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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jong_(ship)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong (ship)</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Javanese sailing ship</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg/300px-Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg/450px-Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg/600px-Situs_civitatis_Bantam_et_Navium_Insulae_Iauae_delineatio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a three-masted Javanese jong in Banten, by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Megiser" title="Hieronymus Megiser">Hieronymus Megiser</a>, 1610</figcaption></figure> The djong, jong, or jung is a type of sailing ship originating from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> that was widely used by <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> sailors. The word was and is spelled jong in its languages of origin,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> the "djong" spelling was a colonial Dutch romanization.<a href="#cite_note-:20-3">[3]</a>: 71  In English, the jong lends its name to other ships of similar configuration, called <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junks</a>, and to their characteristic style of <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigging</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">junk rig</a>. Jongs are used mainly as seagoing passenger and cargo vessels. They traveled as far as the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> in the medieval era.<a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a>: 64  Their tonnage ranged from 40 to 2000 <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_tons" class="mw-redirect" title="Deadweight tons">deadweight tons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[note 1]</a> with an average deadweight of 1200–1400 tons during the Majapahit era. Javanese kingdoms such as <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalinyamat_Sultanate" title="Kalinyamat Sultanate">Kalinyamat Sultanate</a> used these vessels as warships, but still predominantly as transport vessels.<a href="#cite_note-:18-6">[5]</a>: 59–62 <a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a>: 308 <a href="#cite_note-:19-8">[7]</a>: 155  <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a> primarily used jong as a merchant ship rather than a warship.<a href="#cite_note-:24-9">[8]</a>: 1354  For their war fleet, the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a> prefer to use shallow draught, oared longships similar to the galley, such as <a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">lancaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">penjajap</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kelulus" title="Kelulus">kelulus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[note 2]</a> This is very different from the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> who prefer long-range, deep-draught round ships such as jong and <a href="/wiki/Malangbang" title="Malangbang">malangbang</a>. The reason for this difference is that the Malays operated their ships in riverine water, sheltered straits zone, and archipelagic environment and also open high sea, while the Javanese are often active in the open and high sea. After contact with Iberian people, both the Javanese and Malay fleets began to use the <a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">ghurab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">ghali</a> more frequently.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a>: 270–277, 290–291, 296–301 <a href="#cite_note-:29-13">[11]</a>: 148, 155  <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Kind_of_Ships_which_Bantenese_Use_de_Bry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Four_Kind_of_Ships_which_Bantenese_Use_de_Bry.jpg/220px-Four_Kind_of_Ships_which_Bantenese_Use_de_Bry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Four_Kind_of_Ships_which_Bantenese_Use_de_Bry.jpg/330px-Four_Kind_of_Ships_which_Bantenese_Use_de_Bry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Four_Kind_of_Ships_which_Bantenese_Use_de_Bry.jpg/440px-Four_Kind_of_Ships_which_Bantenese_Use_de_Bry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1113" /></a><figcaption>Early European illustration of jongs and other smaller craft in <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> (D'Eerste Boeck, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1599), note the double rudders which distinguished Southeast Asian ships from the Chinese chuán which had a central rudder;<a href="#cite_note-:6-14">[12]</a> a 32–40-ton djong is depicted on the right with 2 <a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">tanja sails</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bowsprit" title="Bowsprit">bowsprit</a> sail, and the bridge (an opening in the lower deck) </figcaption></figure> It was claimed the word jong, jung, jüng, or <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junk</a> comes from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%88%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:船">船</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: chûn; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'boat', 'ship'.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> However, Chinese ocean-going tradition in Southeast Asia was relatively new – until the 12th century, most trade between the regions was carried in Southeast Asian vessels.<a href="#cite_note-Lim_2016-16">[14]</a> Paul Pelliot and Waruno Mahdi reject the Chinese origin of the name.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-18">[16]</a>: 38  Instead, it may be derived from "jong" (transliterated as joṅ) in <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a> which means ship.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a>: 748  The first record of <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a> jong comes from <a href="/wiki/Balinese_copperplate_inscription" title="Balinese copperplate inscription">Sembiran inscriptions</a> in Bali dating to the 11th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-:8-20">[18]</a>: 82  The word was recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> by the 15th century<a href="#cite_note-:12-21">[19]</a>: 60  thus practically excludes the Chinese origin of the word in Malay.<a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[20]</a>: 266  The late 15th century <a href="/wiki/Undang-Undang_Laut_Melaka" title="Undang-Undang Laut Melaka">Undang-Undang Laut Melaka</a>, a maritime code composed by Javanese shipowners in Melaka,<a href="#cite_note-:30-23">[21]</a>: 39  uses jong frequently as the word for freight ships.<a href="#cite_note-:12-21">[19]</a>: 60  European writings from 1345 through 1609 use a variety of related terms, including jonque (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>), ioncque, ionct, giunchi, zonchi (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>), iuncque, joanga, juanga (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>), junco (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>), and ionco, djonk, jonk (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>).<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a>: 299 <a href="#cite_note-:12-21">[19]</a>: 60  The origin of the word "junk" in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> language, can be traced to the Portuguese word junco, which is rendered from the Arabic word j-n-k (جنك). This word comes from the fact that Arabic script cannot represent the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> "ng".<a href="#cite_note-:7-18">[16]</a>: 37  The word used to denote both the Javanese ship (jong) and the Chinese ship (chûn), even though the two were markedly different vessels. After the <a href="#Decline">disappearance of jong</a> in the 17th century, the meaning of "junk" (and other similar words in European languages), which until then was used as a transcription of the word "jong" in Javanese and Malay, changed its meaning to exclusively refer to the Chinese ship.<a href="#cite_note-:16-26">[24]</a>: 204 <a href="#cite_note-:7-18">[16]</a>: 222  People from the <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Indonesian Archipelago</a> usually refer to large Chinese ships as "wangkang", while small ones are called "top".<a href="#cite_note-Apilan-27">[25]</a>: 193  There are also terms in the Malay language, "cunea", "cunia", and "cunya" that originate from <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a> <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Chinese</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E4%BB%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:船仔">船仔</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: chûn-á), which refers to Chinese vessels 10–20 m in length.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> The "djong" spelling is of colonial Dutch origin, rendering the j sound as "dj",<a href="#cite_note-:20-3">[3]</a>: 71  though both traditional British and current <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> romanizes it as jong.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a>: 286–287  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sailing_and_navigation">Sailing and navigation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sailing and navigation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Een_Javaansch_Matroos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Een_Javaansch_Matroos.jpg/220px-Een_Javaansch_Matroos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Een_Javaansch_Matroos.jpg/330px-Een_Javaansch_Matroos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Een_Javaansch_Matroos.jpg/440px-Een_Javaansch_Matroos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>A Javanese sailor</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(term)" title="Nusantara (term)">Nusantara</a> archipelago was known for the production of large junks. When Portuguese sailors reached the waters of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> in the early 1500s they found this area dominated by <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> junk ships, operating on the vital spice route, between <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, and Malacca. The port city of Malacca at that time practically became a Javanese city. Many Javanese merchants and ship captains settled and at the same time controlled international trade. Many skilled Javanese carpenters are building ships in the dockyards of the largest port city in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-:12-21">[19]</a>: 57  For seafaring, the Austronesian people invented the <a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">balance lugsail</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">tanja sail</a>), probably developed from the fixed mast version of the <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">crab claw sail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horridge1986-31">[29]</a>: 98–99 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AGE MATTERS">obsolete source</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">junk rig</a> commonly used on Chinese ships may have been developed from the tanja sail.<a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_46422-32">[30]</a>: 612–613  During the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> era, almost all of the commodities from Asia were found in Java.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a>: 233–234, 239–240  This is because of extensive shipping by the Majapahit empire using various types of ships, particularly the jong, for trading to faraway places.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a>: 56–60, 286–291  <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>'s translator) who visited Java in 1413, stated that ports in Java were trading goods and offered services that were more numerous and more complete than other ports in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a>: 233–234, 239–240  It was also during the Majapahit era that Nusantaran exploration reached its greatest accomplishment. <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a> (1470–1517), in his book Itinerario de Ludouico de Varthema Bolognese stated that the Southern Javanese people sailed to "far Southern lands" up to the point they arrived at an island where a day only lasted four hours long and was "colder than in any part of the world". Modern studies have determined that such a place is located at least 900 nautical miles (1666 km) south of the southernmost point of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-33">[31]</a>: 248–251  The <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> people used a solid navigation system: Orientation at sea is carried out using a variety of different natural signs, and by using a very distinctive <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> technique called "<a href="/wiki/Star_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Star navigation">star path navigation</a>". The navigators determine the bow of the ship to the islands that are recognized by using the position of rising and setting of certain stars above the horizon.<a href="#cite_note-:15-34">[32]</a>: 10  In the Majapahit era, <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compasses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnets</a> were used, and <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a> (mapping science) was developed. In 1293 AD <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a> presented a map and census record to the Yuan Mongol invader, suggesting that mapmaking has been a formal part of governmental affairs in Java.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a>: 53  The use of maps full of longitudinal and transverse lines, rhumb lines, and direct route lines traveled by ships were recorded by Europeans, to the point that the Portuguese considered the Javanese maps the best in the early 1500s.<a href="#cite_note-:14-33">[31]</a>: 249 <a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[34]</a>: lxxix <a href="#cite_note-:28-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a>: 163–164, 166–168 <a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> conquered Malacca, the Portuguese recovered a chart from a Javanese <a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">maritime pilot</a>, which already included part of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. Regarding the chart Albuquerque said:<a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a>: 64 <a href="#cite_note-:28-37">[35]</a>: 98–99  <blockquote>...a large map of a Javanese pilot, containing the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, Portugal and the land of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Sea of Persia</a>, the Clove Islands, the navigation of the Chinese and the Gores, with their rhumbs and direct routes followed by the ships, and the hinterland, and how the kingdoms border on each other. It seems to me. Sir, that this was the best thing I have ever seen, and Your Highness will be very pleased to see it; it had the names in Javanese writing, but I had with me a Javanese who could read and write. I send this piece to Your Highness, which Francisco Rodrigues traced from the other, in which Your Highness can truly see where the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Gores</a> come from, and the course your ships must take to the Clove Islands, and where the gold mines lie, and the islands of Java and Banda, of nutmeg and mace, and the land of the King of Siam, and also the end of the land of the navigation of the Chinese, the direction it takes, and how they do not navigate farther. — Letter of Albuquerque to King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a>, 1 April 1512.</blockquote> A Portuguese account described how the Javanese people already had advanced seafaring skills and had communicated with <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in 1645:<a href="#cite_note-:63-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a>: 311 <a href="#cite_note-:12-21">[19]</a>: 57 <a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-41">[39]</a>: 51  <blockquote><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">The Javanese</a> are all men very experienced in the art of navigation, to the point that they claim to be the most ancient of all, although many others give this honor to the Chinese, and affirm that this art was handed on from them to the Javanese. But it is certain that they formerly navigated to the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> and were in communication with the east coast of the island of São Lourenço (San Laurenzo — <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>), where there are many brown and Javanese-like natives who say they are descended from them. — <a href="/wiki/Diogo_do_Couto" title="Diogo do Couto">Diogo do Couto</a>, Decada Quarta da Asia</blockquote> Research in 2016 showed that the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy people</a> have genetic links to various Maritime Southeast Asian ethnic groups, particularly from southern Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy language</a> are sourced from the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan language</a> with loan words from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, with all the local linguistic modifications via Javanese or Malay language.<a href="#cite_note-A_small_cohort_of_Island_Southeast_Asian_women_founded_Madagascar-43">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_people" title="Ma'anyan people">Ma'anyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak people</a> are not a sailor and were dry-rice cultivators while some Malagasy are wet rice farmers, so it is likely that they are carried by the Javanese and Malay people in their trading fleets, as labor or slaves.<a href="#cite_note-:122-44">[42]</a>: 114–115  Javanese trading and slaving activities in Africa caused a strong influence on boatbuilding on Madagascar and the East African coast. This is indicated by the existence of <a href="/wiki/Outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger">outriggers</a> and oculi (eye ornament) on African boats.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a>: 253–288 <a href="#cite_note-:31-46">[44]</a>: 94  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a> reported that the ships from Java, which they called Jungos, have four masts, are very different from Portuguese ships. A Javanese ship is made of very thick wood, and as it gets old, the Javanese fix it with new planks, this way they have 3–4 planks, one above the other. The rope and the sail are made with woven <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-47">[45]</a>: 191–192 <a href="#cite_note-:7-18">[16]</a>: 37–38  The Javanese junks were made using jati wood (<a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a>) at the time of his report (1515), at that time Chinese junks were still using softwood as their main material.<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[34]</a>: 145  The Javanese ship's hull is formed by joining planks and keel with wooden <a href="/wiki/Dowel" title="Dowel">dowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">treenails</a>, without using iron bolts or nails. The frame would be built later, after the planking (the "shell first" construction). The planks are perforated by an auger and inserted with dowels, which remain inside the fastened planks, not seen from the outside.<a href="#cite_note-:6-14">[12]</a>: 268 <a href="#cite_note-:27-48">[46]</a>: 612 <a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a>: 138  The hull was pointed at both ends, they carried two rudders and used tanja sail, but it may also use junk sail,<a href="#cite_note-:111-50">[48]</a>: 37  a sail of Indonesian origin.<a href="#cite_note-Johnstone_1980-51">[49]</a>: 191–192  On top of the mast there is a <a href="/wiki/Top_(sailing_ship)" title="Top (sailing ship)">top</a> or <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1vea" class="extiw" title="pt:Gávea">gávea</a>, which is used for observation and fighting.<a href="#cite_note-:17-52">[50]</a>: 217 <a href="#cite_note-:25-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-:26-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-55">[53]</a> They were very different from the Chinese ships, whose hulls were joined by iron nails and strakes to a frame and bulkheads. The Chinese vessel had a single rudder, and (except in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>) they had flat bottoms without keels.<a href="#cite_note-:12-21">[19]</a>: 58  <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cetbang_Majapahit_of_1470-1478,_collection_of_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cetbang_Majapahit_of_1470-1478%2C_collection_of_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/360px-Cetbang_Majapahit_of_1470-1478%2C_collection_of_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cetbang_Majapahit_of_1470-1478%2C_collection_of_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/540px-Cetbang_Majapahit_of_1470-1478%2C_collection_of_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cetbang_Majapahit_of_1470-1478%2C_collection_of_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/720px-Cetbang_Majapahit_of_1470-1478%2C_collection_of_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>A bronze cannon, called a <a href="/wiki/Cetbang" title="Cetbang">cetbang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York, from ca. 1470–1478 Majapahit; notice the <a href="/wiki/Surya_Majapahit" title="Surya Majapahit">Surya Majapahit</a> emblem on the cannon</figcaption></figure> Historical engravings also depict the usage of <a href="/wiki/Bowsprit" title="Bowsprit">bowsprits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spritsail_(square-rigged)" title="Spritsail (square-rigged)">bowsprit sails</a>, with a deckhouse above the upper deck, and the appearance of stemposts and <a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">sternposts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-56">[54]</a>: 31  The deckhouse is extending from the front to the back, where people are protected from the heat of the sun, rain, and dew. At the stern, there is a cabin for the ship's captain.<a href="#cite_note-:20-3">[3]</a>: 131–132 <a href="#cite_note-:4-56">[54]</a>: 31  This cabin, is square in shape and protruding ("hanging") above the sharp waterline stern (the sternpost), overhung above the water like a farmer's <a href="/wiki/Outhouse" title="Outhouse">outhouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-57">[55]</a>: 242–243 <a href="#cite_note-:24-9">[8]</a>: 1354  The bow also has a square platform that protrudes above the stempost, for bowsprit and forward-facing gun shield/gun mount (<a href="/wiki/Apilan_and_kota_mara" title="Apilan and kota mara">apilan</a> or ampilan in the Malay language).<a href="#cite_note-:21-57">[55]</a>: 242–243 <a href="#cite_note-Apilan-27">[25]</a>: 354  A jong could carry up to 100 berço (breech-loading artillery—likely refers to local cetbang cannon).<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-59">[57]</a>: 234–235  Like other Austronesian ships, jong is steered using 2 quarter rudders. According to father Nicolau Perreira, the jong has 3 rudders, one on each side and one in the middle. This may refer to hybrid jong, with the middle rudder being like those on Chinese vessels (hanging axial rudder) or western axial rudder (<a href="/wiki/Pintle_and_gudgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintle and gudgeon">pintle and gudgeon</a> rudder). Alternatively, it may have been a long sweep to aid in harbor maneuvers.<a href="#cite_note-:6-14">[12]</a>: 268, 270, 272–273 <a href="#cite_note-:13-60">[58]</a>: 24  A jong has about 1:3 to 1:4 beam-to-length ratio,<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a>: 292  which makes it fall into the category of "round ship".<a href="#cite_note-:19-8">[7]</a>: 148 and 169  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Javanese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Codice_Casanatense_Javanese.jpg/188px-Codice_Casanatense_Javanese.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Codice_Casanatense_Javanese.jpg/282px-Codice_Casanatense_Javanese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Codice_Casanatense_Javanese.jpg/376px-Codice_Casanatense_Javanese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1138" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Peguans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Codice_Casanatense_Peguans.jpg/188px-Codice_Casanatense_Peguans.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Codice_Casanatense_Peguans.jpg/282px-Codice_Casanatense_Peguans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Codice_Casanatense_Peguans.jpg/376px-Codice_Casanatense_Peguans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="1366" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg/188px-Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg/282px-Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg/376px-Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="1383" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">People who used jong in their voyages: from top to bottom are Javanese, Peguan, and Malay; depicted in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Codex Casanatense</a> of 1540 AD</div></div></div></div> Barbosa also reported various goods carried by these ships, which include rice, meat of cows, sheep, pigs, and deer, dried and salted, many chickens, garlic, and onions. Traded weapons include lances, dagger, and swords, worked in inlaid metal and very good steel. Also brought with them <a href="/wiki/Cubebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubebs">cubebs</a> and yellow die called cazumba (kasumba) and gold which is produced in Java. Barbosa mention places and route in which these ships visited, which include <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, Timor, Banda, Sumatra, Malacca, China, <a href="/wiki/Tenasserim_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenasserim coast">Tenasserim</a>, Pegu (<a href="/wiki/Bago_Region" title="Bago Region">Bago</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Pulicat</a>, Coromandel, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a>, Cambay (<a href="/wiki/Khambhat" title="Khambhat">Khambat</a>), and Aden. From the notes of other authors, it is known that there were also those who went to the Maldives, Calicut (<a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>), Oman, Aden, and the Red Sea. The passenger brought their wives and children, even some of them never leave the ship to go on shore, nor have any other dwelling, for they are born and die in the ship.<a href="#cite_note-:9-47">[45]</a>: 191–193 <a href="#cite_note-:16-26">[24]</a>: 199  It is known that ships made with teak could last for 200 years.<a href="#cite_note-:22-61">[59]</a>: 147  The size and construction of the jong required expertise and materials that were not necessarily available in many places, therefore the Javanese junks were mainly constructed in two major shipbuilding centers around Java: north coastal Java, especially around <a href="/wiki/Rembang_Regency" title="Rembang Regency">Rembang</a>–<a href="/wiki/Demak_Regency" title="Demak Regency">Demak</a> (along the <a href="/wiki/Muria_Strait" title="Muria Strait">Muria strait</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a>; and the south coast of Borneo (<a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a>) and adjacent islands; built by the Javanese. These places have teak forests, whose wood is resistant to <a href="/wiki/Teredo_navalis" title="Teredo navalis">shipworm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-14">[12]</a>: 272 <a href="#cite_note-:4-56">[54]</a>: 33  Southern Borneo's supply of teak would have come from north Java, whereas Borneo itself would supply <a href="/wiki/Eusideroxylon_zwageri" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusideroxylon zwageri">ironwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:20-3">[3]</a>: 132  The Mon people of <a href="/wiki/Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a> also produced jong using <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burmese</a> teak.<a href="#cite_note-:30-23">[21]</a>: 42, 282  While the Malays of Malacca of the 16th century owned jongs, they were not built by the Malay people or by the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Sultanate of Malacca</a>. Malacca only produces small vessels, not large vessels. Large shipbuilding industry does not exist in Malacca — their industry is not capable producing deep-sea ships; only small, light, fast-sailing vessels. The people of Malacca purchased big ships (jong) from other parts of Southeast Asia, namely from Java and Pegu, they did not built them.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a>: 250 <a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a>: 39 <a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a>: 124 <a href="#cite_note-:02-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difference_from_Chinese_junks">Difference from Chinese junks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Difference from Chinese junks">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Junk (ship)</a></div> The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">chuán</a> (the "junk" in modern usage) and the Southeast Asian djong are frequently confused with each other and share some characteristics, including large cargo capacities, multiple (two to three) superimposed layers of hull planks, and multiple masts and sails. However the two are readily distinguishable from each other by two major differences. The first is that Southeast Asian (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a>) ships are built exclusively with lugs, dowels, and fiber lashings (<a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">lashed lug</a>), in contrast to Chinese ships which are always built with iron nails and clamps. The second is that Chinese ships since the first century AD are all built with a central rudder. In contrast, Southeast Asian ships use double lateral rudders.<a href="#cite_note-:6-14">[12]</a> The development of the sea-going Chinese chuán in the <a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song Dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 960 to 1279) is believed to have been influenced by regular contacts with sea-going Southeast Asian ships (the <a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">k'un-lun po</a> of Chinese records) in trading ports in southern China from the 1st millennium CE onward, particularly in terms of the rigging, multiple sails, and the multiple hull sheaths. However, the chuán also incorporates distinctly Chinese innovations from their indigenous river and coastal vessels (namely watertight compartments and the central rudders).<a href="#cite_note-:6-14">[12]</a> "Hybrid" ships (referred to as the "South China Sea tradition") integrating technologies from both the chuán and the djong also started to appear by the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-Minh-Hà_2012-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_eras">Early eras</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early eras">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">K'un-lun po</a></div>In the first millennium AD, the ship called kolandiaphonta was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemaeus">Claudius Ptolemaeus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a> (ca. 150 AD). It is referred to by the Chinese as K'un-lun po. The characteristics of this ship are that it is large (more than 50–60 m long), the hull is made of multiple plankings, has no <a href="/wiki/Outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger">outrigger</a>, mounted with many masts and sails, the sail is in the form of a tanja sail, and has a plank fastening technique in the form of stitching with plant fibers.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a>: 27–28 <a href="#cite_note-:31-46">[44]</a>: 41 <a href="#cite_note-:6-14">[12]</a>: 275 <a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[20]</a>: 262 <a href="#cite_note-:11-68">[66]</a>: 347  The 3rd century book <a href="/wiki/Yiwu_Zhi" title="Yiwu Zhi">Strange Things of the South</a> (南州異物志 — Nánzhōu Yìwùzhì) by Wan Chen (萬震) describes ships capable of carrying 600–700 people together with more than 10,000 hu (斛) of cargo (250–1000 tons according to various interpretations<a href="#cite_note-:6-14">[12]</a>: 275 —600 tons deadweight according to Manguin).<a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[20]</a>: 262  These ships came from K'un-lun. The ships are called K'un-lun po (or K'un-lun bo), could be more than 50 meters in length and had a <a href="/wiki/Freeboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeboard">freeboard</a> of 5.2–7.8 meters.<a href="#cite_note-69">[note 3]</a> When seen from above they resemble covered galleries.<a href="#cite_note-:11-68">[66]</a>: 347  Wan Chen explains the ships' sail design as follows:<a href="#cite_note-:6-14">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The people of foreign parts call ships po. The large ones are more than fifty meters in length and stand out of the water four to five meters (...) They carry from six to seven hundred persons, with 10,000 bushels of cargo.<a href="#cite_note-70">[note 4]</a> The people beyond the barriers, according to the size of their ships, sometimes rig (as many as) four sails which they carry in row from bow to stern. (...) The four sails do not face directly forward, but are set obliquely, and so arranged that they can all be fixed in the same direction, to receive the wind and to spill it. Those sails which are behind the most windward one receiving the pressure of the wind, throw it from one to the other, so that they all profit from its force. If it is violent, (the sailors) diminish or augment the surface of the sails according to the conditions. This oblique rig, which permits the sails to receive from one another the breath of the wind, obviates the anxiety attendant upon having high masts. Thus these ships sail without avoiding strong winds and dashing waves, by the aid of which they can make great speed.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Wan Chen, <a href="/wiki/Yiwu_Zhi" title="Yiwu Zhi">Strange Things of the South</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a>: 207 <a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[20]</a>: 262 </cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> (Fa-Hsien) in his return journey to China from India (413–414) embarked on a ship carrying 200 passengers and sailors from K'un-lun which towed a smaller ship. A cyclone struck and forced the passengers to move into the smaller ship. The crew of the smaller ship feared that the ship would be overloaded, therefore they cut the rope and separated from the big ship. Luckily the bigger ship survived, and the passengers were stranded in Ye-po-ti (<a href="/wiki/Yawadwipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Yawadwipa">Yawadwipa</a>—Java). After 5 months, the crew and the passengers embarked on another ship comparable in size to sail back to China.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a>: 6–7 <a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> The word "jong" itself was first recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a> language from a Balinese inscription from the 11th century AD. The <a href="/wiki/Sembiran_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Sembiran inscription">Sembiran A IV inscription</a> (1065 AD) stated that merchants came to Manasa in Bali using jong and bahitra. The first record of jong in literature comes from Kakawin Bhomantaka, dated late 12th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a>: 222, 230, 267 <a href="#cite_note-:8-20">[18]</a>: 82  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Majapahit_era">Majapahit era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Majapahit era">edit</a>]</div> In 1322 friar <a href="/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone" title="Odoric of Pordenone">Odoric of Pordenone</a> recorded that during his voyage from India to China he boarded a vessel of the zuncum type which carried at least 700 people, either sailors or merchants.<a href="#cite_note-yule-75">[71]</a>: 360 <a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a>: 73  Kidung Panji Wijayakrama-Rangga Lawe (compiled as early as 1334 AD)<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a>: 56  mentioned a nine-decked jong (jong sasangawangunan) during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">war with the Mongols</a> (1293 AD). It looked like a volcano because of its sparkling and flickering thundercloud decorations. Its sails were painted red. It carried 1000 people equipped with gandiwa (bow), <a href="/wiki/Bedil_(term)" title="Bedil (term)">bedil</a>, shields, towok (javelin), <a href="/wiki/Kanta_(shield)" title="Kanta (shield)">kantar</a> (long shield), and <a href="/wiki/Baju_Rantai" title="Baju Rantai">baju rantai</a> (chainmail).<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a>: 91 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a> used jongs as its main source of naval power. It is unknown how many exactly the total number of jongs were used by <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, but the largest number of jongs deployed in an expedition was about 400, accompanied by uncountable <a href="/wiki/Malangbang" title="Malangbang">malangbang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kelulus" title="Kelulus">kelulus</a>, when the Majapahit attacked <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Pasai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> In the second largest military expedition, the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Singapura</a> in 1398, the Majapahit deployed 300 jongs with no fewer than 200,000 men (more than 600 men in each jong).<a href="#cite_note-:103-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> Indonesian writer <a href="/wiki/Pramoedya_Ananta_Toer" title="Pramoedya Ananta Toer">Pramoedya Ananta Toer</a> argued that the largest Majapahit ships could carry 800–1000 men and were 50 depa (about 80–100 m) long.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a>: 9 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Modern calculation determined that the average jong used by Majapahit would be about 76.18–79.81 m <a href="/wiki/Length_overall" title="Length overall">LOA</a> (69.26–72.55 m in deck length), carrying 600–700 men, with 1200–1400 tons <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage" title="Deadweight tonnage">deadweight</a> and a displacement of 3333–3889 tons. The largest ones, carrying 1000 men, would be about 88.56 m LOA (80.51 m in deck length), with a deadweight of 2000 tons and a displacement of 5556 tons.<a href="#cite_note-:18-6">[5]</a>: 60–62 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] A Balinese jong used by <a href="/wiki/Bujangga_Manik" title="Bujangga Manik">Bujangga Manik</a> to travel from <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> to <a href="/wiki/Blambangan_Peninsula" title="Blambangan Peninsula">Blambangan</a> was 8 depa (12.8–16 m) in width and 25 depa (40–50 m) in length.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a>: 28 <a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> Among the smallest jong recorded, used by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yanxiang" title="Chen Yanxiang">Chen Yanxiang</a> to visit <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, was 33-meter-long with an estimated capacity of 220 <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_tons" class="mw-redirect" title="Deadweight tons">deadweight tons</a>, with a crew of 121 people.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a>: 150, 153–154  Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bubat" title="Battle of Bubat">Battle of Bubat</a> in 1357, the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a> king and the royal family arrived in Majapahit after sailing across the <a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a> in a fleet of 200 large ships and 2000 smaller vessels.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a>: 16–17, 76–77  The royal family boarded a nine-decked hybrid Sino-Southeast Asian junk (Old Javanese: Jong sasanga wangunan ring Tatarnagari tiniru). This hybrid junk incorporated Chinese techniques, such as using iron nails alongside wooden dowels, construction of watertight bulkheads, and the addition of a central rudder.<a href="#cite_note-:3-88">[84]</a>: 270 <a href="#cite_note-:6-14">[12]</a>: 272–276  There is an allusion in <a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a> that ships and boats of Majapahit were painted red and black.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a>: 77 <a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a>: 192  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Huyghen_van_Linschoten_Ship_of_China_and_Java.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jan_Huyghen_van_Linschoten_Ship_of_China_and_Java.jpg/220px-Jan_Huyghen_van_Linschoten_Ship_of_China_and_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jan_Huyghen_van_Linschoten_Ship_of_China_and_Java.jpg/330px-Jan_Huyghen_van_Linschoten_Ship_of_China_and_Java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jan_Huyghen_van_Linschoten_Ship_of_China_and_Java.jpg/440px-Jan_Huyghen_van_Linschoten_Ship_of_China_and_Java.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Hybrid Sino-Southeast Asian junk; the flag featuring crescent moons suggests that this junk hailed from one of the Islamic sultanates of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dayuan" title="Wang Dayuan">Wang Dayuan</a>'s 1349 composition <a href="/wiki/Daoyi_Zhil%C3%BCe" title="Daoyi Zhilüe">Daoyi Zhilüe Guangzheng Xia</a> ("Description of the Barbarian of the Isles") described the so-called "horse boats" at a place called Gan-mai-li in Southeast Asia. These ships were bigger than normal trading ships, with the sides constructed from multiple planks. They used neither nails nor mortar to join them, but rather used coconut fiber. They had two or three decks, with a deckhouse over the upper deck. In the lower hold, they carried pressed-down <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>; above them, several hundred horses were carried. Wang made special mention of these ships because pepper, which was also transported by them, was carried to faraway places in large quantities. The normal trading ships carried less than a tenth of their cargo.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a>: 33 <a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a>: 170  Usually, the main vessel towed behind a smaller "tender" for landing. Data from <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> records made it possible to calculate that the largest ships may have had a <a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_Old_Measurement" title="Builder's Old Measurement">burden</a> tonnage of 500–800 tons, about the same as Chinese vessels used to trade in the 19th century. The tender itself may have been able to carry about 70 tons.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a>: 54–55  Marco Polo also noted that they may have 2 or 3 of these tenders, and may have about 10 small boats for helping the main vessel, such as for laying out anchors, catching fish, and bringing supplies aboard. When sailing, the small boats were slung to the ship's sides.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a>: 250–251  <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_da_Conti" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò da Conti">Niccolò da Conti</a>, in relating his travels in Asia between 1419 and 1444, describes ships much larger than European ships, capable of reaching 2,000 tons in size,<a href="#cite_note-95">[note 5]</a> with five sails and as many masts. The lower part is constructed with three planks, to withstand the force of the tempests to which they are much exposed. Some of the ships are built in compartments so that if one part is punctured, the other portion remains intact to accomplish the voyage.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_age_of_discovery">European age of discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: European age of discovery">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> merchant Giovanni da Empoli (1483–1517), one of the first Italian agents to join a Portuguese armada to India in 1503–1504,<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> said that in the land of Java, a junk is no different in its strength than a castle, because it had three and four boards, one above the other, which cannot be harmed with artillery. They sail with their women, children, and family, and everyone has room for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a>: 58  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_from_a_map_made_in_1522_by_Nu%C3%B1o_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toreno_depicting_an_unspecified_Portuguese_boat_pursuing_a_4-masted_Javanese_jong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Detail_from_a_map_made_in_1522_by_Nu%C3%B1o_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toreno_depicting_an_unspecified_Portuguese_boat_pursuing_a_4-masted_Javanese_jong.jpg/220px-Detail_from_a_map_made_in_1522_by_Nu%C3%B1o_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toreno_depicting_an_unspecified_Portuguese_boat_pursuing_a_4-masted_Javanese_jong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Detail_from_a_map_made_in_1522_by_Nu%C3%B1o_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toreno_depicting_an_unspecified_Portuguese_boat_pursuing_a_4-masted_Javanese_jong.jpg/330px-Detail_from_a_map_made_in_1522_by_Nu%C3%B1o_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toreno_depicting_an_unspecified_Portuguese_boat_pursuing_a_4-masted_Javanese_jong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Detail_from_a_map_made_in_1522_by_Nu%C3%B1o_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toreno_depicting_an_unspecified_Portuguese_boat_pursuing_a_4-masted_Javanese_jong.jpg/440px-Detail_from_a_map_made_in_1522_by_Nu%C3%B1o_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toreno_depicting_an_unspecified_Portuguese_boat_pursuing_a_4-masted_Javanese_jong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3018" data-file-height="2666" /></a><figcaption>A four-masted ship being followed by a Portuguese vessel, in Nuño García de Toreno's map of 1522; this scene likely depicts a Javanese junk encountered near Polvoreira[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> Passing by Pacem (Samudera Pasai Sultanate) the Portuguese came across two junks, one was from <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a>, which was captured immediately, and the other was from Java which weighed about 600 tons, near Polvoreira (likely <a href="/wiki/Berhala_Island_(Malacca_Strait)" title="Berhala Island (Malacca Strait)">Pulau Berhala</a>, 160 miles from Malacca, between <a href="/wiki/Belawan" class="mw-redirect" title="Belawan">Belawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lumut,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumut, Malaysia">Lumut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>). The junk carried 300 Javanese "<a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>" (Muslims) on board. The Portuguese sent out small boats to approach it, and ordered it to halt but it promptly opened fire on the fleet, its crew hurling down spears, arrows, stones, gunpowder pots, and flammable materials. <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> approached it with his entire fleet. The Portuguese began firing on the junk, but the cannonball bounced off the hull, and then the junk sailed away. The Portuguese ships then fired on the junk's masts causing them to fall. Near dawn, <a href="/wiki/Flor_de_la_Mar" title="Flor de la Mar">Flor de la Mar</a> (the highest Portuguese carrack) caught up and rammed the junk, while firing artilleries which killed 40 of the junk's crew. The junk was so tall that Flor de la Mar's <a href="/wiki/Aftercastle" title="Aftercastle">rear castle</a> could barely reach its bridge,<a href="#cite_note-100">[note 6]</a> and the Portuguese did not dare to board it. Their <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombard</a> shots did not damage it because it had 4 layers of board, while the largest Portuguese cannon could only penetrate no more than 2 layers. When the Portuguese tried to grapple it and attack in close combat, the crew set fire to their junk,<a href="#cite_note-102">[note 7]</a> forcing the Portuguese to pull away. During the escape, the junk's crew tried to put out the fire with great difficulty.<a href="#cite_note-104">[note 8]</a> After two days and two nights of fighting, Albuquerque decided to break the two rudders at the side of the vessel, causing it to surrender. Once aboard, the Portuguese found Prince Geinal (or Zeinal), the son of the king of Pasai who was deposed by his relative. Albuquerque hoped he could be made a vassal for trading. They also gained such an admiration for the junk and its crew and nicknamed it O Bravo (lit. "The Brave"). The Portuguese crew pleaded with Fernão Pires to convince Albuquerque that the crew should be spared and viewed vassals of Portugal who were simply unaware of who they were actually fighting. Albuquerque eventually agreed to this.<a href="#cite_note-:102-105">[97]</a>: 138–139 <a href="#cite_note-:172-106">[98]</a>: 62–64 <a href="#cite_note-:17-52">[50]</a>: 216–219 <a href="#cite_note-107">[note 9]</a> In late 1512 – January 1513 <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate#Pati_Unus" title="Demak Sultanate">Pati Unus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a> tried to surprise <a href="/wiki/Malacca_City" title="Malacca City">Malacca</a> with 100 vessels with 5,000 Javanese from <a href="/wiki/Jepara" title="Jepara">Jepara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>. About 30 of those were junks weighing about 350–600 tons (except for Pati Unus' flagship), the rest being smaller boats of <a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">pangajava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">lancaran</a>, and kelulus types. The expedition may have carried up to 12,000 men. These vessels carried much Javanese <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[note 10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apilan-27">[25]</a>: 23, 177  Although defeated, Pati Unus sailed home and beached his <a href="/wiki/Naval_armour" title="Naval armour">armored</a> <a href="/wiki/Armored_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored ship">war junk</a> as a monument of a fight against men he called the bravest in the world, his exploit winning him a few years later the throne of <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a>: 70–71  In a letter to Afonso de Albuquerque, from Cannanore, 22 February 1513, <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">Fernão Pires de Andrade</a>, the captain of the fleet that routed Pati Unus, says:<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[34]</a>: 151–152  <blockquote>The junk of Pati Unus is the largest seen by men of these parts so far. It carried a thousand fighting men on board, and your Lordship can believe me . . . that it was an amazing thing to see, because the Anunciada near it did not look like a ship at all. We attacked it with bombards, but even the shots of the largest did not pierce it below the water-line, and (the shots of) the esfera (Portuguese large cannon)<a href="#cite_note-112">[note 11]</a> I had in my ship went in but did not pass through; it had three sheathings, all of which were over a cruzado thick.<a href="#cite_note-114">[note 12]</a> And it certainly was so monstrous that no man had ever seen the like. It took three years to build, as your Lordship may have heard tell in Malacca concerning this Pati Unus, who made this armada to become king of Malacca. — Fernão Pires de Andrade<a href="#cite_note-115">[103]</a>: 58–60 </blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Lopes_de_Castanheda" title="Fernão Lopes de Castanheda">Fernão Lopes de Castanheda</a> noted that Pati Unus' junk is built with 7 layers of planking, called lapis in Javanese and Malay, between each layer was put a coating consisting of a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>, and oil.<a href="#cite_note-Apilan-27">[25]</a>: 294 <a href="#cite_note-116">[104]</a>: 269  Pati Unus was using it as a floating fortress for blockading the area around Malacca.<a href="#cite_note-:3-88">[84]</a>: 94  The Portuguese remarked that such large, unwieldy ships were weaknesses. The Portuguese succeeded in repelling the attack using smaller but more maneuverable ships, using boarding tactics and setting fire to the junks.<a href="#cite_note-Apilan-27">[25]</a>: 294  They did not specify the exact size of Pati Unus' junk. Irawan Djoko Nugroho suggested that it has a length of 4–5 times the Flor do Mar (a <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">nau</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a>: 307  This would make its size about 144–180 m, with the tonnage between 1600 and 2000 tons.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[note 13]</a> Pierre-Yves Manguin put it as low as 1000 tons.<a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[20]</a>: 266  Muhammad Averoes calculated the size by determining its <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)" title="Displacement (ship)">displacement</a> first, and obtained that the Pati Unus' junk has a displacement tonnage of 5556 tons and deadweight of 2000 tons, with an LOA of 88.56 m and LOD of 80.51 m.<a href="#cite_note-:18-6">[5]</a>: 59–62  Impressed by the Javanese's skill in shipbuilding, Albuquerque hired 60 Javanese carpenters and shipbuilders from the Malacca shipyard and sent them to India, with the hope that these craftsmen will be able to repair Portuguese ships in India. But they never arrived in India, they rebelled and took the Portuguese ship they boarded to Pasai, where they were welcomed extraordinarily.<a href="#cite_note-118">[105]</a>: 102–103  The Portuguese employed junks in big numbers for their trade in Asia. At least 1 jong was sailed to Portugal, to be deployed as a coast guard ship at <a href="/wiki/Sacav%C3%A9m" title="Sacavém">Sacavem</a> under the instruction of King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[note 14]</a> and as a warship in the <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltar Strait">Gibraltar Strait</a> Fleet, the Esquadra do Estreito.<a href="#cite_note-121">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tomé Pires</a> in 1515 wrote that the authorities of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> (Guangzhou) made a law that obliged foreign ships to anchor at an island off-shore. He said that the Chinese made this law about banning ships from Canton for fear of the Javanese and Malays, for it was believed that one of their junks would rout 20 Chinese junks. China had more than a thousand junks, but one ship of 400 tons could depopulate Canton, and this depopulation would bring great loss to China. The Chinese feared that the city would be taken from them, because Canton was one of China's wealthiest city.<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[34]</a>: 122–123  In 1574, <a href="/wiki/Ratu_Kalinyamat" title="Ratu Kalinyamat">queen Kalinyamat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kalinyamat_Sultanate" title="Kalinyamat Sultanate">Jepara Sultanate</a> attacked the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> with 300 vessels under the command of Kyai Demang, which included 80 jongs weighing up to 400 tons burthen and 220 kelulus, although with very little artillery and firearms. As the supplies were dwindling and the air corrupted by disease,<a href="#cite_note-122">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-26">[24]</a>: 212  Tristão Vaz da Veiga decided to arm a small fleet of a galley and four half-galleys and about 100 soldiers and head out to the River of Malaios,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] in the middle of the night. Once there, the Portuguese fleet entered the river undetected by the Javanese crews, and resorting to hand-thrown fire bombs set fire to about 30 junks and other crafts, catching the enemy fleet entirely by surprise, and capturing ample supplies amidst the panicking Javanese. After a 3-month siege, the Javanese retreated.<a href="#cite_note-123">[109]</a>: 395–397  Recounting his 10 years in the East Indies (1601–1611), <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pyrard_de_Laval" title="François Pyrard de Laval">François Pyrard of Raval</a> (ca. 1578–1623) mentioned a wreck of a <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> junk in <a href="/wiki/Guraidhoo_(Kaafu_Atoll)" title="Guraidhoo (Kaafu Atoll)">Guradu</a>, South <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9_Atoll" title="Malé Atoll">Malé Atoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>. The ship was carrying all kinds of spices and other merchandise from China and Sunda. On board were about 500 men, women, and children, and only 100 were saved during its sinking. The king of Maldives asserted that it was the richest ship conceivable. Pyrard thought it was the largest ship he has ever seen, with the mast being taller and thicker than those of Portuguese carracks, and the <a href="/wiki/Top_(sailing_ship)" title="Top (sailing ship)">top</a> was much larger than those of Portugal. The Sundanese queen's parents were the owner of the junk, both were drowned in the sinking. The queen, which was only a child during the sinking, survived. Pyrard believed that in Indonesia, there were built ships larger and of better material than in Portugal or any other place in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:25-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-:26-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-55">[53]</a> The Dutch in the late 16th and early 17th centuries found that the Javanese jongs sailing in Southeast Asia were smaller than in previous centuries.<a href="#cite_note-:16-26">[24]</a>: 199  Willem Lodewycksz noted that <a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a> junk had a capacity of not more than 20 last (40 tons).<a href="#cite_note-:23-124">[110]</a>: 202 <a href="#cite_note-:20-3">[3]</a>: 133  Willem Lodewycksz's report on one of the jongs he saw in Banten in 1596 reads: <blockquote>(Seated at the stern) were two men steering: Because (the ship) had two rudders, one on each side, and a pole in the middle which is tied to the ship with ropes under the stern (...). (These jongs) are their ships which they use to navigate the open seas to Maluku, Banda, Borneo, Sumatra, and Malacca. They have a bowsprit on the front, and near it a front mast, (and there is also) a mainmast and a <a href="/wiki/Mizzenmast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizzenmast">mizzenmast</a>, and from front to the back there is a structure like a house, on which they sit protected from the heat of the sun, rain, and dew. At the stern there is a room that is only for the ship captain, they have no <a href="/wiki/Square_sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Square sail">square sail</a> except for the bowsprit sail, under it (inside the hull) is divided into small spaces where they store the cargo. They enter through the openings on either side of the ship and this is where their fireplace/chimney is located.<a href="#cite_note-:23-124">[110]</a>: 200–201 <a href="#cite_note-:20-3">[3]</a>: 131 <a href="#cite_note-:13-60">[58]</a>: 33 <a href="#cite_note-125">[111]</a>: 248 </blockquote> The first jong encountered by the Dutch in Banten was only 16 last (32 tons) in size. The jong of Banten is mostly made in Banjarmasin, Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-:20-3">[3]</a>: 71, 132  But it's certain that Lodewycksz never saw the leviathans of Central Java, such as those from Semarang and Jepara.<a href="#cite_note-:12-21">[19]</a>: 79  In December 1664, Wouter Schouten described the great jong of Java: <blockquote>They build large ships commonly called joncken (jong), which by the Javanese are used more for commerce than for warfare, some are so large that they could carry 200–300 last (400–600 tons). These are equipped with a bowsprit, foresail mast, large mast, and mizzen; but they don't have <a href="/wiki/Topmast" title="Topmast">topmasts</a>, no mars (<a href="/wiki/Top_(sailing_ship)" title="Top (sailing ship)">top</a>)<a href="#cite_note-127">[note 15]</a> nor upper sails like ours but large square lower sails made of straw or coconut bark. The upper deck of these jongs stays unusually high when the cargo is placed under the body storage. The shipmates are divided over multiple small rooms and chambers; the stern hangs like a farmer's outhouse miraculously sticking out very far over the water; you can also find a cabin for the captain there or the <a href="/wiki/Supercargo" title="Supercargo">supercargo</a> who is responsible for the handling of business. Because the Chinese and the Javanese depart on journeys with these jong and other types of ships for some weeks or months they usually take their wives and children with them. This means they learn the discomfort of a sailor's life from a young age.<a href="#cite_note-128">[113]</a>: Volume III: 160 </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Decline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gezicht_op_het_fort_van_Rembang,_gezien_vanaf_de_weg,_scheepswerf_van_rembang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gezicht_op_het_fort_van_Rembang%2C_gezien_vanaf_de_weg%2C_scheepswerf_van_rembang.png/220px-Gezicht_op_het_fort_van_Rembang%2C_gezien_vanaf_de_weg%2C_scheepswerf_van_rembang.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gezicht_op_het_fort_van_Rembang%2C_gezien_vanaf_de_weg%2C_scheepswerf_van_rembang.png/330px-Gezicht_op_het_fort_van_Rembang%2C_gezien_vanaf_de_weg%2C_scheepswerf_van_rembang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gezicht_op_het_fort_van_Rembang%2C_gezien_vanaf_de_weg%2C_scheepswerf_van_rembang.png/440px-Gezicht_op_het_fort_van_Rembang%2C_gezien_vanaf_de_weg%2C_scheepswerf_van_rembang.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Shipyard in Rembang, ca. 1772</figcaption></figure> Anthony Reid argues that the failure of the jong in battles against smaller and more agile Western ships may have convinced the Javanese shipbuilders that the large but less agile jong faced too much risk against the European style of naval battle, so the ships they built later were smaller and faster.<a href="#cite_note-129">[114]</a>: 201  Since the mid-16th century the maritime forces of the archipelago began to use new types of agile naval vessels that could be equipped with larger cannons: In various attacks on Portuguese Malacca after the defeat of Pati Unus, they no longer used jong but used <a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">lancaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">ghurab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">ghali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-26">[24]</a>: 205–213 <a href="#cite_note-:29-13">[11]</a>: 162–165  The jongs that plied the archipelago post-1600s were ranging from 20 to 200 tons deadweight, with a possible average of 100 tons,<a href="#cite_note-:16-26">[24]</a>: 199  but there are still several of them that could load 200–300 lasts (about 360–400 to 540–600 metric tons)<a href="#cite_note-130">[note 16]</a> in the early 1700s.<a href="#cite_note-131">[115]</a>: 223  Production of djongs ended in the 1700s, perhaps because of the decision of <a href="/wiki/Amangkurat_I_of_Mataram" title="Amangkurat I of Mataram">Amangkurat I</a> of Mataram Sultanate to destroy ships in coastal cities and close ports to prevent them from rebelling, in 1655.<a href="#cite_note-132">[116]</a>: 100 <a href="#cite_note-:12-21">[19]</a>: 79–80  By 1677, the Batavia Daghregister reported that Mataram is lacking vessels on their own even for necessary use, and was very ignorant about the sea.<a href="#cite_note-133">[117]</a>: Vol I: 79  After the 1700s, the role of the jong has been replaced by European types of ships, namely the <a href="/wiki/Bark_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bark (ship)">bark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantine</a>, built at local shipyards of Rembang and Juwana (the former shipbuilding place for jong),<a href="#cite_note-:15-34">[32]</a>: 20  such ships may reach 400–600 tons burthen, with the average of 92 lasts (165.6–184 metric tons).<a href="#cite_note-134">[118]</a> The Dutch also realized Javanese proficiency in shipbuilding: In the 18th century, shipbuilding yards in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> employed Javanese people as foremen.<a href="#cite_note-135">[119]</a>: 202  In 1856, <a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd" title="John Crawfurd">John Crawfurd</a> noted that Javanese shipbuilding activity still existed on the north coast of Java, with the shipyards supervised by Europeans, but all of the workers were Javanese. The ships that were built in the 19th century had a maximum tonnage of 50 tons and were mainly used for river transport.<a href="#cite_note-:3-88">[84]</a>: 95  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Replica">Replica</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Replica">edit</a>]</div> A small-sized replica is moored along the Marine March of <a href="/wiki/Resorts_World_Sentosa" title="Resorts World Sentosa">Resorts World Sentosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Jong is an Indonesian unique unit in <a href="/wiki/Sid_Meier%27s_Civilization_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sid Meier's Civilization VI">Sid Meier's Civilization VI</a> video game. However, the model used in-game more closely resembles a <a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a> than an actual jong. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jong_(ship)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jong (ship)">Jong (ship)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_wooden_ships" title="List of longest wooden ships">List of longest wooden ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a>, another large trading ship of Nusantara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_treasure_ship" title="Chinese treasure ship">Chinese treasure ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobukseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Geobukseon">Geobukseon</a>/turtle ship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atakebune" title="Atakebune">Atakebune</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The tonnage used in this page (unless stated otherwise) is DWT or deadweight tonnage, a measure of how much cargo a ship can carry, including the weight of passengers and supplies. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> During the 1511 Portuguese attack on Malacca Sultanate, the Malays use lancaran (lanchara) and penjajap (pangajaoa).<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Kelulus (calaluz) was used on several expeditions before and after the fall of Malacca.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> In the original text, the length of the ship is listed as 20 chang or more and the freeboard 2–3 chang. Here 1 chang (or zhang) is taken as 2.6 meters. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> According to various interpretations, from 250 to 1000 tons </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> While Needham mentioned the size as 2000 tons, Major gives the size as 2000 butts (Major, R. H., ed. (1857), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiainfifteenth00majorich/page/n181/mode/2up">The travels of Niccolo Conti</a>", India in the Fifteenth Century, Hakluyt Society, p. 27), which would be around a 1000 tons, a butt being half a ton. See the definition of butt at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://gizmodo.com/butt-is-an-actual-unit-of-measurement-1622427091">https://gizmodo.com/butt-is-an-actual-unit-of-measurement-1622427091</a>. Until the 17th century, ton referred to both the unit of weight and the unit of volume — see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ton">https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ton</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329222554/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ton">Archived</a> 2019-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A tun is 252 gallons, which weighs 2092 lbs, which is around a ton. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> The bridge is the opening on the side of the ship for loading cargo, located lower than the <a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">upper deck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugroho2011304-99">[94]</a> A more accurate terms for this are <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A-L)#G" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)">"gangplank", "brow", or "gangway"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> The Javanese people have a custom of setting fire to their own ship when they perceive that they were overpowered and their ship would be captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirch187563-101">[95]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> The fire was created by burning olio da terra [an oil from the earth], found in great quantities near Pedir, where it flows forth from a fountain. The Muslims call this oil “Naptha” and doctors consider it remarkable and an excellent remedy for some illnesses. The Portuguese obtained some and found it very useful for treating coisas de frialdade e compressão dos nervios (low temperatures and nervous tension).<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Transcript from Gaspar Correia: "Because the junco started the attack, the Governor approached him with his entire fleet. The Portuguese ships began firing on the junco, but it had no effect at all. Then the junco sailed away ... The Portuguese ships then fired on the junco masts ... and the sails are falling. Because it's so tall, our people dare not board it, and our shots did not spoil it one bit because the junco has four layers of board. Our largest cannon was only able to penetrate no more than two layers ... Seeing that, the Governor ordered his nau (carrack) to move to the side of the junco. This ship is Flor de la Mar, the highest Portuguese ship. And while trying to climb the junco, the rear of the ship could barely reach its bridge. The junco’s crew defended themselves so well that the Portuguese ships were forced to sail away from the ship again. (After two days and two nights of fighting) the Governor decides to break the two rudders at the side of the vessel. Only then did the junco surrender." </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> According to Horst H. Liebner, most of the cannons were <a href="/wiki/Swivel_gun" title="Swivel gun">swivel guns</a>, most likely of cetbang or <a href="/wiki/Rentaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Rentaka">rentaka</a> type, a type of small and medium–sized cannon mounted on the <a href="/wiki/Gunwale" title="Gunwale">gunwale</a>. Larger fixed cannon of Malay ships usually mounted on the forward-facing apilan (gunshield). </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> The espera or esfera is a large Portuguese muzzle-loading cannon. It has a length of 2–5 meters with a weight of up to 1800 kg, usually used on caravels. The espera fires a 12–20 pound (5.44–9.1 kg) cannonball.<a href="#cite_note-111">[101]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> A kind of Portuguese coin with a diameter of 3.8 cm.<a href="#cite_note-113">[102]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> In his book, Nugroho thought that Flor do Mar was about 78.3 m long, which would have made Pati Unus' junk gigantic as 313.2–391.5 m long. In this case, he used the length of <a href="/wiki/Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Adler von Lübeck">Adler von Lübeck</a> (1566) for Flor do Mar's length. The length figure represented before the citation is calculated using the size of Flor do Mar replica's in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Museum_(Malaysia)" title="Maritime Museum (Malaysia)">Malacca Maritime museum</a>, which is 36 m long. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> From a letter from king João III to Conde da Castanheira, dated 22 August 1536: "Pareceo me bem mandardes a Sacavem pelo galleam Trimdade e pelo junco" (It seems to me that you did right in ordering the deployment of the galleon Trimdade and the jong, which were at Sacavem). </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Correia mentioned gauea (gávea) while Pyrard mentioned "top". Schouten was probably describing the large top like those of Dutch ships, which is used for structural connection between the upper and lower mast. Witsen says: "As for the tops (mars) they are to hold the masts steady, for which the shrouds are fastened to it at either side; and also to provide room for the seamen, on which to stand, when they have something to do up there".<a href="#cite_note-126">[112]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> A last was originally a unit of freight volume, subsequently a unit of weight, varying according to the nature of the freight, equalling roughly between 1.8 and 2 metric tons. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCompany" class="citation web cs1">Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=junks">"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: junks"</a>. ahdictionary.com. Retrieved 2020-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ahdictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+entry%3A+junks&rft.aulast=Company&rft.aufirst=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Djunks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjong" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/junk">"junk | Origin and meaning of junk by Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2020-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=junk+%7C+Origin+and+meaning+of+junk+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fjunk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_3-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouffaer1915" class="citation book cs1">Rouffaer, G.P. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deeersteschipvaa01rouf/page/133/mode/2up?q=">De eerste schipvaart der Nederlanders naar Oost-Indië onder Cornelis de Houtman Vol. I</a>. 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Bruining. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacq-Hergoualc'h2002" class="citation book cs1">Jacq-Hergoualc'h, Michel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malaypeninsulacr00jacq">The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC-1300 AD)</a>. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17875%2Fgup2008-416">"Burials, Texts and Rituals: Ethnoarchaeological Investigations in North Bali, Indonesia"</a>. Göttinger Beiträge zur Ethnologie. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17875%2Fgup2008-416">10.17875/gup2008-416</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-940344-12-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-940344-12-0"><bdi>978-3-940344-12-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2512-6814">2512-6814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G%C3%B6ttinger+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Ethnologie&rft.atitle=Burials%2C+Texts+and+Rituals%3A+Ethnoarchaeological+Investigations+in+North+Bali%2C+Indonesia&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=2512-6814&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17875%2Fgup2008-416&rft.isbn=978-3-940344-12-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17875%252Fgup2008-416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yule-75"><a href="#cite_ref-yule_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuleBurnell1886" class="citation book cs1">Yule, Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=baFHAQAAMAAJ&dq=odoric+zuncum+700+men&pg=PA360">Hobson-Jobson: Being a Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases and of Kindred Terms Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive</a>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hobson-Jobson%3A+Being+a+Glossary+of+Anglo-Indian+Colloquial+Words+and+Phrases+and+of+Kindred+Terms+Etymological%2C+Historical%2C+Geographical+and+Discursive&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Burnell%2C+Arthur+Coke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbaFHAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dodoric%2Bzuncum%2B700%2Bmen%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYule1866" class="citation book cs1">Yule, Sir Henry (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CathayAndTheWayThitherVol1/page/n9/mode/2up?q=">Cathay and the way thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China vol. 1</a>. London: The Hakluyt Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathay+and+the+way+thither%3A+Being+a+Collection+of+Medieval+Notices+of+China+vol.+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Sir+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCathayAndTheWayThitherVol1%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Damais, Louis-Charles (1958). "<a href="//archive.org/details/i.-etudes-depigraphie-indonesienne/page/1/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:i.-etudes-depigraphie-indonesienne/page/1/mode/2up">I. Études d'épigraphie indonésienne : V. Dates de manuscrits et documents divers de Java, Bali et Lombok</a>" Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient. Tome 49, pp. 1-257. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Berg, C.C. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rangga-lawe/page/90/mode/2up?q=">Rangga Lawe: Middeljavaansche Historische Roman: Critisch uitgegeven</a>. Batavia: Kon. Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Bibliotheca Javanica, 1). </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Hill (June 1960). "<a href="//archive.org/details/hikayat-raja-raja-pasai/page/2/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:hikayat-raja-raja-pasai/page/2/mode/2up">Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai</a>". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 33: p. 98 and 157: "Then he directed them to make ready all the equipment and munitions of war needed for an attack on the land of Pasai – about four hundred of the largest junks, and also many barges (malangbang) and galleys." See also Nugroho (2011). p. 270 and 286, quoting Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai, 3: 98: "Sa-telah itu, maka di-suroh baginda musta'idkan segala kelengkapan dan segala alat senjata peperangan akan mendatangi negeri Pasai itu, sa-kira-kira empat ratus jong yang besar-besar dan lain daripada itu banyak lagi daripada malangbang dan kelulus." (After that, he is tasked by His Majesty to ready all the equipment and all weapons of war to come to that country of Pasai, about four hundred large jongs and other than that much more of malangbang and kelulus.) </li> <li id="cite_note-:103-80"><a href="#cite_ref-:103_80-0">^</a> Nugroho (2011), p. 271, 399–400, quoting Sejarah Melayu, 10.4: 77: "... maka bagindapun segera menyuruh berlengkap tiga ratus buah jung, lain dari pada itu kelulus, pelang, jongkong, tiada terbilang lagi." (then His Majesty immediately ordered to equip three hundred jong, other than that kelulus, pelang, jongkong in uncountable numbers.) </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Leyden, John (1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83132/page/n3/mode/2up?q=">Malay Annals: Translated from the Malay language</a>. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83132/page/n101/mode/2up?q=">p. 86</a>: "The bitara immediately fitted out 300 junks together with the vessels calúlús, pelang, and jongkong in numbers beyond calculation, and embarked on board of them two Cati of Javans (200,000). Then having set sail, they arrived at Singhapura, and immediately engaged in battle." </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Kheng, Cheah Boon; Ismail, Abdul Rahman Haji, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sejarah-melayu-cheah-boon-kheng/page/n1/mode/2up?q=">Sejarah Melayu The Malay Annals MS RAFFLES No. 18 Edisi Rumi Baru/New Romanised Edition</a>. Academic Art & Printing Services Sdn. Bhd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sejarah-melayu-cheah-boon-kheng/page/n127/mode/2up?q=jong">pp. 118-119</a>: "Setelah Betara Majapahit mendengar bunyi surat bendahari raja Singapura itu, maka baginda pun segera menyuruh berlengkap tiga ratus buah jong, lain daripada itu kelulus, pilang, jongkong, tiada terbilang lagi banyaknya; maka dua keti rakyat Jawa yang pergi itu; maka segala rakyat Jawa pun pergilah. Setelah datang ke Singapura, maka berparanglah dengan orang Singapura." </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Krisnadi, I. G. (2016). Membaca Pikiran Kemaritiman Pramoedya Ananta Toer dalam Novel Arus Balik. 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[This boat was quite large, a jong of 8 depa wide, the length is 25 depa.] </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCho2009" class="citation book cs1">Cho, Hung-guk (2009). Han'guk-gwa Dongnam Asia-ui Gyoryusa 한국과 동남아시아의 교류사 [History of Exchanges between Korea and Southeast Asia]. Seoul: Sonamu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Han%27guk-gwa+Dongnam+Asia-ui+Gyoryusa+%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EA%B3%BC+%EB%8F%99%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98+%EA%B5%90%EB%A5%98%EC%82%AC+%5BHistory+of+Exchanges+between+Korea+and+Southeast+Asia%5D&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Sonamu&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Hung-guk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Berg, C. C., 1927, Kidung Sunda. Inleiding, tekst, vertaling en aanteekeningen, BKI LXXXIII : 1–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_88-2">c</a> Lombard, Denys (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NJ2JA/mode/2up?q=">Nusa Jawa: Silang Budaya, Bagian 2: Jaringan Asia</a>. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. An Indonesian translation of Lombard, Denys (1990). Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale (The Javanese Crossroads: Towards a Global History) vol. 2. Paris: Éditions de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigeaud1960c" class="citation book cs1">Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1960c). Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume III: Translations (3rd revised ed.). 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Maier, and Willem van der Molen (eds.), Looking in Odd Mirrors (Leiden: Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië), 177–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahdi2007" class="citation book cs1">Mahdi, Waruno (2007). Malay Words and Malay Things: Lexical Souvenirs from an Exotic Archipelago in German Publications Before 1700. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05492-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05492-8"><bdi>978-3-447-05492-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malay+Words+and+Malay+Things%3A+Lexical+Souvenirs+from+an+Exotic+Archipelago+in+German+Publications+Before+1700&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05492-8&rft.aulast=Mahdi&rft.aufirst=Waruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs2008" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/m.-c.-ricklefs-a-history-of-modern-indonesia-since-c.-1200-red-globe-press-2008/page/4/mode/2up">A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200 Fourth Edition (E-Book version)</a> (4th ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-54685-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-54685-1"><bdi>978-0-230-54685-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+c.+1200+Fourth+Edition+%28E-Book+version%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-54685-1&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=Merle+Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fm.-c.-ricklefs-a-history-of-modern-indonesia-since-c.-1200-red-globe-press-2008%2Fpage%2F4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Schrieke, B.J.O. 1955–1957. Indonesian Sociological Studies. 2 vols.The Hague: Van Hoeve. Schulte Nordholt, H. 1980. "Macht, mensen en middelen: patronenvan dynamiek in de Balische politiek." M.A. thesis, Vrije Universiteit. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Lee, Kam Hing (1986): 'The Shipping Lists of Dutch Melaka: A Source for the Study of Coastal Trade and Shipping in the Malay Peninsula During the 17th and 18th Centuries', in Mohd. Y. Hashim (ed.), Ships and Sunken Treasure (Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Muzium Malaysia), 53–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2013" class="citation book cs1">Unger, Richard W. (2013). "Chapter Five: The Technology and Teaching of Shipbuilding 1300-1800". Technology, Skills and the Pre-Modern Economy in the East and the West. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004251571" title="Special:BookSources/9789004251571"><bdi>9789004251571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Five%3A+The+Technology+and+Teaching+of+Shipbuilding+1300-1800&rft.btitle=Technology%2C+Skills+and+the+Pre-Modern+Economy+in+the+East+and+the+West&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004251571&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731154728/http://seaa.rwsentosablog.com/historic-ship-harbour-seaa/">"I ship it! Historic Ship Harbour at RWS"</a>. S.E.A. Aquarium at Resorts World Sentosa. 2014-06-04. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seaa.rwsentosablog.com/historic-ship-harbour-seaa/">the original</a> on 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2018-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S.E.A.+Aquarium+at+Resorts+World+Sentosa&rft.atitle=I+ship+it%21+Historic+Ship+Harbour+at+RWS&rft.date=2014-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseaa.rwsentosablog.com%2Fhistoric-ship-harbour-seaa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjong" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Djong&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ol><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.blog.unikom.ac.id/ancient-technology-of.295">Ancient Technology of Advanced Nations Indonesia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119040822/http://en.blog.unikom.ac.id/ancient-technology-of.295">Archived</a> 2012-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sundalander.com/2010/11/the-jung-ship-sea-explorers-from-sundaland/">The Jung Ship, Sea Explorers from Sundaland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130220931/http://www.sundalander.com/2010/11/the-jung-ship-sea-explorers-from-sundaland/">Archived</a> 2010-11-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ol> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsala Ship">Marsala Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Roman ship of Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalamegos" title="Thalamegos">Thalamegos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Medieval and modern oar-powered ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cakra_Dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cakra Dunia (page does not exist)">Cakra Dunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_(galley)" title="Real (galley)">Galera Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Reale_(1694)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Reale (1694)">Galère Réale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Wind-powered only</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Adler von Lübeck">Adler von Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_of_Renfrew_(ship)" title="Baron of Renfrew (ship)">Baron of Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_treasure_ship" title="Chinese treasure ship">Chinese treasure ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_Chagas" title="Cinco Chagas">Cinco Chagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(1824_ship)" title="Columbus (1824 ship)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flor_de_la_Mar" title="Flor de la Mar">Flor de la Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6theborg_(ship)" title="Götheborg (ship)">Götheborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Dieu_(ship)" title="Grace Dieu (ship)">Grace Dieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grace_%C3%A0_Dieu" title="Henry Grace à Dieu">Great Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Michael" title="Great Michael">Great Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Republic">Great Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Javanese jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)">Kronan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madre_de_Deus" title="Madre de Deus">Madre de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_ship_Mahmudiye" title="Ottoman ship Mahmudiye">Mahmudiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_warship_Mars" title="Swedish warship Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Orient_(1791)" title="French ship Orient (1791)">Orient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an-class_ship_of_the_line" title="Océan-class ship of the line">Océan class</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pomegranate" title="Peter Pomegranate">Peter Pomegranate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Danzig_(ship)" title="Peter von Danzig (ship)">Peter von Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_(ship)" title="Pretoria (ship)">Pretoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rah%C4%ABm%C4%AB" title="Rahīmī">Rahīmī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_(ship)" title="Roanoke (ship)">Roanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Anna_(1522_ship)" title="Santa Anna (1522 ship)">Santa Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad" title="Spanish ship Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad">Santisima Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_(galleon)" title="São João Baptista (galleon)">São João Baptista</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shenandoah_(1890)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shenandoah (1890) (page does not exist)">Shenandoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Soleil_Royal_(1669)" title="French ship Soleil Royal (1669)">Soleil Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Sovereign_of_the_Seas" title="HMS Sovereign of the Seas">Sovereign of the Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susquehanna_(1891)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susquehanna (1891) (page does not exist)">Susquehanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SV_Tenacious" title="SV Tenacious">Tenacious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)">Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Victoria_(1859)" title="HMS Victoria (1859)">Victoria (1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Lawrence_(ship)" title="William D. Lawrence (ship)">William D. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_(schooner)" title="Wyoming (schooner)">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">Steam-powered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Appomattox" title="SS Appomattox">Appomattox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Australasia" title="SS Australasia">Australasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Continental" title="SS Continental">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Dunderberg" title="USS Dunderberg">Dunderberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_(ferryboat)" title="Eureka (ferryboat)">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Connor_(bulk_carrier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank O'Connor (bulk carrier)">Frank O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_George_Spencer" title="SS George Spencer">George Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Western" title="SS Great Western">Great Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Iosco" title="SS Iosco">Iosco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_steam_frigate_Jylland" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish steam frigate Jylland">Jylland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Bretagne_(1855)" title="French ship Bretagne (1855)">La Bretagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.R._Doty" class="mw-redirect" title="L.R. Doty">L.R. Doty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Mersey_(1858)" title="HMS Mersey (1858)">Mersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Orlando_(1858)" title="HMS Orlando (1858)">Orlando</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hashemi-II" title="Al-Hashemi-II">Al-Hashemi-II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belyana" title="Belyana">Belyana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_sailing_vessels_and_rigs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template talk:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_sailing_vessels_and_rigs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a> vessels and <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sailing rigs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_rig" title="Ljungström rig">Ljungström rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Lug rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_aft_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast aft rig">Mast aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja rig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Sailing_rigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing rigs">sailing rigs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">Barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barquentine" title="Barquentine">Barquentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">Brig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">Brigantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catboat" title="Catboat">Catboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">Full-rigged ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackass-barque" title="Jackass-barque">Jackass-barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketch" title="Ketch">Ketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistico_(boat)" title="Mistico (boat)">Mistico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">Schooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">Sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(ship)" title="Snow (ship)">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">Yawl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a> vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBalia" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻalia">ʻalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatasi" title="Amatasi">Amatasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baurua" title="Baurua">Baurua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigiw" title="Bigiw">Bigiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camakau" title="Camakau">Camakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilalo" title="Guilalo">Guilalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalia_(watercraft)" title="Kalia (watercraft)">Kalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kora_kora" title="Kora kora">Kora kora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakatoi" title="Lakatoi">Lakatoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahi_(ship)" title="Pahi (ship)">Pahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamaran">Pentamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrimaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrimaran">Quadrimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_(watercraft)" title="Takia (watercraft)">Takia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">Tepukei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipairua" title="Tipairua">Tipairua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongiaki" title="Tongiaki">Tongiaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungalawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungalawa">Ungalawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27a-tele" title="Va'a-tele">Va'a-tele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaka_katea" title="Vaka katea">Vaka katea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval and merchant <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a> and other vessels (by origin date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boita" title="Boita">Boita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadriremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriremes">Quadriremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">K'un-lun po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtepe" title="Mtepe">Mtepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinger" title="Balinger">Balinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benawa" title="Benawa">Benawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birlinn" title="Birlinn">Birlinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_vessel" title="Bomb vessel">Bomb vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">Cog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulk_(medieval_ship_type)" title="Hulk (medieval ship type)">Hulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondura_(ship)" title="Kondura (ship)">Kondura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malangbang" title="Malangbang">Malangbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitik" title="Shitik">Shitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabra" title="Zabra">Zabra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">Carrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_treasure_ship" title="Chinese treasure ship">Chinese treasure ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">Caravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">Lancaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoy_(boat)" title="Hoy (boat)">Hoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabaccolo" title="Trabaccolo">Trabaccolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crommesteven" title="Crommesteven">Crommesteven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">Galiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">Galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleass" title="Galleass">Galleass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyboat" title="Flyboat">Flyboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluyt" title="Fluyt">Fluyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_pinnace" title="Full-rigged pinnace">Full-rigged pinnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcha_(boat)" title="Lorcha (boat)">Lorcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">Man-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchua" title="Manchua">Manchua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patache" title="Patache">Patache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speronara" title="Speronara">Speronara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square-rigged_caravel" title="Square-rigged caravel">Square-rigged caravel (round or de armada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xebec" title="Xebec">Xebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_sloop" title="Bermuda sloop">Bermuda sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeas" title="Galeas">Galeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koff_(ship_type)" title="Koff (ship type)">Koff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_(ship)" title="Pink (ship)">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polacca" title="Polacca">Polacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilander" title="Bilander">Bilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chialoup" title="Chialoup">Chialoup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">Clipper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Clipper" title="Baltimore Clipper">Baltimore Clipper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallivat" title="Gallivat">Gallivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(ship)" title="Grab (ship)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundalow" title="Gundalow">Gundalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padewakang" title="Padewakang">Padewakang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_ship" title="Post ship">Post ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy-four_(ship)" title="Seventy-four (ship)">74-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloop-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toop_(boat)" title="Toop (boat)">Toop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincadour" title="Trincadour">Trincadour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackwall_frigate" title="Blackwall frigate">Blackwall frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Easter_(ship)" title="Down Easter (ship)">Down Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golekan" title="Golekan">Golekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-hulled_sailing_ship" title="Iron-hulled sailing ship">Iron-hulled sailing ship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">Warship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janggolan" title="Janggolan">Janggolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambo_(boat)" title="Lambo (boat)">Lambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_leti" title="Leti leti">Leti leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palari_(boat)" title="Palari (boat)">Palari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_barge" title="Tamar barge">Tamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_Ketch" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country Ketch">West Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windjammer" title="Windjammer">Windjammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montagu_whaler" title="Montagu whaler">Montagu whaler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fishing vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)" title="Bagan (fishing)">Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago_(boat)" title="Bago (boat)">Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca-longa" title="Barca-longa">Barca-longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falku%C5%A1a" title="Falkuša">Falkuša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">Felucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifie" title="Fifie">Fifie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gableboat" title="Gableboat">Gableboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_buss" title="Herring buss">Herring buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangada" title="Jangada">Jangada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugger" title="Lugger">Lugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masula_boat" title="Masula boat">Masula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(boat)" title="Mayang (boat)">Mayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patorani" title="Patorani">Patorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordland_(boat)" title="Nordland (boat)">Nordland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixareen" title="Sixareen">Sixareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgoth_Niseach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sgoth Niseach">Sgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smack_(ship)" title="Smack (ship)">Smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartane" title="Tartane">Tartane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_smack" title="Well smack">Well smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoal" title="Yoal">Yoal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinghy" title="Dinghy">Dinghy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_sailboat" title="Ljungström sailboat">Ljungström sailboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_aft_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast aft rig">Mast aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_cruiser" title="Pocket cruiser">Pocket cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_hydrofoil" title="Sailing hydrofoil">Sailing hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_yacht" title="Sailing yacht">Sailing yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsboat" title="Sportsboat">Sportsboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_sailer" title="Trailer sailer">Trailer sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wharram" title="James Wharram">Wharrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">Yacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inflatable_boat" title="Inflatable boat">Inflatable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee" title="Razee">Razee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_ship" title="Tall ship">Tall ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenailed_boat" title="Treenailed boat">Treenailed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_light_displacement_boat" title="Ultra light displacement boat">ULDB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel_pilot_cutter" title="Bristol Channel pilot cutter">Bristol Channel pilot cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_restaurant" title="Floating restaurant">Floating restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">Fusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_flat" title="Mersey flat">Mersey flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_punt" title="Norfolk punt">Norfolk punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_wherry" title="Norfolk wherry">Norfolk wherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pausik">Pausik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnace_(ship%27s_boat)" title="Pinnace (ship's boat)">Pinnace (ship's boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pram_(ship)" title="Pram (ship)">Pram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scow" title="Scow">Scow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_sailing_barge" title="Thames sailing barge">Thames sailing barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wherry" title="Wherry">Wherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_ships" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9edbea;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austronesian_ships" title="Template:Austronesian ships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_ships" title="Template talk:Austronesian ships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_ships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian ships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_ships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian ships">Austronesian ships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: left;"><div id="Ship_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ship types</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background:lightyellow;"><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_people" title="Kavalan people">Kavalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangka_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangka (boat) (page does not exist)">Mangka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background:lightyellow;"><a href="/wiki/Thao_people" title="Thao people">Thao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruza_(canoe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruza (canoe) (page does not exist)">Ruza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background:lightyellow;"><a href="/wiki/Tao_people" title="Tao people">Tao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ipanitika" title="Ipanitika">Ipanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatara_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatara (ship)">Tatara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajak" title="Bajak">Bajak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkong" title="Bangkong">Bangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gubang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gubang (page does not exist)">Gubang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakap_(boat)" title="Kakap (boat)">Kakap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">Penjajap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abak (boat) (page does not exist)">Abak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)" title="Bagan (fishing)">Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago_(boat)" title="Bago (boat)">Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajak" title="Bajak">Bajak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkong" title="Bangkong">Bangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banting_(boat)" title="Banting (boat)">Banting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benawa" title="Benawa">Benawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerucuh" title="Cerucuh">Cerucuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chialoup" title="Chialoup">Chialoup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eloha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eloha (page does not exist)">Eloha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakatora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fakatora (page does not exist)">Fakatora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golekan" title="Golekan">Golekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janggolan" title="Janggolan">Janggolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellore" title="Jellore">Jellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongkong" title="Jongkong">Jongkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanga_(ship)" title="Juanga (ship)">Juanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung_tambangan" title="Jukung tambangan">Jukung tambangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakap_(boat)" title="Kakap (boat)">Kakap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalulis" title="Kalulis">Kalulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelulus" title="Kelulus">Kelulus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolay_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolay (boat) (page does not exist)">Kolay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolekole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolekole (page does not exist)">Kolekole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knabat_bogolu" title="Knabat bogolu">Knabat bogolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kora_kora" title="Kora kora">Kora kora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">K'un-lun po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancang_(ship)" title="Lancang (ship)">Lancang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">Lancaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa-lepa_(dugout_canoe)" title="Lepa-lepa (dugout canoe)">Lepa-Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_leti" title="Leti leti">Leti leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lis-alis" title="Lis-alis">Lis-alis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londe" title="Londe">Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malangbang" title="Malangbang">Malangbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(boat)" title="Mayang (boat)">Mayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orembai" title="Orembai">Orembai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padewakang" title="Padewakang">Padewakang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduwang" title="Paduwang">Paduwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajala_(boat)" title="Pajala (boat)">Pajala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paledang" title="Paledang">Paledang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">Penjajap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangkur_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangkur (boat) (page does not exist)">Pangkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patorani" title="Patorani">Patorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelang" title="Pelang">Pelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencalang" title="Pencalang">Pencalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Perahu">Perahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambo_(boat)" title="Lambo (boat)">Lambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palari_(boat)" title="Palari (boat)">Palari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">Sampan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan_panjang" title="Sampan panjang">Sampan panjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandeq" title="Sandeq">Sandeq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarua_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarua (boat) (page does not exist)">Sarua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekong_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekong (boat) (page does not exist)">Sekong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solu" title="Solu">Solu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teneh_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teneh (boat) (page does not exist)">Teneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toop_(boat)" title="Toop (boat)">Toop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajak" title="Bajak">Bajak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkong" title="Bangkong">Bangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banting_(boat)" title="Banting (boat)">Banting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedar_(ship)" title="Bedar (ship)">Bedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggoh" title="Buggoh">Buggoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birau_(boat)" title="Birau (boat)">Birau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerucuh" title="Cerucuh">Cerucuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanga_(ship)" title="Juanga (ship)">Juanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakap_(boat)" title="Kakap (boat)">Kakap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolek_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolek (boat) (page does not exist)">Kolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancang_(ship)" title="Lancang (ship)">Lancang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">Lancaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelang" title="Pelang">Pelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencalang" title="Pencalang">Pencalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">Penjajap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perahu_payang" title="Perahu payang">Perahu payang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perahu_tambangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perahu tambangan (page does not exist)">Perahu tambangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinas_(ship)" title="Pinas (ship)">Pinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">Sampan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan_panjang" title="Sampan panjang">Sampan panjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Moken_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moken people">Moken</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabang_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabang (boat) (page does not exist)">Kabang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armadahan" title="Armadahan">Armadahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avang" title="Avang">Avang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awang_(boat)" title="Awang (boat)">Awang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaci%C3%B3n" title="Balación">Balación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a> (Barangay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Baloto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_anak-anak" title="Bangka anak-anak">Bangka anak-anak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basnigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Basnigan">Basnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batil_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batil (boat) (page does not exist)">Batil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigiw" title="Bigiw">Bigiw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilo_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilo (boat) (page does not exist)">Bilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birau_(boat)" title="Birau (boat)">Birau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Biray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Biroko</a> (Birok, Bidok)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggoh" title="Buggoh">Buggoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casco_(barge)" title="Casco (barge)">Casco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinarem" title="Chinarem">Chinarem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinedkeran" title="Chinedkeran">Chinedkeran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinahit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinahit (page does not exist)">Dinahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djenging" title="Djenging">Djenging</a> (Balutu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falua" title="Falua">Falua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilalo" title="Guilalo">Guilalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanga_(ship)" title="Juanga (ship)">Juanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkun" title="Junkun">Junkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkung" title="Junkung">Junkung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulibo" title="Kulibo">Kulibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapis_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lapis (boat) (page does not exist)">Lapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a> (Kumpit, Pidlas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontang" title="Ontang">Ontang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owong" title="Owong">Owong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panineman" title="Panineman">Panineman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasaplap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasaplap (page does not exist)">Pasaplap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">Pangayaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salambaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Salambaw">Salambaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisipan" title="Salisipan">Salisipan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sapyaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapyaw (page does not exist)">Sapyaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seberen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seberen (page does not exist)">Seberen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapake (page does not exist)">Tapake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataya" title="Tataya">Tataya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempel_(boat)" title="Tempel (boat)">Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Tilimbao</a> (Tinimbao)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiririt" title="Tiririt">Tiririt</a> (Buti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a> (Dapang, Pilang)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampan_panjang" title="Sampan panjang">Sampan panjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands" title="Admiralty Islands">Admiralty Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endrol (page does not exist)">Endrol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kel_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kel (boat) (page does not exist)">Kel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camakau" title="Camakau">Camakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a> (Waqa tabu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_(watercraft)" title="Takia (watercraft)">Takia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Islands">Green Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C7%92p&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kǒp (page does not exist)">Kǒp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ts%C7%90ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsǐne (page does not exist)">Tsǐne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakatoi" title="Lakatoi">Lakatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binabina" title="Binabina">Binabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisi_(boat)" title="Lisi (boat)">Lisi</a> (Solima)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">Tepukei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomako" title="Tomako">Tomako</a> (Mon, Ora)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aka_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aka (boat) (page does not exist)">Aka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angga_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angga (boat) (page does not exist)">Angga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangga_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangga (boat) (page does not exist)">Wangga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahr_(watercraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wahr (watercraft) (page does not exist)">Wahr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waserak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waserak (page does not exist)">Waserak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baurua" title="Baurua">Baurua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korkor_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Korkor (boat)">Korkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipnol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipnol">Tipnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walap" title="Walap">Walap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Marianas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duding (page does not exist)">Duding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duduli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duduli (page does not exist)">Duduli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaide%CA%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaideʻ (page does not exist)">Galaideʻ</a> (Agaraide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladjak" title="Ladjak">Ladjak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lelek_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lelek (boat) (page does not exist)">Lelek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panga_(canoe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panga (canoe) (page does not exist)">Panga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a> (Flying proa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chugpin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chugpin (page does not exist)">Chugpin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popow_(canoe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popow (canoe) (page does not exist)">Popow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaka_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaka (sailing)">Vaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaka_katea" title="Vaka katea">Vaka katea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81lia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mālia">Mālia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wa%CA%BBa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waʻa (page does not exist)">Waʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%CA%BBa_kaulua" class="mw-redirect" title="Waʻa kaulua">Waʻa kaulua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Marquesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesas">Marquesas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaka_tou%CA%BBua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaka touʻua (page does not exist)">Vaka touʻua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_hourua" class="mw-redirect" title="Waka hourua">Waka hourua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_taua" class="mw-redirect" title="Waka taua">Waka taua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_t%C4%ABwai" class="mw-redirect" title="Waka tīwai">Waka tīwai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBalia" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻalia">ʻalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatasi" title="Amatasi">Amatasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fautasi" title="Fautasi">Fautasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La%CA%BBau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laʻau (page does not exist)">Laʻau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lualua_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lualua (ship) (page does not exist)">Lualua</a> (Foulua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)">Paopao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%CA%BBa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaʻa">Vaʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Va%CA%BBa-alo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaʻa-alo (page does not exist)">Vaʻa-alo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%CA%BBa-tele" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaʻa-tele">Vaʻa-tele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivahah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivahah (page does not exist)">Ivahah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahi_(ship)" title="Pahi (ship)">Pahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipairua" title="Tipairua">Tipairua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%CA%BBa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaʻa">Vaʻa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamatafua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamatafua (page does not exist)">Hamatafua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalia_(watercraft)" title="Kalia (watercraft)">Kalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%8Dpao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pōpao (page does not exist)">Pōpao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongiaki" title="Tongiaki">Tongiaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)">Paopao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#ffe9ce;"><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakana">Lakana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#ffe9ce;"><a href="/wiki/Sakalava_people" title="Sakalava people">Sakalava</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laka_fiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laka fiara (page does not exist)">Laka fiara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-bottom:8px;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Yami_ipanitika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yami_ipanitika.jpg/220px-Yami_ipanitika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yami_ipanitika.jpg/330px-Yami_ipanitika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yami_ipanitika.jpg/440px-Yami_ipanitika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2371" data-file-height="1648" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ipanitika" title="Ipanitika">Ipanitika</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-bottom:8px;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/220px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/330px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/440px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="716" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Wa'a kaulua</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-bottom:8px;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/220px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/330px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/440px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-bottom:8px;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Yap_Canoe01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Yap_Canoe01.jpg/220px-Yap_Canoe01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Yap_Canoe01.jpg/330px-Yap_Canoe01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Yap_Canoe01.jpg/440px-Yap_Canoe01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege,_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg/330px-Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg/440px-Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Padewakang" title="Padewakang">Padewakang</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div id="Ship_construction_&amp;_sailing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ship construction & sailing</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Rigging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Hull</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outrigger boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_multihull_terminology" title="Polynesian multihull terminology">Polynesian multihull terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanuankuwel" title="Fanuankuwel">Fanuankuwel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fealofani_Bruun" title="Fealofani Bruun">Fealofani Bruun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipour" title="Hipour">Hipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafe%C5%95oor" title="Kafeŕoor">Kafeŕoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_waka" title="List of Māori waka">List of Māori waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassan_contact_with_Australia" title="Makassan contact with Australia">Makassan contact with Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration canoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Marshall Islands stick chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Piailug" title="Mau Piailug">Mau Piailug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapwi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rapwi (page does not exist)">Rapwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weriyeng" title="Weriyeng">Weriyeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Navigation" title="Yap">Yapese navigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route#Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" title="Trade route">Austronesian maritime trade network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiri_trade_cycle" title="Hiri trade cycle">Hiri trade cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring">Kula ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapita Culture">Lapita trade network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">Lingling-o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_Coast_exchange" title="Sepik Coast exchange">Sepik Coast exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanging" title="Trepanging">Trepanging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a> (Butuan boats)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon_shipwreck" title="Cirebon shipwreck">Cirebon shipwreck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Apilan">Apilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burulan" title="Burulan">Burulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daramba" title="Daramba">Daramba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota mara">Kota mara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div id="Ship_replicas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ship_replica" title="Ship replica">Ship replicas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Cook Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maire_Nui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maire Nui (page does not exist)">Maire Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Federated States of Micronesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halametaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halametaw (page does not exist)">Halametaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quest_(canoe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quest (canoe) (page does not exist)">Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sailoam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sailoam (page does not exist)">Sailoam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">French Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahiti_Nui_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahiti Nui (ship) (page does not exist)">Tahiti Nui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Guam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Hawaii</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikianalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hikianalia (page does not exist)">Hikianalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hokualakai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hokualakai (page does not exist)">Hokualakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iosepa_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iosepa (ship) (page does not exist)">Iosepa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makali%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makali'i (page does not exist)">Makali'i</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalulis" title="Kalulis">Alfred Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padewakang#Replica" title="Padewakang">Hati Marege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padewakang#Replica" title="Padewakang">Nur Al Marege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship#Replica" title="Borobudur ship">Spirit of Majapahit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Malaysia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Pelangi" title="Naga Pelangi">Naga Pelangi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aotearoa_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Aotearoa One">Aotearoa One</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haunui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haunui (page does not exist)">Haunui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngahiraka_Mai_Tawhiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngahiraka Mai Tawhiti (page does not exist)">Ngahiraka Mai Tawhiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%ABmaiterangi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pūmaiterangi (page does not exist)">Pūmaiterangi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_Aurere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te Aurere (page does not exist)">Te Aurere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balatik" class="mw-redirect" title="Balatik">Balatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Diwata ng Lahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Lahi ng Maharlika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Masawa Hong Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Raya Kolambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Raya Siyagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Sama Tawi-Tawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Sultan sin Sulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Samoa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indonesian_traditional_vessels_and_sails" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indonesian_traditional_vessels" title="Template:Indonesian traditional vessels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indonesian_traditional_vessels" title="Template talk:Indonesian traditional vessels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesian_traditional_vessels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesian traditional vessels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indonesian_traditional_vessels_and_sails" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> traditional vessels and sails</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type of sails and rigging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Lete sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Nade sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval & merchant vessels (by origin date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerucuh" title="Cerucuh">Cerucuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">K'un-lun po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancang_(ship)" title="Lancang (ship)">Lancang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Perahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">Sampan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benawa" title="Benawa">Benawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongkong" title="Jongkong">Jongkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelulus" title="Kelulus">Kelulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">Lancaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malangbang" title="Malangbang">Malangbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelang" title="Pelang">Pelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencalang" title="Pencalang">Pencalang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banting_(boat)" title="Banting (boat)">Banting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanga_(ship)" title="Juanga (ship)">Juanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalulis" title="Kalulis">Kalulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa-lepa_(dugout_canoe)" title="Lepa-lepa (dugout canoe)">Lepa-lepa (dugout canoe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londe" title="Londe">Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">Penjajap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knabat_bogolu" title="Knabat bogolu">Knabat bogolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kora_kora" title="Kora kora">Kora kora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orembai" title="Orembai">Orembai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chialoup" title="Chialoup">Chialoup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung_tambangan" title="Jukung tambangan">Jukung tambangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padewakang" title="Padewakang">Padewakang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toop_(boat)" title="Toop (boat)">Toop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajak" title="Bajak">Bajak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkong" title="Bangkong">Bangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golekan" title="Golekan">Golekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janggolan" title="Janggolan">Janggolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellore" title="Jellore">Jellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambo_(boat)" title="Lambo (boat)">Lambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_leti" title="Leti leti">Leti leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lis-alis" title="Lis-alis">Lis-alis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palari_(boat)" title="Palari (boat)">Palari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan_panjang" title="Sampan panjang">Sampan panjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solu" title="Solu">Solu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fishing vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)" title="Bagan (fishing)">Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago_(boat)" title="Bago (boat)">Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakap_(boat)" title="Kakap (boat)">Kakap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(boat)" title="Mayang (boat)">Mayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduwang" title="Paduwang">Paduwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajala_(boat)" title="Pajala (boat)">Pajala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paledang" title="Paledang">Paledang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patorani" title="Patorani">Patorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandeq" title="Sandeq">Sandeq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djong&oldid=1252700540">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djong&oldid=1252700540</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sailboat_types" title="Category:Sailboat types">Sailboat types</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ship_types" title="Category:Ship types">Ship types</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ships_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Ships of Indonesia">Ships of Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_inventions" title="Category:Indonesian inventions">Indonesian inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Exploration_ships" title="Category:Exploration ships">Exploration ships</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:14th-century_ships" title="Category:14th-century ships">14th-century ships</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_ships" title="Category:15th-century ships">15th-century ships</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_ships" title="Category:16th-century ships">16th-century ships</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_ships" title="Category:17th-century ships">17th-century ships</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Two-masted_ships" title="Category:Two-masted ships">Two-masted ships</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Three-masted_ships" title="Category:Three-masted ships">Three-masted ships</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Four-masted_ships" title="Category:Four-masted ships">Four-masted ships</a></li><li><a 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