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aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名称" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名称"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名称</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名称-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>地质</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-水文學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水文學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>水文學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-水文學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-水文化學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水文化學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>水文化學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-水文化學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">黑海</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。210种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-210" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">210种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B8%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Амшын Еиқәа – 阿布哈西亚语" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Амшын Еиқәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B_%D0%A8%D3%80%D1%83%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Хы ШӀуцӀэ – 阿迪格语" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Хы ШӀуцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="阿迪格语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartsee" title="Swartsee – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swartsee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzes_Meer" title="Schwarzes Meer – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwarzes Meer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%81%E1%88%AD_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD" title="ጥቁር ባሕር – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጥቁር ባሕር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euxinus" title="Euxinus – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Euxinus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="البحر الأسود – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البحر الأسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%90_%DC%90%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܝܡܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܡܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%84" title="لبحر لكحل – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبحر لكحل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="البحر الاسود – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البحر الاسود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negru" title="Mar Negru – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mar Negru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="करीया सागर – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="करीया सागर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_d%C9%99niz" title="Qara dəniz – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara dəniz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="قارا دنیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارا دنیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" title="Ҡара диңгеҙ – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара диңгеҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara_Cemeng" title="Segara Cemeng – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Segara Cemeng" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwoazzes_Meea" title="Schwoazzes Meea – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwoazzes Meea" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jouduoj%C4%97_j%C5%ABra" title="Jouduojė jūra – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jouduojė jūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Itom" title="Dagat Itom – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dagat Itom" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чорнае мора – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чорнае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чорнае мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чорнае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Черно море – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черно море" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="কৃষ্ণ সাগর – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃষ্ণ সাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Du" title="Mor Du – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mor Du" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crno_more" title="Crno more – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crno more" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хара тэнгис – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хара тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AC-h%C4%81i" title="Ŭ-hāi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭ-hāi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D1%85%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ӏаьржа хӀорд – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьржа хӀорд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4" title="دەریای ڕەش – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەریای ڕەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_neru" title="Mari neru – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mari neru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_de%C3%B1iz" title="Qara deñiz – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qara deñiz" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e" title="Černé moře – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černé moře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C3%B4rn%C3%A9_M%C3%B2rze" title="Czôrné Mòrze – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Czôrné Mòrze" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81" title="Хура тинĕс – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хура тинĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_M%C3%B4r_Du" title="Y Môr Du – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Môr Du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortehavet" title="Sortehavet – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sortehavet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzes_Meer" title="Schwarzes Meer – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzes Meer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryao_Siya" title="Deryao Siya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Deryao Siya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_m%C3%B3rjo" title="Carne mórjo – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Carne mórjo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μαύρη Θάλασσα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_maro" title="Nigra maro – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra maro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_meri" title="Must meri – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must meri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsaso_Beltza" title="Itsaso Beltza – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsaso Beltza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Negru" title="Mari Negru – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mari Negru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="دریای سیاه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریای سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustameri" title="Mustameri – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mustameri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_meri" title="Must meri – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Must meri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartahavi%C3%B0" title="Svartahavið – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Svartahavið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Noire" title="Mer Noire – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mer Noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_N%C3%AAre" title="Mar Nêre – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mar Nêre" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suart_Sia" title="Suart Sia – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Suart Sia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_See" title="Swarte See – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swarte See" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhuir_Dhubh" title="An Mhuir Dhubh – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mhuir Dhubh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_deniz" title="Kara deniz – 加告兹语" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kara deniz" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="加告兹语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Mhuir_Dhubh" title="A' Mhuir Dhubh – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Mhuir Dhubh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A3_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سيأ دریا – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سيأ دریا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_H%C5%A9" title="Para Hũ – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Para Hũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="કાળો સમુદ્ર – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાળો સમુદ્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vooir_Ghoo" title="Yn Vooir Ghoo – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vooir Ghoo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BB-h%C3%B3i" title="Vû-hói – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vû-hói" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="הים השחור – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הים השחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crno_more" title="Crno more – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crno more" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Corne_morjo" title="Čorne morjo – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čorne morjo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete-tenger" title="Fekete-tenger – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete-tenger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Սև ծով – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև ծով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%82_%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Սեւ Ծով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեւ Ծով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Nigre" title="Mar Nigre – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mar Nigre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigri_Mare" title="Nigri Mare – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nigri Mare" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay_Nangisit" title="Baybay Nangisit – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baybay Nangisit" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ӏаьржа форд – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ӏаьржа форд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_maro" title="Nigra maro – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nigra maro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartahaf" title="Svartahaf – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartahaf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Nero" title="Mar Nero – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mar Nero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E6%B5%B7" title="黒海 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blak_Sii" title="Blak Sii – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Blak Sii" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xekri_xamsi" title="xekri xamsi – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xekri xamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara_Ireng" title="Sagara Ireng – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sagara Ireng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="შავი ზღვა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი ზღვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_te%C5%84iz" title="Qara teńiz – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qara teńiz" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilel_Aberkan" title="Ilel Aberkan – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ilel Aberkan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B_%D0%A4%D3%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Хы ФӀыцӀэ – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хы ФӀыцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%8Bg%CA%8A_K%C9%A9kp%C9%9Bd%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Teŋgʊ Kɩkpɛdʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Teŋgʊ Kɩkpɛdʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1dyundyung_Kyai_A%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot" title="A̱dyundyung Kyai A̱sa̱khwot – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱dyundyung Kyai A̱sa̱khwot" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawok_Halom" title="Lawok Halom – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Lawok Halom" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Қара теңіз – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қара теңіз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%85" title="សមុទ្រខ្មៅ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សមុទ្រខ្មៅ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕಪ್ಪು ಸಮುದ್ರ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಪ್ಪು ಸಮುದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%ED%95%B4" title="흑해 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Къара тенгиз – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къара тенгиз" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryaya_Re%C5%9F" title="Deryaya Reş – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Deryaya Reş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Сьӧд саридз – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сьӧд саридз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Du" title="Mor Du – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mor Du" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_Euxinus" title="Pontus Euxinus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pontus Euxinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Preta" title="Mar Preta – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mar Preta" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwaarzt_Mier" title="Schwaarzt Mier – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schwaarzt Mier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="ЛухӀи хьхьири – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЛухӀи хьхьири" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BB" title="ЧӀулав гьуьл – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ЧӀулав гьуьл" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – 卢干达语" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="卢干达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Zie" title="Zwarte Zie – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zwarte Zie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2_Neigro" title="Mâ Neigro – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mâ Neigro" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Fosch" title="Mer Fosch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mer Fosch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negher" title="Mar Negher – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mar Negher" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B3" title="ທະເລດຳ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທະເລດຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_j%C5%ABra" title="Juodoji jūra – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji jūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meln%C4%81_j%C5%ABra" title="Melnā jūra – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnā jūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Равжа иневедь – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Равжа иневедь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomasina_Mainty" title="Ranomasina Mainty – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ranomasina Mainty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Шем теҥыз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шем теҥыз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Црно Море – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црно Море" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD" title="കരിങ്കടൽ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കരിങ്കടൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хар тэнгис – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="काळा समुद्र – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काळा समुद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6" title="Шим тангыж – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шим тангыж" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%A7ar_l-Iswed" title="Baħar l-Iswed – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Baħar l-Iswed" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ပင်လယ်နက် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်လယ်နက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سیو دریا – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سیو دریا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Niro" title="Mar Niro – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mar Niro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_See" title="Swarte See – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swarte See" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwatte_Zee" title="Zwatte Zee – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zwatte Zee" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्ण सागर – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कृष्ण सागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्ण सागर – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कृष्ण सागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Zee" title="Zwarte Zee – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwarte Zee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartehavet" title="Svartehavet – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svartehavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartehavet" title="Svartehavet – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svartehavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9the_M%C3%A9" title="Néthe Mé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Néthe Mé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustumeri" title="Mustumeri – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mustumeri" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Сау денджыз – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сау денджыз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕਾਲ਼ਾ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲ਼ਾ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Pretu" title="Laman Pretu – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Laman Pretu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morze_Czarne" title="Morze Czarne – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Morze Czarne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_N%C3%A8ir" title="Mar Nèir – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mar Nèir" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DD%AA%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="کاݪا سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاݪا سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μαύρον Θάλασσα – 旁狄希臘文" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μαύρον Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="旁狄希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="تور سمندر – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تور سمندر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yana_hatun_qucha" title="Yana hatun qucha – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yana hatun qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Naira" title="Mar Naira – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mar Naira" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Deryav" title="Kali Deryav – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kali Deryav" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Neagr%C4%83" title="Marea Neagră – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marea Neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarea_Lae" title="Amarea Lae – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amarea Lae" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Gnure" title="Mar Gnure – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mar Gnure" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Чёрное море – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрное море" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Чорне море – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чорне море" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хара байҕал – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хара байҕал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nieddu" title="Mare Nieddu – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mare Nieddu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_N%C3%ACuru" title="Mari Nìuru – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mari Nìuru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="ڪارو سمنڊ – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪارو سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crno_more" title="Crno more – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crno more" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierne_more" title="Čierne more – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierne more" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crno_morje" title="Črno morje – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črno morje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhahari_Tema" title="Bhahari Tema – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhahari Tema" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badda_Madow" title="Badda Madow – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Badda Madow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deti_i_Zi" title="Deti i Zi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deti i Zi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Црно море – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црно море" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swotte_See" title="Swotte See – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Swotte See" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svarta_havet" title="Svarta havet – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svarta havet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari_Nyeusi" title="Bahari Nyeusi – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari Nyeusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கருங்கடல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருங்கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="నల్ల సముద్రం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నల్ల సముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%91%D2%B3" title="Баҳри сиёҳ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баҳри сиёҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3" title="ทะเลดำ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเลดำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gara_de%C5%88iz" title="Gara deňiz – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gara deňiz" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Itim" title="Dagat Itim – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dagat Itim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijo_dyjo" title="Sijo dyjo – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sijo dyjo" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadeniz" title="Karadeniz – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karadeniz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwandle_ra_Ntima" title="Lwandle ra Ntima – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Lwandle ra Ntima" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Кара диңгез – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кара диңгез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Сьӧд зарезь – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Сьӧд зарезь" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89%D8%B2" title="قارا دېڭىز – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قارا دېڭىز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Чорне море – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорне море" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بحیرہ اسود – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحیرہ اسود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_dengiz" title="Qora dengiz – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora dengiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustmeri" title="Mustmeri – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mustmeri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n_%C4%90en" title="Biển Đen – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biển Đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Z%C3%AAe" title="Zwarte Zêe – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zwarte Zêe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A4gamel" title="Blägamel – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Blägamel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noere_Mer" title="Noere Mer – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Noere Mer" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom_nga_Dagat" title="Itom nga Dagat – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Itom nga Dagat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwandle_olumnyama" title="Ulwandle olumnyama – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ulwandle olumnyama" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="უჩა ზუღა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა ზუღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שווארצער ים – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שווארצער ים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92kun_D%C3%BAd%C3%BA" title="Òkun Dúdú – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òkun Dúdú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haijhaek" title="Haijhaek – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Haijhaek" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CD%98-h%C3%A1i" title="O͘-hái – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="O͘-hái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q166#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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href="/zh-hk/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div 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for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&oldid=84539192" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&id=84539192&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%25BB%2591%25E6%25B5%25B7"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%25BB%2591%25E6%25B5%25B7"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_-_%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_-_Karadeniz_-_Marea_Neagr%C4%83" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q166" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="地理坐标">坐标</a>：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&params=44_N_35_E_type:waterbody_scale:8000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据"><span class="latitude">44°N</span> <span class="longitude">35°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据">44°N 35°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44; 35</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-51ee0d81" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>关于与「<b>黑海</b>」標題相近或相同的条目页，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="黑海 (消歧义)">黑海 (消歧義)</a></b>」。</div> <div id="noteTA-51ee0d81" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Unit"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="UA toponyms"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">黑海</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Sea_2017_06_02_(34244944663).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_Sea_2017_06_02_%2834244944663%29.jpg/250px-Black_Sea_2017_06_02_%2834244944663%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_Sea_2017_06_02_%2834244944663%29.jpg/375px-Black_Sea_2017_06_02_%2834244944663%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_Sea_2017_06_02_%2834244944663%29.jpg/500px-Black_Sea_2017_06_02_%2834244944663%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3141" data-file-height="1789" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">卫星图片（<a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>，<a href="/wiki/MODIS" class="mw-redirect" title="MODIS">MODIS</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Sea_map-zh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Black_Sea_map-zh.png/240px-Black_Sea_map-zh.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Black_Sea_map-zh.png/360px-Black_Sea_map-zh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Black_Sea_map-zh.png/480px-Black_Sea_map-zh.png 2x" data-file-width="2006" data-file-height="1541" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><span title="地理坐标">坐标</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&params=44_N_35_E_type:waterbody_scale:8000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据"><span class="latitude">44°N</span> <span class="longitude">35°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据">44°N 35°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44; 35</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">主要流入</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%91%99%E6%B2%B3" title="多瑙河">多瑙河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E8%81%82%E4%BC%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="第聂伯河">第聂伯河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E6%B2%B3" title="里奥尼河">里奥尼河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%83%E6%A0%BC%E6%B2%B3" title="南布格河">南布格河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%B3" title="克泽尔河">克泽尔河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%B3" title="德涅斯特河">德涅斯特河</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">主要流出</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="博斯普鲁斯海峡">博斯普鲁斯海峡</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">所在国家</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="保加利亚">保加利亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马尼亚">罗马尼亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">乌克兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A" title="格鲁吉亚">格鲁吉亚</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid;"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">最大长度</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1,175公里（730英里）</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">表面积</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">436,402平方公里（168,500平方英里）<sup id="cite_ref-Geography_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">最大深度</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2,212米（7,257英尺）<sup id="cite_ref-fact_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">水体体积</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">547,000立方公里（131,200立方英里）<sup id="cite_ref-nature1989_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid;"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">定居点</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯坦布尔">伊斯坦布尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="布尔加斯">布尔加斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦尔纳">瓦尔纳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="康斯坦察">康斯坦察</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%81%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="图尔恰">图尔恰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="敖德萨">敖德萨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="塞瓦斯托波尔">塞瓦斯托波尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%BB%9F" title="巴统">巴统</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%A5%91" title="索契">索契</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">参考</th><td class="infobox-data note" style=""><sup id="cite_ref-Geography_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fact_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nature1989_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid;">位置</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="4" data-lat="44" data-lon="35" data-overlays="["_d2ecfe786821d446d01c4a5aec607101305cbdb2"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/4/44/35/zh"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,44,35,270x200.png?lang=zh&domain=zh.wikipedia.org&title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&revid=84539192&groups=_d2ecfe786821d446d01c4a5aec607101305cbdb2" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,44,35,270x200@2x.png?lang=zh&domain=zh.wikipedia.org&title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&revid=84539192&groups=_d2ecfe786821d446d01c4a5aec607101305cbdb2 2x" alt="地图" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulyanovsk_under_construction_at_Nikolayev_Shipyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ulyanovsk_under_construction_at_Nikolayev_Shipyard.jpg/250px-Ulyanovsk_under_construction_at_Nikolayev_Shipyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ulyanovsk_under_construction_at_Nikolayev_Shipyard.jpg/375px-Ulyanovsk_under_construction_at_Nikolayev_Shipyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ulyanovsk_under_construction_at_Nikolayev_Shipyard.jpg/500px-Ulyanovsk_under_construction_at_Nikolayev_Shipyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E9%80%A0%E8%88%B9%E5%8E%82" title="尼古拉耶夫造船厂">尼古拉耶夫軍用造船廠</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>黑海</b>是欧亚大陆的一个<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E9%97%B4%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="陆间海">陆间海</a>，被欧洲、高加索和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="安那托利亞">安那托利亞半岛</a>所包围<sup id="cite_ref-杨发兴2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-杨发兴2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。黑海通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="土耳其海峡">土耳其海峡</a>之後進入另一個陸間海—<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%91%A9%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="馬摩拉海">馬摩拉海</a>，通過<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E9%81%94%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="達達尼爾海峽">達達尼爾海峽</a>後与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7" title="爱琴海">爱琴海</a>区域相联。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="西亚">西亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7" title="东欧">东欧</a>被这一系列水体分隔开来。黑海在北面通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BB%E8%B5%A4%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="刻赤海峽">刻赤海峽</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%80%9F%E6%B5%B7" title="亞速海">亞速海</a>相连。流入黑海的主要河流有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%91%99%E6%B2%B3" title="多瑙河">多瑙河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E8%81%82%E4%BC%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="第聂伯河">第聂伯河</a>。沿海国家有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="保加利亚">保加利亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马尼亚">罗马尼亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">乌克兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A" title="格鲁吉亚">格鲁吉亚</a>。沿海重要城市有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯坦布尔">伊斯坦布尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="布尔加斯">布尔加斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦尔纳">瓦尔纳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="康斯坦察">康斯坦察</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%81%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="图尔恰">图尔恰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="敖德萨">敖德萨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="塞瓦斯托波尔">塞瓦斯托波尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%BB%9F" title="巴统">巴统</a>等。是中亞與東歐的航運要地<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>黑海的面积有436,400平方公里（168,500平方英里）（不包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%80%9F%E6%B5%B7" title="亞速海">亞速海</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-Geography_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，最大深度为2,212米（7,257英尺）<sup id="cite_ref-fact_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，体积为547,000立方公里（131,200立方英里）。<sup id="cite_ref-nature1989_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>黑海形成一个东西向的椭圆形凹陷。<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>黑海的南面是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%BB%B7%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="本廷山脈">本廷山脈</a>，东面是<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="高加索山脉">高加索山脉</a>，西北面是宽阔的低地。黑海东西向最宽有大约1,175公里（730英里）。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名称"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A7.B0"></span>名称</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名称"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>「黑海」這個名字，是源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>的航海家，因為他們認為黑海海水的顏色比較<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>的海水深黑而得名。黑海、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="紅海">紅海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E6%B5%B7" title="白海">白海</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="黃海">黃海</a>也是少數幾個用顏色來命名的海域。現代各語言對於該地的稱呼都採用同義，包括圍繞著海域的諸地域<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="阿布哈茲語">阿布哈茲語</a>：<span lang="ab">Амшын Еиқәа</span>，<small>羅馬化：</small><i lang="ab-Latn" title="阿布哈茲語羅馬化">Amšyn Eiķa̋a</i>，<small>國際音標：</small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="國際音標標示發音" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">[ɑmʂɨn ɛjkʷʰɑ]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E6%A0%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="阿迪格語">阿迪格語</a>：<span lang="ady">Хы шӏуцӏэ</span>，<small>羅馬化：</small><i lang="ady-Latn" title="阿迪格語羅馬化">Xı Ş́uts'ə</i>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="亞美尼亞語">亞美尼亞語</a>：<span lang="hy">Սեւ ծով</span>，<small>羅馬化：</small><i lang="hy-Latn" title="亞美尼亞語羅馬化">Sev tsov</i>，<small>IPA：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:亞美尼亞語國際音標">[sɛv t͡sɔv]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="保加利亞語">保加利亞語</a>：<span lang="bg">Черно море</span>，<small><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="保加利亞語羅馬化">羅馬化</a>：</small><i lang="bg-Latn" title="保加利亞語羅馬化">Cherno more</i>，<small>IPA：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:保加利亞語國際音標">[ˈt͡ʃɛrno moˈrɛ]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="克里米亞韃靼語">克里米亞韃靼語</a>：<span lang="crh">Къара денъиз</span>，<small>羅馬化：</small><i lang="crh-Latn" title="克里米亞韃靼語羅馬化">Qara deñiz</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="喬治亞語">喬治亞語</a>：<span lang="ka">შავი ზღვა</span>，<small><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="喬治亞語羅馬化">羅馬化</a>：</small><i lang="ka-Latn" title="喬治亞語羅馬化">shavi zghva</i>，<small>IPA：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" title="Help:格鲁吉亚语国际音标">[ʃɑvi zɣvɑ]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%85%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="拉兹语">拉兹语</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%97%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="明格列尔语">明格列爾語</a>：<span lang="xmf">უჩა ზუღა</span>，<small>羅馬化：</small><i lang="xmf-Latn" title="明格列爾語羅馬化">Ucha Zugha</i>，<small>國際音標：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標標示發音" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">[utʃä zuɣä]</a></span>, 或簡稱<span lang="xmf">ზუღა</span>，<small>國際音標：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標標示發音" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">[zuɣä]</a></span>，"Sea"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞語">羅馬尼亞語</a>：<span lang="ro">Marea Neagră</span>，<small>發音：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:羅馬尼亞語國際音標">[ˈmare̯a ˈne̯aɡrə]</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">（<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/69\/Ro-Marea_Neagr%C4%83.ogg\/Ro-Marea_Neagr%C4%83.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"Ro-Marea Neagr\u0103.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Ro-Marea_Neagr%C4%83.ogg/Ro-Marea_Neagr%C4%83.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ro-Marea_Neagr%C4%83.ogg" title="File:Ro-Marea Neagră.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>）</span></li> <li>俄语：<span lang="ru">Чёрное мо́рe</span>，<small><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="俄語羅馬化">羅馬化</a>：</small><i lang="ru-Latn" title="俄語羅馬化">Chyornoye more</i>，<small>IPA：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:俄語國際音標">[ˈtɕornəjə ˈmorʲə]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="土耳其語">土耳其語</a>：<span lang="tr">Karadeniz</span>，<small>IPA: </small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:土耳其語國際音標">[kaˈɾadeniz]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="烏克蘭語">烏克蘭語</a>：<span lang="uk">Чорне море</span>，<small><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="烏克蘭語羅馬化">羅馬化</a>：</small><i lang="uk-Latn" title="烏克蘭語羅馬化">Chorne more</i>，<small>IPA：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:烏克蘭語國際音標">[ˈtʃɔrnɛ ˈmɔrɛ]</a></span></li></ul> <p>以上稱呼據考並未早於13世紀之前出現<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>而在希臘，歷史性稱呼攸克辛海（Euxine Sea）具有不同意義，也延續著廣泛使用： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>：<span lang="el">Eύξεινος Πόντος</span>，<small><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="希臘語羅馬化">羅馬化</a>：</small><i lang="el-Latn" title="希臘語羅馬化">Eúxinos Póndos</i>, <small></small><span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%99%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:國際音標希臘語發音">[ˈefksinos ˈpondos]</a></span>，字面义为“好客海”；<span lang="el">Μαύρη Θάλασσα</span> <i>(<span lang="el-latn">Mávri Thálassa</span>)</i>, <small></small><span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%99%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:國際音標希臘語發音">[ˈmavri ˈθalasa]</a></span> ，字面义为“黑海”，这一名称也有使用，但不太常见。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地质"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E8.B4.A8"></span>地质</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：地质"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>黑海是世界最深的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%B5%B7" title="内海">內海</a>之一。黑海从河流和地中海流入的水含盐度比较小，因此比较轻，它们浮在含盐度高的海水上。这样深水和浅水之间得不到交流。两层水的交界处位于100到150米深处之间。两层水之间彻底交流一次需要上千年之久。海底的生物尸体腐化分解时消耗的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94" title="氧气">氧气</a>得不到补充。在这个严重缺氧的环境中只有厌氧微生物可以生存。牠们的新陈代谢释放<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>和有毒的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="硫化氢">硫化氢</a>（H<sub>2</sub>S）。其他生物实际上只能生存在深度小于200米的水里。<sup id="cite_ref-nature1989_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCICN_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCICN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-chemistry_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemistry-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>黑海是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="古地中海">古地中海</a>的一个残留海盆，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="古新世">古新世</a>末期<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%86%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="小亚细亚">小亚细亚</a>发生隆起，黑海与地中海分开，逐渐形成内海。2,500万年前，黑海还与地中海相连。随着地壳运动和冰期，黑海与地中海反复隔绝和连接，6,000～8,000年前的大冰期后形成相连。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由於黑海是連接<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="東歐">東歐</a>內陸和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中亞">中亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="高加索地区">高加索地區</a>出地中海的主要海路，故此其戰略地位非常重要。黑海航道是古代<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="絲綢之路">絲綢之路</a>由中亞往<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>的北線必經之路。<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古帝國">蒙古帝國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="鄂圖曼帝國">鄂圖曼帝國</a>均曾經完全控制黑海沿岸，籍此侵略歐洲。 </p><p>尤其是對自17世紀開始崛起的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯帝國">俄羅斯帝國</a>，黑海和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="波羅的海">波羅的海</a>均是影響該國對歐洲聯繫的命脈。近代史中亦有因為搶奪黑海的控制權而引發的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="戰爭">戰爭</a>和軍事行動，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="克里米亞戰爭">克里米亞戰爭</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。英國和法國在19世紀和土耳其結盟，土耳其一直控制進出<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯坦堡海峡">伊斯坦堡海峽</a>，使俄羅斯<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A" title="黑海艦隊">黑海艦隊</a>進出黑海均須經過土耳其。 </p><p>2020年8月22日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>宣稱在黑海發現有史以來储量最大的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94" title="天然气">天然气</a>，為3,200亿立方米<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="水文學"><span id=".E6.B0.B4.E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8"></span>水文學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：水文學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg/350px-The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg/525px-The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg/700px-The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="SeaWiFS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="SeaWiFS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SeaWiFS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SeaWiFS（页面不存在）">SeaWiFS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaWiFS" class="extiw" title="en:SeaWiFS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">SeaWiFS</span></a></span>）</span></span>中的黑海</figcaption></figure> <p>黑海屬於<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E7%B7%A3%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="陸緣海">陸緣海</a><sup id="cite_ref-Talley_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talley-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，也是世界上最大的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="不完全混合湖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="meromictic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不完全混合湖（页面不存在）">不完全混合湖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/meromictic" class="extiw" title="en:meromictic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">meromictic</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。湖的上層會因為和空氣接觸而有氧氣融入，但湖的上層和下層的水不會互相混合，因此黑海中90%的水都是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%B4%E9%AB%94" title="缺氧水體">缺氧水</a><sup id="cite_ref-Exploring_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exploring-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。黑海的環流主要受盆地地形及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="河流作用">河流作用</a>控制，因此會有強烈的垂直分層結構，黑海也被分類為有鹽楔（salt-wedge）的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%A3" title="河口">三角灣</a>，也就是高鹽度海水會沿著海底，呈現楔狀鑽入黑海中。 </p><p>黑海和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>透過<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="土耳其海峡">土耳其海峽</a>進行水輸送。由地中海流進的水，其<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BD%E5%BA%A6" title="鹽度">鹽度</a>和密度都較流到地中海的水要高，因此會出現經典的河水循環：下層是鹽度和密度較高的水，由土耳其海峽中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%91%A9%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="馬摩拉海">馬摩拉海</a>流進黑海，上層是鹽度和密度較低的水，由黑海流進馬摩拉海。表面較淡的水是由河流作用所產生，黑海流出的淡水約為流進的二倍。每年蒸發和降水的水量約為300 km<sup>3</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Talley_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talley-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>由於博斯普魯斯海峽和達達尼爾海峽既淺又窄（其深度分別為33公尺及70公尺），因此流進和流出的速度都很快，而且有明顯的垂直剪力，因此二層之間會有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8A%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="紊流">紊流</a>混合<sup id="cite_ref-Talley_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talley-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。離開黑海的表面水其鹽度只有17psu（實用鹽度單位），到地中海時的鹽度為34psu。由地中海流進的深層水鹽度約38.5 psu，到黑海時會降到34psu<sup id="cite_ref-Talley_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talley-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="水文化學"><span id=".E6.B0.B4.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8"></span>水文化學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：水文化學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>淺層水會有一段時間有生命期短的<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E9%A1%9E" title="藻類">藻類</a>繁殖，形成有大量有機物體（包括<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="腐泥" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="sapropel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%90%E6%B3%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腐泥（页面不存在）">腐泥</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sapropel" class="extiw" title="en:sapropel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">sapropel</span></a></span>）</span></span>）的水層。科學家已發現每年會固定有許多<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E6%B8%B8%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="浮游植物">浮游植物</a>繁殖，在NASA拍攝黑海的圖片中也可以看出<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。由於這些因素，黑海越來受到<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海洋考古學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="marine archaeology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海洋考古學（页面不存在）">海洋考古學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/marine_archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:marine archaeology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">marine archaeology</span></a></span>）</span></span>的關注。黑海中的有機物質，包括沉船船體等，都完整保存。故深層水反之因為缺氧，在黑海海底發現許多保存得相當好的古船骸，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝国">拜占庭帝国</a>的古船骸<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="錫諾普 D" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sinop D"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8C%AB%E8%AB%BE%E6%99%AE_D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="錫諾普 D（页面不存在）">錫諾普 D</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinop_D" class="extiw" title="en:Sinop D"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sinop D</span></a></span>）</span></span>就位在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E8%AF%BA%E6%99%AE" class="mw-disambig" title="锡诺普">锡诺普</a>海岸下的缺氧海域中。 </p><p>建模顯示若黑海發生彗星或小行星的<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%9E%E6%93%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="撞擊事件">撞擊事件</a>，其產生的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AB" title="硫化氫">硫化氫</a>雲會影響黑海海岸居民的健康，甚至威胁居民的性命<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Sea_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="黑海地圖"><img alt="黑海地圖" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Black_Sea_map.png/120px-Black_Sea_map.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Black_Sea_map.png/180px-Black_Sea_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Black_Sea_map.png/240px-Black_Sea_map.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="597" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">黑海地圖</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locatie_Zwarte_Zee.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="黑海簡圖"><img alt="黑海簡圖" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Locatie_Zwarte_Zee.PNG/120px-Locatie_Zwarte_Zee.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Locatie_Zwarte_Zee.PNG/180px-Locatie_Zwarte_Zee.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Locatie_Zwarte_Zee.PNG/240px-Locatie_Zwarte_Zee.PNG 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">黑海簡圖</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudak_vlasenko.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sudak海灣"><img alt="Sudak海灣" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sudak_vlasenko.jpg/120px-Sudak_vlasenko.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sudak_vlasenko.jpg/180px-Sudak_vlasenko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sudak_vlasenko.jpg/240px-Sudak_vlasenko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sudak海灣</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="黑海衛星影像。"><img alt="黑海衛星影像。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg/120px-The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg/180px-The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg/240px-The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1865" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">黑海衛星影像。</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="克里米亞戰爭">克里米亞戰爭</a>（1853年 - 1856年）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A" title="黑海艦隊">黑海艦隊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%80%9F%E6%B5%B7" title="亞速海">亞速海</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1927年克里米亞地震" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1927 Crimean earthquakes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1927年克里米亞地震（页面不存在）">1927年克里米亞地震</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_Crimean_earthquakes" class="extiw" title="en:1927 Crimean earthquakes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1927 Crimean earthquakes</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古黑海沉船" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E6%B2%89%E8%88%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古黑海沉船（页面不存在）">古黑海沉船</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E6%B0%A7%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="缺氧事件">缺氧事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83" title="黑海運動會">黑海運動會</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="保加利亞黑海海岸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bulgarian Black Sea Coast"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保加利亞黑海海岸（页面不存在）">保加利亞黑海海岸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Black_Sea_Coast" class="extiw" title="en:Bulgarian Black Sea Coast"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bulgarian Black Sea Coast</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多瑙河国际化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internationalization of the Danube River"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%91%99%E6%B2%B3%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多瑙河国际化（页面不存在）">多瑙河国际化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_of_the_Danube_River" class="extiw" title="en:Internationalization of the Danube River"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internationalization of the Danube River</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E9%A6%AC%E2%94%80%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%A7%E5%A5%87%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="庫馬─馬內奇盆地">庫馬─馬內奇盆地</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬尼亞黑海海岸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Romanian Black Sea resorts"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬尼亞黑海海岸（页面不存在）">羅馬尼亞黑海海岸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Black_Sea_resorts" class="extiw" title="en:Romanian Black Sea resorts"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Romanian Black Sea resorts</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84" title="蒙特勒海峽制度公約">蒙特勒海峽制度公約</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Geography-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geography_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geography_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geography_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Surface Area—<cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429164645/http://www.ocean.udel.edu/blacksea/geography/index.html">Black Sea Geography</a>. University of Delaware College of Marine Studies. 2003 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-12-02</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocean.udel.edu/blacksea/geography/index.html">原始内容</a>存档于2007-04-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.atitle=Black+Sea+Geography&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Delaware+College+of+Marine+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocean.udel.edu%2Fblacksea%2Fgeography%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fact-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fact_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_2-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maximum Depth—<cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111151758/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/blackseafactsfigures_en.htm">Europa – Gateway of the European Union Website</a>. Environment and Enlargement – The Black Sea: Facts and Figures. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-11-22</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/blackseafactsfigures_en.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2012-11-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.atitle=Europa+%E2%80%93+Gateway+of+the+European+Union+Website&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Enlargement+%E2%80%93+The+Black+Sea%3A+Facts+and+Figures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fenlarg%2Fblackseafactsfigures_en.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature1989-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nature1989_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature1989_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature1989_3-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature1989_3-3"><sup><b>3.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6214/abs/338411a0.html">Unexpected changes in the oxic/anoxic interface in the Black Sea</a>. Nature Publishing Group. 1989-03-30 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-12-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017233202/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6214/abs/338411a0.html">存档</a>于2007-10-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.atitle=Unexpected+changes+in+the+oxic%2Fanoxic+interface+in+the+Black+Sea&rft.date=1989-03-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature+Publishing+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv338%2Fn6214%2Fabs%2F338411a0.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-杨发兴2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-杨发兴2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">杨发兴. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=w9FXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT24">地理概况(上)（青少年必读书系（小学卷）（中学卷））</a>. Green Apple Data Center. 2013-12-16: 24– <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-01-10</span>]</span>. GGKEY:04GENNHJ19Y. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617230328/http://books.google.com/books?id=w9FXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT24">存档</a>于2014-06-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.au=%E6%9D%A8%E5%8F%91%E5%85%B4&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5%28%E4%B8%8A%29%EF%BC%88%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E5%BF%85%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6%E7%B3%BB%EF%BC%88%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%B7%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%B7%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=24-&rft.pub=Green+Apple+Data+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw9FXAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT24&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://om.shippingazette.com/OM/OM61/b5/story_3.asp">從地中海“轉戰”黑海：航運業巨頭期待黑海地區未來表現</a>. om.shippingazette.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-10-11</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.atitle=%E5%BE%9E%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E2%80%9C%E8%BD%89%E6%88%B0%E2%80%9D%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%EF%BC%9A%E8%88%AA%E9%81%8B%E6%A5%AD%E5%B7%A8%E9%A0%AD%E6%9C%9F%E5%BE%85%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=om.shippingazette.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fom.shippingazette.com%2FOM%2FOM61%2Fb5%2Fstory_3.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEP2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNEP2001_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%BD%B2" title="联合国环境署">UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210044702/http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/sosio_economic_indicators_for_the_countries_of_the_black_sea_basin_giwa">Socio-economic indicators for the countries of the Black Sea basin</a>. 2001 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-12-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/sosio_economic_indicators_for_the_countries_of_the_black_sea_basin_giwa">原始内容</a>存档于2011-02-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.au=UNEP%2FGRID-Arendal+Maps+and+Graphics+Library&rft.btitle=Socio-economic+indicators+for+the+countries+of+the+Black+Sea+basin&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaps.grida.no%2Fgo%2Fgraphic%2Fsosio_economic_indicators_for_the_countries_of_the_black_sea_basin_giwa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Özhan Öztürk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015182227/http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/karadeniz/karadeniz-ozhan-ozturk.htm">Karadeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük</a>. 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University of Delaware College of Marine Studies. 2003 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-11-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101065018/http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/blacksea/chemistry/index.html">存档</a>于2012-11-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.atitle=Facing+a+Sea+of+Challenges+for+a+Better+Environment&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Delaware+College+of+Marine+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceoe.udel.edu%2Fblacksea%2Fchemistry%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110171158/http://military.china.com/history4/62/20130910/18039770_3.html">沙俄与土耳其的三百年战争：俄国疆域扩展到黑海(4)</a>. 中華網. 2013-09-10 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-01-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://military.china.com/history4/62/20130910/18039770_3.html">原始内容</a>存档于2014-01-10） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.btitle=%E6%B2%99%E4%BF%84%E4%B8%8E%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%89%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%EF%BC%9A%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E5%88%B0%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%284%29&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitary.china.com%2Fhistory4%2F62%2F20130910%2F18039770_3.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trt.net.tr/chinese/tu-er-qi/2020/08/22/tu-er-qi-hei-hai-tian-ran-qi-jiang-dai-lai-650yi-mei-yuan-jing-ji-jie-zhi-1477208">土耳其黑海天然气将带来650亿美元经济价值</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-08-22</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200902201327/https://www.trt.net.tr/chinese/tu-er-qi/2020/08/22/tu-er-qi-hei-hai-tian-ran-qi-jiang-dai-lai-650yi-mei-yuan-jing-ji-jie-zhi-1477208">存档</a>于2020-09-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94%E5%B0%86%E5%B8%A6%E6%9D%A5650%E4%BA%BF%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%83%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trt.net.tr%2Fchinese%2Ftu-er-qi%2F2020%2F08%2F22%2Ftu-er-qi-hei-hai-tian-ran-qi-jiang-dai-lai-650yi-mei-yuan-jing-ji-jie-zhi-1477208&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talley-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Talley_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talley_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talley_13-2"><sup><b>13.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talley_13-3"><sup><b>13.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Descriptive Physical Oceanography. Talley, Pickard, Emery, Swift. Retrieved 4 November 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meromictic">Meromictic. Retrieved 4 November 2013.</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-01-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212051252/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meromictic">存档</a>于2013-12-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.btitle=Meromictic.+Retrieved+4+November+2013.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmeromictic&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exploring-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Exploring_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/blacksea/research/index.html">Exploring Ancient Mysteries: A Black Sea Journey. Retrieved 4 November 2013.</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-01-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616115917/http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/blacksea/research/index.html">存档</a>于2013-06-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.btitle=Exploring+Ancient+Mysteries%3A+A+Black+Sea+Journey.+Retrieved+4+November+2013.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceoe.udel.edu%2Fblacksea%2Fresearch%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=3669">Black Sea Becomes Turquoise</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081028221745/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=3669">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schuiling, Roelof Dirk; Cathcart, Richard B.; Badescu, Viorel; Isvoranu, Dragos; Pelinovsky, Efim. Asteroid impact in the Black Sea. Death by drowning or asphyxiation?. Natural Hazards. 2006, <b>40</b> (2): 327–338. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11069-006-0017-7"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/s11069-006-0017-7</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.atitle=Asteroid+impact+in+the+Black+Sea.+Death+by+drowning+or+asphyxiation%3F&rft.au=Badescu%2C+Viorel&rft.au=Cathcart%2C+Richard+B.&rft.au=Isvoranu%2C+Dragos&rft.au=Pelinovsky%2C+Efim&rft.aufirst=Roelof+Dirk&rft.aulast=Schuiling&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Natural+Hazards&rft.pages=327-338&rft.volume=40&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11069-006-0017-7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">[美]查尔斯·金. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9787547303139">黑海史</a>. 东方出版中心. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787547303139" title="Special:网络书源/9787547303139"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787547303139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.au=%5B%E7%BE%8E%5D%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%87%91&rft.btitle=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787547303139&rft.pub=%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9787547303139&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Ghervas, Stella. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/oceanic-histories/black-sea/3BED782610F53D0F89ED0BDC1C99F442">The Black Sea</a>. Armitage, D.; Bashford, S. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/oceanic-histories/7BDD2F35C5E019DB8D3228DE4380B457">Oceanic Histories</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2017: 234–266 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-06-05</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-1083-9972-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-1083-9972-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-1083-9972-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108399722.010"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/9781108399722.010</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205071958/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/oceanic-histories/7BDD2F35C5E019DB8D3228DE4380B457">存档</a>于2022-02-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.atitle=The+Black+Sea&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft.aulast=Ghervas&rft.btitle=Oceanic+Histories&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-1083-9972-2&rft.pages=234-266&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Foceanic-histories%2Fblack-sea%2F3BED782610F53D0F89ED0BDC1C99F442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108399722.010&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Stella Ghervas, "Odessa et les confins de l'Europe: un éclairage historique", in Stella Ghervas et François Rosset (ed), <i>Lieux d'Europe. Mythes et limites</i> (Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2008), pp. 107–124. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-7351-1182-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-7351-1182-4">978-2-7351-1182-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_King_(professor_of_international_affairs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles King (professor of international affairs)（页面不存在）">Charles King</a>, <i>The Black Sea: A History</i>, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-924161-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-924161-9">0-19-924161-9</a></li> <li>William Ryan and Walter Pitman, <i>Noah's Flood</i>, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-684-85920-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-684-85920-3">0-684-85920-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neal_Ascherson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neal Ascherson（页面不存在）">Neal Ascherson</a>, <i>Black Sea</i> (Vintage 1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-09-959371-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-09-959371-8">0-09-959371-8</a></li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Schmitt, Rüdiger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/black-sea">Black Sea – Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 3: 310–313. 1989 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-06-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205070511/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/black-sea">存档</a>于2022-02-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.atitle=Black+Sea+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+IV%2C+Fasc.+3&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=310-313&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fblack-sea&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|article=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li>Rüdiger Schmitt, "Considerations on the Name of the Black Sea", in: <i>Hellas und der griechische Osten</i> (Saarbrücken 1996), pp. 219–224</li> <li><cite class="citation book">West, Stephanie. <span></span>'The Most Marvellous of All Seas': the Greek Encounter with the Euxine <b>50</b>. Greece & Rome. 2003: 151–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.au=West%2C+Stephanie&rft.btitle=%27The+Most+Marvellous+of+All+Seas%27%3A+the+Greek+Encounter+with+the+Euxine&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=151-167&rft.place=Greece+%26+Rome&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|issue=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_discarded" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Petko Dimitrov; Dimitar Dimitrov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290938137">The Black Sea, the Flood and the Ancient Myths</a>. Varna. 2004: 91. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-954-579-335-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-954-579-335-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-954-579-335-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&rft.au=Dimitar+Dimitrov&rft.au=Petko+Dimitrov&rft.btitle=The+Black+Sea%2C+the+Flood+and+the+Ancient+Myths&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-954-579-335-6&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Varna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F290938137&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Dimitrov, D. 2010. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311582414_Geology_and_Non-traditional_resources_of_the_Black_Sea">Geology and Non-traditional resources of the Black Sea</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220209034651/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311582414_Geology_and_Non-traditional_resources_of_the_Black_Sea">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=VDM_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VDM Publishing（页面不存在）">LAP Lambert Academic Publishing</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-8383-8639-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-8383-8639-3">978-3-8383-8639-3</a>. 244p.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Sea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Black Sea"><span style="font-weight:bold;">黑海</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141003064317/http://www.blacksea-online.com/eng/">Space Monitoring of the Black Sea Coastline and Waters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226115914/http://www.mapofukraine.net/crimean_peninsula/black_sea/crimea_black_sea_coast.html">Pictures of the Black sea coast all along the Crimean peninsula</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426061730/http://www.blacksea-archaeology.org/en/zaks_en.html">The Center for Black Sea Archaeology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hum.ihu.edu.gr">The IHU School of Humanities and the MA in Black Sea Cultural Studies</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200920012353/http://www.hum.ihu.edu.gr/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110111415/http://www.grid.unep.ch/bsein/">Black Sea Environmental Internet Node</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326172416/http://blacksea-online.org/">Black Sea Organization for Integration and Sustainable Development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405154958/http://www.sealevel.ns.ca/IGCP521/">Black Sea-Mediterranean Corridor during the last 30 ky: UNESCO IGCP 521 WG12</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110184854/http://163.24.70.5/xoops/uploads/tad_uploader/user_1/47_c058p088.pdf">科學人拯救死亡海域</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="北冰洋">北冰洋</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99%E6%A3%AE%E7%81%A3" title="阿蒙森灣">阿蒙森灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%80%AB%E6%94%AF%E6%B5%B7" title="巴倫支海">巴倫支海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%BC%97%E7%89%B9%E6%B5%B7" title="波弗特海">波弗特海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="白令海峡">白令海峡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%A5%87%E6%B5%B7" title="楚科奇海">楚科奇海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%B5%B7" title="东西伯利亚海">东西伯利亚海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="弗拉姆海峽">弗拉姆海峽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0%E6%B5%B7" title="格陵兰海">格陵兰海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%81%A3" title="布西亞灣">布西亞灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" title="卡拉海">喀拉海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="卡拉海峽">喀拉海峡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%99%AE%E6%8D%B7%E5%A4%AB%E6%B5%B7" title="拉普捷夫海">拉普捷夫海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF%E6%B5%B7" title="林肯海">林肯海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90%E6%B5%B7" title="古斯塔夫阿道夫王子海">古斯塔夫阿道夫王子海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%9C%9D%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" title="伯朝拉海">伯朝拉海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%BA%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E6%B5%B7" title="旺德爾海">旺德爾海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E6%B5%B7" title="白海">白海</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋">大西洋</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%BE%97%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%B5%B7" title="亚得里亚海">亚得里亚海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7" title="爱琴海">爱琴海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%83%E5%85%B0%E6%B5%B7" title="阿尔沃兰海">阿尔沃兰海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B%E6%B5%B7" title="群岛海">群岛海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7%E6%B5%B7" title="阿根廷海">阿根廷海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%8A%AC%E7%81%A3" title="巴芬灣">巴芬灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7" title="巴利阿里海">巴利阿里海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7" title="波罗的海">波罗的海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF%E9%96%8B%E7%81%A3" title="比斯開灣">比斯開灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%81%A3" title="波的尼亞灣">波的尼亞灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E4%BD%A9%E5%88%87%E6%B9%BE" title="坎佩切湾">坎佩切湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%BF%AA%E6%B9%BE" title="芬迪湾">芬迪湾</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">黑海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%BB%95%E6%B5%B7" title="博滕海">博滕海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E6%B5%B7" title="加勒比海">加勒比海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E6%B5%B7" title="凱爾特海">凱爾特海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="戴维斯海峡">戴维斯海峡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="丹麦海峡">丹麦海峡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%90%89%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="英吉利海峡">英吉利海峡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B9%BE" title="福克斯湾">福克斯湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0%E6%B5%B7" title="格陵兰海">格陵兰海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E7%81%A3" title="芬蘭灣">芬蘭灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%BF%81%E7%81%A3" title="利翁灣">利翁灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E6%B9%BE" title="几内亚湾">几内亚湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E5%9B%A0%E6%B9%BE" title="缅因湾">缅因湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E6%B9%BE" title="墨西哥湾">墨西哥湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%81%A3" title="聖羅倫斯灣">聖羅倫斯灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%86%85%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89%E6%B9%BE" title="委内瑞拉湾">委内瑞拉湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%AE%E6%B9%BE" title="哈德森湾">哈德森湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%81%A3" title="詹姆斯灣">詹姆斯灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%B5%B7" title="伊奥尼亚海">爱奥尼亚海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="愛爾蘭海">愛爾蘭海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%88%BE%E6%98%8E%E5%8E%84%E6%B5%B7" title="伊爾明厄海">伊爾明厄海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E6%B5%B7" title="拉布拉多海">拉布拉多海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%87%A1%E7%89%B9%E6%B5%B7" title="黎凡特海">黎凡特海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7" title="利比亞海">利比亞海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7" title="利古里亞海">利古里亞海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" title="马尔马拉海">马尔马拉海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E6%89%98%E7%BF%81%E6%B5%B7" title="米爾托翁海">米爾托翁海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7_(%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B)" title="北海 (大西洋)">北海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7" title="挪威海">挪威海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93" title="聖羅倫斯海道">聖羅倫斯海道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BE%E8%97%BB%E6%B5%B7" title="马尾藻海">马尾藻海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E8%98%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="奧蘭海">奧蘭海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%80%9F%E6%B5%B7" title="亞速海">亞速海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E6%B5%B7" title="克里特海">克里特海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%95%E6%B5%B7" title="赫布里底海">赫布里底海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7" title="色雷斯海">色雷斯海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E6%B5%B7" title="第勒尼安海">第勒尼安海</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E6%9B%BC%E6%B5%B7" title="安达曼海">安达曼海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%B5%B7" title="阿拉伯海">阿拉伯海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%81%A3" title="孟加拉灣">孟加拉灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%81%E6%B9%BE" title="亚丁湾">亚丁湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%96%80%E5%B7%B4%E6%B9%BE" title="亚喀巴湾">亚喀巴湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B8%95%E5%BE%B7%E6%B9%BE" title="肯帕德湾">坎贝湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A5%87%E6%B9%BE" title="卡奇湾">卡奇湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC%E7%81%A3" title="阿曼灣">阿曼灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%AB%E6%B9%BE" title="苏伊士湾">苏伊士湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%AB%E6%B5%B7" title="拉克代夫海">拉克代夫海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="莫桑比克海峡">莫桑比克海峡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%B9%BE" title="波斯湾">波斯湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%B5%B7" title="红海">红海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="马六甲海峡">马六甲海峡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E6%B5%B7" title="帝汶海">帝汶海</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" title="阿拉弗拉海">阿拉弗拉海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%87%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7" title="峇里海">峇里海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E8%BE%BE%E6%B5%B7" title="班达海">班达海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%B5%B7" title="白令海">白令海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6%E6%B5%B7" title="俾斯麦海">俾斯麦海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7" title="渤海">渤海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%92%8C%E6%B5%B7" title="保和海">保和海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%8E%AB%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7" title="卡莫特斯海">卡莫特斯海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7" title="西里伯斯海">西里伯斯海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="台灣海峽">台灣海峽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="巴士海峽">巴士海峽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%98%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="塞蘭海">塞蘭海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%B7" title="智利海">智利海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A%E6%B5%B7" title="珊瑚海">珊瑚海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B5%B7" title="东海">东海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7" title="弗洛勒斯海">弗洛勒斯海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E6%B9%BE" title="阿拉斯加湾">阿拉斯加湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%B9%BE" title="加利福尼亚湾">加利福尼亚湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A5%94%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%81%A3" title="卡奔塔利亞灣">卡奔塔利亞灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%A1%E7%81%A3" title="豐塞卡灣">豐塞卡灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E7%81%A3" title="泰國灣">泰國灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%B9%BE" title="北部湾">北部湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A6%AC%E9%BB%91%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" title="哈馬黑拉海">哈馬黑拉海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E6%B5%B7" title="爪哇海">爪哇海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%BE%85%E6%B5%B7" title="科羅海">科羅海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E5%8A%A0%E9%94%A1%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="望加锡海峡">望加锡海峡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%AD%AF%E5%8F%A4%E6%B5%B7" title="馬魯古海">馬魯古海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E7%BE%85%E7%81%A3" title="莫羅灣">莫羅灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E6%B5%B7" title="菲律宾海">菲律宾海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%8C%E6%B5%B7" title="薩利希海">薩利希海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%AD%A6%E6%B5%B7" title="萨武海">萨武海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7" title="日本海">日本海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E9%9C%8D%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%B5%B7" title="鄂霍次克海">鄂霍次克海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%A8%E6%88%B6%E5%85%A7%E6%B5%B7" title="瀨戶內海">瀨戶內海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E5%B8%83%E5%BB%B6%E6%B5%B7" title="錫布延海">錫布延海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8%E6%B5%B7" title="所罗门海">所罗门海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7" title="南海">南海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%A6%84%E6%B5%B7" title="苏禄海">苏禄海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E6%B5%B7" title="塔斯曼海">塔斯曼海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%B2%99%E9%84%A2%E6%B5%B7" title="米沙鄢海">米沙鄢海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B5%B7" title="黄海">黄海</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="南冰洋">南冰洋</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99%E6%A3%AE%E6%B5%B7" title="阿蒙森海">阿蒙森海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%AB%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%AB%98%E6%99%8B%E6%B5%B7" title="别林斯高晋海">别林斯高晋海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%B5%B7" title="英聯邦海">英聯邦海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E8%88%AA%E5%93%A1%E6%B5%B7" title="宇航員海">宇航員海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7" title="戴維斯海">戴維斯海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%B5%B7" title="迪尔维尔海">迪尔维尔海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BA%B7%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96%E6%B5%B7" title="哈康七世海">哈康七世海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%89%8E%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%E6%B5%B7" title="拉扎列夫海">拉扎列夫海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E7%91%9F%E7%88%BE-%E6%8B%89%E6%A3%AE%E6%B5%B7" title="里瑟爾-拉森海">里瑟爾-拉森海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%A3%AE%E6%B5%B7" title="莫森海">莫森海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7" title="罗斯海">罗斯海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E8%88%8D%E6%B5%B7" title="斯科舍海">斯科舍海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%AB%E6%B5%B7" title="索莫夫海">索莫夫海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%B5%B7" title="威德尔海">威德尔海</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1242937/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1145541703796601641">VIAF</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5418016">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11956313h">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11956313h">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4053794-8">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283261305171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014616">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsszfx3jbzn0v">瑞典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Černé moře"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131676&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000348178&local_base=nsk10">克罗地亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/2298">梵蒂冈</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/1224">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\B\L\BlackSea">乌克兰互联网百科全书</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046296">NARA</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027545652">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=黑海&oldid=84539192">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=黑海&oldid=84539192</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="Category:黑海">黑海</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%99%86%E9%97%B4%E6%B5%B7" title="Category:陆间海">陆间海</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%B7%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E4%BD%93" title="Category:欧洲跨国水体">欧洲跨国水体</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E8%B7%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E4%BD%93" title="Category:亚洲跨国水体">亚洲跨国水体</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%9F%9F" title="Category:俄羅斯海域">俄羅斯海域</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2%E6%B5%B7%E5%9F%9F" title="Category:阿布哈茲海域">阿布哈茲海域</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7%E5%9F%9F" title="Category:格魯吉亞海域">格魯吉亞海域</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%B5%B7%E5%9F%9F" title="Category:土耳其海域">土耳其海域</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7%E5%9F%9F" title="Category:保加利亞海域">保加利亞海域</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7%E5%9F%9F" title="Category:羅馬尼亞海域">羅馬尼亞海域</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%9F%9F" title="Category:烏克蘭海域">烏克蘭海域</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8WikiMiniAtlas%E5%B0%8F%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用WikiMiniAtlas小工具的页面">使用WikiMiniAtlas小工具的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8Phonos%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" 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