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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apocryphal_origins_of_the_son" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apocryphal_origins_of_the_son"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Apocryphal origins of the son</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apocryphal_origins_of_the_son-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trío_Matamoros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trío_Matamoros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Trío Matamoros</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trío_Matamoros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>1940s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_state_of_the_son" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_state_of_the_son"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Current state of the son</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_state_of_the_son-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Kuba" title="Son Kuba – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Son Kuba" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_(hudba)" title="Son (hudba) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Son (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C5%8B" title="Soŋ – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Soŋ" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Cubano" title="Son Cubano – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Son Cubano" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Son cubano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba_sono" title="Kuba sono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuba sono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubatar_son" title="Kubatar son – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kubatar son" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_cubain" title="Son cubain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Son cubain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Son cubano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Son cubano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_(zenei_m%C5%B1faj)" title="Son (zenei műfaj) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Son (zenei műfaj)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_(muziek)" title="Son (muziek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Son (muziek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Son cubano" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_(muzyka)" title="Son (muzyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Son (muzyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Son cubano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Сон (музыка) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сон (музыка)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son" title="Son – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Son" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_(musikstil)" title="Son (musikstil) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Son (musikstil)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_(m%C3%BCzik)" title="Son (müzik) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Son (müzik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="کیوبن سون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیوبن سون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Son cubano" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4428744#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Son (music)" redirects here. For the Mexican music genre, see <a href="/wiki/Son_mexicano" title="Son mexicano">Son mexicano</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Style of dance and music originating in Cuba</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Son cubano</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%C3%BC%C3%AD" title="Changüí">Changüí</a></li><li>nengón</li><li>kiribá</li><li>regina</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Mid-19th century, rural eastern <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">Salsa music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Songo_music" title="Songo music">songo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timba" title="Timba">timba</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Son_montuno" title="Son montuno">Son montuno</a>, sucu-sucu</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danzonete" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzonete">Danzonete</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afro_(genre)" title="Afro (genre)">afro</a>-son</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">bolero</a>-son</li><li><a href="/wiki/Guajira_(music)" title="Guajira (music)">guajira</a>-son</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rhumba" title="Rhumba">rhumba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_rumba" title="Congolese rumba">Congolese rumba</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo" title="Guantánamo">Guantánamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cuban_bands" title="Early Cuban bands">Early Cuban bands</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Son cubano</b> is a genre of music and dance that originated in the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Oriente_Province" title="Oriente Province">eastern Cuba</a> during the late 19th century. It is a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> genre that blends elements of Spanish and African origin. Among its fundamental Hispanic components are the vocal style, lyrical <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metre</a> and the primacy of the <a href="/wiki/Tres_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tres (musical instrument)">tres</a>, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_guitar" title="Classical guitar">Spanish guitar</a>. On the other hand, its characteristic <a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)" title="Clave (rhythm)">clave</a> rhythm, <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">call and response</a> structure and percussion section (<a href="/wiki/Bongo_drum" title="Bongo drum">bongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maracas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maracas">maracas</a>, etc.) are all rooted in traditions of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Sublette333_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sublette333-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1909 the son reached <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, where the first recordings were made in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-DA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the start of its expansion throughout the island, becoming Cuba's most popular and influential genre.<sup id="cite_ref-HO_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While early groups had between three and five members, during the 1920s the <i>sexteto</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sextet" title="Sextet">sextet</a>) became the genre's primary format. By the 1930s, many bands had incorporated a <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a>, becoming <i>septetos</i>, and in the 1940s a larger type of ensemble featuring <a href="/wiki/Congas" class="mw-redirect" title="Congas">congas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> became the norm: the <a href="/wiki/Conjunto#Cuban_conjunto" title="Conjunto">conjunto</a>. The son became one of the main ingredients in the jam sessions known as <a href="/wiki/Descarga" title="Descarga">descargas</a> that flourished during the 1950s. </p><p>The international presence of the son can be traced back to the 1930s when many bands toured Europe and North America, leading to ballroom adaptations of the genre such as the American <a href="/wiki/Rhumba" title="Rhumba">rhumba</a>. Similarly, radio broadcasts of son became popular in West Africa and the Congos, leading to the development of hybrid genres such as <a href="/wiki/Congolese_rumba" title="Congolese rumba">Congolese rumba</a>. In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>'s music scene prompted the rapid success of <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a>, a combination of son and other Latin American styles primarily recorded by <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a>. While salsa achieved international popularity during the second half of the 20th century, in Cuba son evolved into other styles such as <a href="/wiki/Songo_music" title="Songo music">songo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timba" title="Timba">timba</a>, the latter of which is sometimes known as "Cuban salsa". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_cognates">Etymology and cognates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and cognates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, the word <i>son</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>sonus</i>, denotes a pleasant sound, particularly a musical one.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In eastern Cuba, the term began to be used to refer to the music of the highlands towards the late 19th century. To distinguish it from similar genres from other countries (such as <a href="/wiki/Son_mexicano" title="Son mexicano">son mexicano</a> and son guatemalteco), the term <i>son cubano</i> is most commonly used. In Cuba, various qualifiers are used to distinguish the regional variants of the genre. These include <i>son montuno</i>, <i>son oriental</i>, <i>son santiaguero</i> and <i>son habanero</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Son singers are generally known as <i>soneros</i>, and the verb <i>sonear</i> describes not only their singing but also their vocal improvisation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adjective <i>soneado</i> refers to songs and styles which incorporate the tempo and syncopation of the son, or even its <a href="/wiki/Montuno" title="Montuno">montunos</a>. Generally, there is an explicit difference between styles that incorporate elements of the son partially or totally, as evidenced by the distinction between <i><a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">bolero</a> soneado</i> and <i>bolero-son</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>sonora</i> refers to conjuntos with smoother trumpet sections such as <a href="/wiki/Sonora_Matancera" title="Sonora Matancera">Sonora Matancera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonora_Ponce%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonora Ponceña">Sonora Ponceña</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller786_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller786-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marimbula.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Marimbula.JPG/200px-Marimbula.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Marimbula.JPG/300px-Marimbula.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Marimbula.JPG/400px-Marimbula.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3266" data-file-height="2732" /></a><figcaption>A marímbula, the "bass" instrument used by changüí ensembles. Some groups used the more rudimentary jug known as <a href="/wiki/Botija" title="Botija">botija</a> or botijuela.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the history of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban music">Cuban music</a> dates back to the 16th century, the son is a relatively recent musical invention whose precursors emerged in the mid-to-late 19th century. Historically, most musicologists have supported the hypothesis that the direct ancestors (or earliest forms) of the son appeared in Cuba's <a href="/wiki/Oriente_Province" title="Oriente Province">Oriente Province</a>, particularly in mountainous regions such as <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Maestra" title="Sierra Maestra">Sierra Maestra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DA_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early styles, which include <a href="/wiki/Chang%C3%BC%C3%AD" title="Changüí">changüí</a>, nengón, kiribá and regina,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were developed by peasants, many of which were of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> origin, in contrast to the Afro-Cubans of the western side of the island, which primarily descended from West African slaves (<a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-Sublette333_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sublette333-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forms flourished in the context of rural parties such as <i>guateques</i>, where <i>bungas</i> were known to perform; these groups consisted of singers and guitarists playing variants such as the <a href="/wiki/Tiple" title="Tiple">tiple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandurria" title="Bandurria">bandurria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandola" title="Bandola">bandola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such early guitars are thought to have given rise to the tres some time around 1890 in <a href="/wiki/Baracoa" title="Baracoa">Baracoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The addition of a rhythm section composed of percussion instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Bong%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongó">bongó</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Botija" title="Botija">botija</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADmbula" title="Marímbula">marímbula</a> gave rise to the first son groups proper.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, it has become increasingly clear for musicologists that different versions of the son, i.e. styles that fall within the so-called <b>son complex</b>, appeared throughout the rural parts of the island by the end of the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Musicologist Marta Esquenazi Pérez divides the son complex into three regional variants: changüí in <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo" title="Guantánamo">Guantánamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba#Sucu-Sucu" title="Music of Cuba">sucu-sucu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_la_Juventud" title="Isla de la Juventud">Isla de la Juventud</a>, and an array of styles which fall under the denomination of son montuno and were developed in places such as <a href="/wiki/Bayamo" title="Bayamo">Bayamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manzanillo,_Cuba" title="Manzanillo, Cuba">Manzanillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majagua,_Cuba" title="Majagua, Cuba">Majagua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Pinar del Río">Pinar del Río</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, some academics such as Radamés Giro and Jesús Gómez Cairo indicate that awareness of the son was widespread in the whole island, including Havana, before the actual expansion of the genre in the 1910s.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Musicologist Peter Manuel proposed an alternative hypothesis according to which a great deal of the son's structure originated from the <a href="/wiki/Contradanza" title="Contradanza">contradanza</a> in Havana around the second half of the 19th century. The contradanza included many of the traits that are shown in the son, such as duets with melodies in parallel thirds, the presence of a suggested clave rhythm, implicit short vocal refrains borrowed from popular songs, distinctive syncopations, as well as the two-parts song form with an <a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">ostinato</a> section.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apocryphal_origins_of_the_son">Apocryphal origins of the son</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Apocryphal origins of the son"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the very limited historiographical and ethnomusicological research devoted to the son (considered by Díaz Ayala the "least studied" Cuban genre),<sup id="cite_ref-DA_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the mid-20th century its origins were incorrectly traced back to the 16th century by many writers. This fallacy stemmed from the apocryphal origin story of a folk song known as "Son de Má Teodora". Such story was first mentioned by Cuban historian Joaquín José García in 1845, who "cited" a chronicle supposedly written by Hernando de la Parra in the 16th century. Parra's story was picked up, recycled and expanded by various authors throughout the second half of the 19th century, perpetuating the idea that such song was the first example of the son genre. Despite being given credence by some authors in the first half of the 20th century, including <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Ortiz_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Fernando Ortiz Fernández">Fernando Ortiz</a>, the <i>Crónicas</i> were repeatedly shown to be apocryphal in subsequent studies by Manuel Pérez Beato, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Juan_Arrom" title="José Juan Arrom">José Juan Arrom</a>, Max Henríquez Ureña and Alberto Muguercia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emergence of son significantly increased the interaction of cultures derived from Africa and Spain. A large number of former black slaves, recently liberated after the abolition of slavery in 1886 went to live in the slums "solares" of low class neighborhoods in Havana, and numerous laborers also arrived from all over the country and some rural areas, looking to improve their living conditions. Many of them brought their Afro-Cuban rumba traditions, and others brought their rumbitas and montunos. </p><p>It was in Havana where the encounter of the rumba rural and the rumba urbana that had been developing separately during the second half of the 19th century took place. The guaracheros and rumberos who used to play with the tiple and the guiro finally met other rumberos who sang and danced accompanied by the wooden box (cajón) and the Cuban clave, and the result was the fusion of both styles in a new genre called son.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1910 the son most likely adopted the <a href="/wiki/Clave_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Clave rhythm">clave rhythm</a> from the Havana-based <a href="/wiki/Cuban_rumba" title="Cuban rumba">rumba</a>, which had been developed in the late 19th century in Havana and <a href="/wiki/Matanzas" title="Matanzas">Matanzas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Trova" title="Trova">trovador</a> Sindo Garay settled in Havana in 1906, many other trovadores followed him hoping to obtain a recording contract with one of the American Companies such as RCA Victor and Columbia Records. Those trovadores from different parts of the country met others who already lived in Havana such as María Teresa Vera and Rafael Zequeira. They brought their repertoires of canciones (Cuban songs) and boleros that also included rumbas, guarachas and rural rumbitas. </p><p>Famous trovador Chico Ibáñez said that he composed his first "montuno" called "Pobre Evaristo" (Poor Evaristo) in 1906: "It was a tonada with three or four words that you put on, and after it, we placed a repeated phrase, the real montuno to be sung by everybody…".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ned Sublette states about another famous trovador and sonero: "As a child, Miguel Matamoros played danzones and sones on his harmonica to entertain the workers at a local cigar factory. He said: 'the sones that were composed at that time were nothing more than two or three words that were repeated all night long.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A partial list of trovadores that recorded rumbas, guarachas and sones in Havana at the beginning of the 20th century included: Sindo Garay, Manuel Corona, María Teresa Vera, Alberto Villalón, José Castillo, Juan Cruz, Juan de la Cruz, Nano León, Román Martínez, as well as the duos of Floro and Zorrilla, Pablito and Luna, Zalazar and Oriche, and also Adolfo Colombo, who was not a trovador but a soloist at Teatro Alhambra.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Havana neighborhoods, the son groups played in any possible format they could gather and most of them were semi-professional. One of those groups, The Apaches, was invited in 1916 to a party held by President Mario Menocal at the exclusive <a href="/wiki/Vedado_Tennis_Club" title="Vedado Tennis Club">Vedado Tennis Club</a>, and that same year some members of the group were reorganized in a quartet named Cuarteto Oriental.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those members were: Ricardo Martínez from Santiago de Cuba (conductor and tres), Gerardo Martínez (first voice and clave), Guillermo Castillo (botijuela), and Felipe Neri Cabrera (maracas). According to Jesús Blanco, quoted by Díaz Ayala, after a few months from its foundation the bongocero Joaquín Velazco joined the group.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1917, the Cuarteto Oriental recorded the first son documented on the catalog of Columbia Records which was entered as "Pare motorista-son santiaguero". Unexpectedly, a fifth member of the quartet is mentioned, Carlos Godínez, who was a soldier in the standing army (<i>Ejército Permanente</i>). Subsequently, the RCA Victor contracted Godínez in 1918 to organize a group and record several songs. For that recording, the new group was called "Sexteto Habanero Godínez", which included: Carlos Godínez (conductor and tresero), María Teresa Vera (first voice and clave), Manuel Corona (second voice and guitar), Sinsonte (third voice and maracas), Alfredo Boloña (bongo), and another unknown performer who was not included in the list.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s">1920s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1920s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S._Habanero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/S._Habanero.jpg/200px-S._Habanero.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/S._Habanero.jpg/300px-S._Habanero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/S._Habanero.jpg/400px-S._Habanero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Sexteto Habanero 1920.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1920, the Cuarteto Oriental became a sextet and was renamed as <a href="/wiki/Sexteto_Habanero" title="Sexteto Habanero">Sexteto Habanero</a>. This group established the "classical" configuration of the son sextet composed of guitar, tres, bongos, claves, maracas and double bass.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sextet members were: Guillermo Castillo (conductor, guitar and second voice), Gerardo Martínez (first voice), Felipe Neri Cabrera (maracas and backing vocals), Ricardo Martínez (tres), Joaquín Velazco (bongos), and Antonio Bacallao (botija). Abelardo Barroso, one of the most famous soneros, joined the group in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-Díaz_Ayala_1993,_p._116_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Díaz_Ayala_1993,_p._116-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SextHabanero72.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SextHabanero72.jpg/250px-SextHabanero72.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SextHabanero72.jpg/375px-SextHabanero72.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/SextHabanero72.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Sexteto Habanero 1925.</figcaption></figure> <p>Popularization began in earnest with the arrival of radio broadcasting in 1922, which came at the same time as <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>'s reputation as an attraction for Americans evading <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a> laws. The city became a haven for the <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_Mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-American Mafia">Mafia</a>, gambling and <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Cuba" title="Prostitution in Cuba">prostitution in Cuba</a>, and also became a second home for trendy and influential bands from New York City. The son experienced a period of transformation from 1925 to 1928, when it evolved from a marginal genre of music to perhaps the most popular type of music in Cuba. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bolona.jpg/250px-Bolona.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bolona.jpg/375px-Bolona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Bolona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Sexteto Boloña 1926.</figcaption></figure> <p>A turning point that made this transformation possible occurred when then-president <a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Machado" title="Gerardo Machado">Machado</a> publicly asked <a href="/wiki/La_Sonora_Matancera" class="mw-redirect" title="La Sonora Matancera">La Sonora Matancera</a> to perform at his birthday party. In addition, the acceptance of son as a popular music genre in other countries contributed to more acceptance of son in mainstream <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time many sextets were founded such as Boloña, Agabama, Botón de Rosa and the famous Sexteto Occidente conducted by María Teresa Vera.<sup id="cite_ref-Díaz_Ayala_1993,_p._116_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Díaz_Ayala_1993,_p._116-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Occidente.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Occidente.jpg/330px-Occidente.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Occidente.jpg/495px-Occidente.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Occidente.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Sexteto Occidente, New York 1926<br /><i>back</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Vera" title="María Teresa Vera">María Teresa Vera</a> (guitar), <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Pi%C3%B1eiro" title="Ignacio Piñeiro">Ignacio Piñeiro</a> (double bass), Julio Torres Biart (tres); <i>front</i>: Miguelito Garcia (clave), Manuel Reinoso (bongo) and Francisco Sánchez (maracas)</figcaption></figure> <p>A few years later, in the late 1920s, son sextets became septets and son's popularity continued to grow with artists like <a href="/wiki/Septeto_Nacional" title="Septeto Nacional">Septeto Nacional</a> and its leader <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Pi%C3%B1eiro" title="Ignacio Piñeiro">Ignacio Piñeiro</a> ("Echale salsita", "Donde estabas anoche"). In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Montaner" title="Rita Montaner">Rita Montaner</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/El_Manicero" class="mw-redirect" title="El Manicero">El Manicero</a>" became the first Cuban song to be a major hit in Paris and elsewhere in Europe. In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Don_Azpiazu" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Azpiazu">Don Azpiazu</a>'s Havana Casino Orchestra took the song to the United States, where it also became a big hit. </p><p>The instrumentation was expanded to include cornets or trumpets, forming the sextets and the septets of the 1920s. Later these conjuntos added piano, other percussion instruments, more trumpets, and even dance orchestra instruments in the style of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> big bands.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trío_Matamoros"><span id="Tr.C3.ADo_Matamoros"></span>Trío Matamoros</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trío Matamoros"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%ADo_Matamoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Trío Matamoros">Trío Matamoros</a> in the history of Cuban son is so important that it deserves a separate section. Its development constitutes an example of the process that the trovadores usually followed until they became soneros. The Trío was founded by Miguel Matamoros (vocals and first guitar), who was born in Santiago de Cuba (Oriente) in 1894. There, he became involved with the traditional trova movement and in 1925 joined Siro Rodríguez (vocals and maracas) and Rafael Cueto (vocals and second guitar) to create the famous group.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They synthesized the style of the sextets and septets, adapting it to their ensemble. The different rhythmic layers of the son style were distributed between their three voices, guitars and maracas. Cueto plucked the strings of his guitar instead of strumming them as it was usual, providing the patterns of the <a href="/wiki/Guajeo" title="Guajeo">guajeo</a> in the treble range, and the syncopated rhythms of the <a href="/wiki/Tumbao" title="Tumbao">tumbao</a> on the bass strings. The counterpoint was completed by the first guitar, played by Matamoros.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also occasionally included other instruments such as the bongo, and later they decided to expand the trio format to create a son conjunto by adding a piano, more guitars, tres and other voices. This project was joined by such important figures as Lorenzo Hierrezuelo, Francisco Repilado (Compay Segundo) and Beny Moré. </p><p>In 1928, they travelled to New York with a recording contract by RCA Victor, and their first album caused such a great impact in the public that they soon became very famous at a national as well as an international level. The Trío Matamoros maintained great prominence until their official retirement in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-Díaz_Ayala_1993,_p._116_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Díaz_Ayala_1993,_p._116-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s">1930s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1930s, the heyday of "Classic son" had largely ended. The sextetos and septetos that had enjoyed wide commercial popularity increasingly lost ground to <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> bands and amplified conjuntos.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore198_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore198-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very music that son had helped to create was now replacing son as the more popular and most requested music in Cuba. Original son conjuntos were faced with the options of either to disband and refocus on newer styles of Cuban music, or go back to their roots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s">1940s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1940s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conjunto_de_Arsenio_Rodr%C3%ADguez.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Conjunto_de_Arsenio_Rodr%C3%ADguez.JPG/260px-Conjunto_de_Arsenio_Rodr%C3%ADguez.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Conjunto_de_Arsenio_Rodr%C3%ADguez.JPG/390px-Conjunto_de_Arsenio_Rodr%C3%ADguez.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Conjunto_de_Arsenio_Rodr%C3%ADguez.JPG/520px-Conjunto_de_Arsenio_Rodr%C3%ADguez.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>Conjunto de Arsenio Rodríguez ca. 1949.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Arsenio Rodríguez">Arsenio Rodríguez</a> became the most influential player of son. He used improvised solos, toques, <a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">congas</a>, extra trumpets, percussion and pianos, although all these elements had been used previously ("Papauba", "Para bailar son montuno"). <a href="/wiki/Beny_Mor%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Beny Moré">Beny Moré</a> (known as <i>El Bárbaro del Ritmo</i>, "The Master of Rhythm") further evolved the genre, adding <a href="/wiki/Guaracha" title="Guaracha">guaracha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">bolero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a> influences. He was perhaps the greatest sonero ("Castellano que bueno baila usted", "Vertiente Camaguey"); another important sonero was Roberto Faz. </p><p>By the late 1940s, son had lost its controversiality even among conservative Cubans which made it even less appealing to Cubans.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore199_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore199-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A development that led to the decrease in popularity of the original son occurred in the 1940s. The son grew more sophisticated as it was adopted by conjuntos, which displaced sextetos and septetos. This led to big bands replacing the conjuntos, which managed to keep its flavor despite elaborate arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1940s and 1950s, the tourism boom in Cuba and the popularity of jazz and American music in general fostered the development of big bands and combos on the island. These bands consisted of a relatively small horn section, piano, double bass, a full array of Cuban percussion instruments and a vocalist fronting the ensemble. Their polished sound and "cosmopolitan" – read "commercial" – repertoire captivated both Cuban and foreign audiences. </p><p>The commercialism of this new music movement led Cuban nightclub owners to recognize the revenue potential of hosting these types of bands to attract the growing flow of tourists. Additionally, as a result of the increasing popularity of big band music and in an effort to increase revenues, the recording industry focused on producing newer types of music and essentially removing son from their music repertoires. These developments were a big blow to the prospects of son and its popularity amongst even Cubans. </p><p>With the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cha-cha-cha (music)">cha-cha-chá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a> in the United States, son also became extremely popular. After the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> separated Cuba from the U.S., son, mambo and <a href="/wiki/Cuban_rumba" title="Cuban rumba">rumba</a>, along with other forms of Afro-Cuban music contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa music</a>, initially in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mass popularization of son music led to an increased valorization of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Cuban">Afro-Cuban</a> street culture and of the artists who created it. It also opened the door for other music genres with Afro-Cuban roots to become popular in Cuba and throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore198_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore198-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_state_of_the_son">Current state of the son</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Current state of the son"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At present, the traditional-style son is seldom heard but has been assimilated into other genres and is present in them. Thus, other types of popular Cuban music and other <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> styles of music continue using the essential style of the son.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important contribution of the son was the introduction of the drum to mainstream music. The increase in popularity of the son unveiled the potential of music with <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Cuban">Afro-Cuban</a> rhythms. This led to the development and mass distribution of newer types of Latin music. Additionally, genres of the later 1940s such as <a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a> manifest many characteristics derived from son. <a href="/wiki/Charanga_(Cuba)" title="Charanga (Cuba)">Charanga</a> orchestras, also developed dance music heavily influenced by son.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore199_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore199-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most significant contribution of son is its influence on present day <a href="/wiki/Latin_music_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin music (genre)">Latin music</a>. Son is specifically considered to be the foundation on which <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a> was created.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the "classic son" continues to be a very important musical foundation for all kinds of <a href="/wiki/Latin_music_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin music (genre)">Latin music</a>, it is no longer a popular music genre in Cuba. Younger generations of Cubans prefer the faster, dance-oriented son-derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/Timba" title="Timba">timba</a> or <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a>. Older generations continue to preserve the son as one of the music genres they listen to, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Oriente_Province" title="Oriente Province">Oriente</a>, where they tend to maintain more traditional versions of the son compared to <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The demise of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> (Cuba's major economic mainstay) in 1991 forced Cuba to encourage tourism to attract sorely needed foreign currency. Along with tourism, music became one of Cuba's major assets. The <a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Social_Club" title="Buena Vista Social Club">Buena Vista Social Club</a> album and film as well as a stream of CDs triggered a worldwide Cuban music boom.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the original <a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Social_Club" title="Buena Vista Social Club">Buena Vista Social Club</a> album, there has been a stream of solo CDs by the members of the "Club". These individuals were subsequently offered individual contracts, ensuring a continued flow of CDs that include many original Cuban son classics. </p><p>Thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Social_Club" title="Buena Vista Social Club">Buena Vista Social Club</a> album, film, and follow-up solo albums there has been a revival of the traditional son and a rediscovery of older son performers who had often fallen by the wayside.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most Cubans don’t see the value of the <a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Social_Club" title="Buena Vista Social Club">Buena Vista Social Club</a> album and feel it doesn't represent present-day Cuba,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it has introduced the Cuban son to younger generations of people from around the world who had never heard of son. It has also introduced foreign audiences to an important part of Cuban music history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Claves.jpg/150px-Claves.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Claves.jpg/225px-Claves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Claves.jpg/300px-Claves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">Claves</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The basic son ensemble of early 20th-century Havana consisted of guitar, <a href="/wiki/Tres_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tres (musical instrument)">tres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">claves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bongos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongos">bongos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADmbula" title="Marímbula">marímbula</a> or <a href="/wiki/Botija" title="Botija">botija</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maracas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maracas">maracas</a>. The tres plays the typical Cuban <a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">ostinato</a> figure known as <a href="/wiki/Guajeo" title="Guajeo">guajeo</a>. The rhythmic pattern of the following generic guajeo is used in many different songs. Note that the first measure consists of all offbeats. The figure can begin in the first measure, or the second measure, depending upon the structure of the song. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Generic_3-2_guajeo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Generic_3-2_guajeo.jpg/400px-Generic_3-2_guajeo.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Generic_3-2_guajeo.jpg/600px-Generic_3-2_guajeo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Generic_3-2_guajeo.jpg/800px-Generic_3-2_guajeo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7516" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Basic son tres guajeo written in cut-time. <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e9\/Generic_3-2_guajeo.mid\/Generic_3-2_guajeo.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Generic 3-2 guajeo.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Generic_3-2_guajeo.mid/Generic_3-2_guajeo.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Generic_3-2_guajeo.mid" title="File:Generic 3-2 guajeo.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Later on, the double bass replaced the marímbula and <a href="/wiki/Bongo_drum" title="Bongo drum">bongos</a> and a trumpet were added, giving rise to <i>sextetos</i> and <i>septetos</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cuba" title="Portal:Cuba">Cuba portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Music of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance in Cuba">Dance in Cuba</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sublette333-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sublette333_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sublette333_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSublette2004" class="citation book cs1">Sublette, Ned (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fZZ4QKZEumIC"><i>Cuba and Its Music: From the First Drums to the Mambo</i></a>. Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press. pp. 333–334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781569764206" title="Special:BookSources/9781569764206"><bdi>9781569764206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+and+Its+Music%3A+From+the+First+Drums+to+the+Mambo&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=333-334&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781569764206&rft.aulast=Sublette&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfZZ4QKZEumIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DA_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DA_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíaz_Ayala2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Díaz Ayala, Cristóbal (2014). "El son". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latinpop.fiu.edu/VIII%20El%20son.pdf"><i>Encyclopedic Discography of Cuban Music Vol. 1, 1898-1925</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Florida International University Libraries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El+son&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+Discography+of+Cuban+Music+Vol.+1%2C+1898-1925&rft.pub=Florida+International+University+Libraries&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz+Ayala&rft.aufirst=Crist%C3%B3bal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatinpop.fiu.edu%2FVIII%2520El%2520son.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HO-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HO_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrovio2004" class="citation book cs1">Orovio, Helio (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JUr9ZtK1Wn0C"><i>Cuban Music from A to Z</i></a>. Bath, UK: Tumi. pp. 203–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822385219" title="Special:BookSources/9780822385219"><bdi>9780822385219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuban+Music+from+A+to+Z&rft.place=Bath%2C+UK&rft.pages=203-205&rft.pub=Tumi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780822385219&rft.aulast=Orovio&rft.aufirst=Helio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJUr9ZtK1Wn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"son". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dle.rae.es/?id=YLU1m5v"><i>Diccionario de la lengua española</i></a> (in Spanish) (23rd ed.). Real Academia Española. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=son&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.edition=23rd&rft.pub=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2F%3Fid%3DYLU1m5v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández2000" class="citation book cs1">Fernández, Raúl A. (2000). "The Musicalia of Twentieth-Century Cuban Popular Music". In Fernández, Damián; Cámara-Betancourt, Madeline (eds.). <i>Cuba, the Elusive Nation: Interpretations of National Identity</i>. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Musicalia+of+Twentieth-Century+Cuban+Popular+Music&rft.btitle=Cuba%2C+the+Elusive+Nation%3A+Interpretations+of+National+Identity&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+FL&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcosta2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Acosta, Leonardo (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/otravisindelamsi00acos"><i>Otra visión de la música popular cubana</i></a></span> (in Spanish). Havana, Cuba: Letras Cubanas. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/otravisindelamsi00acos/page/61">61</a>, 256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otra+visi%C3%B3n+de+la+m%C3%BAsica+popular+cubana&rft.place=Havana%2C+Cuba&rft.pages=61%2C+256&rft.pub=Letras+Cubanas&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Acosta&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fotravisindelamsi00acos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíaz_Ayala1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Díaz Ayala, Cristóbal (1998). <i>La marcha de los jíbaros, 1898-1997: cien años de música puertorriqueña por el mundo</i> (in Spanish). Guaynabo, Puerto Rico: Plaza Mayor. p. 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+marcha+de+los+j%C3%ADbaros%2C+1898-1997%3A+cien+a%C3%B1os+de+m%C3%BAsica+puertorrique%C3%B1a+por+el+mundo&rft.place=Guaynabo%2C+Puerto+Rico&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Plaza+Mayor&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz+Ayala&rft.aufirst=Crist%C3%B3bal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller786-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller786_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Sue (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=liV8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA786">"Son"</a>. In Horn, David; Shepherd, John (eds.). <i>Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume IX</i>. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 786. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441132253" title="Special:BookSources/9781441132253"><bdi>9781441132253</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Son&rft.btitle=Bloomsbury+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music+of+the+World%2C+Volume+IX&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=786&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781441132253&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DliV8AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2008" class="citation book cs1">Lapidus, Benjamin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MmngXz9-vPwC"><i>Origins of Cuban Music and Dance: Changüí</i></a>. Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461670292" title="Special:BookSources/9781461670292"><bdi>9781461670292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Cuban+Music+and+Dance%3A+Chang%C3%BC%C3%AD&rft.place=Plymouth%2C+UK&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781461670292&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMmngXz9-vPwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins1990" class="citation journal cs1">Robbins, James (1990). "The Cuban "Son" as Form, Genre, and Symbol". <i>Latin American Music Review</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 182–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F780124">10.2307/780124</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/780124">780124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Music+Review&rft.atitle=The+Cuban+%22Son%22+as+Form%2C+Genre%2C+and+Symbol&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182-200&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F780124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F780124%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lapidus (2008) p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller (2014) p. 783.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlén_Rodríguez1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alén Rodríguez, Olavo (1992). <i>Géneros musicales de Cuba: de lo afrocubano a la salsa</i> (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico: Cubanacán. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9neros+musicales+de+Cuba%3A+de+lo+afrocubano+a+la+salsa&rft.place=San+Juan%2C+Puerto+Rico&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Cubanac%C3%A1n&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Al%C3%A9n+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Olavo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lapidus (2008) p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiro1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Giro, Radamés (1998). "Los motivos del son". <i>Panorama de la música popular cubana</i> (in Spanish). Havana, Cuba: Letras Cubanas. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Los+motivos+del+son&rft.btitle=Panorama+de+la+m%C3%BAsica+popular+cubana&rft.place=Havana%2C+Cuba&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Letras+Cubanas&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Giro&rft.aufirst=Radam%C3%A9s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez_Cairo1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gómez Cairo, Jesús (1998). "Acerca de la interacción de géneros en la música popular cubana". In Giro, Radamés (ed.). <i>Panorama de la música popular cubana</i> (in Spanish). Havana, Cuba: Letras Cubanas. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Acerca+de+la+interacci%C3%B3n+de+g%C3%A9neros+en+la+m%C3%BAsica+popular+cubana&rft.btitle=Panorama+de+la+m%C3%BAsica+popular+cubana&rft.place=Havana%2C+Cuba&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Letras+Cubanas&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+Cairo&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Manuel, Peter (2009). "From contradanza to son: New perspectives on the prehistory of cuban popular music". <i>Latin American Music Review</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 184–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flat.0.0045">10.1353/lat.0.0045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191278080">191278080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Music+Review&rft.atitle=From+contradanza+to+son%3A+New+perspectives+on+the+prehistory+of+cuban+popular+music&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=184-212&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flat.0.0045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191278080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuguercia1971" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muguercia, Alberto (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.bnjm.cu/index.php/revista-bncjm/article/view/1736">"Teodora Ginés ¿mito o realidad histórica?"</a>. <i>Revista de la Biblioteca Nacional de Cuba José Martí</i> (in Spanish). <b>3</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+la+Biblioteca+Nacional+de+Cuba+Jos%C3%A9+Mart%C3%AD&rft.atitle=Teodora+Gin%C3%A9s+%C2%BFmito+o+realidad+hist%C3%B3rica%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Muguercia&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.bnjm.cu%2Findex.php%2Frevista-bncjm%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASon+cubano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodríguez Ruidíaz, Armando: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/8041795/The_origin_of_Cuban_music._Myths_and_Facts">https://www.academia.edu/8041795/The_origin_of_Cuban_music._Myths_and_Facts</a>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peñalosa (2009: 83) <i>The Clave Matrix; Afro-Cuban Rhythm: Its Principles and African Origins.</i> Redway, CA: Bembe Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886502-80-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-886502-80-3">1-886502-80-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giro, Radamés:Los motivos del son. Panorama de la música popular cubana. Editorial Letras Cubanas, La Habana, Cuba, 1998, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sublette, Ned: Cuba and its music. Chicago Review Press, Inc., 2004. P. 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Díaz Ayala, Cristóbal: Discografía de la Música Cubana. Editorial Corripio C. por A., República Dominicana, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sublette Ned: Cuba and its music. Chicago Review Press, Inc., 2004, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Díaz Ayala, Cristóbal: Discografía de la Música Cubana. Editorial Corripio C. por A., República Dominicana, 1994, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Díaz Ayala, Cristóbal: Discografía de la Música Cubana. Editorial Corripio C. por A., República Dominicana, 1994, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sublette, Ned: Cuba and its music. Chicago Review Press, Inc., 2004. P. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Díaz_Ayala_1993,_p._116-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Díaz_Ayala_1993,_p._116_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Díaz_Ayala_1993,_p._116_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Díaz_Ayala_1993,_p._116_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Díaz Ayala, Cristóbal: Música cubana, del Areyto a la Nueva Trova, Ediciones Universal, Miami Florida, 1993, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, R. "Afrocubanismo and Son." <i>The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics.</i> Ed. Chomsky, Carr, and Smorkaloff. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004. 195–196. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Argeliers, L. "Notes toward a Panorama of Popular and Folk Music." <i>Essays on Cuban Music: North American and Cuban Perspectives.</i> Ed. Peter Manuel. Maryland: Univ. Press of America, 1991. 21. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orovio, Helio: Cuban music from A to Z. Tumi Music Ltd. Bath, U.K., 2004, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giro, Radamés: Los Motivos del son. Panorama de la música popular cubana. Editorial Letras Cubanas, La Habana, Cuba, 1998, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore198-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore198_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore198_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, R. "Afrocubanismo and Son." <i>The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics.</i> Ed. Chomsky, Carr, and Smorkaloff. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004. 198. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore199-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore199_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore199_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, R. "Afrocubanismo and Son." <i>The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i>. Ed. Chomsky, Carr, and Smorkaloff. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004. 199. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leymarie, Isabelle. "Cuban Fire: The Story of Salsa and Latin Jazz." New York: Continuum Publishing, 2002. 121. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leymarie, Isabelle. "Cuban Fire: The Story of Salsa and Latin Jazz." New York: Continuum Publishing, 2002. 130. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Argeliers, L. "Notes toward a Panorama of Popular and Folk Music." <i>Essays on Cuban Music: North American and Cuban Perspectives</i>. Ed. Peter Manuel. Maryland: Univ. Press of America, 1991. 22. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Argeliers, L. "Notes toward a Panorama of Popular and Folk Music."<i> Essays on Cuban Music: North American and Cuban Perspectives.</i> Ed. Peter Manuel. Maryland: Univ. Press of America, 1991. 160. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leymarie, Isabelle. "Cuban Fire: The Story of Salsa and Latin Jazz." New York: Continuum Publishing, 2002. 252. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leymarie, Isabelle. "Cuban Fire: The Story of Salsa and Latin Jazz." New York: Continuum Publishing, 2002. 145. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leymarie, Isabelle. "Cuban Fire: The Story of Salsa and Latin Jazz." New York: Continuum Publishing, 2002. 256. Print.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Argeliers, Leon. "Notes toward a Panorama of Popular and Folk Music." <i>Essays on Cuban Music: North American and Cuban Perspectives.</i> Ed. Peter Manuel. Maryland: University Press of America, 1991. 1–23. Print.</li> <li>Benitez-Rojo, Antonio. "Music and Nation." <i>Cuba: Idea of a Nation Displaced</i>. Ed. Andrea O’Reilly Herrera. New York: State University of New York Press, 2007. 328–340. Print.</li> <li>Leymarie, Isabelle. <i>Cuban Fire: The Story of Salsa and Latin Jazz.</i> New York, Continuum Publishing, 2002. Print.</li> <li>Loza, Steven. "Poncho Sanchez, Latin Jazz, and the Cuban Son: A Stylistic and Social Analysis." <i>Situating Salsa</i>. Ed. Lise Waxer. New York: Routledge, 2002. 201–215. Print.</li> <li>Manuel, Peter, with Kenneth Bilby and Michael Largey. <i>Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae</i>. 2nd edition. Temple University Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59213-463-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59213-463-7">1-59213-463-7</a>.</li> <li>Moore, Robin. "Salsa and Socialism: Dance Music in Cuba, 1959–99." <i>Situating Salsa</i>. Ed. Lise Waxer. New York: Routledge, 2002. 51–74. Print.</li> <li>Moore, Robin. "Afrocubanismo and Son." <i>The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i>. Ed. Chomsky, Carr, and Smorkaloff. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004. 192–200. Print.</li> <li>Peñalosa, David. <i>The Clave Matrix; Afro-Cuban Rhythm: Its Principles and African Origins.</i> Redway, CA: Bembe Inc., 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886502-80-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-886502-80-3">1-886502-80-3</a>.</li> <li>Perna, Vincenzo. <i>Timba: The Sound of the Cuban Crisis.</i> Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2005. Print.</li> <li>Rodríguez Ruidíaz, Armando: The origin of Cuban music. Myths and facts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/8041795/The_origin_of_Cuban_music._Myths_and_Facts">https://www.academia.edu/8041795/The_origin_of_Cuban_music._Myths_and_Facts</a>, p. 89</li> <li>Thomas, Susan. "Cosmopolitan, International, Transnational: Locating Cuban Music." <i>Cuba Transnational</i>. Ed. Damian J. Fernandez. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005. 104–120. Print.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_cubano&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Llopis, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contactomagazine.com/bailable100.htm">La música bailable cubana</a> (in Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://salsablanca.com/ethnomusicology/cuban-music-styles/cuban-son-complex/">Cuban son complex</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023346/http://salsablanca.com/ethnomusicology/cuban-music-styles/cuban-son-complex/">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> More about the traditional evolution of Cuban son</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Cuban_musical_forms" title="Template:Cuban musical forms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuban_musical_forms" title="Template talk:Cuban musical forms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuban_musical_forms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuban musical forms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuban_musical_forms,_genres_and_styles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuban musical forms, genres and styles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">bolero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cha-cha-cha (music)">cha-cha-chá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%C3%BC%C3%AD" title="Changüí">changüí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia (music)">columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conga_(music)" title="Conga (music)">conga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criolla" title="Criolla">criolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danz%C3%B3n" title="Danzón">danzón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzonete" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzonete">danzonete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filin_(music)" title="Filin (music)">filin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaguanc%C3%B3" title="Guaguancó">guaguancó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaracha" title="Guaracha">guaracha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajira_(music)" title="Guajira (music)">guajira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habanera_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habanera (music)">habanera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_(music)" title="Mozambique (music)">mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachanga" title="Pachanga">pachanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pil%C3%B3n" title="Pilón">pilón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preg%C3%B3n" title="Pregón">pregón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punto_guajiro" title="Punto guajiro">punto guajiro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_montuno" title="Son montuno">son montuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songo_music" title="Songo music">songo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timba" title="Timba">timba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamb%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Yambú">yambú</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_genres_in_the_Hispanosphere" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_in_Spanish" title="Template:Music in Spanish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_in_Spanish" title="Template talk:Music in Spanish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_in_Spanish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music in Spanish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_genres_in_the_Hispanosphere" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Music genres in the <a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Hispanosphere</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambuco" title="Bambuco">Bambuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnavalito" title="Carnavalito">Carnavalito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diablada" title="Diablada">Diablada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayno" title="Huayno">Huayno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenada" title="Morenada">Morenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saya_(art_form)" title="Saya (art form)">Saya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinku" title="Tinku">Tinku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spaniard folk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_rumba" title="Catalan rumba">Catalan rumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copla_(music)" title="Copla (music)">Copla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandango" title="Fandango">Fandango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albore%C3%A1" title="Alboreá">Alboreá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buler%C3%ADas" title="Bulerías">Bulerías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canti%C3%B1as" title="Cantiñas">Cantiñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumba_flamenca" title="Rumba flamenca">Rumba flamenca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeta_(flamenco)" title="Saeta (flamenco)">Saeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole%C3%A1" title="Soleá">Soleá</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folia" title="Folia">Folia</a></li> <li>Isa (from <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jota_(music)" title="Jota (music)">Jota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malague%C3%B1a_(genre)" title="Malagueña (genre)">Malagueña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasodoble" title="Pasodoble">Pasodoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajaraste" title="Tajaraste">Tajaraste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">Zarzuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urbano_music" title="Urbano music">Latin urban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" title="Latin hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_house" title="Latin house">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Reggae en Español">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_R%26B" title="Latin R&B">R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_trap" title="Latin trap">Trap</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Reggaeton" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em"><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_reggaeton" title="Alternative reggaeton">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachat%C3%B3n" title="Bachatón">Bachatón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moombahton" title="Moombahton">Moombahton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoperreo" title="Neoperreo">Neoperreo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_reggaet%C3%B3n" title="Panamanian reggaetón">Panamanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Litoraleña</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamarrita" title="Chamarrita">Chamarrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarania_(music)" title="Guarania (music)">Guarania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_polka" title="Paraguayan polka">Paraguayan polka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamam%C3%A9" title="Chamamé">Chamamé</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_criolla" title="Música criolla">Peruvian coastal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Peruvian_music" title="Afro-Peruvian music">Afro-Peruvian music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festejo" title="Festejo">Festejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land%C3%B3_(music)" title="Landó (music)">Landó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_de_los_Diablos" title="Son de los Diablos">Son de los Diablos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_Mata" title="Toro Mata">Toro Mata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinera" title="Marinera">Marinera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondero" title="Tondero">Tondero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vals_criollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vals criollo">Vals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamacueca" title="Zamacueca">Zamacueca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_pop" title="Latin pop">Latin pop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_ballad" title="Latin ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropipop" title="Tropipop">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_pop_music" title="Mexican pop music">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_canci%C3%B3n" title="Nueva canción">Nueva canción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_trova" title="Nueva trova">Nueva trova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_styles_of_Mexican_music" title="Regional styles of Mexican music">Regional<br />Mexican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrido" title="Corrido">Corrido</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corridos_tumbados" title="Corridos tumbados">Corridos tumbados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunto" title="Conjunto">Conjunto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)" title="Norteño (music)">Norteño</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nortec" title="Nortec">Nortec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupera" title="Grupera">Grupera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duranguense" title="Duranguense">Duranguense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_music" title="Banda music">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">Mariachi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarabe" title="Jarabe">Jarabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchera" title="Ranchera">Ranchera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trival" class="mw-redirect" title="Trival">Trival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Cone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueca" title="Cueca">Cueca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_cebolla" title="Música cebolla">Música cebolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milonga_(music)" title="Milonga (music)">Milonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murga" title="Murga">Murga</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tango" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em"><a href="/wiki/Tango_music" title="Tango music">Tango</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_tango" title="Argentine tango">Argentine tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milonga_(music)" title="Milonga (music)">Milonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vals_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vals (music)">Vals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotango" title="Neotango">Neotango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_tango" title="Nuevo tango">Nuevo tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_tango" title="Uruguayan tango">Uruguayan tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandoneon" title="Bandoneon">Bandoneon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orquesta_t%C3%ADpica" title="Orquesta típica">Orquesta típica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_en_espa%C3%B1ol" title="Rock en español">Rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alternative" title="Latin alternative">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_rock" title="Argentine rock">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_rock" title="Chilean rock">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_rock" title="Colombian rock">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rock" title="Cuban rock">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_rock" title="Dominican rock">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_rock" title="Ecuadorian rock">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Latin rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_metal" title="Latin metal">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Mexico" title="Rock music in Mexico">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_ola" title="Nueva ola">Nueva ola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_rock" title="Peruvian rock">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock music in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Spain" title="Rock music in Spain">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_rock" title="Uruguayan rock">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_rock" title="Venezuelan rock">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional folk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacarera" title="Chacarera">Chacarera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaita_zuliana" title="Gaita zuliana">Gaita zuliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gato_(artform)" title="Gato (artform)">Gato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joropo" title="Joropo">Joropo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_mexicano" title="Son mexicano">Mexican Son</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son_huasteco" title="Son huasteco">huasteco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_jalisciense" title="Son jalisciense">jalisciense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_jarocho" title="Son jarocho">jarocho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonada" title="Tonada">Tonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamacueca" title="Zamacueca">Zamacueca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cueca" title="Cueca">Cueca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinera" title="Marinera">Marinera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamba_(artform)" title="Zamba (artform)">Zamba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_music" title="Tropical music">Tropical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachata_(music)" title="Bachata (music)">Bachata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">Bolero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-ch%C3%A1_(music)" title="Cha-cha-chá (music)">Cha-cha-cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champeta" title="Champeta">Champeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%C3%BC%C3%AD" title="Changüí">Changüí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charanga_(Cuba)" title="Charanga (Cuba)">Charanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conga_(music)" title="Conga (music)">Conga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarteto" title="Cuarteto">Cuarteto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danz%C3%B3n" title="Danzón">Danzón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajira_(music)" title="Guajira (music)">Guajira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaracha" title="Guaracha">Guaracha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">Mambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merengue_music" title="Merengue music">Merengue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ringue" title="Méringue">Méringue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachanga" title="Pachanga">Pachanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rumba" title="Cuban rumba">Rumba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guaguanc%C3%B3" title="Guaguancó">Guaguancó</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">Salsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_dura" title="Salsa dura">dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_rom%C3%A1ntica" title="Salsa romántica">romántica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Son cubano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son_montuno" title="Son montuno">montuno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timba" title="Timba">Timba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trova" title="Trova">Trova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">Vallenato</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charanga-vallenata" title="Charanga-vallenata">Charanga-vallenata</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cumbia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em"><a href="/wiki/Cumbia" title="Cumbia">Cumbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cumbia" title="Argentine cumbia">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullerengue" title="Bullerengue">Bullerengue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_(Colombia)" title="Cumbia (Colombia)">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cumbia" title="Mexican cumbia">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chilean_cumbia" title="New Chilean cumbia">New Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_(Panama)" title="Cumbia (Panama)">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cumbia" title="Peruvian cumbia">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porro" title="Porro">Porro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_rap" title="Cumbia rap">Rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecnocumbia" title="Tecnocumbia">Tecnocumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_villera" title="Cumbia villera">Villera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachaca_(musical_genre)" title="Cachaca (musical genre)">Cachaca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afro-Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Peruvian_music" title="Afro-Peruvian music">Afro-Peruvian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">Bomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Ecuador)" title="Bomba (Ecuador)">Bomba del Chota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapal%C3%A9" title="Mapalé">Mapalé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milonga_(music)" title="Milonga (music)">Milonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_(dance)" title="Tambor (dance)">Tambor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_music" title="Tropical music">Tropical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguinaldo_(music)" title="Aguinaldo (music)">Aguinaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canci%C3%B3n_mel%C3%B3dica" title="Canción melódica">Canción melódica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Christian_music" title="Latin Christian music">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contradanza" title="Contradanza">Contradanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criolla" title="Criolla">Criolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danza" title="Danza">Danza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cima" title="Décima">Décima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">Pasacalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasillo" title="Pasillo">Pasillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plena" title="Plena">Plena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preg%C3%B3n" title="Pregón">Pregón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punto_guajiro" title="Punto guajiro">Punto guajiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seis" title="Seis">Seis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_opera" title="Spanish opera">Spanish opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_jazz" title="Spanish jazz">Spanish jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villancico" title="Villancico">Villancico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_music_subgenres" title="List of Latin music subgenres">subgenres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines#Hispanic-influenced_music" title="Music of the Philippines">Hispanic-influenced music in the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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