CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135a5aeda2787a8',cH: 'eH0MkhDBd4.rN_..WtIgQEbqj7vePp0A9u4gezbHj1w-1739793942-1.2.1.1-BrE9XalCCR6BDqwhaHpGtMSzA0.xJ0gRUP4hP2AJb2ysNZw685wAnZxnR_XrScFt',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=information%20communication%20technology&__cf_chl_tk=.7.nA4jKpcRmLFSoLka3DXgaP4aMjDPQuYfSbHzBwlk-1739793942-1.0.1.1-NFQLt5C6R1GISXy7DWsaOjP5JtN1kIRcF8jKDC6OpJo",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739793942',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=information%20communication%20technology&__cf_chl_f_tk=.7.nA4jKpcRmLFSoLka3DXgaP4aMjDPQuYfSbHzBwlk-1739793942-1.0.1.1-NFQLt5C6R1GISXy7DWsaOjP5JtN1kIRcF8jKDC6OpJo",md: "RUv.Ew_JuKQsxw.TgCUwRBqibP2g_VPIen.gcSv3OBM-1739793942-1.2.1.1-nEZ9Ib0Cn6OdmAf7GM.PsGkUQGdPXA1Ro9YDZ7uWf7YxEC6GvKnH29bEJcOWrvl9FMBc6IZsyhSNQuRu.OwbUPVqOt4xbnp_adpR3KBcB9lOFBoXJ_aN8vVrao9aybP8CCjn2SQGhJcsXg4JgpbIE5uPSaTvEm2QfAeIqnYagVMaoyNf6wj5O0UCZep9jtSk3DREOy7_60c5eBAiVg_Xq1TYLT4HjgTXInvd4Sg_zXyRTykL8pl3gLd7KXDyQgIZHV58.qmePS_FV11ShrPUv.Ig8nhTjEbGtj4heO4HAQ1LymAAdVFaCTK5n64rgoIlBTGTTbTFmbQl5HeR3KejTdbjqY4ka07.1ABNBIExHNu7hGh2ZE9AfO29XQXvyx1kModrsu8mYTO.MD.1LqieOWu4QQAYjr8Nlld1BRuTWDS0VyLowEvFxz4X6XoNDFjf1FV6kpSKdZdpQ5UHZUZeDe34twqt4xphY08ek5KEWiQYce3HOxlBddrbDOAKHYwgf8IQIavud.6iFHr6HtIJc5T0efdcvhGMa_42xKoKxq7_pyXGO6Xo1g5ldLarHgBEWo7dUFH.rIidx6rSzLUA1zPXaK2fihwm1ROxHr2DU.Qdf9ICyKezX66rfX4cI9jMvPSKe.aXOYvjpI2rDEukhJo8soys9MDuSTjI27SBBm_BvzA4.RdAZs4_Gvp0ZMUbqisbJ3x7PZjoHu2EdUNUPYEtYymOjOTbcWrDe9MFbUnXYopRb8mXEYOaaARPxHYTy1vzWjaV3TQkmfR3cENICdXFSvztONTw2CJj2_JM_f2zgYBw2wA06wZHa.HncSzt5QhBNZJuqw9tLHBHn_TmOY1LhkZr9h3Oz0.FladLdGbLTVVaCHZFa16kh.uClZqK239fyDEIcykXExi2CmgMDqa9FQ73b0T4hqczzddO2AHTZ7XUodZo3Ow_h30aMV3I3TCGlxoTwti545_aQUNQcahig2lpQHpejhGBxzH2lPcs3g4FvqkEzx1EOoEjYl5aLwZ6iinzk6HCxWop7nMZTroyGuyGO5cfpJ_vaQ13.oYQrFvLxIrjHHOaXhym3gmSJJcd8zoNXGcftG2cilMFDQBwDfbCDWOY8BqgEwqokQhKPyVIvBPZBhfQLXlU25ifwTimtxZxDQaJcj_OfO6qpUMkiIP_eX7Zn6pZX.vdDwXG8RJxY4cWZgUPkO6mG0hvHET4j1TLKOzz5ZBq7dFNbgqbuXrcWMedvgPA1iP3kx90F8bwZtBhIlupGhvrSHEw4Hy_Pc4uPjo_r3oM6DaTJ.BC1lYokFmjElIhowjQ6tcVEVBnmRYPD7gfyTHjs.P.6p.QPjkg_a7Gb2l1porElepkIEPKloZogMM0Stk9hqMtmViH7.4hA6VVVIwhIsChqsQQGwB_pHdho.1YSNN_d9_.T_pdXL3fEbSCGoGZpT2gG1f.94daCxfH5uUYRVErwJqbhYRJuQjNCl0K6SfdPTBCuB4QOar.90w_g_fFSWQfQGT9B3Uzgk8n4iK0FPnTfXu26FTz5x3JQqq.NWduaC_x3G.Ioqh8OzsiDr8Y7olMIGHWSsPEKsuol1rtOfQfjiFQMVb.d3G7elyPJwdFtJzIl2XKiY4Kmq_QR3E8o.GlwQ0k27lXCpNO.ACW83WODQWegBh_AflQZqxu7siKtx0FI85KRuXqyeijCsxzVAX2i1g7y5DU8mZGmTMuIeXBC44PYAAVqUgMgG5tzc_iuRbiRA.5juhePe9uTpfeeO2IZRFr1N74.aT412_8TaGB7IeWi2bWy0bFfyFcHAU7kv__AUWW2GI2AySiTLCY688VL1HrsCnZK..JKGybgD2bCkT8QTVfy8S990xNUP7VW6jQHysdrIga9Akg82ZfrU8gq6HRmyhZg0HBgGm.f5cAVshVEFLpjUgPHI36FnKDszVmnvnIo.x3zzKjuCrVxkant09JErD29RSzj5go1tlMua.2dg9AXvhpNJcwIST999LLVKTuUnoQp_Z5auEwJeo",mdrd: "r4797fZeL4RrSmFg_OUguusxl_YebrlXD.InjhZpmRE-1739793942-1.2.1.1-VkY.AyXXelmss3gJiF5ppQSjTGhG2wFRmWyjKPKVkJX.RNMqgytIW0UOq.ovlXeAaberJmVg6IooP9bPcM8V2csyCgqq2d4LsbE1DzKsiwL.HNq1fTU.e4uvJEheMaXwje.g7p4yVjwsT.qs6Ze0GcTL2kNs57Mc7vGQVmfX7JHuM65pEljAhYxLZweSEWSyTizQ_h3PMOqEw0dXhF2Yjsx_YSijvqK7pFzb5OuHLGu341py5UxOEQKXVFEG0sAJ8I6Ivwvv13.9wxPlJrQS21agULn4Q1amOKI8WDnZEx6uJh1cZZeWN2T_hFCxhbXrVBWCUyHXZrtpBjdBoDgqIeaYPa1NJJzul1G_PCCeHdoL.kN54I4L7lrisLMy_bBdSHBLIZ7vtjx6Eou_nWp45YZHFOpP8asOzcOv0WylDZFCFKw9Aj.98ZNRc.ByT0rFhGls8tJ8wZleZYB5sRLFN2zC64u9_j6DSNQ5tiJLlQ_QtWBnERYxjmaZgnGfSAxr1OgMj8lE2waNZsJNmJ4h9nGghp2zt0EUQ4grwHiGEt4J2iEVhNv3K_zYXCjNmoCSiYN7ySHBGRCLfP.wlY9pOtJJxIyfGBCenAQ2Z3ki29Muhfxepn.P7x9cyjbrZwQO5KjiNyvwOPjZHEG1bY_A8V3uh9m_fcG9GRVqZ8hhZJKCJ7mN10k316LMH0taiThJuUKVaUV3fdvb.F49r5FnaBiecF0bOQkG48dCxIm7HAXJglj2t9RdTE108Ar2yA11L_EuvhgKDkJEkQGcMqnt3nfybHJCHd_O.HXaIrxwMeeX7hRjlIHsknDLaV.Q3zrBm7z5wAw9Nbx8WDzmCz1qS03C5GYBflnP5Tag6muMziPfoG790o11yOJK65v0eLYgX1QNJm.NfCbvnd03QgUPMmsthtQYkxrSLBHzISOFlWSygNUYzK88j7RsYUJkTSIpMv650CLQ8N73UqGrlDXbl0FkGmISlmfEyBHxuMp4Ovc2Ayu68eS_bYq.ET4tY0Amm2PJg2HnZfZjqbhSj2NSa2a0Oc_vyJDvC64lesGLFFG5Dx0rU0qUoT0Jqe5z_d5HRW8ys5MvHP9r62xg3MZeyRd93u.mYcMi_LTSKAwaU.uxG05SG0zmd4fxELDirBeRgVYzHv7fAyQYSDGD5kVJEE.4qjcNRej1ktPOl._5W0TI83w84Tou3kZS.ovL3Ho3xCyOCT7iq4phpCEIpkNQphwcv6QfszGN5pMHfZnJR32LeqdEH1Z.6rafIErZHMHryLn2m0O5OwKN0qRwxjV9pghvCzBtefvxYUTRhQfuvBObFBj7.lHGUqN8rcmwAz4ShD6w5PU9Kuv3S_V3kdLjKgwzy.qzjOBmduFWsVxM7NVNl3lXfq4SuThWNwQQeGLgSLcbICsuRIHy9kuEZiVayE1BM06yB4BXNV_k2GxWs6.iAndTddiwUSSQvnmUM1FR2qmAQo7IsdxydGVCgGUVihJqGMXbxPaANEySSO7spkoBVFSEWw2BdnX.yIsj5uCe.3xarYE_C2MNnrqBtaTKjk5isCwYDcQKmeicpBGIDwthbnof1Deudzjm29vLj0BH5_ufVqRG7cgzQgRO1m7rXXvNZMFBvIkNQCXR.HtYySoOB_fv.Y_aYJhIyarESYR.kTREZKwpy_MWdy0nrmR7I7wP6v_vjcH2nikWroG_nLbkDGctgccpAbBVp1rWHCwsFBLogNcLVIgFj_4dl4bBibtMBII6ceMc5NU.E7ul1hLi2WTSHqVTyPcmk_SV5vF8cCMQgUyidi871GeLrKBYA8OeT8D_AoY4ng0VGasYPX3JVRXGMPFDKLbkbZM0smuAy3xDJIOJ8TqX02FXqJt5wodNdou6G7OLWnkJ.JxoSkRu5gi9xsvGilexkDEydnu39qSAbG45.q_KQqmh5FxXRPtdnpW9fo2CsPyx.KzYUS.yOQDB2CTuRLisgx5HDIzi9Ifo2X5gJKZqwIIyUdADsA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135a5aeda2787a8';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=information%20communication%20technology&__cf_chl_rt_tk=.7.nA4jKpcRmLFSoLka3DXgaP4aMjDPQuYfSbHzBwlk-1739793942-1.0.1.1-NFQLt5C6R1GISXy7DWsaOjP5JtN1kIRcF8jKDC6OpJo" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>