CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Battle of Bladensburg - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0a844b9f-ec77-4e92-b483-fb07f1dc7948","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Battle_of_Bladensburg","wgTitle":"Battle of Bladensburg","wgCurRevisionId":1255013345,"wgRevisionId":1255013345,"wgArticleId":1335358,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles incorporating Cite DNB template","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from March 2024","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from March 2024","Coordinates on Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020", "Commons category link from Wikidata","1814 in Maryland","August 1814 events in the United States","Battles involving the United Kingdom","Battles of the Chesapeake campaign","Battles of the War of 1812","Battles in Maryland","Bladensburg, Maryland","Conflicts in 1814","United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Battle_of_Bladensburg","wgRelevantArticleId":1335358,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby": true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":38.93666666666666,"lon":-76.9375},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1432141","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/The_Final_Stand_at_Bladensburg%2C_Maryland%2C_24_August_1814.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="819"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Final_Stand_at_Bladensburg%2C_Maryland%2C_24_August_1814.png/800px-The_Final_Stand_at_Bladensburg%2C_Maryland%2C_24_August_1814.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="546"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Final_Stand_at_Bladensburg%2C_Maryland%2C_24_August_1814.png/640px-The_Final_Stand_at_Bladensburg%2C_Maryland%2C_24_August_1814.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="437"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Battle of Bladensburg - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Battle_of_Bladensburg rootpage-Battle_of_Bladensburg skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Battle+of+Bladensburg" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Battle+of+Bladensburg" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Battle+of+Bladensburg" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Battle+of+Bladensburg" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>British plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_plans_and_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_plans_and_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>United States plans and preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_plans_and_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Campaign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campaign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_moves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_moves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>British moves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_moves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._moves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._moves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>U.S. moves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._moves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._dispositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._dispositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>U.S. dispositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._dispositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>African Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Order of battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Order_of_battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Order of battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Order_of_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>British</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>American</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battlefield_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battlefield_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Battlefield preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battlefield_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Bladensburg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="معركة بلادينسبورغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة بلادينسبورغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Bladensburg" title="Schlacht bei Bladensburg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Bladensburg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%98%EB%8D%98%EC%8A%A4%EB%B2%84%EA%B7%B8_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="블래던스버그 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블래던스버그 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Bladensburg" title="Pertempuran Bladensburg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Bladensburg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Bladensburg" title="Slag bij Bladensburg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Bladensburg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="ブラーデンスバーグの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラーデンスバーグの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Bladensburgiem" title="Bitwa pod Bladensburgiem – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Bladensburgiem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Битва при Бладенсберге – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Бладенсберге" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1432141#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Battle_of_Bladensburg" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Battle_of_Bladensburg" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&oldid=1255013345" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Battle_of_Bladensburg&id=1255013345&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBattle_of_Bladensburg"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBattle_of_Bladensburg"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1432141" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Bladensburg&params=38_56_12_N_76_56_15_W_type:event_region:US-MD"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°56′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°56′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.93667°N 76.93750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.93667; -76.93750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle of the War of 1812</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Bladensburg</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Final_Stand_at_Bladensburg,_Maryland,_24_August_1814.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Final_Stand_at_Bladensburg%2C_Maryland%2C_24_August_1814.png/290px-The_Final_Stand_at_Bladensburg%2C_Maryland%2C_24_August_1814.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Final_Stand_at_Bladensburg%2C_Maryland%2C_24_August_1814.png/435px-The_Final_Stand_at_Bladensburg%2C_Maryland%2C_24_August_1814.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Final_Stand_at_Bladensburg%2C_Maryland%2C_24_August_1814.png/580px-The_Final_Stand_at_Bladensburg%2C_Maryland%2C_24_August_1814.png 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="736" /></a></span><br /><i> <b>The Final Stand at Bladensburg, Maryland,<br />24 August 1814</b> </i>by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Waterhouse_(artist)" title="Charles Waterhouse (artist)">Charles Waterhouse</a> shows <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marines</a> manning their guns in defense of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>August 24, 1814</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Bladensburg,_Maryland" title="Bladensburg, Maryland">Bladensburg, Maryland</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Bladensburg&params=38_56_12_N_76_56_15_W_type:event_region:US-MD"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°56′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°56′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.93667°N 76.93750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.93667; -76.93750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> victory<br />(see <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington#Aftermath" title="Burning of Washington">Aftermath</a> section)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Cockburn" class="mw-redirect" title="George Cockburn">George Cockburn</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ross_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Ross (British Army officer)">Robert Ross</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Winder" title="William H. Winder">William Winder</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Barney" title="Joshua Barney">Joshua Barney</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,500<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />60 rockets<sup id="cite_ref-Elting,_p._207_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting,_p._207-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 6,920</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 64 killed <br /> 185 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OldSub_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OldSub-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 10–26 killed <br /> 40–51 wounded <br /> 100–120 captured<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:290px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Maryland_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bladensburg is located in Maryland"><img alt="Bladensburg is located in Maryland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/USA_Maryland_location_map.svg/290px-USA_Maryland_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/USA_Maryland_location_map.svg/435px-USA_Maryland_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/USA_Maryland_location_map.svg/580px-USA_Maryland_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="764" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.305%;left:56.378%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bladensburg"><img alt="Bladensburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Bladensburg</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Maryland_location_map.svg" title="File:USA Maryland location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location within Maryland</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chesapeake_campaign1813–1814" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Chesapeake_campaign" title="Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Chesapeake campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Chesapeake_campaign" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of 1812: Chesapeake campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Chesapeake_campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Chesapeake campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chesapeake_campaign1813–1814" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_campaign" title="Chesapeake campaign"><span class="wrap">Chesapeake campaign</span></a><br />1813–1814</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1813</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Havre_de_Grace" title="Raid on Havre de Grace">Havre de Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">Craney Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_raid" title="Ocracoke raid">Ocracoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Michaels" title="Battle of St. Michaels">1st St. Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St._Michaels" title="Second Battle of St. Michaels">2nd St. Michaels</a></li></ul> <p><b>1814</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chesconessex_Creek" title="Raid on Chesconessex Creek">Chesconessex Creek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caulk%27s_Field" title="Battle of Caulk's Field">Caulk's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Point" title="Battle of North Point">North Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Farnham_Church" title="Skirmish at Farnham Church">Farnham Church</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Bladensburg</b>, also known as the Bladensburg Races, took place during the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesapeake Campaign">Chesapeake Campaign</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, on 24 August 1814, at <a href="/wiki/Bladensburg,_Maryland" title="Bladensburg, Maryland">Bladensburg, Maryland</a>, 8.6 miles (13.8 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </p><p>The battle has been described as "the greatest disgrace ever dealt to American arms,"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> force of <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">army regulars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> routed a combined U.S. force of <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a> and state militia troops. The American defeat resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">capture and burning</a> of the national capital of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, the only time that the city fell to a foreign invader. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_plans">British plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chesapeake_Campaign_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Chesapeake_Campaign_Map.jpg/310px-Chesapeake_Campaign_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Chesapeake_Campaign_Map.jpg/465px-Chesapeake_Campaign_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/Chesapeake_Campaign_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Chesapeake Campaign map</figcaption></figure> <p>For the first two years of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> (1812–1815), the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> had been preoccupied with the war against <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and his <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. However, warships of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> led by Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Cockburn,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet">George Cockburn</a>, second in command of the <a href="/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station" title="North America and West Indies Station">North American Station</a>, controlled <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> from early 1813 onwards and had captured large numbers of U.S. trading vessels. They occupied <a href="/wiki/Tangier,_Virginia" title="Tangier, Virginia">Tangier Island</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, establishing Fort Albion as an <a href="/wiki/Anchorage_(shipping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchorage (shipping)">anchorage</a> and staging area. As many as 1,200 British soldiers would be stationed there. </p><p>Raiding parties had destroyed foundries and batteries and sacked several small towns, but lack of troops restricted Cockburn to mounting small-scale raids, the largest of which was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">Battle of Craney Island</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> harbor near <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, which involved 2,000 men of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a>. Although Cockburn withdrew from Chesapeake Bay late in 1813, his sailors had taken soundings and even placed buoys to mark channels and sandbars, in preparation for a renewed campaign in 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major-General_Robert_Ross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Major-General_Robert_Ross.jpg/200px-Major-General_Robert_Ross.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Major-General_Robert_Ross.jpg/300px-Major-General_Robert_Ross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Major-General_Robert_Ross.jpg/400px-Major-General_Robert_Ross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="2030" /></a><figcaption>Major-General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ross_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Ross (British Army officer)">Robert Ross</a>, the British commander at Bladensburg</figcaption></figure> <p>By April 1814, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Napoleon had been defeated</a> and was exiled to the island of <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italy</a>, and large numbers of British ships and troops were now free to be used to prosecute the former backwater war with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. As part of the measures taken to prosecute the war more vigorously, Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Borlase_Warren" title="John Borlase Warren">John Borlase Warren</a> was replaced as commander in chief of the North American Station by Vice Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cochrane" title="Alexander Cochrane">Alexander Cochrane</a>, who was a more active and experienced officer who often expressed his rancour with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the newly available troops went to the continental colonies of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> where Lieutenant General Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Prevost" title="George Prevost">George Prevost</a> (who was <i>Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and over the Provinces of Upper-Canada, Lower-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, Vice-Admiral of the same, Lieutenant-General and Commander of all His Majesty’s Forces in the said Provinces of Lower Canada and Upper-Canada, Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, and in the islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, Cape Breton and the Bermudas, &c. &c. &c.'</i>) was preparing to lead an invasion into <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">the Canadas</a>, heading for <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> and the upper <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Earl of Bathurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a>, dispatched a brigade of 2,500 soldiers, mainly veterans from the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>'s army, and commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ross_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Ross (British Army officer)">Robert Ross</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_fortress" title="Imperial fortress">Imperial fortress</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, from where a blockade of the U.S. coast and even the occupation of some coastal islands had been overseen throughout the war. Ross' brigade arrived there aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_Oak_(1809)" title="HMS Royal Oak (1809)">HMS <i>Royal Oak</i></a>, three frigates, three sloops and ten other vessels. The intention was for this force to carry out raids on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Seaboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Seaboard">Atlantic Seaboard</a> to "effect a diversion on the coasts of the United States of America in favor [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] of the army employed in the defence of Upper and Lower Canada".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_plans_and_preparations">United States plans and preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States plans and preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a>, President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>'s nominated commissioner for negotiations with the British government, sent news from Europe of Napoleon's abdication and the apparent hardening of British attitudes towards the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_H_Winder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/William_H_Winder.jpg/200px-William_H_Winder.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/William_H_Winder.jpg/300px-William_H_Winder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/William_H_Winder.jpg/400px-William_H_Winder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/William_H._Winder" title="William H. Winder">William H. Winder</a>, the American commander at the Battle of Bladensburg and nephew to <a href="/wiki/Levin_Winder" title="Levin Winder">Levin Winder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Maryland">Governor of Maryland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 July 1814, Madison summoned his cabinet to discuss the increased threat to the United States' Atlantic coast, including Washington, although the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong</a>, insisted that the British would not attack Washington, since it was strategically unimportant. He felt the most likely target would be the city of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which offered more commercial targets and plunder than Washington. Armstrong was half right; the British would launch attacks against both Baltimore and Washington. </p><p>Nevertheless, on 2 July, Madison designated the area around Washington and Baltimore as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>'s Tenth Military District and, without consulting Armstrong, appointed Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/William_H._Winder" title="William H. Winder">William H. Winder</a> as its commander.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winder was the nephew of <a href="/wiki/Levin_Winder" title="Levin Winder">Levin Winder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland" title="Governor of Maryland">Governor of Maryland</a>. He had practiced law in Baltimore before being commissioned as a colonel in 1812 and had only recently been <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">exchanged</a> after having been captured at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Battle of Stoney Creek</a> in July 1813. </p><p>On 5 July, he and Armstrong conferred. Winder suggested calling up some militia in advance of any attack, but Armstrong insisted that militia could best be used on the spur of the moment.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winder spent a month visiting the forts and settlements in his new command. Armstrong did not provide him with any staff, and despite his fears that the British could launch an attack against almost any point with very little warning, Winder did not order any field fortifications to be constructed, nor make any other preparations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_moves">British moves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British moves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Major General Ross commanded the British troops in Chesapeake Bay, the point of attack was to be decided by Vice Admiral Cochrane, who had concentrated four <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a>, twenty <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sloop_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sloop of war">sloops of war</a> and twenty transports carrying Ross's troops at Tangier Island.<sup id="cite_ref-Forester180_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forester180-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rear Admiral Cockburn, Cochrane's second in command, favoured a quick attack on Washington, but Ross was not eager. His men had been confined aboard their transports for nearly three months, and he lacked cavalry, artillery, and transport. Ross was also wary of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla" title="Chesapeake Bay Flotilla">Chesapeake Bay Flotilla</a> (three gunboats and ten gun-armed barges)<sup id="cite_ref-Forester180_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forester180-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lurking in the <a href="/wiki/Patuxent_River" title="Patuxent River">Patuxent River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first objective had to be the capture or destruction of the U.S. flotilla. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Private_of_Marines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Private_of_Marines.jpg/225px-Private_of_Marines.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Private_of_Marines.jpg/338px-Private_of_Marines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Private_of_Marines.jpg/450px-Private_of_Marines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Private in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a>, who would have fought at Bladensburg</figcaption></figure> <p>Cochrane dispatched two forces to make diversions. The frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Menelaus_(1810)" title="HMS Menelaus (1810)">HMS <i>Menelaus</i></a> and some small craft threatened a raid on Baltimore, while two frigates and some bomb ketches and a rocket vessel ascended the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, an expedition that resulted in the successful <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Raid on Alexandria</a>. His main body proceeded into the Patuxent. Ross's troops landed at <a href="/wiki/Benedict,_Maryland" title="Benedict, Maryland">Benedict</a> on 19 August, and began marching upstream the following day, while Cockburn proceeded up the river with ships' boats and small craft. By 21 August, Ross had reached Nottingham, and Commodore <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Barney" title="Joshua Barney">Joshua Barney</a> was forced to destroy the gunboats and other sailing craft of the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla the next day, and retreat overland towards Washington. </p><p>From Nottingham, Ross continued up the Patuxent to <a href="/wiki/Upper_Marlboro,_Maryland" title="Upper Marlboro, Maryland">Upper Marlboro</a>, from where he could threaten to advance on either Washington or Baltimore, confusing the Americans. He might have taken the capital almost unopposed had he advanced on August 23, but instead he rested his men and organised his force. On the night of 23–24 August, at the urging of Rear Admiral Cockburn and some of the British Army officers under his own command, Ross decided to risk an attack on Washington. He had four infantry battalions, a battalion of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines_Battalions_(Napoleonic_Wars)" title="Royal Marines Battalions (Napoleonic Wars)">Royal Marines</a>, a force of about 200 men<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Two hundred men in the unit is plausible for the end of the year, but no source backs this assertion for August 1814. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Colonial_Marines" title="Corps of Colonial Marines">Corps of Colonial Marines</a>, which was composed of locally recruited black refugees from slavery, a <a href="/wiki/Congreve_rocket" title="Congreve rocket">Congreve rocket</a> detachment from the Royal Marines battalion, 50 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Sappers and Miners</a>, 100 gunners from the Navy and 275 sailors to carry supplies. His force totaled 4,370 men, with one 6-pounder gun, two 3-pounder guns<sup id="cite_ref-GleigUnitStrength_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GleigUnitStrength-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sixty launchers,<sup id="cite_ref-Elting,_p._207_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting,_p._207-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each being attached to a rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rear Admiral Cockburn accompanied this force. </p><p>Ross had a choice of two routes by which he could advance: from the south via <a href="/wiki/Woodyard,_Maryland" title="Woodyard, Maryland">Woodyard</a> or from the east via <a href="/wiki/Bladensburg,_Maryland" title="Bladensburg, Maryland">Bladensburg</a>. The former route would involve finding a way across an unfordable part of the Eastern Branch of the Potomac (now called the <a href="/wiki/Anacostia_River" title="Anacostia River">Anacostia River</a>) if the U.S. destroyed the bridge on the route. In the morning of 24 August, Ross made a feint on the southern route, before suddenly swerving northwards towards Bladensburg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._moves">U.S. moves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: U.S. moves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Washington, Brigadier General Winder could call in theory upon 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>, but he actually had only 120 <a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Light_Dragoons_(United_States)" title="Regiment of Light Dragoons (United States)">dragoons</a> and 300 other <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">regulars</a>, plus 1,500 poorly trained and under-equipped militiamen at his immediate disposal.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 August, Winder ordered this force to advance south towards Long Old Fields and Woodyard (off modern <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_5" title="Maryland Route 5">Route 5</a>) to confront the British forces at Upper Marlboro. After a brief clash with Ross's leading units on 22 August, Winder ordered a hasty retreat to the Long Old Fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Elting,_p._207_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting,_p._207-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He feared that the British might make a surprise night attack, in which the British would hold the advantage in organisation and discipline while Winder's own advantage in artillery would count for little.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winder had been captured in just such a night attack at Stoney Creek the year before. </p><p>Although he rode with the forces directly challenging the British invaders, Winder realized that Bladensburg was the key to Washington's defence. Bladensburg commanded the roads to Baltimore and <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a>, along which reinforcements were moving to join him. The town also lay on one of the only two routes available for the British to advance on Washington, in fact the preferred route because the Eastern Branch was easy to ford there. On 20 August, Winder had ordered Brigadier General Tobias Stansbury to move from Baltimore to Bladensburg,<sup id="cite_ref-Elting206_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting206-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "take the best position in advance of Bladensburg ... and should he be attacked, to resist as long as possible".<sup id="cite_ref-Winder_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winder-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 August, Stansbury deployed his force on <a href="/wiki/Bostwick_(Bladensburg,_Maryland)" title="Bostwick (Bladensburg, Maryland)">Lowndes Hill</a>, where he hastily dug <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthworks (military)">earthworks</a> for <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">artillery emplacements</a>. The road from Annapolis crossed the hill, and the road from Upper Marlboro ran to its south and west. Furthermore, the roads to Washington, Georgetown, and Baltimore all intersected between it and Bladensburg. From this position, Stansbury dominated the approaches available to the British while controlling the lines of communication. </p><p>At 2:30 a.m. on August 23, Stansbury received a message from Winder, informing him that he had withdrawn across the Eastern Branch and he intended to fire the lower bridge. Surprised, Stansbury was seized by an irrational fear that his right flank could be turned. Instead of strengthening his commanding position, he immediately decamped and marched his exhausted troops across Bladensburg bridge, which he did not burn, to a brickyard 1.5 miles (2.4 km) further on. He had thus thrown away almost every tactical advantage available to him. </p><p>Meanwhile, in Washington, every government department was hastily packing its records and evacuating them to Maryland or Virginia, in requisitioned or hired carts or river boats.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._dispositions">U.S. dispositions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: U.S. dispositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Winder now had at least 1,000 regulars from the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Marine Corps, plus about 7,000 less than dependable militia and volunteers from the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia. Official reports of his strength range from 5,000 to 9,000 men. Winder's report to the Secretary of War stated that he was able "By the most active and harassing movement of the troops to interpose before the enemy at Bladensburg about 5,000."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ross, the British commander, estimated the American force at between 8,000 and 9,000 men, with 300–400 cavalry. From other contemporary sources, the forces available for the defense of Washington probably numbered about 7,170, of which 6,370 were at Bladensburg. </p><p>Stansbury's force consisted of the 1st (Ragan's), 2nd (Schutz's), and 5th (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sterett" title="Joseph Sterett">Sterrett's</a>) regiments of Maryland Militia, three companies of volunteer riflemen commanded by Major <a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">William Pinkney</a> (a former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a>), and two companies of Baltimore artillery, with six 6-pounder guns. Ragan's and Schutz's regiments were hastily organised amalgamations of companies, all without uniforms. Sterrett's <a href="/wiki/175th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="175th Infantry Regiment (United States)">5th Maryland Regiment</a> was a "<a href="/wiki/Dandy" title="Dandy">Dandy</a>" regiment of uniformed volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-Elting206_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting206-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stansbury chose a defensible position, though hardly the best one available, on the west side of the Eastern Branch of the Potomac opposite the town of Bladensburg. The artillery was posted in an earthwork hastily constructed by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Decius_Wadsworth" title="Decius Wadsworth">Decius Wadsworth</a>, the Army's Commissary General of Ordnance, to the north of the bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Elting213_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting213-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earthwork had been designed for heavier weapons, and the 6-pounder field guns had a restricted field of fire through its embrasures. They could not use oblique fire to prevent the bridge from being seized. The Maryland militia infantry regiments were posted in a line of battle south of the earthwork, too far away to protect the artillery and exposed to British fire. Both Winder and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> later tinkered with Stansbury's dispositions. Monroe moved companies and detachments without correcting the major faults in Stansbury's position, while Winder moved the three militia regiments into even more exposed positions behind the Baltimore artillery's redoubt, though Monroe reinforced them with a militia artillery company under Captain Benjamin Burch.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monroe also ordered the 120 U.S. Dragoons under Colonel Jacint Lavall to occupy a ravine behind Stansbury's infantry, but left them without further orders or information.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joshua-barney-circa-1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Joshua-barney-circa-1800.jpg/200px-Joshua-barney-circa-1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Joshua-barney-circa-1800.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Commodore <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Barney" title="Joshua Barney">Joshua Barney</a>, U.S. Navy commander of the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla" title="Chesapeake Bay Flotilla">Chesapeake Bay Flotilla</a>, whose sailors and Marines' artillery battery briefly held off the British advance on the upper hill of present-day <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lincoln_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lincoln Park">Fort Lincoln Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Behind Stansbury's troops and to his right was a brigade of District of Columbia militia under Brigadier General Walter Smith, which had marched from Long Old Fields. Smith's brigade was strongly posted behind a creek and along the crest of some rising ground, but Smith had not conferred with Stansbury before deploying his brigade, and there was a gap of a mile between them. Smith's men would be unable to support Stansbury, and if Stansbury were overcome, Smith's left flank would be open to attack. A battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Kramer lined the creek. Joshua Barney's men, with two 18-pounder guns and three 12-pounder guns drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard" title="Washington Navy Yard">Washington Navy Yard</a>, were posted astride the Washington turnpike. (Barney had originally been posted to guard the lower bridge over the Eastern Branch and destroy it if necessary, but he had pleaded to President Madison and the <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">Secretary of the Navy</a> that he and his men were needed where the action was.)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Barney's left was the 1st Regiment of "District" Militia, a militia artillery company under Major <a href="/wiki/George_Peter_(politician,_born_1779)" title="George Peter (politician, born 1779)">George Peter</a> with six 6-pounder guns and a provisional battalion of regulars under Lieutenant Colonel William Scott. The 2nd District Militia were posted behind Peter and Scott.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To Smith's right rear in turn was a column of Maryland militia under Colonel William Beall, which had just arrived from Annapolis. A <a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Virginia_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regiment of Virginia Militia">regiment of Virginia Militia</a> under Colonel George Minor was delayed by administrative confusion and arrived on the field only as the battle ended.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Minor's men had arrived in Washington without arms or ammunition. When Minor prevailed on Winder to order muskets to be distributed on the morning of the battle, the junior officer responsible for issuing their flints insisted that they be returned and recounted.)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stansbury's troops were tired from two days' constant alarms and redeployments, and Smith's and Beall's men were equally exhausted from having force-marched to the battlefield through a hot and humid summer day, with many diversions and unnecessary panics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action">Action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around noon on 24 August, Ross's army reached Bladensburg. Stansbury's tactical errors quickly became apparent. Had he held Lowndes Hill, Stansbury could have made the British approach a costly one (although this would have involved fighting with the East Branch at his back, which would not have improved his men's morale and might have been disastrous in a hasty retreat).<sup id="cite_ref-Elting213_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting213-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had he held the brick structures of Bladensburg, which were ready-made mini-fortresses, he might have embroiled Ross's troops in bloody street fighting. Because the bridge had not been burned, it had to be defended. Stansbury's infantry and artillery were posted too far from the river's edge to contest a crossing effectively. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bladensburg_8234519.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bladensburg_8234519.JPG/250px-Bladensburg_8234519.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bladensburg_8234519.JPG/375px-Bladensburg_8234519.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bladensburg_8234519.JPG/500px-Bladensburg_8234519.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The 200th anniversary reenactment of the battle, on August 23, 2014, showing the British line infantrymen advancing</figcaption></figure> <p>The British advance was led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Thornton_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Thornton (British Army officer)">William Thornton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/85th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Bucks_Volunteers)" title="85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)">85th Light Infantry</a> and the three light companies of the other line battalions along with perhaps 100 African-American Colonial Marines.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baltimore artillery and Pinkney's riflemen stopped Thornton's first rush across the bridge. Major <a href="/wiki/Sir_Harry_Smith,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet">Harry Smith</a>, Ross's <a href="/wiki/Brigade_major" title="Brigade major">Brigade major</a>, considered that Ross and Thornton had attacked too hastily, without waiting for other units to support Thornton, or sending forward <a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">skirmishers</a> across the fords to cover the advance.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Thornton's men eventually established themselves on the south bank of the river, and began advancing in loose order. The Baltimore artillery had solid shot only, which was of little use against scattered skirmishers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinkney, whose elbow was shattered by a musket ball,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was driven back and as Thornton's men closed in, the Baltimore artillerymen retreated with five of their cannon, being forced to spike and abandon another. </p><p>The British <a href="/wiki/44th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="44th Regiment of Foot">1/44th Regiment</a> had meanwhile forded the East Branch above the bridge. As they prepared to envelop the American left, Winder led a counter-attack against Thornton by Sterrett's 5th Maryland militia, joined by other detachments.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the 5th Maryland exchanged fire with British infantry in cover on three sides, Schutz's and Ragan's conscripted militia broke and fled under a barrage of rockets. Winder issued confused orders for three of Captain Burch's guns to fall back rather than cover Sterrett's retreat, and the 5th Maryland and the rest of Stansbury's brigade fled the field, sweeping most of Lavall's horsemen with them.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British pressed on and were engaged by Smith's brigade and Barney's and Peters's guns. Thornton's light brigade made several frontal attacks over the creek, but were repulsed three times by artillery fire, and were counter-attacked by Barney's detachment.<sup id="cite_ref-Elting218_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting218-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton was badly wounded and his light infantry were driven back with heavy casualties. However, as the 1/44th threatened Smith's open left flank, Winder ordered Smith to retreat also.<sup id="cite_ref-Howe63_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howe63-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith's brigade fell back initially in good order, but Winder's orders to retreat apparently did not reach Barney, and his situation worsened when the civilian drivers of the carts carrying his reserve ammunition joined the general rout,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving the Marine gun crews with fewer than three rounds of canister, round shot and charges in their caissons. Barney's 300 sailors and 103 Marines nevertheless held off the British frontal attacks, launching counter-attacks armed with hand pikes and cutlasses, with cries of "Board'em! Board'em!". Eventually, as the British 1/4th and 1/44th Regiments enveloped their left flank, Barney ordered his men to retreat to avoid capture.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barney himself was badly wounded in the thigh with a musket ball and was taken prisoner. The British later congratulated Barney for his bravery and released him.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beall's troops were also driven from the hill they held, after an ineffectual resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Elting218_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting218-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Winder had not given any instructions before the battle in the case of a retreat and as the American militia left the battlefield, he issued contradictory orders to halt and reform, or fall back on the Capitol where Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. hoped vainly to make a stand, using the federal buildings as strongpoints, or retreat through <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Georgetown, Washington, D.C.">Georgetown</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tenleytown,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Tenleytown, Washington, D.C.">Tenleytown</a>. Most of the militia simply fled the field with no destination in mind, or deserted the ranks to see to the safety of their families.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The efforts of British commander Robert Ross during the battle deserve praise, according to journalist Steve Vogel, in his book about that era. "He conducted a brilliant campaign of deception, feinting one way or the other, marching and then doubling back, and was able to paralyze the Americans and prevent them from defending Bladensburg".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the British had suffered heavier casualties than the U.S. (many inflicted by Barney's guns), they had completely routed the defenders. British casualties were 64 dead and 185 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the British dead "died without sustaining a scratch. They collapsed from heat exhaustion and the strain of punishing forced marches over the five days since landing at Benedict".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heidler's <i>Encyclopedia of the War of 1812</i> gives the U.S. loss as "10 or 12 killed, 40 wounded" and "about 100" captured.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a> and John S. Williams both give the American casualties as 26 killed and 51 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joseph A. Whitehorne says the Americans lost "120 taken prisoner, many of these wounded".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten cannon and two colors, belonging to the 1st Harford Light Dragoons {Maryland} and the James City Light Infantry {VA},<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were captured by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many of the U.S. wounded, Naval Hospital Washington was the primary treatment center. Thirty-three incoming patients recorded in August and September 1814 were American seamen, soldiers, and marines wounded from Bladensburg or subsequent engagements. One British soldier, Jeremiah McCarthy is also recorded. The majority of those wounded however, were first treated on the field of battle and often by British surgeons. Despite the war, both sides generally respected hospitals and afforded care to the enemy wounded. The naval hospital's 1814 register reflects U.S. seamen Frederick Ernest and George Gallagher both endured amputations in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-history.navy.mil_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.navy.mil-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Burning_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/British_Burning_Washington.jpg/250px-British_Burning_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/British_Burning_Washington.jpg/375px-British_Burning_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/British_Burning_Washington.jpg/500px-British_Burning_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a>, August 24, 1814.</figcaption></figure> <p>The hasty and disorganized U.S. retreat led to the battle becoming known as the "Bladensburg Races" from an 1816 poem. The battle was termed "the greatest disgrace ever dealt to American arms" and "the most humiliating episode in American history".<sup id="cite_ref-Howe63_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howe63-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American militia actually fled through the streets of Washington. President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and most of the rest of the federal government had been present at the battle, and had nearly been captured. They, too, fled the capital, and scattered through Maryland and Virginia. That same night the British entered Washington unopposed and set fire to many of the government buildings in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a>. </p><p>Lieutenant General Prevost had urged Vice Admiral Cochrane to avenge the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">raid on Port Dover</a> on the north shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> earlier in the year, in which the undefended settlement had been set ablaze by American troops. Cochrane issued a proclamation that American property was forfeit; only the lives of the civilian inhabitants were to be spared. He had issued a private memorandum to his captains however, which allowed them to levy what was effectively protection money in return for sparing buildings. In fact, there was little or no looting or wanton destruction of private property by Ross's troops or Cochrane's sailors during the advance and the occupation of Washington. However, when the British later withdrew to their ships in the Patuxent, discipline was less effective (partly because of fatigue) and there was considerable looting by foraging parties and by stragglers and deserters.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Major General Ross was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Point" title="Battle of North Point">Battle of North Point</a> on 12 September 1814, his descendants were given an <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">augmentation of honor</a> to their <a href="/wiki/Armorial_bearings" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial bearings">armorial bearings</a> by a royal warrant dated August 25, 1815, and their family name was changed to the <a href="/wiki/Victory_title" title="Victory title">victory title</a> <i>Ross-of-Bladensburg</i> in memory of Ross's most famous battle.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wounded_Commodore_Joshua_Barney,_commander_of_the_Chesapeake_Flotilla,_memorialized.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wounded_Commodore_Joshua_Barney%2C_commander_of_the_Chesapeake_Flotilla%2C_memorialized.JPG/250px-Wounded_Commodore_Joshua_Barney%2C_commander_of_the_Chesapeake_Flotilla%2C_memorialized.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wounded_Commodore_Joshua_Barney%2C_commander_of_the_Chesapeake_Flotilla%2C_memorialized.JPG/375px-Wounded_Commodore_Joshua_Barney%2C_commander_of_the_Chesapeake_Flotilla%2C_memorialized.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wounded_Commodore_Joshua_Barney%2C_commander_of_the_Chesapeake_Flotilla%2C_memorialized.JPG/500px-Wounded_Commodore_Joshua_Barney%2C_commander_of_the_Chesapeake_Flotilla%2C_memorialized.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4181" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption>Canadian Army, Royal Marines, U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps officers salute during the dedication of Maryland's Bladensburg Memorial on August 23, 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>The lineages of the 5th Maryland Regiment and the Columbian Division are perpetuated by the present-day 175th Infantry (ARNG MD) and the HHD/372nd Military Police Battalion (ARNG DC), two of only nineteen <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard_units_with_campaign_credit_for_the_War_of_1812" class="mw-redirect" title="Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812">Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812</a>. The lineages of the old 36th and 38th Infantry Regiments are perpetuated by <a href="/wiki/Active_regular_United_States_Army_units_with_campaign_credit_for_the_War_of_1812" class="mw-redirect" title="Active regular United States Army units with campaign credit for the War of 1812">three currently active battalions of the 4th Infantry</a> (1–4 Inf, 2–4 Inf and 3–4 Inf). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle Honour">battle honor</a> "Bladensburg" was awarded to the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Own_Royal_Regiment_(Lancaster)" title="King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)">4th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Fusiliers" title="Royal Scots Fusiliers">21st</a>, <a href="/wiki/44th_(East_Essex)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot">44th</a> and <a href="/wiki/85th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Bucks_Volunteers)" title="85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)">85th</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Regiments_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Regiments of Foot">Regiments of Foot</a>. The successor units within the British Army are, respectively: The <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster%27s_Regiment" title="Duke of Lancaster's Regiment">Duke of Lancaster's Regiment</a> (via the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Own_Royal_Border_Regiment" title="King's Own Royal Border Regiment">King's Own Royal Border Regiment</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Scotland" title="Royal Regiment of Scotland">Royal Regiment of Scotland</a> (via the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highland_Fusiliers" title="Royal Highland Fusiliers">Royal Highland Fusiliers</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Anglian_Regiment" title="Royal Anglian Regiment">Royal Anglian Regiment</a> (via the <a href="/wiki/Essex_Regiment" title="Essex Regiment">Essex Regiment</a>), and <a href="/wiki/The_Rifles" title="The Rifles">the Rifles</a> (via the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Shropshire_Light_Infantry" title="King's Shropshire Light Infantry">King's Shropshire Light Infantry</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African_Americans">African Americans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: African Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_Jones_black.._wound.._bladensburg_patient_no.35_naval_hospital_register_1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Harry_Jones_black.._wound.._bladensburg_patient_no.35_naval_hospital_register_1814.jpg/220px-Harry_Jones_black.._wound.._bladensburg_patient_no.35_naval_hospital_register_1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Harry_Jones_black.._wound.._bladensburg_patient_no.35_naval_hospital_register_1814.jpg/330px-Harry_Jones_black.._wound.._bladensburg_patient_no.35_naval_hospital_register_1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Harry_Jones_black.._wound.._bladensburg_patient_no.35_naval_hospital_register_1814.jpg/440px-Harry_Jones_black.._wound.._bladensburg_patient_no.35_naval_hospital_register_1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>The black American seaman Harry Jones is enumerated patient No. 35 on the 1814 Register of Patients, Naval Hospital Washington, which stated, "Harry Jones black boy wound Bladensburg." "Boy" in this context was a reference to rank. "Boys" in the early navy were simply young sailors in training who were 12 to 18.</figcaption></figure> <p>Black sailors fought as part of the American force at Bladensburg, many as members of Commodore Joshua Barney's naval flotilla.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This force provided crucial artillery support during the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the best accounts is that of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ball" title="Charles Ball">Charles Ball</a>, born 1785. Ball served with Commodore Barney at Bladensburg and later helped man the defenses at Baltimore. In his 1837 memoir, Ball reflected on the Battle of Bladensburg: "I stood at my gun, until the Commodore was shot down... if the militia regiments, that lay upon our right and left, could have been brought to charge the British, in close fight, as they crossed the bridge, we should have killed or taken the whole of them in a short time; but the militia ran like sheep chased by dogs."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “Anecdotal accounts from the time period suggest that anywhere from 15 to 50 percent of any given U.S. naval vessel’s crew were of African descent”<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact number of black sailors in the War of 1812 is difficult for historians to determine, since "navy muster rolls rarely mention race or ethnicity."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars estimate that Black soldiers made up 15% to 20% of the American naval forces in the War of 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just before the battle, Commodore Barney, on being asked by Madison "if his negroes would not run on the approach of the British?" replied: "No, Sir... they don't know how to run; they will die by their guns first."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commodore was correct, as the men did not run; one such man was young sailor Harry Jones (No. 35), apparently a free black man. Jones was wounded in the final action at Bladensburg and remained a patient at the Naval Hospital Washington, D.C., for nearly two months.<sup id="cite_ref-history.navy.mil_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.navy.mil-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black troops also fought on the British side with the Corps of Colonial Marines in the attacks on Bladensburg and Washington, D.C. Vice Admiral Cochrane reformed the corps, which had been disbanded in 1810, in 1814, deliberately recruiting enslaved black Americans with a promise of freedom for themselves and their families. The corps received the same training, uniforms, pay, and pensions as their Royal Marine counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Treaty of Ghent, the British kept their promise and in 1815 evacuated the Colonial Marines and their families to <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, and Bermuda.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Order of battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British">British</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: British"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Regulars (total: 4500 all ranks) during the Chesapeake campaign.</li></ul> <p>(Major General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ross_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Ross (British Army officer)">Robert Ross</a>) </p> <ul><li>1st (Light) Brigade (Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Thornton_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Thornton (British Army officer)">William Thornton</a>) (1100 men)<sup id="cite_ref-GleigUnitStrength_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GleigUnitStrength-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/85th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Bucks_Volunteers)" title="85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)">85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)(Light Infantry)</a></li> <li>Light companies, 1/4th, 21st, 1/44th Foot</li> <li>Company of Royal Marines, commanded by Lt Athelstan Stevens, detached from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines_Battalions_(Napoleonic_Wars)" title="Royal Marines Battalions (Napoleonic Wars)">Royal Marine battalion</a></li> <li>Rocket Detachment of 26 Royal Marine Artillery gunners, commanded by Lt John Lawrence, likewise detached from the Royal Marine battalion</li> <li>Company of <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Colonial_Marines" title="Corps of Colonial Marines">Colonial Marines</a> overseen by Captain Reed of the 2nd West India Regiment</li></ul></li> <li>2nd Brigade (Colonel <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Brooke_(lieutenant-general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Brooke (lieutenant-general)">Arthur Brooke</a>) (1460 men) – in the rear<sup id="cite_ref-GleigUnitStrength_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GleigUnitStrength-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/4th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Regiment of Foot">4th (King's Own) Regiment of Foot</a>, minus the Light infantry company</li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/44th_(East_Essex)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot">44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot</a>, minus the Light infantry company</li></ul></li> <li>3rd Brigade (Colonel Patterson) (ca. 1460 men) – in the rear<sup id="cite_ref-GleigUnitStrength_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GleigUnitStrength-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Regiment of Foot">21st Regiment (Royal North British Fusiliers)</a>, minus the Light infantry company</li> <li>2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines_Battalions_(Napoleonic_Wars)" title="Royal Marines Battalions (Napoleonic Wars)">Royal Marines</a> (commanded by Major <a href="/wiki/James_Malcolm_(Royal_Marines_officer)" title="James Malcolm (Royal Marines officer)">James Malcolm</a>) less one infantry company with the 1st Brigade, and the Rocket Detachment with the 1st Brigade.</li></ul></li> <li>composite battalion (formed from ship-based Marines) commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Robyns" title="John Robyns">John Robyns</a> and guarding the shoreline at Benedict</li> <li>Three companies of Royal Artillery commanded by Captain John Michell, Captain Lewis Carmichael and Captain Adam Crawford.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Note: there were a total of 1350 Marines throughout the Chesapeake campaign<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American">American</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: American"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Regulars (total: 960 to 1160 all ranks). <ul><li>1 Squadron, Regiment of Light Dragoons,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commanded by Colonel Jacint Laval, 140 horses.</li> <li>1 Infantry Battalion, United States Regulars commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William Scott – variously reported at either 300 or 500 men all ranks.</li> <li>Detachment of 103 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marines">United States Marines</a> and 300 <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> Flotilla men (sailors), under command of Commodore <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Barney" title="Joshua Barney">Joshua Barney</a>, 400 (approx) all ranks with 5 heavy artillery pieces (two 18-pounders (naval) and three wheeled 12-pounders (USMC).</li></ul></li> <li>Militia (total: 6,203) <ul><li>District of Columbia 1st Regiment of Militia, Colonel George Magruder, 535 all ranks</li> <li>District of Columbia 2nd Regiment of Militia, Colonel Wm. Brent, 535 all ranks</li> <li>Company of District of Columbia Union Rifles, Captain John Davidson, 116 all ranks</li> <li>Company of District of Columbia Rifles, Captain John Stull, 116 all ranks</li> <li>Detachment of Navy Yard Rifles (volunteers), Captain John Doughty, 116 all ranks</li> <li>Detachment of Captain Maynard, 100 men all ranks</li> <li>Detachment of Captain Waring, 100 men all ranks</li> <li>District of Columbia Dragoons, 50 horse</li> <li>Battery, The Washington Irish Artillery, Captain Ben Burch, ? x 6-pounders, 150 all ranks</li> <li>Battery, The District of Columbia Militia Artillery (Georgetown Artillery), Major George Peter, ? x 6-pounders, 150 all ranks.</li> <li>1st Regiment, Baltimore County Militia, Colonel Jonathan Shutz, 675 all ranks</li> <li>2nd Regiment, Baltimore County Militia, Colonel John Ragan, 675 all ranks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/175th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="175th Infantry Regiment (United States)">5th Baltimore City Regiment</a>, Colonel Joseph Sterrett, 500 all ranks</li> <li>1 Battalion, Baltimore Rifles, Major William Pinkney, 150 all ranks</li> <li>2 Batteries, Baltimore Militia Artillery, ? x 6-pounders, 150 all ranks</li> <li>Annapolis Militia, Colonel Hood, 800 all ranks</li> <li>Battalion, Maryland State Militia, 250 all ranks</li> <li>Harford County Light Dragoons 240 horse</li> <li>Virginia Militia Dragoons, 100 horse (amalgamated with Laval's Dragoons during the battle)</li> <li>60th Virginia Militia Regiment, Colonel George Minor, 700 all ranks (Arrived late and without ammunition and held in reserve)</li> <li>The James City Light Infantry, 100 all ranks. (their colors were captured by the British)</li></ul></li> <li>Total Regular and Militia: 7,163 to 7,363 <ul><li>2 × 18-pounder guns</li> <li>3 × 12-pounder guns</li> <li>23 × 6-pounder guns</li></ul></li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battlefield_preservation">Battlefield preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Battlefield preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many historic battlefields that once belonged to the rural American landscape, urban sprawl and heavily-traveled roads associated with urbanization in the DC metro area have made it very difficult to preserve and acquire the complete site of the Bladensburg battleground. However, the City of Bladensburg, in association with Prince George's County and the State of Maryland, has set up a number of historical markers in various places of importance on the battlefield and offers a walking tour, with a free audio "tour guide" to help one explore the battlefield itself. Prince George's County had also established a museum for the battle at the <a href="/wiki/Bladensburg_Waterfront_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladensburg Waterfront Park">Bladensburg Waterfront Park</a>, but the museum is indefinitely closed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Footnotes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The rocket itself would be attached to the side of a stick, doing so allowed them to be launched at a greater range. The "launcher" is the stick, which, when coupled with the rocket, would be mounted upon a bombarding frame, and fired.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/rockets-inspired-francis-scott-key-180952399/">Rockets inspired Francis Scott Key</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The rocket itself would be attached to the side of a stick, doing so allowed them to be launched at a greater range. The "launcher" is the stick, which, when coupled with the rocket, would be mounted upon a bombarding frame, and fired.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/rockets-inspired-francis-scott-key-180952399/">[1]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford (2002), p221, quoting a letter from Rear Admiral Cockburn to Vice Admiral Cochrane dated 27 August 1814 'a victory gained.. by a Division of the British Army not amounting to more than Fifteen hundred Men....The Seamen with the guns were ...with the rear... those however attached to the Rocket Brigade were in the Battle'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elting,_p._207-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elting,_p._207_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elting,_p._207_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elting,_p._207_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidler & Heidler, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gleig, pp. 124–5 'The loss on the part of the English was severe, since, out of two thirds of the engaged [being unscaved, however], upwards of five hundred men were killed and wounded.' Gleig is mistaken in 1827 in thinking that a third of the men were casualties, the figure was closer to one sixth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OldSub-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OldSub_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGleig1840" class="citation journal cs1">Gleig, George (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFs3AAAAYAAJ">"Recollections of the Expedition to the Chesapeake, and against New Orleans, by an Old Sub"</a>. <i>United Service Journal</i> (1). <q>From the circumstance of the American artillery... completely enfilading the bridge.. our loss was much more severe than it would otherwise have been...Grand total, 249 hors de combat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Service+Journal&rft.atitle=Recollections+of+the+Expedition+to+the+Chesapeake%2C+and+against+New+Orleans%2C+by+an+Old+Sub&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Gleig&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFs3AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quimby, p. 689</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe (2007), p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard (2012), p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forester, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitsman, p. 240. Instructions from the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Earl of Bathurst</a> to Ross.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard (2012), pp. 116–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard (2012) p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snow (2013), p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard (2012), p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard (2012), pp. 136–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forester180-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forester180_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forester180_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forester, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GleigUnitStrength-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GleigUnitStrength_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GleigUnitStrength_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GleigUnitStrength_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GleigUnitStrength_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleig1827" class="citation book cs1">Gleig, George Robert (1827). <i>The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, 1814–1815</i>. pp. 94–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+the+British+Army+at+Washington+and+New+Orleans%2C+1814%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=94-95&rft.date=1827&rft.aulast=Gleig&rft.aufirst=George+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitsman, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard (2012), p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elting206-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elting206_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elting206_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winder-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winder_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Narrative of General Winder, addressed to the chairman of the Committee of Investigation" as quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1857" class="citation book cs1">Williams, John S. (1857). "Appendix I". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyinvasion00windgoog"><i>History of the Invasion and Capture of Washington, and of the Events Which Preceded and Followed</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyinvasion00windgoog/page/n332">316</a>–317<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+I&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Invasion+and+Capture+of+Washington%2C+and+of+the+Events+Which+Preceded+and+Followed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=316-317&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryinvasion00windgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard (2012), pp. 166–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eaton, p.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elting213-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elting213_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elting213_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snow (2013), p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard (2012>, pp. 178–179).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snow (2013), pp. 72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, M (ed) pg 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snow (2013), pp. 85–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snow (2013), p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snow (2013), p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elting218-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elting218_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elting218_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howe63-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howe63_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howe63_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMostert2007" class="citation book cs1">Mostert, Noel (2007). <i>The Line upon a Wind</i>. Random House, London: Jonathan Cape. p. 667. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06922-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06922-9"><bdi>978-0-224-06922-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Line+upon+a+Wind&rft.place=Random+House%2C+London&rft.pages=667&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-224-06922-9&rft.aulast=Mostert&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitsman and Graves, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=6069">"The Battle of Bladensburg (1814)"</a>. The Historical Marker Database<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Bladensburg+%281814%29&rft.pub=The+Historical+Marker+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmdb.org%2Fm.asp%3Fm%3D6069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/interview-with-war-of-1812-author-steve-vogel.htm">"Interview With War of 1812 Author Steve Vogel"</a>. <i>History Net</i>. June 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Net&rft.atitle=Interview+With+War+of+1812+Author+Steve+Vogel&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Finterview-with-war-of-1812-author-steve-vogel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitch, pp. 80–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quimby, p. 689. Quimby refers to <i>History of the United States of America during the Administration of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison</i> (New York, The Antiquarian Press, 1962) by Henry Adams and <i>History of the Invasion and Capture of Washington, etc.</i> (New York, Harper and Brothers, 1857) by John S. Williams.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitehorne, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shropshireregimentalmuseum.co.uk/regimental-history/shropshire-light-infantry/the-85th-light-infantry-in-north-amercia-1812-1815/">"The 85th Light Infantry in North America 1812 – 1815"</a>. <i>Shropshire Regimental Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shropshire+Regimental+Museum&rft.atitle=The+85th+Light+Infantry+in+North+America+1812+%E2%80%93+1815&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shropshireregimentalmuseum.co.uk%2Fregimental-history%2Fshropshire-light-infantry%2Fthe-85th-light-infantry-in-north-amercia-1812-1815%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history.navy.mil-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history.navy.mil_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.navy.mil_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Register of Patients at Naval Hospital Washington DC 1814 With the Names of American Wounded from the Battle of Bladensburg</i> Transcribed with Introduction and Notes by John G. Sharp. Harry Jones was patient number 35, see note 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/r/register-patients-naval-hospital-washington-dc-1814.html">https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/r/register-patients-naval-hospital-washington-dc-1814.html</a> Accessed 22 May 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1897" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Marsh_Lloyd" title="Ernest Marsh Lloyd">Lloyd, Ernest Marsh</a> (1897). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ross, Robert (1766-1814)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Ross,_Robert_(1766-1814)">"Ross, Robert (1766-1814)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 49. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ross%2C+Robert+%281766-1814%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Marsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles E. Brodine, Michael J. Crawford and Christine F. Hughes, editors <i>Ironsides! The Ship, the Men and the Wars of the USS Constitution</i> (Fireship Press, 2007), 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Battle of Bladensburg Reputations Ruined</i> University of Maryland <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.lib.umd.edu/bladensburg/reputation-ruined/battle-of-bladensburg">https://www.lib.umd.edu/bladensburg/reputation-ruined/battle-of-bladensburg</a> accessed 23 May 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Ball <i>Slavery in the United States: A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Charles Ball, a Black Man, Who Lived Forty Years in Maryland, South Carolina and Georgia, as a Slave Under Various Masters, and was One Year in the Navy with Commodore Barney, During the Late War</i> (New York: John S. Taylor 1837).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Black Sailors during the War of 1812</i>, USS Constitution Museum, Lauren McCormack, 2005, revised 2020, Kate Monea and Carl Herzog,<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Black-Sailors-During-the-War-of-1812.pdf">https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Black-Sailors-During-the-War-of-1812.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudley, Donald, S. <i>Inside the U S Navy of 1812 - 1815</i>, (Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 2021), p.254 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Altoff,Gerard T., <i>Amongst My Best Men: African-Americans and the War of 1812</i> (Put-in-Bay, OH: The Perry Group,1996),p.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Dowling Taylor <i>A Slave in the White House: Paul Jennings and the Madison's</i> Palgrave (McMillen: New York 2012), p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William S. Dudley, editor <i>The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History Volume II</i>. (Naval Historical Center: Washington, DC 1992), 324–325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Taylor <i>The Internal Enemy Slavery and War in Virginia. 1772–1832</i>, (WW Norton & Company: New York, 2013), 300–305, Appendix B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duncan, p. 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford (2002), p290, quoting a letter from Vice Admiral Cochrane to Lord Melville dated 17 September 1814</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The United States Cavalry: an illustrated history, 1776 – 1944. Author Gregory J. W. Urwin, page 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eaton, pp. 9–14.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2002" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael J., ed. (2002). <i>The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, Vol. 3</i>. Washington: Naval Historical Center (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">GPO</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-051224-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-051224-7"><bdi>978-0-16-051224-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+War+of+1812%3A+A+Documentary+History%2C+Vol.+3&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Naval+Historical+Center+%28GPO%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-16-051224-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1873" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Francis (1873). <i>History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Vol. 2</i>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1113269120">1113269120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Royal+Regiment+of+Artillery%2C+Vol.+2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1873&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1113269120&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eaton, Captain Hamish Bain. <i>Bladensburg</i>. London: <i>Journal of the Army for Historical Research</i>, Vol 55, 1977, pp. 8–14. (FOR AMERICAN ORDER OF BATTLE ONLY)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElting1995" class="citation book cs1">Elting, John R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amateurstoarmsmi00elti"><i>Amateurs to Arms! A Military History of the War of 1812</i></a>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80653-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80653-3"><bdi>0-306-80653-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amateurs+to+Arms%21+A+Military+History+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-306-80653-3&rft.aulast=Elting&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famateurstoarmsmi00elti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForester1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C.S._Forester" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. Forester">Forester, C.S.</a> (1956). <i>The Age of Fighting Sail</i>. New English Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939218-06-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-939218-06-2"><bdi>0-939218-06-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Fighting+Sail&rft.pub=New+English+Library&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=0-939218-06-2&rft.aulast=Forester&rft.aufirst=C.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2001" class="citation book cs1">George, Christopher T. (2001). <i>Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay</i>. Shippensburg, Pa.: White Mane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57249-276-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57249-276-7"><bdi>1-57249-276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror+on+the+Chesapeake%3A+The+War+of+1812+on+the+Bay&rft.place=Shippensburg%2C+Pa.&rft.pub=White+Mane&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57249-276-7&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Christopher+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleig1827" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Gleig" class="mw-redirect" title="George Robert Gleig">Gleig, George Robert</a> (1827), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CH4TAQAAMAAJ&q=Gleig,+George+Robert+%281827%29,+The+Campaigns+of+the+British+Army+at+Washington+and+New+Orleans,+1814-1815"><i>The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, 1814-1815</i></a>, London: John Murray, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-665-45385-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-665-45385-X"><bdi>0-665-45385-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+the+British+Army+at+Washington+and+New+Orleans%2C+1814-1815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1827&rft.isbn=0-665-45385-X&rft.aulast=Gleig&rft.aufirst=George+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCH4TAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DGleig%2C%2BGeorge%2BRobert%2B%25281827%2529%2C%2BThe%2BCampaigns%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBritish%2BArmy%2Bat%2BWashington%2Band%2BNew%2BOrleans%2C%2B1814-1815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidlerHeidler1997" class="citation book cs1">Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (1997). <i>Encyclopedia of the War of 1812</i>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-362-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-362-4"><bdi>1-59114-362-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-59114-362-4&rft.aulast=Heidler&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Heidler%2C+Jeanne+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitsmanGraves1999" class="citation book cs1">Hitsman, J. Mackay; Graves, Donald E. (1999). <i>The Incredible War of 1812</i>. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896941-13-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-896941-13-3"><bdi>1-896941-13-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incredible+War+of+1812&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Robin+Brass+Studio&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-896941-13-3&rft.aulast=Hitsman&rft.aufirst=J.+Mackay&rft.au=Graves%2C+Donald+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2012" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Hugh (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mrmrsmadisonswar0000howa"><i>Mr. and Mrs. Madison's War</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-071-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-071-3"><bdi>978-1-60819-071-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+and+Mrs.+Madison%27s+War&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-071-3&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmrmrsmadisonswar0000howa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Howe, Daniel Walker</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe"><i>What Hath God Wrought: the Transformation of America, 1815-1848</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press US. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe/page/904">904</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought%3A+the+Transformation+of+America%2C+1815-1848&rft.pages=904&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507894-7&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathathgodwroug00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1818" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_James_(naval_historian)" title="William James (naval historian)">James, William</a> (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5U9chAKxQoC"><i>A Full and Correct Account of the Military Occurrences of the Late War Between Great Britain and the United States of America volume 2</i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-665-35743-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-665-35743-5"><bdi>0-665-35743-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Full+and+Correct+Account+of+the+Military+Occurrences+of+the+Late+War+Between+Great+Britain+and+the+United+States+of+America+volume+2&rft.place=London&rft.date=1818&rft.isbn=0-665-35743-5&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5U9chAKxQoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatimer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Latimer" title="Jon Latimer">Latimer, Jon</a> (2007). <i>1812: War with America</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02584-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02584-4"><bdi>978-0-674-02584-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1812%3A+War+with+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02584-4&rft.aulast=Latimer&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lord" title="Walter Lord">Lord, Walter</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dawnsearlylight00lord"><i>The Dawn's Early Light</i></a>. W W Norton & Co Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05452-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05452-7"><bdi>0-393-05452-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn%27s+Early+Light&rft.pub=W+W+Norton+%26+Co+Inc&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-393-05452-7&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdawnsearlylight00lord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLossing1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benson_John_Lossing" title="Benson John Lossing">Lossing, Benson J.</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fieldbookswar181200lossrich"><i>Pictorial Field Book of the War of 1812</i></a>. New York: Harper and Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pictorial+Field+Book+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Lossing&rft.aufirst=Benson+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffieldbookswar181200lossrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McCavitt, John, and Christopher T. George. <i>The Man Who Captured Washington: Major General Robert Ross and the War of 1812</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806151649" title="Special:BookSources/9780806151649">9780806151649</a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miwsr.com/2021-005.aspx">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitch2000" class="citation book cs1">Pitch, Anthony S. (2000). <i>The Burning of Washington</i>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-425-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-425-3"><bdi>1-55750-425-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burning+of+Washington&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-55750-425-3&rft.aulast=Pitch&rft.aufirst=Anthony+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuimby1997" class="citation book cs1">Quimby, Robert S. (1997). <i>The U.S. Army in the War of 1812: An Operational and Command Study</i>. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87013-441-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87013-441-8"><bdi>0-87013-441-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Army+in+the+War+of+1812%3A+An+Operational+and+Command+Study&rft.place=East+Lansing&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-87013-441-8&rft.aulast=Quimby&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Snow" title="Peter Snow">Snow, Peter</a> (2013). <i>When Britain burned the White House</i>. London: John Murray (Publishers). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-611-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-611-0"><bdi>978-1-84854-611-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Britain+burned+the+White+House&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray+%28Publishers%29&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84854-611-0&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson1945" class="citation book cs1">Swanson, Neil H. (1945). <i>The Perilous Fight</i>. Farrar and Rinehart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perilous+Fight&rft.pub=Farrar+and+Rinehart&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Neil+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehorne1997" class="citation book cs1">Whitehorne, Joseph A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleforbaltimo0000whit"><i>The Battle for Baltimore 1814</i></a>. Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877853-23-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-877853-23-2"><bdi>1-877853-23-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Baltimore+1814&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Nautical+%26+Aviation+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-877853-23-2&rft.aulast=Whitehorne&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleforbaltimo0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bladensburg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Bladensburg" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Bladensburg">Battle of Bladensburg</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.guides.umd.edu/warof1812inmaryland">University of Maryland Special Collections Guide on the War of 1812</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040356/http://www.gazette.net/stories/01132011/laurnew171318_32538.php/">Battle of Bladensburg, War of 1812 Bicentennial preparations top Port Towns' priorities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emmitsburg.net//">"The Short History of Defense of Maryland During the War of 1812," by John Miller</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warof1812.ca/charts/regts_na.htm">War of 1812 British Regiments</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510160050/http://www.revolutionarywaranimated.com/Bladensburg.html">Animated history of the Battle of Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106204213/http://battleofbladensburg1812.com/Bladensburg/battle-of-bladensburg/">Battle of Bladensburg Map – Bladensburg Archaeology (video)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.umd.edu/bladensburg">"Beyond the Battle: Bladensburg Rediscovered" exhibit at the University of Maryland, College Park</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyattsvillelife.com/battle-of-bladensburg-bicentennial-undaunted-by-rain/">"Battle of Bladensburg bicentennial undaunted by rain", Hyattsville Community Newspaper, August 24, 2014</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Maryland" title="Portal:Maryland">Maryland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/21px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/42px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflicts_of_the_War_of_1812" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Battles_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Template:Battles of the War of 1812"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Battles_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Template talk:Battles of the War of 1812"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Battles_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Battles of the War of 1812"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conflicts_of_the_War_of_1812" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conflicts of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_War_of_1812_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of War of 1812 battles">Battles of the War of 1812</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Timeline of the War of 1812">Timeline of the War of 1812</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Lewes" title="Bombardment of Lewes">Lewes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter" title="Battle of Fort Peter">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">St. Philip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Havre_de_Grace" title="Raid on Havre de Grace">Havre de Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Michaels" title="Battle of St. Michaels">St. Michaels</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caulk%27s_Field" title="Battle of Caulk's Field">Caulk's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Point" title="Battle of North Point">North Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Hampden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Sandy_Creek" title="Battle of Big Sandy Creek">Big Sandy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ogdensburg" title="Battle of Ogdensburg">Ogdensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Plattsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Black_Rock" title="Raid on Black Rock">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_raid" title="Ocracoke raid">Ocracoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copus_massacre" title="Copus massacre">Copus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">Meigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">Craney Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chesconessex_Creek" title="Raid on Chesconessex Creek">Chesconessex Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Farnham_Church" title="Skirmish at Farnham Church">Farnham Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Illinois Territory in the War of 1812">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rock_Island_Rapids" title="Battle of Rock Island Rapids">Rock Island Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prairie_du_Chien" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">Indiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mississinewa" title="Battle of the Mississinewa">Mississinewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Wild Cat Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne" title="Siege of Fort Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown" title="Battle of Brownstown">Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Frenchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga" title="Battle of Maguaga">Maguaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Mackinac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashi_Skirmish" title="Bashi Skirmish">Bashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Autossee" title="Battle of Autossee">Autossee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Burnt Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callabee_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Callabee Creek">Callabee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Fight_(Creek_War)" title="Canoe Fight (Creek War)">Canoe Fight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Ground" title="Battle of Holy Ground">Holy Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee">Tallushatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">Fort Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre">Mims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sinquefield" title="Fort Sinquefield">Sinquefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Island" title="Credit Island">Credit Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole" title="Battle of the Sink Hole">Sink Hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Chateauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1812)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812)">1st Lacolle Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1814)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1814)">2nd Lacolle Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cook%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Cook's Mills">Cook's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Frenchman's Creek">Frenchman's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longwoods" title="Battle of Longwoods">Longwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malcolm%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Malcolm's Mills">Malcolm's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Stoney Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">1st Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Elizabethtown" title="Raid on Elizabethtown">Elizabethtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">Port Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Gananoque" title="Raid on Gananoque">Gananoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Erie" title="Siege of Fort Erie">2nd Erie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Pensacola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">Naval battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">HMS <i>Boxer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of HMS Cyane">HMS <i>Cyane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">HMS <i>Epervier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Frolic" title="Capture of HMS Frolic">HMS <i>Frolic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">HMS <i>Penguin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">HMS <i>Dominica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of USS Argus">USS <i>Argus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">USS <i>President</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla" title="Chesapeake Bay Flotilla">Chesapeake Bay Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Java</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">HMS <i>Avon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Fayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">HMS <i>Peacock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">HMS <i>Reindeer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">USS <i>United States</i> vs HMS <i>Macedonian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">La Guaira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Battle of Valparaíso">Valparaiso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" title="Category:War of 1812">Category</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/War of 1812">definition</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/War of 1812">textbooks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/War of 1812">quotes</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/War of 1812">source texts</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/War of 1812">media</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/War of 1812">news stories</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432141#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014742">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007283252905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&oldid=1255013345">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&oldid=1255013345</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1814_in_Maryland" title="Category:1814 in Maryland">1814 in Maryland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:August_1814_events_in_the_United_States" title="Category:August 1814 events in the United States">August 1814 events in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom">Battles involving the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Chesapeake_campaign" title="Category:Battles of the Chesapeake campaign">Battles of the Chesapeake campaign</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Category:Battles of the War of 1812">Battles of the War of 1812</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_in_Maryland" title="Category:Battles in Maryland">Battles in Maryland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bladensburg,_Maryland" title="Category:Bladensburg, Maryland">Bladensburg, Maryland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1814" title="Category:Conflicts in 1814">Conflicts in 1814</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Category:United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries">United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_Cite_DNB_template" title="Category:Articles incorporating Cite DNB template">Articles incorporating Cite DNB template</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use American English from March 2024">Use American English from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2024">Use mdy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 18:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bladensburg&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-9bcc97d5b-8pvj5","wgBackendResponseTime":160,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.752","walltime":"0.929","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5514,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":152372,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6235,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":128961,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 742.809 1 -total"," 23.52% 174.727 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 18.01% 133.769 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.92% 88.564 21 Template:Cite_book"," 9.90% 73.543 1 Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Chesapeake_campaign"," 9.58% 71.151 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 9.32% 69.253 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.63% 64.085 1 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.98% 59.250 6 Template:Navbox"," 7.33% 54.458 1 Template:Battles_of_the_War_of_1812"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.413","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9353527,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-84ccc98457-hzd95","timestamp":"20241204135209","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Battle of Bladensburg","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Bladensburg","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1432141","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1432141","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-12-28T03:34:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T18:29:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8d\/The_Final_Stand_at_Bladensburg%2C_Maryland%2C_24_August_1814.png","headline":"War of 1812 battle"}</script> </body> </html>