <td>50.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cardiff </td> <td>-1.6 </td> <td> </td> <td>9.4 </td> <td>+0.6 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>37.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Durham </td> <td>+37.4 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>12.3 </td> <td>-12.7 </td> <td>- </td> <td>38.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edinburgh </td> <td>+6.8 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>-1.4 </td> <td>- </td> <td>49.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exeter </td> <td>+7.9 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>-3.2 </td> <td>- </td> <td>46.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Glasgow </td> <td>+3.2 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>+0.3 </td> <td> </td> <td>47.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Imperial </td> <td>+6.8 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>-2.1 </td> <td>- </td> <td>44.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>King's </td> <td>+6.6 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>7.1 </td> <td>-1.4 </td> <td>- </td> <td>41.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leeds </td> <td>+8.9 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>10.4 </td> <td>-2.2 </td> <td>- </td> <td>42.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liverpool </td> <td>+1.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>10.9 </td> <td>+0.7 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>37.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>LSE </td> <td>+21.6 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>9.0 </td> <td>-4.3 </td> <td>- </td> <td>44.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manchester </td> <td>+4.9 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>10.3 </td> <td>-0.4 </td> <td> </td> <td>40.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Newcastle </td> <td>-0.2 </td> <td> </td> <td>9.3 </td> <td>+0.4 </td> <td> </td> <td>41.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nottingham </td> <td>+1.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>8.6 </td> <td>+0.6 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>42.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oxford </td> <td>+8.3 </td> <td> </td> <td>8.2 </td> <td>-2.2 </td> <td>- </td> <td>47.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Queen Mary </td> <td>+1.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>-0.2 </td> <td> </td> <td>37.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Queen's Belfast </td> <td>-3.5 </td> <td>- </td> <td>9.4 </td> <td>+0.8 </td> <td> </td> <td>38.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sheffield </td> <td>-1.6 </td> <td>- </td> <td>10.8 </td> <td>+0.9 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>37.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southampton </td> <td>-0.4 </td> <td> </td> <td>7.9 </td> <td>+0.9 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>41.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>UCL </td> <td>+4.9 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>6.3 </td> <td>-0.2 </td> <td> </td> <td>48.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Warwick </td> <td>+2.0 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>7.0 </td> <td>+0.5 </td> <td> </td> <td>43.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>York </td> <td>+0.8 </td> <td> </td> <td>10.3 </td> <td>+0.1 </td> <td> </td> <td>37.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>All higher tariff providers </td> <td>+4.4 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>8.6 </td> <td>-1.0 </td> <td>- </td> <td>42.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>All UK providers </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td> </td> <td>11.6 </td> <td>-0.2 </td> <td> </td> <td>32.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup>a</sup> – difference between the actual offer rate and the offer rate expected if predicted grades and subject choice were the only factors<br /> <sup>b</sup> – indicates significantly higher (+), significantly lower (-) or no significant difference from expected rate (blank) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> – group of US research universities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Universities" title="Imperial Universities">Imperial Universities</a> – group of older universities in Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_National_Importance" title="Institutes of National Importance">Institutes of National Importance</a> – premier universities in India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Technology">National Institutes of Technology</a> – 31 leading public engineering universities in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(universities)" title="Golden triangle (universities)">Golden Triangle</a> – informal grouping of universities in London and southeast England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxbridge" title="Doxbridge">Doxbridge</a> - informal grouping of older collegiate universities in England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKY_(universities)" title="SKY (universities)">SKY (universities)</a> – group of Korean universities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C9_League" title="C9 League">C9 League</a> – The Chinese Ministry of Education's formal grouping of elite universities in China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TU9" title="TU9">TU9</a>, alliance of nine leading <a href="/wiki/Technical_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical universities">Technical Universities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight_(Australian_universities)" title="Group of Eight (Australian universities)">Group of Eight (Australian universities)</a>, formal group of eight universities in Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_university" title="Ancient university">Ancient universities</a> Oxbridge, Scottish, and Irish Universities formed before the year 1600 with undergraduate MA awarding powers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_UK_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of UK universities">Armorial of UK universities</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russellgroup.ac.uk/disclaimer/">"Disclaimer"</a>. Russell Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213190050/https://russellgroup.ac.uk/disclaimer/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disclaimer&rft.pub=Russell+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussellgroup.ac.uk%2Fdisclaimer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chair_Day-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chair_Day_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chair_Day_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmily_Twinch2023" class="citation news cs1">Emily Twinch (4 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-uk-universities-2023-9-newcastle-vice-chancellor-becomes-russell-group-chair/">"Newcastle vice-chancellor becomes Russell Group chair"</a>. <i>Research Professional News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230547/https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-uk-universities-2023-9-newcastle-vice-chancellor-becomes-russell-group-chair/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Professional+News&rft.atitle=Newcastle+vice-chancellor+becomes+Russell+Group+chair&rft.date=2023-09-04&rft.au=Emily+Twinch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchprofessionalnews.com%2Frr-news-uk-universities-2023-9-newcastle-vice-chancellor-becomes-russell-group-chair%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russellgroup.ac.uk/about/">"About"</a>. Russell Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030201918/https://russellgroup.ac.uk/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=Russell+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussellgroup.ac.uk%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackmore2016" class="citation web cs1">Blackmore, Paul (29 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2016/mar/29/universities-vie-for-the-metric-that-cannot-be-measured-prestige">"Universities vie for the metric that cannot be measured: prestige"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330202825/http://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2016/mar/29/universities-vie-for-the-metric-that-cannot-be-measured-prestige">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>The Russell Group has successfully stage-managed the position that it is seen as comprising the best universities. Some are and some aren't, but by and large this is nonsense. However, parents increasingly say they want their child to go to one.<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#Categorisation_by_age_and_location" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">Pre-92</a> head.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Universities+vie+for+the+metric+that+cannot+be+measured%3A+prestige&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft.aulast=Blackmore&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fhigher-education-network%2F2016%2Fmar%2F29%2Funiversities-vie-for-the-metric-that-cannot-be-measured-prestige&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-profile-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-profile_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-profile_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russellgroup.ac.uk/media/5524/rg_text_june2017_updated.pdf">"Profile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Russell Group. June 2017. pp. 6–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240112144155/https://russellgroup.ac.uk/media/5524/rg_text_june2017_updated.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Russell+Group&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussellgroup.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2F5524%2Frg_text_june2017_updated.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russellgroup.ac.uk/news/russell-group-universities-produce-more-world-leading-research-than-ever-before/">"Russell Group universities produce more world-leading research than ever before"</a>. Russell Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527131629/https://russellgroup.ac.uk/news/russell-group-universities-produce-more-world-leading-research-than-ever-before/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russell+Group+universities+produce+more+world-leading+research+than+ever+before&rft.pub=Russell+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussellgroup.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Frussell-group-universities-produce-more-world-leading-research-than-ever-before%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCabe2023" class="citation news cs1">McCabe, Grace (18 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/tef-2023-results">"What is the TEF? Results of the Teaching Excellence Framework 2023"</a>. <i>Times Higher Education</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=What+is+the+TEF%3F+Results+of+the+Teaching+Excellence+Framework+2023&rft.date=2023-12-18&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fstudent%2Fnews%2Ftef-2023-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/articles/graduatesintheuklabourmarket/2017">"Graduates in the UK Labour Market – 2017"</a> (Press release). Office for National Statistics. 24 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901065912/http://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/articles/graduatesintheuklabourmarket/2017">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graduates+in+the+UK+Labour+Market+%E2%80%93+2017&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2017-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Femploymentandlabourmarket%2Fpeopleinwork%2Femploymentandemployeetypes%2Farticles%2Fgraduatesintheuklabourmarket%2F2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-publishes-destination-data-for-the-first-time">"Government publishes destination data for the first time"</a>. Department for Education. 12 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190114044447/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-publishes-destination-data-for-the-first-time">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+publishes+destination+data+for+the+first+time&rft.pub=Department+for+Education&rft.date=2012-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fgovernment-publishes-destination-data-for-the-first-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc12312-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc12312_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc12312_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc12312_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc12312_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-17341478">"Four universities join elite Russell Group"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208142928/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-17341478">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Four+universities+join+elite+Russell+Group&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation-17341478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian2012_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian2012_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/mar/12/russell-group-four-more-universities">"Russell Group extends membership to four more universities"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 12 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042007/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/mar/12/russell-group-four-more-universities">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russell+Group+extends+membership+to+four+more+universities&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2012%2Fmar%2F12%2Frussell-group-four-more-universities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kclandcardiff-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kclandcardiff_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=409118">"Do you want to be in my gang?"</a>. <i>Times Higher Education</i>. 19 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230611131444/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=409118">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Do+you+want+to+be+in+my+gang%3F&rft.date=2009-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3Fstorycode%3D409118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=158251&sectioncode=26">"Russell Group keeps funding options open"</a>. <i>Times Higher Education</i>. 23 March 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230611064853/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=158251&sectioncode=26">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Russell+Group+keeps+funding+options+open&rft.date=2001-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3FstoryCode%3D158251%26sectioncode%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=200241&sectioncode=26">"Russell Group seeks leader to oversee its expanded role"</a>. <i>Times Higher Education</i>. 9 December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230611081203/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=200241&sectioncode=26">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Russell+Group+seeks+leader+to+oversee+its+expanded+role&rft.date=2005-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3FstoryCode%3D200241%26sectioncode%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-the91106-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the91106_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the91106_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=206624&sectioncode=26">"Queen's gets key to Russell club door"</a>. <i>Times Higher Education</i>. 9 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404132309/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=206624&sectioncode=26">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+World+University+Rankings+2024&rft.pub=Times+Higher+Education&rft.date=2023-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2024%2Fworld-ranking%23%21%2Flength%2F25%2Flocations%2FGBR%2Fsort_by%2Frank%2Fsort_order%2Fasc%2Fcols%2Fstats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings">"Complete University Guide 2025"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Guardian+University+Guide+2024&rft.date=2023-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2Fng-interactive%2F2023%2Fsep%2F09%2Fthe-guardian-university-guide-2024-the-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/uk-university-rankings">"Good University Guide 2024"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. 15 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107023235/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/uk-university-rankings">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Sutton Trust. 8 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916163741/https://www.suttontrust.com/our-research/degree-success-university-chances-individual-school/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Earnings+by+Degrees&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Sutton+Trust&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suttontrust.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F12%2FEarnings-by-Degrees-REPORT-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Entry_Standards-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Entry_Standards_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Entry_Standards_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings?tabletype=full-table&sortby=entry-standards">"Complete University Guide 2024 – Entry Standards"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125195135/https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings?tabletype=full-table&sortby=entry-standards">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complete+University+Guide+2024+%E2%80%93+Entry+Standards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk%2Fleague-tables%2Frankings%3Ftabletype%3Dfull-table%26sortby%3Dentry-standards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-offer_rate-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-offer_rate_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-offer_rate_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucas.com/data-and-analysis/undergraduate-statistics-and-reports/ucas-undergraduate-end-cycle-data-resources-2023/2023-entry-ucas-undergraduate-reports-sex-area-background-and-ethnic-group">"2023 entry UCAS Undergraduate reports by sex, area background, and ethnic group"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UCAS" title="UCAS">UCAS</a>. 30 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240430224607/https://www.ucas.com/data-and-analysis/undergraduate-statistics-and-reports/ucas-undergraduate-end-cycle-data-resources-2023/2023-entry-ucas-undergraduate-reports-sex-area-background-and-ethnic-group">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2023+entry+UCAS+Undergraduate+reports+by+sex%2C+area+background%2C+and+ethnic+group&rft.pub=UCAS&rft.date=2024-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucas.com%2Fdata-and-analysis%2Fundergraduate-statistics-and-reports%2Fucas-undergraduate-end-cycle-data-resources-2023%2F2023-entry-ucas-undergraduate-reports-sex-area-background-and-ethnic-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucas.com/file/603496/download?token=cBYDgpzT">"UCAS Tariff tables"</a>. UCAS. May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913232008/https://www.ucas.com/file/603496/download?token=cBYDgpzT">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UCAS+Tariff+tables&rft.pub=UCAS&rft.date=2021-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucas.com%2Ffile%2F603496%2Fdownload%3Ftoken%3DcBYDgpzT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Havergal2015" class="citation news cs1">Chris Havergal (9 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/russell-group-pulls-further-away-in-funding-race">"Russell Group 'pulls further away' in funding race"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913232114/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/russell-group-pulls-further-away-in-funding-race">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Russell+Group+%27pulls+further+away%27+in+funding+race&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft.au=Chris+Havergal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fnews%2Frussell-group-pulls-further-away-in-funding-race&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Morgan2016" class="citation news cs1">John Morgan (11 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/russell-group-membership-a-badge-of-quality-for-bond-investors">"Russell Group membership a 'badge of quality' for bond investors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212081028/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/russell-group-membership-a-badge-of-quality-for-bond-investors">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Russell+Group+membership+a+%27badge+of+quality%27+for+bond+investors&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft.au=John+Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fnews%2Frussell-group-membership-a-badge-of-quality-for-bond-investors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birmingham_Financial_Statement_20/21-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birmingham_Financial_Statement_20/21_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/documents/finance/uob-annual-report-and-accounts-2020-21-accessible.pdf">"Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+for+the+Year+to+31+July+2021&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+Birmingham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.ac.uk%2Fdocuments%2Ffinance%2Fuob-annual-report-and-accounts-2020-21-accessible.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bristol_Financial_Statement_20/21-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bristol_Financial_Statement_20/21_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/media-library/sites/finance/documents/UoB%20AR%20FS%202021%20WEB.pdf">"Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+for+the+Year+to+31+July+2021&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+Bristol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristol.ac.uk%2Fmedia-library%2Fsites%2Ffinance%2Fdocuments%2FUoB%2520AR%2520FS%25202021%2520WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_Financial_Statement_20/21-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_Financial_Statement_20/21_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/system/files/university_of_cambridge_group_annual_reports_financial_statements_2020-21.pdf">"Reports and Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+2020%E2%80%932021&rft.pub=Durham+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fcommunicationsoffice%2Fdocs%2F2022_annual_report_cur0222199_digi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/202007_uoe_annual_accounts_2021_29.pdf">"The University of Edinburgh Reports & Financial Statements for the year to July 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Edinburgh</i>. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214111749/https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/202007_uoe_annual_accounts_2021_29.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=The+University+of+Edinburgh+Reports+%26+Financial+Statements+for+the+year+to+July+2021&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ed.ac.uk%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2F202007_uoe_annual_accounts_2021_29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exeter_Financial_Statement_20/21-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Exeter_Financial_Statement_20/21_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/media/universityofexeter/financeservices/pdfs/annualreport2020-2021.pdf">"Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Exeter. p. 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107002043/http://www.exeter.ac.uk/media/universityofexeter/financeservices/pdfs/annualreport2020-2021.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+for+the+Year+to+31+July+2021&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.exeter.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Funiversityofexeter%2Ffinanceservices%2Fpdfs%2Fannualreport2020-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/Media_830192_smxx.pdf">"Reports and Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Glasgow. 31 July 2022. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202030701/https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/Media_830192_smxx.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reports+and+Financial+Statements+for+the+Year+to+31+July+2021&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=2022-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gla.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2FMedia_830192_smxx.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/administration-and-support-services/finance/public/Annual-Report-and-Accounts-web-2020-21.pdf">"Annual Report and Accounts 2020–21"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Imperial College London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310003815/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/administration-and-support-services/finance/public/Annual-Report-and-Accounts-web-2020-21.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+and+Accounts+2020%E2%80%9321&rft.pub=Imperial+College+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imperial.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fimperial-college%2Fadministration-and-support-services%2Ffinance%2Fpublic%2FAnnual-Report-and-Accounts-web-2020-21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/about/assets/pdf/statements/financialstatements2021.pdf">"Financial Statements for the year to 31 July 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. King's College London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322174607/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/about/assets/pdf/statements/financialstatements2021.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+for+the+year+to+31+July+2021&rft.pub=King%27s+College+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcl.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2Fstatements%2Ffinancialstatements2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leeds2021-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leeds2021_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/download/downloads/id/2969/annual_report_and_accounts_2020-21.pdf">"Annual report and accounts 2020–21"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Leeds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913232521/https://www.leeds.ac.uk/download/downloads/id/2969/annual_report_and_accounts_2020-21.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+report+and+accounts+2020%E2%80%9321&rft.pub=University+of+Leeds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leeds.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fdownloads%2Fid%2F2969%2Fannual_report_and_accounts_2020-21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liverpool_Financial_Statement_20/21-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liverpool_Financial_Statement_20/21_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/finance/Annual,Accounts,20-21.pdf">"Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Liverpool. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205212350/https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/finance/Annual,Accounts,20-21.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+for+the+Year+to+31+July+2021&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=University+of+Liverpool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpool.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Flivacuk%2Ffinance%2FAnnual%2CAccounts%2C20-21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSE_Financial_Statement_20/21-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LSE_Financial_Statement_20/21_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Finance-Division/assets/annual-accounts/PDF/20-21-LSE-Financial-Statements.pdf">"Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London School of Economics. p. 30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913232522/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Finance-Division/assets/annual-accounts/PDF/20-21-LSE-Financial-Statements.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+for+the+Year+to+31+July+2021&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2FFinance-Division%2Fassets%2Fannual-accounts%2FPDF%2F20-21-LSE-Financial-Statements.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=58270">"Financial statements for the year ended 31 July 2021"</a>. University of Manchester<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Newcastle University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk/media/wwwnclacuk/whoweare/files/Integrated%20Annual%20Report%202020-21.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Integrated+Annual+Report+2020%E2%80%9321&rft.pub=Newcastle+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncl.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fwwwnclacuk%2Fwhoweare%2Ffiles%2FIntegrated%2520Annual%2520Report%25202020-21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nottingham_Financial_Statement_20/21-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nottingham_Financial_Statement_20/21_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/FABS/finance/documents/financialstatements/strategic-review-and-financial-statements-2021.pdf">"Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Nottingham. p. 34<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119010602/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/Oxford%20University%2C%20Financial%20Statements%202020-21.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+2020%2F21&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fsites%2Ffiles%2Foxford%2FOxford%2520University%252C%2520Financial%2520Statements%25202020-21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QMUL_2020-21-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QMUL_2020-21_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.qmul.ac.uk/media/finance/financialstatements/QMUL-Financial-Statements-2020-21-V8-Final.pdf">"Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Queen Mary, University of London. p. 28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Queen's University Belfast. p. 35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127052827/https://www.qub.ac.uk/directorates/FinanceDirectorate/visitors/FileStore-Visitors/financial-statements/File,1253542,en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+for+the+Year+to+31+July+2021&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2Fdirectorates%2FFinanceDirectorate%2Fvisitors%2FFileStore-Visitors%2Ffinancial-statements%2FFile%2C1253542%2Cen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheffield_Financial_Statement_20/21-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sheffield_Financial_Statement_20/21_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/media/28819/download?attachment">"Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2021"</a>. University of Sheffield. p. 54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202105410/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/media/28819/download?attachment">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+for+the+Year+to+31+July+2021&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+Sheffield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffield.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2F28819%2Fdownload%3Fattachment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_Southampton_2021-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Southampton_2021_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/~assets/doc/University%20of%20Southampton%20Consolidated%20Financial%20Statements.pdf">"Southampton Financial Statement 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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UCL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305141702/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/finance/sites/finance/files/ucl_annual_report_and_financial_statements_for_the_year_ended_31_july_2021.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+and+Financial+Statements+for+the+year+ended+31+July+2021&rft.pub=UCL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Ffinance%2Fsites%2Ffinance%2Ffiles%2Fucl_annual_report_and_financial_statements_for_the_year_ended_31_july_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warwick_2021-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warwick_2021_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warwick.ac.uk/services/finance/resources/accounts/accounts_202021_-_with_cover.pdf">"Statement of accounts for the year ended 31 July 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+accounts+for+the+year+ended+31+July+2021&rft.pub=University+of+Warwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarwick.ac.uk%2Fservices%2Ffinance%2Fresources%2Faccounts%2Faccounts_202021_-_with_cover.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-York_2021-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-York_2021_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.york.ac.uk/media/staffhome/marketing/corporatepublications/Annual-Reports-Financial-Statements-2021.pdf">"Annual Report and Financial Statements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202205007/https://www.york.ac.uk/media/staffhome/marketing/corporatepublications/Annual-Reports-Financial-Statements-2021.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+and+Financial+Statements&rft.pub=University+of+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fstaffhome%2Fmarketing%2Fcorporatepublications%2FAnnual-Reports-Financial-Statements-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2014" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, John (3 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/sir-david-watson-russell-group-is-not-all-its-cracked-up-to-be/2012364.article">"Sir David Watson: Russell Group is not all it's cracked up to be"</a>. <i>Times Higher Education</i>. Times Higher Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221110644/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/sir-david-watson-russell-group-is-not-all-its-cracked-up-to-be/2012364.article">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Sir+David+Watson%3A+Russell+Group+is+not+all+it%27s+cracked+up+to+be&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fnews%2Fsir-david-watson-russell-group-is-not-all-its-cracked-up-to-be%2F2012364.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Havergal2015" class="citation news cs1">Chris Havergal (19 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/most-russell-group-universities-little-better-than-other-pre-92s">"Most Russell Group universities 'little different to other pre-92s'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Times Higher Education</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730130008/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/most-russell-group-universities-little-better-than-other-pre-92s">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Most+Russell+Group+universities+%27little+different+to+other+pre-92s%27&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.au=Chris+Havergal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fnews%2Fmost-russell-group-universities-little-better-than-other-pre-92s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._Bolivar2015" class="citation journal cs1">V. Bolivar (30 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/14978/">"Are there distinctive clusters of higher and lower status universities in the UK?"</a>. <i>Oxford Review of Education</i>. <b>41</b> (5). Taylor & Francis: 608–627. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03054985.2015.1082905">10.1080/03054985.2015.1082905</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143154842">143154842</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714180513/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/14978/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Review+of+Education&rft.atitle=Are+there+distinctive+clusters+of+higher+and+lower+status+universities+in+the+UK%3F&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=608-627&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03054985.2015.1082905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143154842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=V.+Bolivar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F14978%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoë_Corbyn2010" class="citation news cs1">Zoë Corbyn (25 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/data-disprove-case-for-distributing-research-funds-on-historical-basis/410949.article">"Data disprove case for distributing research funds on historical basis"</a>. <i>Times Higher Education</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310062431/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/data-disprove-case-for-distributing-research-funds-on-historical-basis/410949.article">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>The analysis, due to be published on 25 March, uses citation data to show that when the five "golden-triangle" institutions – the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Imperial College London, University College London and the London School of Economics – are removed from the Russell Group of large research-intensive universities, the 1994 Group of smaller research-led universities outperforms it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Data+disprove+case+for+distributing+research+funds+on+historical+basis&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft.au=Zo%C3%AB+Corbyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fnews%2Fdata-disprove-case-for-distributing-research-funds-on-historical-basis%2F410949.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnt_Bagshaw2017" class="citation web cs1">Ant Bagshaw (14 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wonkhe.com/blogs/its-time-to-stop-conflating-the-russell-group-with-the-best/">"It's time to stop conflating the Russell Group with the 'best'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Wonkhe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+time+to+stop+conflating+the+Russell+Group+with+the+%27best%27&rft.pub=Wonkhe&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft.au=Ant+Bagshaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwonkhe.com%2Fblogs%2Fits-time-to-stop-conflating-the-russell-group-with-the-best%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanfield-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanfield_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org.uk/blog/free-trade-in-higher-education-%E2%80%93-no-protectionism-required-for-learning">Institute of Economic Affairs:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427094810/http://www.iea.org.uk/blog/free-trade-in-higher-education-%E2%80%93-no-protectionism-required-for-learning">Archived</a> 27 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> James Stanfield</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK Higher Education Statistics Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/estates">https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/estates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121114038/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/estates">Archived</a> 21 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill Spence (19 April 2021). <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/blog/elite-universities-are-falling-short-their-green-promises">Elite universities are falling short on their green promises</a>"</i> Times Higher Education.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell Group December 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russellgroup.ac.uk/news/russell-group-publishes-joint-statement-on-environmental-sustainability/">Joint statement on environmental sustainability</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121114028/https://russellgroup.ac.uk/news/russell-group-publishes-joint-statement-on-environmental-sustainability/">Archived</a> 21 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_Elgot2018" class="citation news cs1">Jessica Elgot (14 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/aug/15/government-accused-of-total-failure-to-widen-elite-university-access">"Government accused of 'total failure' to widen elite university access"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Government+accused+of+%27total+failure%27+to+widen+elite+university+access&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft.au=Jessica+Elgot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2018%2Faug%2F15%2Fgovernment-accused-of-total-failure-to-widen-elite-university-access&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoliver,_V.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Boliver, V. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dro.dur.ac.uk/18034/">"Lies, damned lies, and statistics on widening access to Russell Group universities"</a>. <i>Radical Statistics</i>. <b>113</b>: 29–38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129182648/https://dro.dur.ac.uk/18034/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radical+Statistics&rft.atitle=Lies%2C+damned+lies%2C+and+statistics+on+widening+access+to+Russell+Group+universities.&rft.volume=113&rft.pages=29-38&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Boliver%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F18034%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucas.com/data-and-analysis/undergraduate-statistics-and-reports/ucas-undergraduate-sector-level-end-cycle-data-resources-2022/2022-entry-ucas-undergraduate-reports-sex-area-background-and-ethnic-group">"2022 entry UCAS undergraduate reports by sex, area background, and ethnic group"</a>. UCAS. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129233739/https://www.ucas.com/data-and-analysis/undergraduate-statistics-and-reports/ucas-undergraduate-sector-level-end-cycle-data-resources-2022/2022-entry-ucas-undergraduate-reports-sex-area-background-and-ethnic-group">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2022+entry+UCAS+undergraduate+reports+by+sex%2C+area+background%2C+and+ethnic+group&rft.pub=UCAS&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucas.com%2Fdata-and-analysis%2Fundergraduate-statistics-and-reports%2Fucas-undergraduate-sector-level-end-cycle-data-resources-2022%2F2022-entry-ucas-undergraduate-reports-sex-area-background-and-ethnic-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Group&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russell_Group" title="Template:Russell Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russell_Group" title="Template talk:Russell Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russell_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russell Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russell_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_associations_and_groupings_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:University_associations_and_groupings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:University associations and groupings in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:University_associations_and_groupings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:University associations and groupings in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_associations_and_groupings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University associations and groupings in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_associations_and_groupings_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">University associations and groupings in the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Formal associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedrals_Group" title="Cathedrals Group">Cathedrals Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_ARC" title="Eastern ARC">Eastern ARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GuildHE" title="GuildHE">GuildHE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW4" title="GW4">GW4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick_Institute" title="Francis Crick Institute">Francis Crick Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MedCity_(London)" title="MedCity (London)">MedCity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Innovation" title="Midlands Innovation">Midlands Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Million+">Million+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N8_Research_Partnership" title="N8 Research Partnership">N8 Research Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCUK" title="NCUK">NCUK</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_South" title="Science and Engineering South">SES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SETsquared" title="SETsquared">SETsquared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_Centre" title="Thomas Young Centre">Thomas Young Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Alliance" title="University Alliance">University Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Scotland" title="Universities Scotland">Universities Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_UK" title="Universities UK">Universities UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Group" title="Wallace Group">Wallace Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_University_Consortium" title="White Rose University Consortium">White Rose University Consortium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Group" title="1994 Group">1994 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Medical_Excellence_Cluster" title="Global Medical Excellence Cluster">Global Medical Excellence Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Universities_Association" title="North West Universities Association">North West Universities Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">By age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_university" title="Ancient university">Ancient</a> (pre-1600) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities_of_Scotland" title="Ancient universities of Scotland">Scotland</a> (pre-1600)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_brick_university" title="Red brick university">Red brick</a> (1900–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_glass_university" title="Plate glass university">Plate glass</a> (1960–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_university" class="mw-redirect" title="New university">New</a> (since 1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Informal groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_university" title="Campus university">Campus university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(universities)" title="Golden triangle (universities)">Golden triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxbridge" title="Doxbridge">Doxbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Universities in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Universities in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universities in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">Universities in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_England" title="List of universities in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bedfordshire" title="University of Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranfield_University" title="Cranfield University">Cranfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Essex" title="University of Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire" title="University of Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_University_of_the_Arts" title="Norwich University of the Arts">Norwich University of the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Suffolk" title="University of Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_higher_education_colleges_in_London" title="List of universities and higher education colleges in London">London</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University <br /> of London</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunel_University_of_London" title="Brunel University of London">Brunel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_St_George%27s,_University_of_London" title="City St George's, University of London">City St George's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art" title="Courtauld Institute of Art">Courtauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">Goldsmiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Cancer_Research" title="Institute of Cancer Research">Institute of Cancer Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Business_School" title="London Business School">London Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">LSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">LSHTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Academy of Music">Royal Academy of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Central_School_of_Speech_and_Drama" title="Royal Central School of Speech and Drama">Royal Central School of Speech and Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Veterinary_College" title="Royal Veterinary College">Royal Veterinary College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Advanced_Study" title="School of Advanced Study">School of Advanced Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAS_University_of_London" title="SOAS University of London">SOAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">UCL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_East_London" title="University of East London">East London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Greenwich" title="University of Greenwich">Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_University" title="Kingston University">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metropolitan_University" title="London Metropolitan University">London Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_South_Bank_University" title="London South Bank University">London South Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_University" title="Middlesex University">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University_%E2%80%93_London" title="Northeastern University – London">Northeastern University – London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbourne_University_London" title="Ravensbourne University London">Ravensbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_University_London" title="Regent's University London">Regent's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_The_American_International_University_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond, The American International University in London">Richmond, The American International University in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Royal College of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music" title="Royal College of Music">Royal College of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Roehampton" title="University of Roehampton">Roehampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_University,_Twickenham" title="St Mary's University, Twickenham">St Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London" title="University of the Arts London">University of the Arts London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Westminster" title="University of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_West_London" title="University of West London">West London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aston_University" title="Aston University">Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_University" title="Birmingham City University">Birmingham City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Grosseteste_University" title="Bishop Grosseteste University">Bishop Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_University" title="Coventry University">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Montfort_University" title="De Montfort University">De Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Derby" title="University of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harper_Adams_University" title="Harper Adams University">Harper Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keele_University" title="Keele University">Keele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lincoln" title="University of Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughborough_University" title="Loughborough University">Loughborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newman_University,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Newman University, Birmingham">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Northampton" title="University of Northampton">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University" title="Nottingham Trent University">Nottingham Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Staffordshire University">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_Birmingham" title="University College Birmingham">University College Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wolverhampton" title="University of Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Worcester" title="University of Worcester">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bolton" title="University of Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bradford" title="University of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire" title="University of Central Lancashire">Central Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chester" title="University of Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cumbria" title="University of Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_Hill_University" title="Edge Hill University">Edge Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Huddersfield" title="University of Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hull" title="University of Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Arts_University" title="Leeds Arts University">Leeds Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Beckett_University" title="Leeds Beckett University">Leeds Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Trinity_University" title="Leeds Trinity University">Leeds Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Hope_University" title="Liverpool Hope University">Liverpool Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_John_Moores_University" title="Liverpool John Moores University">Liverpool John Moores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine">LSTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Salford" title="University of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University" title="Sheffield Hallam University">Sheffield Hallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sunderland" title="University of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesside_University" title="Teesside University">Teesside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_St_John_University" title="York St John University">York St. John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_University_Bournemouth" title="Arts University Bournemouth">Arts University Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Spa_University" title="Bath Spa University">Bath Spa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_University" title="Bournemouth University">Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Brighton" title="University of Brighton">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Buckingham" title="University of Buckingham">Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_New_University" title="Buckinghamshire New University">Buckinghamshire New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Christ_Church_University" title="Canterbury Christ Church University">Canterbury Christ Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chichester" title="University of Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_the_Creative_Arts" title="University for the Creative Arts">Creative Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falmouth_University" title="Falmouth University">Falmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartpury_College" title="Hartpury College">Hartpury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gloucestershire" title="University of Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University" title="Oxford Brookes University">Oxford Brookes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Marjon_University" title="Plymouth Marjon University">Plymouth Marjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_University_Plymouth" title="Arts University Plymouth">Arts University Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Portsmouth" title="University of Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_University" title="Royal Agricultural University">Royal Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solent_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Solent University">Solent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_of_England" title="University of the West of England">UWE Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Winchester" title="University of Winchester">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Scotland" title="List of universities in Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abertay_University" title="Abertay University">Abertay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Napier_University" title="Edinburgh Napier University">Edinburgh Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Caledonian_University" title="Glasgow Caledonian University">Glasgow Caledonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Highlands_and_Islands" title="University of the Highlands and Islands">Highlands and Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Margaret_University" title="Queen Margaret University">Queen Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_University" title="Robert Gordon University">Robert Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Conservatoire_of_Scotland" title="Royal Conservatoire of Scotland">Royal Conservatoire of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Stirling" title="University of Stirling">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_of_Scotland" title="University of the West of Scotland">West of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Wales" title="List of universities in Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth_University" title="Aberystwyth University">Aberystwyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor_University" title="Bangor University">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Metropolitan_University" title="Cardiff Metropolitan University">Cardiff Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Wales" title="University of South Wales">South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_University" title="Swansea University">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Trinity_Saint_David" title="University of Wales Trinity Saint David">Wales Trinity Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham_University" title="Wrexham University">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#Universities_in_British_overseas_territories" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom">Overseas territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_College" title="Bermuda College">Bermuda College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayman Islands Law School">Cayman Islands Law School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gibraltar" title="University of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_College_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="International College of the Cayman Islands">International College of the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_School_of_Medicine" title="Saint James School of Medicine">Saint James School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthew%27s_University" title="St. Matthew's University">St. Matthew's University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="University College of the Cayman Islands">University College of the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Science,_Arts_and_Technology" title="University of Science, Arts and Technology">University of Science, Arts and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies_Open_Campus" title="University of the West Indies Open Campus">University of the West Indies Open Campus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#Universities_in_Crown_Dependencies" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom">Crown dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Channel_Islands_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Channel Islands in Guernsey">University of the Channel Islands in Guernsey</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arden_University" title="Arden University">Arden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPP_University" title="BPP University">BPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Law" title="University of Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_London_International_Programmes" class="mw-redirect" title="University of London International Programmes">London International Programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests" title="2010 United Kingdom student protests">2010 United Kingdom student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_universities_by_date_of_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UK universities by date of foundation">List by date of foundation</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ancient_university" title="Ancient university">Ancient</a>; <a href="/wiki/Third-oldest_university_in_England_debate" title="Third-oldest university in England debate">Third-oldest in England</a>; <a href="/wiki/Red_brick_university" title="Red brick university">Redbrick</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plate_glass_university" title="Plate glass university">Plate glass</a>; <a href="/wiki/Post-1992_university" title="Post-1992 university">Post-1992</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_universities_by_endowment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UK universities by endowment">List by endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_enrolment" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom by enrolment">List by enrolment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_within_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Colleges within universities in the United Kingdom">Colleges within universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_degree_abbreviations" title="British degree abbreviations">Degree abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_Wales" title="Higher Education Funding Council for Wales">HEFCW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Students" title="Office for Students">Office for Students</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_England" title="Higher Education Funding Council for England">HEFCE</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Funding_Council" title="Scottish Funding Council">Scottish Funding Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_loans_and_grants_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Student loans and grants in the United Kingdom">Student loans and grants in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Radio_Association" title="Student Radio Association">Student Radio Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Student television in the United Kingdom">Student television in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Student unionism in the United Kingdom">Student unionism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuition_fees_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tuition fees in the United Kingdom">Tuition fees in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification" title="British undergraduate degree classification">Undergraduate degree classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCAS" title="UCAS">UCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_and_College_Union" title="University and College Union">University and College Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_(United_Kingdom)" title="Polytechnic (United Kingdom)">Polytechnic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Universities in the United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Science and technology in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Science and technology in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science and technology in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Official<br />bodies and<br />personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Scientific_Adviser_to_the_Ministry_of_Defence" title="Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence">Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Council for Science and Technology">Council for Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Laboratory" title="Defence Science and Technology Laboratory">Defence Science and Technology Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_Digital_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Building Digital UK (page does not exist)">Building Digital UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)">Intellectual Property Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Office_for_Science" title="Government Office for Science">Government Office for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Chief Scientific Adviser">Chief Scientific Adviser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Technology_Advisor" title="National Technology Advisor">National Technology Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation" title="UK Research and Innovation">UK Research and Innovation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_and_Biological_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council">Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council" title="Economic and Social Research Council">Economic and Social Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovate_UK" title="Innovate UK">Innovate UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_and_Physical_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council">Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Environment_Research_Council" title="Natural Environment Research Council">Natural Environment Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_England" title="Research England">Research England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council" title="Science and Technology Facilities Council">Science and Technology Facilities Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UK Space Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Environment_Research_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Environment Research Agency">Food and Environment Research Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_government_scientific_research_institutes" title="List of UK government scientific research institutes">List of UK government scientific research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Office_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology">Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Select_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and Technology Select Committee">Science and Technology Select Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Emergencies" title="Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies">Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Industry<br />sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_space_programme" title="British space programme">British space programme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Computer companies of the United Kingdom">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Nuclear technology in the United Kingdom">Nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Non-<br />governmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal">Education<br />and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_museums_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Science museums in the United Kingdom">Science museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Science and Industry">National Museum of Science and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Centre" title="National Space Centre">National Space Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(universities)" title="Golden triangle (universities)">Golden triangle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell Group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal">Societies and<br />professional<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Mass_Spectrometry_Society" title="British Mass Spectrometry Society">British Mass Spectrometry Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Science_Association" title="British Science Association">British Science Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_the_Philosophy_of_Science" title="British Society for the Philosophy of Science">British Society for the Philosophy of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_Council" title="Engineering Council">Engineering Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_and_Engineering_in_Medicine" title="Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine">Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Entomological_Society" title="Royal Entomological Society">Royal Entomological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Association_for_Science_Education" title="The Association for Science Education">The Association for Science Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Council" title="Science Council">Science Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Biology" title="Royal Society of Biology">Royal Society of Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_of_England_Institute_of_Mining_and_Mechanical_Engineers" title="North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers">North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Research institutes in the United Kingdom">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering" title="Campaign for Science and Engineering">Campaign for Science and Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EngineeringUK" title="EngineeringUK">EngineeringUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Media_Centre" title="Science Media Centre">Science Media Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_engineers" title="Category:British engineers">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_inventors" title="Category:British inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:British Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_science_writers" title="Category:British science writers">Science writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_scientists" title="Category:British scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_technology_writers" title="Category:British technology writers">Technology writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Tech_City" title="East London Tech City">East London Tech City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_parks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of science parks in the United Kingdom">Science parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Gorge" title="Silicon Gorge">Silicon Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest">Sites of Special Scientific Interest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovations and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_science_and_technology_awards" title="Category:British science and technology awards">Science and technology awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_magazines_published_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Science and technology magazines published in the United Kingdom">Science and technology magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="National Science Week">National Science Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" 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