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Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Propaganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failures_and_dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failures_and_dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Failures and dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failures_and_dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heads_of_the_Third_Section" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema_Keiserliku_Majesteedi_Isikliku_Kantselei_Kolmas_Osakond" title="Tema Keiserliku Majesteedi Isikliku Kantselei Kolmas Osakond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tema Keiserliku Majesteedi Isikliku Kantselei Kolmas Osakond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_section_de_la_Chancellerie_imp%C3%A9riale" title="Troisième section de la Chancellerie impériale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Troisième section de la Chancellerie impériale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery&params=59.9366_N_30.3431_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">59°56′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°20′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">59.9366°N 30.3431°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">59.9366; 30.3431</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Police department in Imperial Russia</div> <p>The <b>Third Section</b> of <a href="/wiki/His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery" title="His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery">His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <i lang="ru">Tretiye Otdeleniye</i>, or <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">III отделение собственной Е.И.В канцелярии</span></span> <i>III otdeleniye sobstvennoy E.I.V. kantselyarii</i> - in full: Третье отделение Собственной Его Императорского Величества канцелярии <i>Tretye otdeleniye Sobstvennoy Yego Yimperatorskogo Velichestva kantselyarii</i>, sometimes translated as <b>Third Department</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police"> secret-police</a> department set up in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>. As a successor-organisation to the <a href="/wiki/Tayny_Prikaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayny Prikaz">Tayny Prikaz</a> of 1654 to 1676, to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Privy_Chancellery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Privy Chancellery (page does not exist)">Privy Chancellery</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Тайная канцелярия">ru</a>]</span> of 1686 to 1801 and to the Specialty Chancellery, it effectively served as the Imperial régime's secret police for much of its existence. The organization was relatively small. When founded in July 1826 by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nicholas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Nicholas I">Emperor Nicholas I</a> it included only sixteen investigators. Their number increased to forty in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (May 2019)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> The Third Section disbanded in 1880, replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Police_Department_of_Russia" title="Police Department of Russia"> Police Department</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_and_purpose">Creation and purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Creation and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Decembrist Revolt">Decembrist Revolt</a> of December 14, 1825 shook <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Emperor Nicholas I's</a> (r. 1825-1855) confidence in his control and led him to desire an effective tool against sedition and revolution. Created by imperial decree on June 25, 1826, Emperor Nicholas’ thirtieth birthday, the Third Section was Nicholas’ personal police force. Although Nicholas gave <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Khristoforovich_Benkendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Khristoforovich Benkendorf">Count Alexander Benckendorff</a>, the first Head Controller of the Section, few specific instructions, the Emperor intended the Third Section to act as Russia's “moral and political guardian.”<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as Russia had ambassadors to other nations keeping the Emperor apprised of political conditions abroad, Nicholas saw the officers of the Third Section, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Corps_of_Gendarmes" title="Special Corps of Gendarmes">Gendarmes</a>, as domestic ambassadors who listened, if surreptitiously, to the political discussions of everyday Russians. As ambassadors and moral guardians, the Gendarmerie was ostensibly tasked with guiding Russians along the political path the Emperor desired; however, the Gendarmerie gradually became a counter-revolutionary force rather than a group of “moral physicians.” <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Count Alexander Benckendorff was the Head Controller of the Section from 1826. He was the person who tried to warn <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Decembrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Decembrist">Decembrist</a> plot; thus <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> saw him as perfect head of the secret force. He also served as Chief of Gendarmes, but the office of the Executive Director of the Third Section was not formally merged with Chief of Gendarmes until 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tasks_and_responsibilities">Tasks and responsibilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tasks and responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This list enumerates the functions of the Third Section as <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Emperor Nicholas I</a> described to the Director of the Special Chancellery of the Ministry of Internal Affairs:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>All orders and announcements in all instances of the higher police.</li> <li>Information concerning the number of various sects and heretical religious groups existing within the state.</li> <li>Information concerning the distribution of counterfeit money, stamps, documents, etc., the investigation and further prosecution of which is to remain in the jurisdiction of the Ministries of Finance and Internal Affairs.</li> <li>Detailed information concerning all persons under police surveillance, as ordered.</li> <li>The exile and arrest of suspicious or dangerous persons.</li> <li>Economic and supervisory administration of all places of imprisonment in which state prisoners are kept.</li> <li>All orders and instructions with regard to foreigners living in Russia, travelling in the country, or leaving it.</li> <li>Information concerning all events, without exception.</li> <li>Statistical information relating to the police.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveillance">Surveillance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Surveillance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist Revolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Emperor Nicholas</a> wanted above all to know what his people were thinking about his regime and to remain apprised of any growing conspiracies in order to stop them before they caused potential unrest. Thus, the main task of the Third Section was surveillance. In 1836, a year with no foreign wars that might increase domestic sedition, the Third Section had 1,631 individuals under surveillance, 1,080 of those for political reasons; this included everything from monitoring the actions of potentially dangerous civilians to assigning Third Section agents to pose as officials inside Russian governmental agencies to surveil senior officers and statesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anyone under the Emperor could be watched since the Third Section answered to Nicholas alone. At one point in the early 1850s, Third Section agents were even detailed to monitor every move of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaievich</a>, Chief of Russia's Navy and Nicholas’ second son.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the agents of the Third Section generally surveilled only powerful nobles or bureaucrats or those suspected of treasonous acts, the Section's reports to Emperor Nicholas, which had been intended to keep the Emperor accurately informed, gave Nicholas an incomplete view of the general mood of his people.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to monitoring actions and oral speech, the Third Section also played an important role in <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> of printed works. Although the Ministry of Education created the censorship laws and did the busywork of searching for objectionable material, Ministry censors were instructed to inform the Third Section of authors who violated the regulations. However, rather than wait to surveil only authors who had violated the censorship regulations, Third Section agents preferred to surveil certain authors and then, once suspicious activity was spotted, reject that author's material even if it had passed the censors. In 1832, the Third Section gained the ability to reject publishers or editors of new periodicals on moral grounds, effectively putting the section in control of new periodicals, which could be established only with the Emperor's approval. In the early 1830s, the Section attempted to apply its mandate to be a moral guide to Russians by encouraging publications it deemed good for the Empire rather than just punishing the authors of damaging works. For example, when <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pogodin" title="Mikhail Pogodin">Mikhail Pogodin</a> wrote an article supporting Russia's historic right to <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, the Third Section offered him a reward.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Propaganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One practical project that the Third Section attempted as part of its duties as moral guardian of Russia was not only to inform the Emperor of the public's opinion but also to try to influence that opinion in the Imperial regime's favor, both in Russia and abroad. Indeed, one of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Benckendorff" title="Alexander von Benckendorff">Count Benckendorff's</a> first actions as Head Controller had been the creation and distribution in English, French, and German translations, of an account of the <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist Revolt</a> that presented the Emperor's actions in a positive light to western Europeans. The Third Section also employed Russians living abroad not only to keep the Section apprised of foreign politics but also to write responses to attacks on Russia published in the foreign press.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Third Section used any publications under its direct control, like the Polish newspaper <i>Tygodnik Peterburgski</i> (Petersburg Weekly), to publish pro-Russian articles in other European nations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However little success the Third Section's modest propaganda efforts met in foreign presses, it had even less success domestically: rather than print pro-Nicholas propaganda of its own to improve Russians’ opinions of the Emperor, the Third Section resorted to pushing even broader censorship of Russian periodicals, threatening in 1848 to punish publishers not only for running seditious articles but even if the publication's “tone and tendency” was not positive enough. During the series of <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">European revolutions of 1848</a>, the Third Section forbade any Russian periodical from printing any article of news describing a European nation facing a revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failures_and_dissolution">Failures and dissolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Failures and dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Third Section served as the Tsar's deputy for 55 years, the organization had its share of failures and administrative shortcomings. For its entire history, the Third Section's surveillance had been imperfect; not only did the gendarmes often fail to surveil people who were actually plotting, in one case, they even allowed <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Perovskaya" title="Sophia Perovskaya">Sophia Perovsky</a>, who later led the successful plot to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Tsar Alexander II</a> (r. 1855-1881), to escape from them at a railroad station.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Third Section was dissolved on August 8, 1880, nearly seven months before Tsar Alexander's assassination on March 2, 1881, there were several assassinations and attempted assassinations which did occur under the Section's watch. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Goldenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Goldenberg">Gregory Goldenberg</a> assassinated the Governor of Kharkov, Prince Dmitry Kropotkin, on February 9, 1879 under the Third Section's eye. Even <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Drenteln" title="Alexander Drenteln">General Drenteln</a>, the Head Controller of the Third Section, was nearly assassinated on March 13 of that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These failures aside, perhaps the most damaging to the Third Section's reputation was its failure to stop, or even to detect, the six attempts to assassinate Tsar Alexander II, including the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_ii_of_russia#Assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander ii of russia">successful attempt</a> in 1881. The first failed attempt on the Tsar's life, by the nihilist <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Karakozov" title="Dmitry Karakozov">Dmitry Karakozov</a> on April 4, 1866, led <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Andreyevich_Dolgorukov" title="Vasily Andreyevich Dolgorukov">Prince Dolgorukov</a>, the head of the section, to resign out of shame for his and the Section's failure to protect Alexander II.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a second attempt on Alexander II's life in Paris in 1867, but it was not until the third attempt, this time by the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soloviev_(revolutionary)" title="Alexander Soloviev (revolutionary)">Alexander Solovyov</a>, on April 2, 1879, that the Tsar took concrete actions to remove power and responsibility from the Third Section, with which he was becoming quickly disillusioned. Alexander effected this removal of power by granting the responsibility for investigation of political crimes, previously the domain of the Third Section, to the Governors-General of Moscow, Kiev, Warsaw, Odessa, Kharkov, and Saint Petersburg. Two more assassination attempts on the Tsar were made after the decentralization of the Third Section. In November 1879, The <a href="/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya" title="Narodnaya Volya">People's Will</a>, a revolutionary group, attempted to blow up the Tsar's train as he travelled from the Crimea to Moscow; however, one bomb failed to detonate and the second destroyed only a shipment of jam meant for the Tsar. The fifth and final unsuccessful assassination attempt occurred February 5, 1880 when a carpenter, <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Khalturin" title="Stepan Khalturin">Stephen Khalturin</a>, detonated a bomb which he had secreted under the Tsar's dining room at the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>; the bomb killed numerous soldiers and failed to kill Alexander only because he was late for dinner that night. Although the Third Section had had reason to suspect that there might be an attempt made on the Tsar's life at the Winter Palace (agents had discovered blueprints of the palace with strange markings during a search of a suspicious person's house in St. Petersburg weeks before the attempt) the Section had been unable to search the palace or to keep it under surveillance in large part because the <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Dolgorukov" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Dolgorukov">Tsar's mistress</a> lived there and so the secret police had to pretend to ignore activities at the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end, the powerful image of the Section and the Gendarmes was largely undermined when they failed to suppress the rising <a href="/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodnaya Volya (organization)">revolutionary movement</a> and acts of terrorism against government officials. The large network of informers and agents often supplied nothing more than rumors and slanders. </p><p>On March 3, 1880, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Loris-Melikov" title="Mikhail Loris-Melikov">Count Loris-Melikov</a>, the chairman of the Supreme Executive Committee that Alexander created in the wake of the Winter Palace bombing to address the wave of revolutionary terrorism, took control of the Third Section and Gendarmerie from General Drenteln and appointed Major-General Cherevin as acting Head Controller. Soon after this change of command, an investigation of the Third Section uncovered a high level of disorganization within the section. Not only did the Third Section have a long backlog of cases to settle (nearly eleven-hundred), various offices of the Section did not even agree on what suspicious people needed to be surveilled. Rather than sort out the confusion and make the Third Section an effective and efficient secret police once again, Count Loris-Melikov ordered it abolished on August 8, 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heads_of_the_Third_Section">Heads of the Third Section</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heads of the Third Section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>General of the Cavalry Count <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Khristoforovich_Benkendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Khristoforovich Benkendorf">Alexander Khristoforovich Benkendorf</a> (1826–1844)</li> <li>General of the Cavalry Count <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Fyodorovich_Orlov" title="Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov">Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov</a> (1844–1856)</li> <li>General of the Cavalry Prince <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Andreyevich_Dolgorukov" title="Vasily Andreyevich Dolgorukov">Vasily Andreyevich Dolgorukov</a> (1856–1866)</li> <li>General of the Cavalry Count <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Andreyevich_Shuvalov" title="Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov">Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov</a> (1866–1874)</li> <li>General of the Cavalry <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Potapov_(statesman)" title="Aleksandr Potapov (statesman)">Alexander Lvovich Potapov</a> (1874–1876)</li> <li>Adjutant general <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Vladimirovich_Mezentsev" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Vladimirovich Mezentsev">Nikolay Vladimirovich Mezentsev</a> (1876–1878)</li> <li>Major general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Dmitrievich_Seliverstov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Dmitrievich Seliverstov (page does not exist)">Nikolai Dmitrievich Seliverstov</a> (1878)</li> <li>General of the Infantry <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romanovich_Drenteln" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Romanovich Drenteln">Alexander Romanovich Drenteln</a> (1878–1880)</li> <li>Major general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Alexandrovich_Cherevin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Alexandrovich Cherevin (page does not exist)">Pyotr Alexandrovich Cherevin</a> (1880)</li></ul> <p>Managers </p> <ul><li>1826-1831 Fock, Maxim Yakovlevich von</li> <li>1831-1839 Mordvinov, Alexander Nikolaevich</li> <li>1839-1856 <a href="/wiki/Dubelt,_Leonty_Vasilievich" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubelt, Leonty Vasilievich">Dubelt, Leonty Vasilievich</a></li> <li>1856-1861 <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Timashev" title="Alexander Timashev">Alexander Yegorovich Timashev</a></li> <li>April — October 1861 Count Shuvalov, Pyotr Andreevich</li> <li>1861-1864 Potapov, Alexander Lvovich</li> <li>1864-1871 Mezentsov, Nikolai Vladimirovich</li> <li>1871-1878 Schulz, Alexander Frantsevich</li> <li>1878-1880 Schmitt, Nikita Konradovich (Kondratievich)</li></ul> <p>Gendarme Corps Chief of Staff </p> <ul><li>1835-1856 <a href="/wiki/Dubelt,_Leonty_Vasilievich" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubelt, Leonty Vasilievich">Dubelt, Leonty Vasilievich</a></li> <li>1856-1861 Timashev, Alexander Egorovich</li> <li>April-October 1861 Count Shuvalov, Pyotr Andreevich</li> <li>1861-1864 Potapov, Alexander Lvovich</li> <li>1864-1871 Mezentsov, Nikolai Vladimirovich</li> <li>1871-1874 Levashov, Nikolai Vasilievich</li> <li>1874-1876 Mezentsov, Nikolai Vladimirovich</li> <li>1876-1877 Nikiforaki, Anton Nikolaevich</li> <li>1878 Seliverstov, Nikolai Dmitrievich</li> <li>1878-1880 Cherevin, Peter Alexandrovich</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Departments_of_the_Third_Section">Departments of the Third Section</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Departments of the Third Section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Third Section was organized into the following departments (ekspeditsiya); although there was no strict allocation of tasks among different offices.:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>I </b> - <i>supreme police</i> (political crimes and enemies of the regime)</li> <li><b>II</b> - counterfeiting, religious sects, murders, penitentiary, serfdom</li> <li><b>III</b> - aliens</li> <li><b>IV</b> - incidents, staff matters</li> <li><b>V</b> (1842) - censorship of theatre plays (performed by the 1st department since 1828)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oprichnik" title="Oprichnik">Oprichnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Police_of_Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Police of Imperial Russia">Ministry of Police of Imperial Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Gordievsky" title="Oleg Gordievsky">Oleg Gordievsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Christopher Andrew</a> (1999). <i>KGB: The Inside Story of its intelligence operations from Lenin to Gorbachev</i> (Russian language edition, Moscow, Centerpoligraph, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-227-00437-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-227-00437-4">5-227-00437-4</a>, page 21).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/W._Bruce_Lincoln" title="W. Bruce Lincoln">W. Bruce Lincoln</a>, Nicholas I: Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978), 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln, Nicholas I, 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidney Monas, The Third Section: Police and Society in Russia under Nicholas I (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monas, The Third Section, 62-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln, Nicholas I, 89, 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln, Nicholas I, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln, Nicholas I, 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monas, The Third Section, 151-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monas The Third Section, 231-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monas, The Third Section, 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monas, The Third Section, 237-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hingley" title="Ronald Hingley">Ronald Hingley</a>, The Russian Secret Police: Muscovite, Imperial Russian, and Soviet Political Security Operations (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1970), 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hingley, The Russian Secret Police, 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hingley, The Russian Secret Police, 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hingley, The Russian Secret Police, 61-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hingley, The Russian Secret Police, 64-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monas, The Third Section, 64.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ronald Hingley, <i>The Russian Secret Police: Muscovite, Imperial, and Soviet Political Security Operations</i> (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1970). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-20886-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-20886-1">0-671-20886-1</a></li> <li>R. J. Stove, <i>The Unsleeping Eye: Secret Police and Their Victims</i> (Encounter Books, San Francisco, 2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893554-66-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-893554-66-X">1-893554-66-X</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery&params=59.9366_N_30.3431_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">59°56′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°20′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">59.9366°N 30.3431°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">59.9366; 30.3431</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6d94db5ff4‐6tw85 Cached time: 20241128203547 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.293 seconds Real time usage: 0.388 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1456/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9037/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1660/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14906/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.182/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15424453/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 355.987 1 -total 33.35% 118.714 1 Template:Langx 18.80% 66.927 1 Template:Short_description 18.03% 64.184 1 Template:Reflist 14.94% 53.185 3 Template:ISBN 13.15% 46.820 1 Template:Qn 11.89% 42.321 3 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 11.82% 42.085 2 Template:Pagetype 11.43% 40.676 1 Template:Fix 8.55% 30.440 1 Template:Category_handler --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:473917-0!canonical and timestamp 20241128203547 and revision id 1254789434. 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