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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Advantages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_conservation_and_lower_maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_conservation_and_lower_maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Water conservation and lower maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_conservation_and_lower_maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_and_thermal_discomfort_remediation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_and_thermal_discomfort_remediation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Environmental and thermal discomfort remediation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_and_thermal_discomfort_remediation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legal issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles" class="vector-toc-list-item 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xeriscaping</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerojardineria" title="Xerojardineria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xerojardineria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerojard%C3%ADn" title="Xerojardín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Xerojardín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="چشم‌اندازسازی کم‌آب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چشم‌اندازسازی کم‌آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_x%C3%A9rophile" title="Jardin xérophile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jardin xérophile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%8B%9D%EC%A1%B0%EA%B2%BD" title="건식조경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="건식조경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeriscape" title="Xeriscape – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Xeriscape" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Xeriscaping" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="גינון יובשני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גינון יובשני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeropaisagismo" title="Xeropaisagismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xeropaisagismo" data-language-autonym="Português" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Water conserving landscaping method</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xeriscaping_USCapital2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Xeriscaping_USCapital2.jpg/220px-Xeriscaping_USCapital2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Xeriscaping_USCapital2.jpg/330px-Xeriscaping_USCapital2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Xeriscaping_USCapital2.jpg/440px-Xeriscaping_USCapital2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>An example of xeriscaping outside the United States Capitol in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, DC</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xeriscape_Demonstration_Garden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Xeriscape_Demonstration_Garden.JPG/220px-Xeriscape_Demonstration_Garden.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Xeriscape_Demonstration_Garden.JPG/330px-Xeriscape_Demonstration_Garden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Xeriscape_Demonstration_Garden.JPG/440px-Xeriscape_Demonstration_Garden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The Xeriscape Demonstration Garden at the headquarters of Denver Water in Denver, Colorado</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Xeriscaping</b> is the process of <a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">landscaping</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a>, that reduces or eliminates the need for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is promoted in regions that do not have accessible, plentiful, or reliable supplies of <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> and has gained acceptance in other regions as access to irrigation water has become limited, though it is not limited to such climates. Xeriscaping may be an alternative to various types of traditional gardening.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usatoday_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some areas, terms such as <i><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">water-conserving</a> landscaping</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>-tolerant landscaping</i>, and <i>smart scaping</i> are used instead. The use of plants whose natural requirements are appropriate to the local climate is emphasized, and care is taken to avoid losing water to <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>. However, the specific plants used in xeriscaping vary based on climate as this strategy can be used in xeric, mesic, and hydric environments. Xeriscaping is different from <a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">natural landscaping</a>, because the emphasis in xeriscaping is on selection of plants for water conservation, not necessarily selecting native plants. </p><p>Xeriscaping produces greenspaces that require low amounts of maintenance and irrigation, and promote biodiversity; however, due to societal norms and lack of landscape understanding, public perception of xeriscaping has frequently been negative, as some assume that these types of landscapes are ugly expanses of just cactus and gravel.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, studies have shown that education in water conservation practices and xeriscaping's benefits can greatly improve the public's perception of xeriscaping.<sup id="cite_ref-perceptions_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perceptions-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_similar_terms">Etymology and similar terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and similar terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nancy Leavitt, an Environmental Planner with Denver Water, coined the term <i>xeriscape</i> in 1981 by combining <i>landscape</i> with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> prefix <i>xero-</i>, from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ξηρός</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">xēros</i></span>), meaning 'dry'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>zero-scaping</i> (or <i>zeroscaping</i>) is sometimes substituted for <i>xeriscaping</i> due to phonetic similarity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used seriously, zero-scaping usually refers to a different type of low-water landscaping that uses very few plants or none at all.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because <i>o</i> is the most common <a href="/wiki/Connecting_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecting vowel">connecting vowel</a> in Greco-Roman vocabulary, <i>xeriscaping</i> is sometimes misspelled as <i>xeroscaping</i>. Similar terms and phrases include <i><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">water-conserving</a> landscaping</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>-tolerant landscaping</i>, and <i>smart scaping</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Optuniainbloom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Optuniainbloom.jpg/220px-Optuniainbloom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Optuniainbloom.jpg/330px-Optuniainbloom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Optuniainbloom.jpg/440px-Optuniainbloom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">Cacti</a> are some of the low-water-consuming plants often used in xeriscaping.</figcaption></figure> <p>Xeriscaping has the potential to reduce water usage and maintenance, improve biodiversity, lower pollution, as well as mitigate heat within urban areas; however, the effectiveness of this sustainable process has not been evaluated on a long-term large-scale basis. It was found that in arid US states, like <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, that 75% of households' potable water was used to water residential and urban lawns.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xeriscaping aims to help preserve water for people and animals amidst an increase in droughts brought about by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_conservation_and_lower_maintenance">Water conservation and lower maintenance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Water conservation and lower maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xeriscapes can reduce <a href="/wiki/Water_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Water consumption">water consumption</a> by 60% or more compared to regular lawn landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Colorado_Waterwise_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colorado_Waterwise-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Turkey, one of the first large scale xeriscaping evaluations was conducted. It was found that switching an average city park to more native vegetation in the region can lower irrigation usage by 30–50%. Assuming a water usage reduction of 30% it was found that a city can save roughly $2 million annually (however, this exact value is dependent on location).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of native plants lowers the necessity of watering as the vegetation has already adapted to thrive in the climate and does not require assistance with irrigation or fertilization. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design</a> program has recognized xeriscaping as an effective water reduction process and has started to incorporate credits in the certification process across all their programs for facilities that reduce their outside water use and irrigation. This credit can be met by using xeriscape strategies and efficient irrigation systems.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This further validates the beneficial claims behind xeriscaping, and it is anticipated that more energy and environmental credit systems as well state ran programs will encourage and incentivize xeriscaping for greenspace development.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While evaluating the cost of annual maintenance and park construction, xeriscaping drastically lowers these costs by roughly 55% and 57%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from occasional <a href="/wiki/Weeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Weeding">weeding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulching" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulching">mulching</a>, xeriscaping requires far less time and effort to maintain.<sup id="cite_ref-McCracken_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCracken-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the case because under xeriscaping principles the vegetation used for urban greenspaces are indigenous to the area; therefore, are less expensive and require less assistance to acclimate and survive in the environment when compared to imported vegetation. This means that the systems use less water as well as lower rates of pesticides, and <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertilizers</a> when compared to current urban and residential greenspaces; this further helps lower annual maintenance costs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maintenance waste, such as lawn clippings, contribute organic waste to landfills and fertilizers contribute to <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a> <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>; however, xeriscaping eliminates these negative effects as clippings are encouraged to remain on the greenspace which allows for a lower use of fertilizers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often times when areas develop there is a loss of forestation, and animal populations dwindle as they are forced to relocate. Implementing native vegetation in green spaces helps improve the insect and wildlife found in the environment as the habitat is reestablished to a degree, offering food and shelter to the wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One application of xeriscaping that drastically improves biodiversity is the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Pocket_forest" title="Pocket forest">pocket forests</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_and_thermal_discomfort_remediation">Environmental and thermal discomfort remediation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Environmental and thermal discomfort remediation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xeriscaping has been theorized to help offset the <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heating island</a> (UHI) effect. UHI refers to the phenomenon in which urban areas are found to be hotter than neighboring rural sites due to large amounts of human activity. This temperature difference of a city area and its surroundings is usually higher at night as winds are lower and cannot dissipate the large amounts of heat generated in an urban area’s boundaries as readily. Upon investigating xeriscaping strategies in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, it was found that dry areas that utilized xeriscaping with shade trees were found to mitigate UHI effects during the day and night with an average temperature difference of roughly 2.5 <sup>o</sup>C (4.5 <sup>o</sup>F) cooler.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when these same strategies were implemented in a <a href="/wiki/Mesic_habitat" title="Mesic habitat">mesic</a> area, an environment with moderate amounts of moisture, it was found that thermal discomfort increased for residents and that these strategies had opposite effects to their intentions. Although xeriscaping strategies were found to mitigate UHI effects, it remains important to consider the climate and current landscape in which it is implemented in, in order to maximize its benefits and effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issue">Legal issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legal issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Homeowners_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeowners association">homeowners associations</a> (HOAs) have strict rules requiring a certain percentage of land to be used as <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">lawns</a> but these rules either have been or are in the process of being overturned in many areas.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some US states (such as Texas and Florida) have passed legislation that allows homeowners to design lawns using xeriscaping methods, by prohibiting HOAs from imposing restrictions (e.g. on plant types) that are not "reasonable".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As more homeowners take up xeriscaping, or drought-tolerant landscaping, garden retailers have struggled to keep up. A burgeoning poaching trade has filled the gap with cacti and succulents stolen from parks and private lands. Buyers as far away as Europe and Asia can end up with yuccas, agaves, and ocotillos uprooted illegally from southern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and shipped overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Howto plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#NOTHOWTO" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">instructions, advice, or how-to content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit">rewrite the content</a> so that it is more encyclopedic or <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Transwiki">move</a> it to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="v:">Wikiversity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="b:">Wikibooks</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="voy:">Wikivoyage</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wichita_Falls_October_2015_79_(Al_Norris_Memorial_Xeriscape_Garden).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wichita_Falls_October_2015_79_%28Al_Norris_Memorial_Xeriscape_Garden%29.jpg/220px-Wichita_Falls_October_2015_79_%28Al_Norris_Memorial_Xeriscape_Garden%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wichita_Falls_October_2015_79_%28Al_Norris_Memorial_Xeriscape_Garden%29.jpg/330px-Wichita_Falls_October_2015_79_%28Al_Norris_Memorial_Xeriscape_Garden%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wichita_Falls_October_2015_79_%28Al_Norris_Memorial_Xeriscape_Garden%29.jpg/440px-Wichita_Falls_October_2015_79_%28Al_Norris_Memorial_Xeriscape_Garden%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Al Norris Memorial Xeriscape Garden in <a href="/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas" title="Wichita Falls, Texas">Wichita Falls, Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Originally conceived by <a href="/wiki/Denver_Water" title="Denver Water">Denver Water</a>, the seven design principles of xeriscaping have since expanded into simple and applicable concepts to creating landscapes that use less water. The principles are appropriate for multiple regions and can serve as a guide to creating a water conserving landscape that is regionally appropriate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plan_and_design">Plan and design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Plan and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Create a diagram, drawn to scale, that shows the major elements of the landscape, such as impervious surfaces, existing vegetation, and other permanent elements.<sup id="cite_ref-denverwater_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverwater-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once a base plan of an existing site has been determined, the creation of a conceptual plan (bubble diagram) is done which shows the areas for <a href="/wiki/Turf" class="mw-redirect" title="Turf">turf</a>, perennial beds, views, screens, slopes, etc. Once finished, the development of a planting plan that integrates plants into zones is done.<sup id="cite_ref-denverwater_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverwater-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_amendment">Soil amendment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Soil amendment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most plants will benefit from the use of a <a href="/wiki/Soil_conditioner" title="Soil conditioner">soil conditioner</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a>, which will help the soil retain water.<sup id="cite_ref-denverwater_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverwater-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some <a href="/wiki/Desert_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert plant">desert plants</a> prefer gravel soils instead of well-amended soils. </p><p>Plants can either fit the soil or the soil should be amended to fit the plants. Soil is essential to most plant growth, so it is important that this step is not overlooked or undervalued.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limited_turf_areas">Limited turf areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Limited turf areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Turf" class="mw-redirect" title="Turf">Turf</a> areas use the most water so it is important to use the appropriate grass as well as limit the amount of grass in the environment. Native grasses (warm-season) that have been cultivated for turf lawns, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bouteloua_dactyloides" title="Bouteloua dactyloides">buffalo grass</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_grama" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue grama">blue grama</a></i>, can survive with a quarter of the water that <a href="/wiki/Poa" title="Poa"><i>bluegrass</i></a> varieties need. Warm-season grasses are greenest in June through September and may go dormant during colder months.<sup id="cite_ref-denverwater_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverwater-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native grasses (cool season) such as <i>bluegrass</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tall_fescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall fescue">tall fescue</a></i>, are greenest in the spring and fall and go dormant in the high heat of the summer. New cultivars of <i>bluegrass</i>, such as Reveille, and <i>tall fescue</i>, can reduce typical <i>bluegrass</i> water requirements by at least 30%. <i>Fine fescues</i> can provide substantial water savings and are best used in areas that receive low traffic or highly shaded locations.<sup id="cite_ref-denverwater_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverwater-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All landscapes require some degree of care during the year. Turf requires spring and fall <a href="/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a> along with regular <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilization</a> every six to eight weeks. The turf should be cut to a height of 3 inches with a bagless lawnmower, allowing the clippings to fall. Trees, shrubs, and perennials will need occasional pruning to remove dead stems, promote blooming, or control height and spread. To promote zero waste and avoid adding organic materials to landfills, the removed plant material can be shredded and used in composting piles.<sup id="cite_ref-denverwater_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverwater-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lawns_and_applications">Lawns and applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lawns and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the major challenges to the public <a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">acceptance</a> of xeriscaping is the cultural attachment to <a href="/wiki/Turf_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Turf grass">turf grass</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">lawns</a>. Originally implemented in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, lawns have become in some regions a symbol of prosperity, order, and community.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, turf grasses are so common that it is the single most irrigated nonfood crop by surface area, covering nearly 128,000 square kilometres (49,000 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the high water, fertilizer, and maintenance costs associated with lawns, they have become the <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">social norm</a> in urban and <a href="/wiki/Suburban" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban">suburban</a> areas, even if they are rarely used for <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreational</a> or other purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xeriscaping offers an alternative to the over-use of turf grass lawns, but are not widely accepted because of preconceived notions of what it means to xeriscape.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Xeriscaping can include lawn areas but seeks to reduce them to areas that will actually be used, rather than using them as a default landscaping plan. Xeriscaping is closely linked to movements and ideologies that advocate for more natural vegetation in residential and urban areas. One form of xeriscaping that has received a lot of attention is the implementation of pocket forests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Akira_Miyawaki#Origin_of_the_"Miyawaki_method"" title="Akira Miyawaki">Akira Miyawaki</a> is a Japanese botanist that developed the idea of pocket forests which reintroduces indigenous trees and vegetation to developed environments in order to promote strong biodiversity. The method calls for the planting naturally occurring trees and shrubbery densely into small compact areas, that can range from a size of a tennis court to a parking space. These pocket forests increase biodiversity, reduce noise (if placed near streets or noise polluters), improve air quality and soil retention, help with reforestation, and efficiently capture carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to promote fast growth and biodiversity the engineered ecosystem requires a layering of vegetation: the ground layer, a shrub layer, and a canopy layer. Due to this compact layering these forests usually are well established within two decades rather than the 70-plus years it takes for naturally occurring forests.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other forms of xeriscaping include <a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">rain gardens</a>. These gardens are used to reduce the amount of runoff from impervious areas (such as roofs, driveways, sidewalks, etc.) and rely on water retentive plants and soil mediums to help filter pollutants from the storm water before it is reintroduced into aquifers and storm drains. These gardens require little irrigation and maintenance, and help protect waterways and remove pollutants.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many other forms and applications of xeriscaping: it is essentially any form of landscaping that requires little to no irrigation. However, it is important to take note of the environment before implementation, and follow the principles, as success of one type of xeriscape in a xeric climate might not have the same effects if it were implemented in a mesic or hydric environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">Dryland farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Agricultural_Research_in_the_Dry_Areas" title="International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas">International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masanobu_Fukuoka" title="Masanobu Fukuoka">Masanobu Fukuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Native plant">Native plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Natural landscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable farming">Sustainable farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Sustainable landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife garden</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeriscaping&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/xeriscaping">"xeriscaping"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=xeriscaping&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fxeriscaping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXeriscaping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein1999" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Gayle (1999). <i>Xeriscape Handbook: A How-To Guide to Natural Resource-Wise Gardening</i>. <a href="/wiki/Golden,_Colorado" title="Golden, Colorado">Golden, Colorado</a>: Fulcrum Publishing. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1555913466" title="Special:BookSources/1555913466"><bdi>1555913466</bdi></a>.</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+of+Environmental+Science+%26+Engineering&rft.atitle=Initial+impacts+of+rain+gardens%27+application+on+water+quality+and+quantity+in+combined+sewer%3A+field-scale+experiment&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A103238454%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2095-2201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11783-017-0988-5&rft.aulast=Alyaseri&rft.aufirst=Isam&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Jianpeng&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Susan+M.&rft.au=Bartlett%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11783-017-0988-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXeriscaping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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title="Template talk:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of<br />gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Horticulture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Horticulture_and_Gardening" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Horticulture and Gardening">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr 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title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a 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