CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: Fe reinforcement</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Fe reinforcement"> <meta name="keywords" content="Fe reinforcement"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="Fe reinforcement" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Fe reinforcement"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 725</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Fe reinforcement</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">725</span> Adhesion Performance According to Lateral Reinforcement Method of Textile</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jungbhin%20You">Jungbhin You</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taekyun%20Kim"> Taekyun Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jongho%20Park"> Jongho Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sungnam%20Hong"> Sungnam Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sun-Kyu%20Park"> Sun-Kyu Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reinforced concrete has been mainly used in construction field because of excellent durability. However, it may lead to reduction of durability and safety due to corrosion of reinforcement steels according to damage of concrete surface. Recently, research of textile is ongoing to complement weakness of reinforced concrete. In previous research, only experiment of longitudinal length were performed. Therefore, in order to investigate the adhesion performance according to the lattice shape and the embedded length, the pull-out test was performed on the roving with parameter of the number of lateral reinforcement, the lateral reinforcement length and the lateral reinforcement spacing. As a result, the number of lateral reinforcement and the lateral reinforcement length did not significantly affect the load variation depending on the adhesion performance, and only the load analysis results according to the reinforcement spacing are affected. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adhesion%20performance" title="adhesion performance">adhesion performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral%20reinforcement" title=" lateral reinforcement"> lateral reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pull-out%20test" title=" pull-out test"> pull-out test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=textile" title=" textile"> textile</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67487/adhesion-performance-according-to-lateral-reinforcement-method-of-textile" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67487.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">724</span> The Effect of Geogrid Reinforcement Pre-Stressing on the Performance of Sand Bed Supporting a Strip Foundation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20M.%20Eltohamy">Ahmed M. Eltohamy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, an experimental and numerical study was adopted to investigate the effect geogrid soil reinforcement pre-stressing on the pressure settlement relation of sand bed supporting a strip foundation. The studied parameters include foundation depth and pre-stress ratio for the cases of one and two pre-stressed reinforcement layers. The study reflected that pre-stressing of soil reinforcement resulted in a marked enhancement in reinforced bed soil stiffness compared to the reinforced soil without pre-stress. The best benefit of pre-stressing reinforcement was obtained as the overburden pressure and pre-straining ratio increase. Pre-stressing of double reinforcement topmost layers results in further enhancement of stress strain relation of bed soil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geogrid%20reinforcement" title="geogrid reinforcement">geogrid reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prestress" title=" prestress"> prestress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strip%20footing" title=" strip footing"> strip footing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bearing%20capacity" title=" bearing capacity"> bearing capacity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51543/the-effect-of-geogrid-reinforcement-pre-stressing-on-the-performance-of-sand-bed-supporting-a-strip-foundation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51543.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">723</span> Examination of the Reinforcement Forces Generated in Pseudo-Static and Dynamic Status in Retaining Walls</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Passbakhsh">K. Passbakhsh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Determination of reinforcement forces is one of the most important and main discussions in designing retaining walls. By determining these forces we refrain from conservative planning. By numerically modeling the reinforced soil retaining walls under dynamic loading reinforcement forces can be calculated. In this study we try to approach the gained forces by pseudo-static method according to FHWA code and gained forces from numerical modeling by finite element method, by selecting seismic horizontal coefficient for different wall height. PLAXIS software was used for numerical analysis. Then the effect of reinforcement stiffness and soil type on reinforcement forces is examined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20soil" title="reinforced soil">reinforced soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PLAXIS" title=" PLAXIS"> PLAXIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforcement%20forces" title=" reinforcement forces"> reinforcement forces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retaining%20walls" title=" retaining walls "> retaining walls </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28518/examination-of-the-reinforcement-forces-generated-in-pseudo-static-and-dynamic-status-in-retaining-walls" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28518.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">722</span> Nonlinear Finite Element Modeling of Unbonded Steel Reinforced Concrete Beams</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fares%20Jnaid">Fares Jnaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riyad%20Aboutaha"> Riyad Aboutaha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was carried out using ANSYS software to build a model able of predicting the behavior of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams with unbonded reinforcement. The FEA model was compared to existing experimental data by other researchers. The existing experimental data consisted of 16 beams that varied from structurally sound beams to beams with unbonded reinforcement with different unbonded lengths and reinforcement ratios. The model was able to predict the ultimate flexural strength, load-deflection curve, and crack pattern of concrete beams with unbonded reinforcement. It was concluded that when the when the unbonded length is less than 45% of the span, there will be no decrease in the ultimate flexural strength due to the loss of bond between the steel reinforcement and the surrounding concrete regardless of the reinforcement ratio. Moreover, when the reinforcement ratio is relatively low, there will be no decrease in ultimate flexural strength regardless of the length of unbond. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FEA" title="FEA">FEA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ANSYS" title=" ANSYS"> ANSYS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unbond" title=" unbond"> unbond</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strain" title=" strain"> strain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26376/nonlinear-finite-element-modeling-of-unbonded-steel-reinforced-concrete-beams" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26376.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">253</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">721</span> Screening of Commonly Used Reinforcement Materials for Tomb Murals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liping%20Qiu">Liping Qiu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaofeng%20Zhang"> Xiaofeng Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In its long history, precious tomb murals suffered from various diseases due to natural and man-made destruction. The key to how to protect tomb murals is how to strengthen and protect the tomb murals. In order to maximize the life of the tomb murals, the artistic, historic, and scientific values of the tomb murals can be continued. In this paper, four kinds of traditional reinforcement materials (silicone acrylic lotion, pure acrylic lotion, polyvinyl acetate lotion, and B72) are selected to reinforce the ground support layer of tomb murals, and the reinforcement effect of each reinforcement material on the ground support layer of murals is compared and analyzed, and the best protection material is obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mural" title="mural">mural</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=destruction%20cycle" title=" destruction cycle"> destruction cycle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforcement%20material" title=" reinforcement material"> reinforcement material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disease" title=" disease"> disease</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157353/screening-of-commonly-used-reinforcement-materials-for-tomb-murals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157353.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">720</span> Development of AA2024 Matrix Composites Reinforced with Micro Yttrium through Cold Compaction with Superior Mechanical Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20H.%20S.%20Vidyasagar">C. H. S. Vidyasagar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20B.%20Karunakar"> D. B. Karunakar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this present work, five different composite samples with AA2024 as matrix and varying amounts of yttrium (0.1-0.5 wt.%) as reinforcement are developed through cold compaction. The microstructures of the developed composite samples revealed that the yttrium reinforcement caused grain refinement up to 0.3 wt.% and beyond which the refinement is not effective. The microstructure revealed Al2Cu precipitation which strengthened the composite up to 0.3 wt.% yttrium reinforcement. Upon further increase in yttrium reinforcement, the intermetallics and the precipitation coarsen and their corresponding strengthening effect decreases. The mechanical characterization revealed that the composite sample reinforced with 0.3 wt.% yttrium showed highest mechanical properties like 82 HV of hardness, 276 MPa Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS), 229 MPa Yield Strength (YS) and an elongation (EL) of 18.9% respectively. However, the relative density of the developed composites decreased with the increase in yttrium reinforcement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title="mechanical properties">mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AA%202024%20matrix" title=" AA 2024 matrix"> AA 2024 matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yttrium%20reinforcement" title=" yttrium reinforcement"> yttrium reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20compaction" title=" cold compaction"> cold compaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precipitation" title=" precipitation"> precipitation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109265/development-of-aa2024-matrix-composites-reinforced-with-micro-yttrium-through-cold-compaction-with-superior-mechanical-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109265.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">719</span> Metareasoning Image Optimization Q-Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahasa%20Zahirnia">Mahasa Zahirnia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to explore new and effective ways of optimizing satellite images using artificial intelligence, and the process of implementing reinforcement learning to enhance the quality of data captured within the image. In our implementation of Bellman's Reinforcement Learning equations, associated state diagrams, and multi-stage image processing, we were able to enhance image quality, detect and define objects. Reinforcement learning is the differentiator in the area of artificial intelligence, and Q-Learning relies on trial and error to achieve its goals. The reward system that is embedded in Q-Learning allows the agent to self-evaluate its performance and decide on the best possible course of action based on the current and future environment. Results show that within a simulated environment, built on the images that are commercially available, the rate of detection was 40-90%. Reinforcement learning through Q-Learning algorithm is not just desired but required design criteria for image optimization and enhancements. The proposed methods presented are a cost effective method of resolving uncertainty of the data because reinforcement learning finds ideal policies to manage the process using a smaller sample of images. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20optimization" title=" image optimization"> image optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforcement%20learning" title=" reinforcement learning"> reinforcement learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Markov%20decision%20process" title=" Markov decision process"> Markov decision process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119650/metareasoning-image-optimization-q-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119650.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">718</span> Experimental and Analytical Study to Investigate the Effect of Tension Reinforcement on Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Short Beams</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hakan%20Ozturk">Hakan Ozturk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aydin%20Demir"> Aydin Demir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kemal%20Edip"> Kemal Edip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marta%20Stojmanovska"> Marta Stojmanovska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julijana%20Bojadjieva"> Julijana Bojadjieva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There are many factors that affect the behavior of reinforced concrete beams. These can be listed as concrete compressive and reinforcement yield strength, amount of tension, compression and confinement bars, and strain hardening of reinforcement. In the study, support condition of short beams is selected statically indeterminate to first degree. Experimental and numerical analysis are carried for reinforcement concrete (RC) short beams. Dimensions of cross sections are selected as 250mm width and 500 mm height. The length of RC short beams is designed as 2250 mm and these values are constant in all beams. After verifying accurately finite element model, a numerical parametric study is performed with varied diameter of tension reinforcement. Effect of change in diameter is investigated on behavior of RC short beams. As a result of the study, ductility ratios and failure modes are determined, and load-displacement graphs are obtained in order to understand the behavior of short beams. It is deduced that diameter of tension reinforcement plays very important role on the behavior of RC short beams in terms of ductility and brittleness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=short%20beam" title="short beam">short beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20concrete" title=" reinforced concrete"> reinforced concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20analysis" title=" finite element analysis"> finite element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=longitudinal%20reinforcement" title=" longitudinal reinforcement"> longitudinal reinforcement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75336/experimental-and-analytical-study-to-investigate-the-effect-of-tension-reinforcement-on-behavior-of-reinforced-concrete-short-beams" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75336.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">210</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">717</span> Risk Assessment of Reinforcement System on Fractured Rock Mass, Gate Shaft Project, Jatigede Dam, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ardianto">A. Ardianto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Putera%20Agung"> M. A. Putera Agung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Pramusandi"> S. Pramusandi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Power waterway is one of dam structures and as an intake vertical tunnel or well function for hydroelectric power plants in Jatigede area, Sumedang, West Java. Gate shaft is also one of parts the power waterway system. The paper concerns some consideration in determining a critical state parameter on the back stability analysis of gate shaft or excavation wall stability during excavation. Study analysis was carried out using without and with reinforcement system. Results study showed that reinforcement shaft could reduce the total displacement and safety factor could increases significantly. Based on the back calculation results, it was recommended to install some reinforcement materials and drainage system to reduce pore water pressure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20waterway" title="power waterway">power waterway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforcement" title=" reinforcement"> reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=displacement" title=" displacement"> displacement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety "> safety </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12686/risk-assessment-of-reinforcement-system-on-fractured-rock-mass-gate-shaft-project-jatigede-dam-sumedang-west-java-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12686.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">410</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">716</span> Behaviour of Beam Reinforced with Longitudinal Steel-CFRP Composite Reinforcement under Static Load</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faris%20A.%20Uriayer">Faris A. Uriayer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehtab%20Alam"> Mehtab Alam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The concept of using a hybrid composite by combining two or more different materials to produce bilinear stress鈥搒train behaviour has become a subject of interest. Having studied the mechanical properties of steel-CFRP specimens (CFRP Laminate Sandwiched between Mild Steel Strips), full size steel-CFRP composite reinforcement were fabricated and used as a new reinforcing material inside beams in lieu of traditional steel bars. Four beams, three beams reinforced with steel-CFRP composite reinforcement and one beam reinforced with traditional steel bars were cast, cured and tested under quasi-static loading. The flexural test results of the beams reinforced with this composite reinforcement showed that the beams with steel-CFRP composite reinforcement had comparable flexural strength and flexural ductility with beams reinforced with traditional steel bars. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFRP%20laminate" title="CFRP laminate">CFRP laminate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20strip" title=" steel strip"> steel strip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexural%20behaviour" title=" flexural behaviour"> flexural behaviour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modified%20model" title=" modified model"> modified model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20beam" title=" concrete beam"> concrete beam</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23469/behaviour-of-beam-reinforced-with-longitudinal-steel-cfrp-composite-reinforcement-under-static-load" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23469.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">689</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">715</span> Image Processing on Geosynthetic Reinforced Layers to Evaluate Shear Strength and Variations of the Strain Profiles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20K.%20Khosrowshahi">S. K. Khosrowshahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20G%C3%BCler"> E. G眉ler</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates the reinforcement function of geosynthetics on the shear strength and strain profile of sand. Conducting a series of simple shear tests, the shearing behavior of the samples under static and cyclic loads was evaluated. Three different types of geosynthetics including geotextile and geonets were used as the reinforcement materials. An image processing analysis based on the optical flow method was performed to measure the lateral displacements and estimate the shear strains. It is shown that besides improving the shear strength, the geosynthetic reinforcement leads a remarkable reduction on the shear strains. The improved layer reduces the required thickness of the soil layer to resist against shear stresses. Consequently, the geosynthetic reinforcement can be considered as a proper approach for the sustainable designs, especially in the projects with huge amount of geotechnical applications like subgrade of the pavements, roadways, and railways. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20processing" title="image processing">image processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20reinforcement" title=" soil reinforcement"> soil reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geosynthetics" title=" geosynthetics"> geosynthetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simple%20shear%20test" title=" simple shear test"> simple shear test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20strain%20profile" title=" shear strain profile"> shear strain profile</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71433/image-processing-on-geosynthetic-reinforced-layers-to-evaluate-shear-strength-and-variations-of-the-strain-profiles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71433.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">714</span> Influence of Flexural Reinforcement on the Shear Strength of RC Beams Without Stirrups</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guray%20Arslan">Guray Arslan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riza%20Secer%20Orkun%20Keskin"> Riza Secer Orkun Keskin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Numerical investigations were conducted to study the influence of flexural reinforcement ratio on the diagonal cracking strength and ultimate shear strength of reinforced concrete (RC) beams without stirrups. Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analyses (FEAs) of the beams with flexural reinforcement ratios ranging from 0.58% to 2.20% subjected to a mid-span concentrated load were carried out. It is observed that the load-deflection and load-strain curves obtained from the numerical analyses agree with those obtained from the experiments. It is concluded that flexural reinforcement ratio has a significant effect on the shear strength and deflection capacity of RC beams without stirrups. The predictions of the diagonal cracking strength and ultimate shear strength of beams obtained by using the equations defined by a number of codes and researchers are compared with each other and with the experimental values. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element" title="finite element">finite element</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexural%20reinforcement" title=" flexural reinforcement"> flexural reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20concrete%20beam" title=" reinforced concrete beam"> reinforced concrete beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20strength" title=" shear strength"> shear strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25278/influence-of-flexural-reinforcement-on-the-shear-strength-of-rc-beams-without-stirrups" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">331</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">713</span> Experimental Study on Improving the Engineering Properties of Sand Dunes Using Random Fibers-Geogrid Reinforcement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adel%20M.%20Belal">Adel M. Belal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sameh%20Abu%20El-Soud"> Sameh Abu El-Soud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariam%20Farid"> Mariam Farid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study presents the effect of reinforcement inclusions (fibers-geogrids) on fine sand bearing capacity under strip footings. Experimental model tests were carried out using a rectangular plates [(10cm x 38 cm), (7.5 cm x 38 cm), and (12.5 cm x 38 cm)] with a geogrids and randomly reinforced fibers. The width and depth of the geogrid were varied to determine their effects on the engineering properties of treated poorly graded fine sand. Laboratory model test results for the ultimate stresses and the settlement of a rigid strip foundation supported by single and multi-layered fiber-geogrid-reinforced sand are presented. The number of layers of geogrid was varied between 1 to 4. The effect of the first geogrid reinforcement depth, the spacing between the reinforcement and its length on the bearing capacity is investigated by experimental program. Results show that the use of flexible random fibers with a content of 0.125% by weight of the treated sand dunes, with 3 geogrid reinforcement layers, u/B= 0.25 and L/B=7.5, has a significant increase in the bearing capacity of the proposed system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earth%20reinforcement" title="earth reinforcement">earth reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geogrid" title=" geogrid"> geogrid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20fiber" title=" random fiber"> random fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20soil" title=" reinforced soil"> reinforced soil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65076/experimental-study-on-improving-the-engineering-properties-of-sand-dunes-using-random-fibers-geogrid-reinforcement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65076.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">312</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">712</span> Investigation of Bending Behavior of Ultra High Performance Concrete with Steel and Glass Fiber Polymer Reinforcement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Can%20Otuzbir">Can Otuzbir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is one of the most difficult areas of civil engineering to provide long-lasting structures with the rapid development of concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Concrete is a living material, and the structure where the concrete is located is constantly exposed to external influences. One of these effects is reinforcement corrosion. Reinforcement corrosion of reinforced concrete structures leads to a significant decrease in the carrying capacity of the structural elements, as well as reduced service life. It is undesirable that the service life should be completed sooner than expected. In recent years, advances in glass fiber technology and its use with concrete have developed rapidly. As a result of inability to protect steel reinforcements against corrosion, fiberglass reinforcements have started to be investigated as an alternative material to steel reinforcements, and researches and experimental studies are still continuing. Glass fiber reinforcements have become an alternative material to steel reinforcement because they are resistant to corrosion, lightweight and simple to install compared to steel reinforcement. Glass fiber reinforcements are not corroded and have higher tensile strength, longer life, lighter and insulating properties compared to steel reinforcement. In experimental studies, glass fiber reinforcements have been shown to show superior mechanical properties similar to beams produced with steel reinforcement. The performance of long-term use of glass fiber fibers continues with accelerated experimental studies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20fiber%20polymer%20reinforcement" title="glass fiber polymer reinforcement">glass fiber polymer reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20fiber%20concrete" title=" steel fiber concrete"> steel fiber concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultra%20high%20performance%20concrete" title=" ultra high performance concrete"> ultra high performance concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bending" title=" bending"> bending</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GFRP" title=" GFRP"> GFRP</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112156/investigation-of-bending-behavior-of-ultra-high-performance-concrete-with-steel-and-glass-fiber-polymer-reinforcement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112156.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">711</span> Research of Applicable Ground Reinforcement Method in Double-Deck Tunnel Junction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SKhan%20Park">SKhan Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seok%20Jin%20Lee"> Seok Jin Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jong%20Sun%20Kim"> Jong Sun Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Ho%20Lee"> Jun Ho Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bong%20Chan%20Kim"> Bong Chan Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Because of the large economic losses caused by traffic congestion in metropolitan areas, various studies on the underground network design and construction techniques has been performed various studies in the developed countries. In Korea, it has performed a study to develop a versatile double-deck of deep tunnel model. This paper is an introduction to develop a ground reinforcement method to enable the safe tunnel construction in the weakened pillar section like as junction of tunnel. Applicable ground reinforcement method in the weakened section is proposed and it is expected to verify the method by the field application tests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double-deck%20tunnel" title="double-deck tunnel">double-deck tunnel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20reinforcement" title=" ground reinforcement"> ground reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tunnel%20construction" title=" tunnel construction"> tunnel construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weakened%20pillar%20section" title=" weakened pillar section"> weakened pillar section</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37891/research-of-applicable-ground-reinforcement-method-in-double-deck-tunnel-junction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37891.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">710</span> Efficiency of Geocell Reinforcement for Using in Expanded Polystyrene Embankments via Numerical Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20N.%20Moghaddas%20Tafreshi">S. N. Moghaddas Tafreshi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20M.%20Amin%20Ghotbi"> S. M. Amin Ghotbi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a numerical study for investigating the effectiveness of geocell reinforcement in reducing pressure and settlement over EPS geofoam blocks in road embankments. A 3-D FEM model of soil and geofoam was created in ABAQUS, and geocell was also modeled realistically using membrane elements. The accuracy of the model was tested by comparing its results with previous works. Sensitivity analyses showed that reinforcing the soil cover with geocell has a significant influence on the reduction of imposed stresses over geofoam and consequently decreasing its deformation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EPS%20geofoam" title="EPS geofoam">EPS geofoam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geocell" title=" geocell"> geocell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforcement" title=" reinforcement"> reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20embankments" title=" road embankments"> road embankments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lightweight%20fill" title=" lightweight fill"> lightweight fill</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74971/efficiency-of-geocell-reinforcement-for-using-in-expanded-polystyrene-embankments-via-numerical-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74971.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">709</span> Influence of Reinforcement Stiffness on the Performance of Back-to-Back Reinforced Earth Wall upon Rainwater Infiltration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gopika%20Rajagopal">Gopika Rajagopal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudheesh%20Thiyyakkandi"> Sudheesh Thiyyakkandi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Back-to-back reinforced earth (RE) walls are extensively used in these days as bridge abutments and highway ramps, owing to their cost efficiency and ease of construction. High quality select fill is the most suitable backfill material due to its excellent engineering properties and constructability. However, industries are compelled to use low quality, locally available soil because of its ample availability on site. However, several failure cases of such walls are reported, especially subsequent to rainfall events. The stiffness of reinforcement is one of the major factors affecting the performance of RE walls. The present study focused on analyzing the effect of reinforcement stiffness on the performance of complete select fill, complete marginal fill, and hybrid-fill (i.e., combination of select and marginal fills) back-to-back RE walls, immediately after construction and upon rainwater infiltration through finite element modelling. A constant width to height (W/H) ratio of 3 and height (H) of 6 m was considered for the numerical analysis and the stiffness of reinforcement layers was varied from 500 kN/m to 10000 kN/m. Results showed that reinforcement stiffness had a noticeable influence on the response of RE wall, subsequent to construction as well as rainwater infiltration. Facing displacement was found to decrease and maximum reinforcement tension and factor of safety were observed to increase with increasing the stiffness of reinforcement. However, beyond a stiffness of 5000 kN/m, no significant reduction in facing displacement was observed. The behavior of fully marginal fill wall considered in this study was found to be reasonable even after rainwater infiltration when the high stiffness reinforcement layers are used. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=back-to-back%20reinforced%20earth%20wall" title="back-to-back reinforced earth wall">back-to-back reinforced earth wall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20modelling" title=" finite element modelling"> finite element modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainwater%20infiltration" title=" rainwater infiltration"> rainwater infiltration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforcement%20stiffness" title=" reinforcement stiffness "> reinforcement stiffness </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129634/influence-of-reinforcement-stiffness-on-the-performance-of-back-to-back-reinforced-earth-wall-upon-rainwater-infiltration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129634.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">708</span> Impact of Rebar-Reinforcement on Flexural Response of Shear-Critical Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete Beams</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yassir%20M.%20Abbas">Yassir M. Abbas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Iqbal%20Khan"> Mohammad Iqbal Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Galal%20Fare"> Galal Fare</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present work, the structural responses of 12 ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) beams to four-point loading conditions were experimentally and analytically studied. The inclusion of a fibrous system in the UHPC material increased its compressive and flexural strengths by 31.5% and 237.8%, respectively. Based on the analysis of the load-deflection curves of UHPC beams, it was found that UHPC beams with a low reinforcement ratio are prone to sudden brittle failure. This failure behavior was changed, however, to a ductile one in beams with medium to high ratios. The implication is that improving UHPC beam tensile reinforcement could result in a higher level of safety. More reinforcement bars also enabled the load-deflection behavior to be improved, particularly after yielding. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrahigh-performance%20concrete" title="ultrahigh-performance concrete">ultrahigh-performance concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moment%20capacity" title=" moment capacity"> moment capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RC%20beams" title=" RC beams"> RC beams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20fiber" title=" hybrid fiber"> hybrid fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ductility" title=" ductility"> ductility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168187/impact-of-rebar-reinforcement-on-flexural-response-of-shear-critical-ultrahigh-performance-concrete-beams" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168187.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">707</span> Investigation on Flexural Behavior of Non-Crimp 3D Orthogonal Weave Carbon Composite Reinforcement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sh.%20Minapoor">Sh. Minapoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Ajeli"> S. Ajeli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Non-crimp three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal carbon fabrics are one of the useful textiles reinforcements in composites. In this paper, flexural and bending properties of a carbon non-crimp 3D orthogonal woven reinforcement are experimentally investigated. The present study is focused on the understanding and measurement of the main bending parameters including flexural stress, strain, and modulus. For this purpose, the three-point bending test method is used and the load-displacement curves are analyzed. The influence of some weave's parameters such as yarn type, geometry of structure, and fiber volume fraction on bending behavior of non-crimp 3D orthogonal carbon fabric is investigated. The obtained results also represent a dataset for the simulation of flexural behavior of non-crimp 3D orthogonal weave carbon composite reinforcement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-crimp%203D%20orthogonal%20weave" title="non-crimp 3D orthogonal weave">non-crimp 3D orthogonal weave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20composite%20reinforcement" title=" carbon composite reinforcement"> carbon composite reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexural%20behavior" title=" flexural behavior"> flexural behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=three-point%20bending" title=" three-point bending"> three-point bending</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50505/investigation-on-flexural-behavior-of-non-crimp-3d-orthogonal-weave-carbon-composite-reinforcement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50505.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">706</span> Theoretical Stress-Strain Model for Confined Concrete by Rectangular Reinforcement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mizam%20Dogan">Mizam Dogan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hande%20G%C3%B6kdemir"> Hande G枚kdemir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In reinforced concrete elements, reinforcement steel bars are placed in concrete both longitudinal and lateral directions. The lateral reinforcement (called as confinement) which is used for confining circular RC elements is in a spiral shape. If the cross section of RC element is rectangular, stirrups should be rectangular too. At very high compressive stresses concrete will reach its limit strain value and therefore concrete outside the lateral reinforcement, which is not confined, will crush and start to spell. At this stage, concrete core of the RC element tries to expand laterally as a reason of high Poisson鈥檚 ratio value of concrete. Such a deformation is prevented by the lateral reinforcement which applies lateral passive pressure on concrete. At very high compressive stresses, the strength of reinforced column member rises to four times 蟽 2. This increase in strength of member is related to the properties of rectangular stirrups. In this paper, effect of stirrup step spacing to column behavior is calculated and presented confined concrete model is proved by numerical solutions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=confined%20concrete" title="confined concrete">confined concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20column" title=" concrete column"> concrete column</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress-strain" title=" stress-strain"> stress-strain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stirrup" title=" stirrup"> stirrup</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid" title=" solid"> solid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frame" title=" frame"> frame</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40255/theoretical-stress-strain-model-for-confined-concrete-by-rectangular-reinforcement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40255.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">451</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">705</span> Numerical Modeling of Geogrid Reinforced Soil Bed under Strip Footings Using Finite Element Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20M.%20Gamal">Ahmed M. Gamal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adel%20M.%20Belal"> Adel M. Belal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Elsoud"> S. A. Elsoud</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article aims to study the effect of reinforcement inclusions (geogrids) on the sand dunes bearing capacity under strip footings. In this research experimental physical model was carried out to study the effect of the first geogrid reinforcement depth (u/B), the spacing between the reinforcement (h/B) and its extension relative to the footing length (L/B) on the mobilized bearing capacity. This paper presents the numerical modeling using the commercial finite element package (PLAXIS version 8.2) to simulate the laboratory physical model, studying the same parameters previously handled in the experimental work (u/B, L/B & h/B) for the purpose of validation. In this study the soil, the geogrid, the interface element and the boundary condition are discussed with a set of finite element results and the validation. Then the validated FEM used for studying real material and dimensions of strip foundation. Based on the experimental and numerical investigation results, a significant increase in the bearing capacity of footings has occurred due to an appropriate location of the inclusions in sand. The optimum embedment depth of the first reinforcement layer (u/B) is equal to 0.25. The optimum spacing between each successive reinforcement layer (h/B) is equal to 0.75 B. The optimum Length of the reinforcement layer (L/B) is equal to 7.5 B. The optimum number of reinforcement is equal to 4 layers. The study showed a directly proportional relation between the number of reinforcement layer and the Bearing Capacity Ratio BCR, and an inversely proportional relation between the footing width and the BCR. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20soil" title="reinforced soil">reinforced soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geogrid" title=" geogrid"> geogrid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sand%20dunes" title=" sand dunes"> sand dunes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bearing%20capacity" title=" bearing capacity"> bearing capacity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40815/numerical-modeling-of-geogrid-reinforced-soil-bed-under-strip-footings-using-finite-element-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40815.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">704</span> Laboratory Evaluation of Geogrids Used for Stabilizing Soft Subgrades</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magdi%20M.%20E.%20Zumrawi">Magdi M. E. Zumrawi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nehla%20Mansour"> Nehla Mansour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to assess the efficiency of using geogrid reinforcement for subgrade stabilization. The literature of applying geogrid reinforcement technique for pavements built on soft subgrades and the previous experiences were reviewed. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil reinforced with geogrids in one or several layers. The soil specimens were compacted in four layers with or without geogrid sheets. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, in soaking condition, was performed on natural soil and soil-geogrid specimens. The test results revealed that the CBR value is much affected by the geogrid sheet location and the number of sheets used in the soil specimen. When a geogrid sheet was placed at the 1<sup>st</sup> layer of the soil, there was an increment of 26% in the CBR value. Moreover, the CBR value was significantly increased by 62% when geogrid sheets were placed at all four layers. The high CBR value is attributed to interface friction and interlock involved in the geogrid/ soil interactions. It could be concluded that geogrid reinforcement is successful and more economical technique. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geogrid" title="geogrid">geogrid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforcement" title=" reinforcement"> reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stabilization" title=" stabilization"> stabilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subgrade" title=" subgrade"> subgrade</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49821/laboratory-evaluation-of-geogrids-used-for-stabilizing-soft-subgrades" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49821.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">703</span> Leveraging Deep Q Networks in Portfolio Optimization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peng%20Liu">Peng Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Deep Q networks (DQNs) represent a significant advancement in reinforcement learning, utilizing neural networks to approximate the optimal Q-value for guiding sequential decision processes. This paper presents a comprehensive introduction to reinforcement learning principles, delves into the mechanics of DQNs, and explores its application in portfolio optimization. By evaluating the performance of DQNs against traditional benchmark portfolios, we demonstrate its potential to enhance investment strategies. Our results underscore the advantages of DQNs in dynamically adjusting asset allocations, offering a robust portfolio management framework. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20reinforcement%20learning" title="deep reinforcement learning">deep reinforcement learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20Q%20networks" title=" deep Q networks"> deep Q networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=portfolio%20optimization" title=" portfolio optimization"> portfolio optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-period%20optimization" title=" multi-period optimization"> multi-period optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189031/leveraging-deep-q-networks-in-portfolio-optimization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">32</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">702</span> Shear Reinforcement of Stone Columns During Soil Liquefaction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeineb%20Ben%20Salem">Zeineb Ben Salem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wissem%20Frikha"> Wissem Frikha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mounir%20Bouassida"> Mounir Bouassida</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of stone columns as a liquefaction countermeasure focusing on shear reinforcementbenefit. In fact, stone columns which have high shear modulus relative to the surrounding soils potentially can carry higher shear stress levels. Thus, stone columns provide shear reinforcement and decrease the Cyclic Shear Stress Ratio CSR to which the treated soils would be subjected during an earthquake. In order to quantify the level of shear stress reduction in reinforced soil, several approaches have been developed. Nevertheless, the available approaches do not take into account the improvement of the soil parameters, mainly the shear modulusdue to stone columns installation. Indeed, in situ control tests carried out before and after the installation of stone columns based upon the results of collected data derived from 24 case histories have given evidence of the improvement of the existing soil properties.In this paper, the assessment of shear reinforcement of stone columns that accounts such improvement of the soil parameters due to stone column installation is investigated. Comparative results indicate that considering the improvement effects considerably affect the assessment of shear reinforcement for liquefaction analysis of reinforced soil by stone columns. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stone%20column" title="stone column">stone column</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquefaction" title=" liquefaction"> liquefaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20reinforcement" title=" shear reinforcement"> shear reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CSR" title=" CSR"> CSR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20improvement" title=" soil improvement"> soil improvement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146200/shear-reinforcement-of-stone-columns-during-soil-liquefaction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146200.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">701</span> Effect of Reinforcement Density on the Behaviour of Reinforced Sand Under a Square Footing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhyaalddin%20Bahaalddin%20Noori%20Zangana">Dhyaalddin Bahaalddin Noori Zangana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study involves the behavior of reinforced sand under a square footing. A series of bearing capacity tests were performed on a small-scale laboratory model, which filled with a poorly-graded homogenous bed of sand, which was placed in a medium dense state using sand raining technique. The sand was reinforced with 40 mm wide household aluminum foil strips. The main studied parameters was to consider the effect of reinforcing strip length, with various linear density of reinforcement, number of reinforcement layers and depth of top layer of reinforcement below the footing, on load-settlement behavior, bearing capacity ratio and settlement reduction factor. The relation of load-settlement generally showed similar trend in all the tests. Failure was defined as settlement equal to 10% of the footing width. The recommended optimum reinforcing strip length, linear density of reinforcement, number of reinforcement layers and depth of top layer of reinforcing strips that give the maximum bearing capacity improvement and minimum settlement reduction factor were presented and discussed. Different bearing capacity ration versus length of the reinforcing strips and settlement reduction factor versus length of the reinforcing strips relations at failure were showed improvement of bearing capacity ratio by a factor of 3.82 and reduction of settlement reduction factor by a factor of 0.813. The optimum length of reinforcement was found to be 7.5 times the footing width. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=square%20footing" title="square footing">square footing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20density" title=" relative density"> relative density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20density%20of%20reinforcement" title=" linear density of reinforcement"> linear density of reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bearing%20capacity%20ratio" title=" bearing capacity ratio"> bearing capacity ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load-settlement%20behaviour" title=" load-settlement behaviour"> load-settlement behaviour</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143978/effect-of-reinforcement-density-on-the-behaviour-of-reinforced-sand-under-a-square-footing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143978.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">700</span> Reinforcement Learning for Self Driving Racing Car Games</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adam%20Beaunoyer">Adam Beaunoyer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cory%20Beaunoyer"> Cory Beaunoyer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Elmorsy"> Mohammed Elmorsy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanan%20Saleh"> Hanan Saleh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aims to create a reinforcement learning agent capable of racing in challenging simulated environments with a low collision count. We present a reinforcement learning agent that can navigate challenging tracks using both a Deep Q-Network (DQN) and a Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) method. A challenging track includes curves, jumps, and varying road widths throughout. Using open-source code on Github, the environment used in this research is based on the 1995 racing game WipeOut. The proposed reinforcement learning agent can navigate challenging tracks rapidly while maintaining low racing completion time and collision count. The results show that the SAC model outperforms the DQN model by a large margin. We also propose an alternative multiple-car model that can navigate the track without colliding with other vehicles on the track. The SAC model is the basis for the multiple-car model, where it can complete the laps quicker than the single-car model but has a higher collision rate with the track wall. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforcement%20learning" title="reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20actor-critic" title=" soft actor-critic"> soft actor-critic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20q-network" title=" deep q-network"> deep q-network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-driving%20cars" title=" self-driving cars"> self-driving cars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence" title=" artificial intelligence"> artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gaming" title=" gaming"> gaming</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185804/reinforcement-learning-for-self-driving-racing-car-games" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185804.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">46</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">699</span> Pull-Out Analysis of Composite Loops Embedded in Steel Reinforced Concrete Retaining Wall Panels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pierre%20van%20Tonder">Pierre van Tonder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christoff%20Kruger"> Christoff Kruger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Modular concrete elements are used for retaining walls to provide lateral support. Depending on the retaining wall layout, these precast panels may be interlocking and may be tied into the soil backfill via geosynthetic strips. This study investigates the ultimate pull-out load increase, which is possible by adding varied diameter supplementary reinforcement through embedded anchor loops within concrete retaining wall panels. Full-scale panels used in practice have four embedded anchor points. However, only one anchor loop was embedded in the center of the experimental panels. The experimental panels had the same thickness but a smaller footprint (600mm x 600mm x 140mm) area than the full-sized panels to accommodate the space limitations of the laboratory and experimental setup. The experimental panels were also cast without any bending reinforcement as would typically be obtained in the full-scale panels. The exclusion of these reinforcements was purposefully neglected to evaluate the impact of a single bar reinforcement through the center of the anchor loops. The reinforcement bars had of 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, and 12 mm. 30 samples of concrete panels with embedded anchor loops were tested. The panels were supported on the edges and the anchor loops were subjected to an increasing tensile force using an Instron piston. Failures that occurred were loop failures and panel failures and a mixture thereof. There was an increase in ultimate load vs. increasing diameter as expected, but this relationship persisted until the reinforcement diameter exceeded 10 mm. For diameters larger than 10 mm, the ultimate failure load starts to decrease due to the dependency of the reinforcement bond strength to the concrete matrix. Overall, the reinforced panels showed a 14 to 23% increase in the factor of safety. Using anchor loops of 66kN ultimate load together with Y10 steel reinforcement with bent ends had shown the most promising results in reducing concrete panel pull-out failure. The Y10 reinforcement had shown, on average, a 24% increase in ultimate load achieved. Previous research has investigated supplementary reinforcement around the anchor loops. This paper extends this investigation by evaluating supplementary reinforcement placed through the panel anchor loops. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supplementary%20reinforcement" title="supplementary reinforcement">supplementary reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anchor%20loops" title=" anchor loops"> anchor loops</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retaining%20panels" title=" retaining panels"> retaining panels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20concrete" title=" reinforced concrete"> reinforced concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pull-out%20failure" title=" pull-out failure"> pull-out failure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143106/pull-out-analysis-of-composite-loops-embedded-in-steel-reinforced-concrete-retaining-wall-panels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143106.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">698</span> Effect of Reinforcement Steel Ratio on the Behavior of R. C. Columns Exposed to Fire</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hatem%20Ghith">Hatem Ghith</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research paper experimentally investigates the effect of burning by fire flame from one face on the behavior and load carrying capacity for reinforced columns. Residual ultimate load carrying capacity, axial deformation, crack pattern and maximum crack width for column specimens with and without burning were recorded and discussed. Tested six reinforced concrete columns were divided into control specimen and two groups. The first group was exposed to a fire with a different temperature (300, 500, 700 掳C) for an hour with reinforcement ratio 0.89% and the second group was exposed to a fire with a temperature 500 掳C for an hour with different reinforcement ratio (0.89%, 2.18%, and 3.57%), then all columns were tested under short-term axial loading. From the obtained results, it could be concluded that the fire parameters significantly influence the fire resistance of R.C columns. The fire parameters cause axial deformation and moment on the column due to the eccentricity that generated from the difference in temperature and consequently the compressive stresses of both faces of the columns but the increased reinforcement ratio enhanced the resistance of columns for axial deformation and moment on the column due to the eccentricity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=columns" title="columns">columns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforcement%20ratio" title=" reinforcement ratio"> reinforcement ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strength" title=" strength"> strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20exposure" title=" time exposure"> time exposure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59887/effect-of-reinforcement-steel-ratio-on-the-behavior-of-r-c-columns-exposed-to-fire" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59887.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">697</span> Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Geocell Reinforcement above Buried Pipes on Surface Settlement and Vertical Pressure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waqed%20H.%20Almohammed">Waqed H. Almohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Y.%20Fattah"> Mohammed Y. Fattah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajjad%20E.%20Rasheed"> Sajjad E. Rasheed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dynamic traffic loads cause deformation of underground pipes, resulting in vehicle discomfort. This makes it necessary to reinforce the layers of soil above underground pipes. In this study, the subbase layer was reinforced. Finite element software (PLAXIS 3D) was used to in the simulation, which includes geocell reinforcement, vehicle loading, soil layers and Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) pipe. Geocell reinforcement was modeled using a geogrid element, which was defined as a slender structure element that has the ability to withstand axial stresses but not to resist bending. Geogrids cannot withstand compression but they can withstand tensile forces. Comparisons have been made between the numerical models and experimental works, and a good agreement was obtained. Using the mathematical model, the performance of three different pipes of diameter 600 mm, 800 mm, and 1000 mm, and three different vehicular speeds of 20 km/h, 40 km/h, and 60 km/h, was examined to determine their impact on surface settlement and vertical pressure at the pipe crown for two cases: with and without geocell reinforcement. The results showed that, for a pipe diameter of 600 mm under geocell reinforcement, surface settlement decreases by 94 % when the speed of the vehicle is 20 km/h and by 98% when the speed of the vehicle is 60 km/h. Vertical pressure decreases by 81 % when the diameter of the pipe is 600 mm, while the value decreases to 58 % for a pipe with diameter 1000 mm. The results show that geocell reinforcement causes a significant and positive reduction in surface settlement and vertical stress above the pipe crown, leading to an increase in pipe safety. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20loading" title="dynamic loading">dynamic loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element" title=" finite element"> finite element</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geocell-reinforcement" title=" geocell-reinforcement"> geocell-reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GRP%20pipe" title=" GRP pipe"> GRP pipe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PLAXIS%203D" title=" PLAXIS 3D"> PLAXIS 3D</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20settlement" title=" surface settlement"> surface settlement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79777/numerical-analysis-of-the-effect-of-geocell-reinforcement-above-buried-pipes-on-surface-settlement-and-vertical-pressure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79777.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">248</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">696</span> Experimental Research on Ductility of Regional Confined Concrete Beam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qinggui%20Wu">Qinggui Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xinming%20Cao"> Xinming Cao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guyue%20Guo"> Guyue Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiajun%20Ding"> Jiajun Ding</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In efforts to study the shear ductility of regional confined concrete beam, 5 reinforced concrete beams were tested to examine its shear performance. These beams has the same shear span ratio, concrete strength, different ratios of tension reinforcement and shapes of stirrup. The purpose of the test is studying the effects of stirrup shape and tension reinforcement ratio on failure mode and shear ductility. The test shows that the regional confined part can be used as an independent part and the rest of the beam is good to work together so that the ductility of the beam is more one time higher than that of the normal confined concrete beam. The related laws of the effect of tension reinforcement ratio and stirrup shapes on beam鈥檚 shear ductility are founded. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ratio%20of%20tension%20reinforcement" title="ratio of tension reinforcement">ratio of tension reinforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stirrup%20shapes" title=" stirrup shapes"> stirrup shapes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20ductility" title=" shear ductility"> shear ductility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=failure%20mode" title=" failure mode"> failure mode</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68282/experimental-research-on-ductility-of-regional-confined-concrete-beam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68282.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">334</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%20reinforcement&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%20reinforcement&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%20reinforcement&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%20reinforcement&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%20reinforcement&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%20reinforcement&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%20reinforcement&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%20reinforcement&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%20reinforcement&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%20reinforcement&page=24">24</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%20reinforcement&page=25">25</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%20reinforcement&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>