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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="th" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>ปากส์โรมานา</b> (<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ภาษาละติน">ละติน</a>: <i lang="la">Pax Romana</i>; <abbr title="การแปลตรงตัว">แปลว่า</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> "สันติภาพโรมัน"</span>) เป็นช่วงเวลาเกือบ 200 ปีของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ประวัติศาสตร์โรมัน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ประวัติศาสตร์โรมัน</a>ที่<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Periodization&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Periodization (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ถือเป็นยุคสมัย</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Golden_age_(metaphor)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Golden age (metaphor) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ยุคทอง</a>จาก<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Imperial_cult_of_ancient_Rome&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Imperial cult of ancient Rome (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">จักรวรรดินิยมโรมัน</a>ที่เพิ่มขึ้นและยั่งยืน สันติภาพและความสงบเรียบร้อย เสถียรภาพที่รุ่งเรือง <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="การใช้อำนาจครอบงำในระดับภูมิภาค (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การมีอำนาจครอบงำ</a> และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Roman_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Roman expansion (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การขยายในภูมิภาค</a> แม้จะมี<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การปฏิวัติ</a>และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_wars_and_battles&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="List of Roman wars and battles (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สงคราม</a>หลายครั้ง และ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E2%80%93%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="สงครามโรมัน–เปอร์เซีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ยังคงแข่งขันกับพาร์เธียอย่างต่อเนื่อง</a> ตามธรรมเนียม ยุคนี้เริ่มตั้งแต่การขึ้นครองอำนาจของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรพรรดิเอากุสตุส">จักรพรรดิเอากุสตุส</a> ผู้ก่อตั้ง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Roman_principate&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Roman principate (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ปรินซิเปตโรมัน</a> ใน 27 ปีก่อน ค.ศ. และสิ้นสุดที่ ค.ศ. 180 ด้วยการเสียชีวิตของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรพรรดิมาร์กุส เอาเรลิอุส">จักรพรรดิมาร์กุส เอาเรลิอุส</a> หนึ่งใน "<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Five_Good_Emperors&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Five Good Emperors (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ห้าจักรพรรดิที่ดี</a>" องค์สุดท้าย<sup id="cite_ref-EncBrit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EncBrit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> เนื่องจากเป็นสมัยที่ก่อตั้งโดยจักรพรรดิเอากุสตุสในช่วงปลายของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ยุทธนาวีที่อักติอูง">สงครามสุดท้ายในสาธารณรัฐโรมัน</a> ทำให้บางครั้งมีการเรียกเป็น <b>ปากส์เอากุสตา</b> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาละติน"><i lang="la">Pax Augusta</i></span>) ในช่วงสมัยนี้ที่กินระยะเวลาเกือบ 2 ศตวรรษ<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรวรรดิโรมัน">จักรวรรดิโรมัน</a>ขยายดินแดนถึงจุดสูงสุด และประชากรพุ่งสูงสุดถึง 70 ล้านคน เทียบเท่ากับประชากรโลกที่ประมาณ 33%<sup id="cite_ref-ushistory_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ushistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="กัสซีอุส ดีโอ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">กัสซีอุส ดีโอ</a>รายงานว่า สมัยเผด็จการของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรพรรดิก็อมมอดุส">จักรพรรดิก็อมมอดุส</a>ที่เกิดขึ้นหลัง<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ปีแห่งห้าจักรพรรดิ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ปีแห่งห้าจักรพรรดิ</a>กับ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="วิกฤตการณ์คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 3">วิกฤตการณ์คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 3</a> ถือเป็นจุดเปลี่ยน "จากอาณาจักรทองคำไปเป็นอาณาจักรเหล็กและสนิม"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg/400px-Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg/600px-Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg/800px-Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1181"></a> <figcaption> ขอบเขตของจักรวรรดิโรมันในสมัยจักรพรรดิเอากุสตุส สีเหลืองคือสมัยสาธารณรัฐใน 31 ปีก่อน ค.ศ. ส่วนสีเขียวสื่อถึงดินแดนที่พิชิตในสมัยเอากุสตุส และสีชมพูคือ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="รัฐบริวาร">รัฐบริวาร</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="th" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">เนื้อหา</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">ที่มาของคำ</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">อิทธิพลต่อการค้า</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">อ้างอิง</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="ที่มาของคำ"><span id=".E0.B8.97.E0.B8.B5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.82.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.B3"></span>ที่มาของคำ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ที่มาของคำ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>แก้</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>ความคิดเกี่ยวกับ “สันติภาพโรมัน” เสนอเป็นครั้งแรกโดย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="เอ็ดเวิร์ด กิบบอน">เอ็ดเวิร์ด กิบบอน</a>ในบทที่สองของหนังสือ “<i><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ประวัติศาสตร์ของความเสิ่อมโทรมและการล่มสลายของจักรวรรดิโรมัน</a></i>” ที่กิบบอนเรียกว่า “Roman Peace” กิบบอนเสนอว่าเป็นสมัยอันค่อนข้างราบรื่นในสมัยของเอากุสตุสและผู้ปกครองคนต่อ ๆ มา และเสนอว่าขุนพลโรมันที่ดำเนินนโยบายออกไปทางการขยายดินแดน เช่น <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Germanicus (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เจอร์มานิกุส</a> ถูกตรวจสอบและเรียกตัวกลับโดยจักรพรรดิระหว่างช่วงที่ได้รับชัยชนะ โดยนิยมที่จะรวมจักรวรรดิเข้าด้วยกันมากกว่าที่จะทำการขยายตัว กิบบอนกล่าวว่าการพิชิตบริเตนภายใต้การนำของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรพรรดิเกลาดิอุส">จักรพรรดิเกลาดิอุส</a>และการพิชิตดินแดนโดย<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ทราจัน">ทราจัน</a>เป็นข้อยกเว้นของนโยบายดังกล่าวที่พยายามรักษาสันติภาพ</p> <p>สมัยสันติภาพโรมันมายุติลงในปี ค.ศ. 180 เมื่อ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="จักรพรรดิมาร์กุส เอาเรลิอุส">จักรพรรดิมาร์กุส เอาเรลิอุส</a>เสด็จสวรรคต<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ระหว่างสมัยดังกล่าวจักรวรรดิโรมันขยายตัวไปรวมเนื้อที่ทั้งหมดราวห้าล้านตารางกิโลเมตร</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="อิทธิพลต่อการค้า"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.98.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.95.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.84.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2"></span>อิทธิพลต่อการค้า</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อิทธิพลต่อการค้า" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>แก้</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>การค้าในเมดิเตอร์เรเนียนของโรมันเพิ่มขึ้นเนื่องจากปากส์โรมานา ชาวโรมันแล่นเรือไปทางคะวันออกเพื่อแสวงหาหาผ้าไหม อัญมณี โอนิกซ์ และเครื่องเทศ ชาวโรมันได้รับผลประโยชน์จากผลกำไรและรายได้ในจักรวรรดิโรมันจำนวนมากเพิ่มขึ้นจากการค้าขายในทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>เนื่องจากปากส์โรมานาในโลกตะวันตกของโรมส่วนใหญ่เกิดร่วมสมัยกับ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ปากส์ซีนีกา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ปากส์ซีนีกา</a>ในโลกตะวันออกของ<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ราชวงศ์ฮั่น">จีนสมัยราชวงศ์ฮั่น</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enckre135_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-enckre135-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ทำให้การเดินทางและการค้าทางไกลใน<a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ประวัติศาสตร์ยูเรเชีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ประวัติศาสตร์ยูเรเชีย</a>ยุคนั้นได้รับการกระตุ้นอย่างมาก<sup id="cite_ref-enckre135_9-1" class="reference"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-enckre135-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="อ้างอิง"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87"></span>อ้างอิง</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อ้างอิง" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>แก้</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EncBrit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EncBrit_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10205087">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana">"Pax Romana"</a>. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pax+Romana&rft.pub=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F447447%2FPax-Romana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHead2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Head, Tom (2017-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DrlU3DwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522pax%2Bromana%2522%2B%2522206%2Byears%2522%26pg%3DPA85"><i>World History 101: From Ancient Mesopotamia and the Viking Conquests to NATO and WikiLeaks, an Essential Primer on World History</i></a> (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Simon and Schuster. p. 85. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-5072-0454-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-5072-0454-2"><bdi>978-1-5072-0454-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History+101%3A+From+Ancient+Mesopotamia+and+the+Viking+Conquests+to+NATO+and+WikiLeaks%2C+an+Essential+Primer+on+World+History&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1-5072-0454-2&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrlU3DwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522pax%2Bromana%2522%2B%2522206%2Byears%2522%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ushistory-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ushistory_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ushistory.org/civ/6c.asp">"The Pax Romana"</a>. <i>www.ushistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">2017-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushistory.org&rft.atitle=The+Pax+Romana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fciv%2F6c.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio Cassius <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html%2336">72.36.4</a>, Loeb edition translated E. Cary</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHead2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Head, Tom (3 ตุลาคม 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DrlU3DwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522pax%2Bromana%2522%2B%2522206%2Byears%2522%26pg%3DPA85"><i>World History 101: From Ancient Mesopotamia and the Viking Conquests to NATO and WikiLeaks, an Essential Primer on World History</i></a> (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Simon and Schuster. p. 85. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-5072-0454-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-5072-0454-2"><bdi>978-1-5072-0454-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History+101%3A+From+Ancient+Mesopotamia+and+the+Viking+Conquests+to+NATO+and+WikiLeaks%2C+an+Essential+Primer+on+World+History&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1-5072-0454-2&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrlU3DwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522pax%2Bromana%2522%2B%2522206%2Byears%2522%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFTemin2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Temin, Peter (2013). <i>The Roman market economy</i> (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 13. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/9780691147680?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/9780691147680"><bdi>9780691147680</bdi></a>. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/784708336">784708336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+market+economy&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F784708336&rft.isbn=9780691147680&rft.aulast=Temin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2016" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2016). <i>Pax Romana : war, peace, and conquest in the Roman world</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 392. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/9780300178821?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/9780300178821"><bdi>9780300178821</bdi></a>. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/941874968">941874968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pax+Romana+%3A+war%2C+peace%2C+and+conquest+in+the+Roman+world&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F941874968&rft.isbn=9780300178821&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFPlott1989" class="citation book cs1">Plott, John C. (1989). <i>Global History of Philosophy</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 57. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/9788120804562?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/9788120804562"><bdi>9788120804562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+History+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9788120804562&rft.aulast=Plott&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-enckre135-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-enckre135_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-enckre135_9-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFKrech_IIIMerchantMcNeill2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Krech III, Shepard; Merchant, Carolyn; McNeill, John Robert, บ.ก. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DDmky95hwKr0C%26pg%3DPA135"><i>Encyclopedia of World Environmental History</i></a>. Vol. 3: O–Z, Index. Routledge. pp. 135–. <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://th-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-415-93735-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-415-93735-1"><bdi>978-0-415-93735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Environmental+History&rft.pages=135-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93735-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmky95hwKr0C%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"><span id=".E0.B9.81.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.A5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.82.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B7.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.99"></span>แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" 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data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1730995652"> <span>แก้ไขล่าสุดเมื่อ 7 พฤศจิกายน 2567 เวลา 23:07</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>ภาษา</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – แอฟริกานส์" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="แอฟริกานส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="السلام الروماني – อาหรับ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السلام الروماني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="อาหรับ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – อาเซอร์ไบจาน" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="อาเซอร์ไบจาน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – บัลแกเรีย" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="บัลแกเรีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – เบรตัน" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="เบรตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – คาตาลัน" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="คาตาลัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – เช็ก" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="เช็ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_romana" title="Pax romana – เดนมาร์ก" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pax romana" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="เดนมาร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – เยอรมัน" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – กรีก" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="กรีก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – อังกฤษ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – เอสเปรันโต" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="เอสเปรันโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – สเปน" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="สเปน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – เอสโตเนีย" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="เอสโตเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – บาสก์" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="บาสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7" title="پاکس رومانا – เปอร์เซีย" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاکس رومانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="เปอร์เซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – ฟินแลนด์" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ฟินแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – ฝรั่งเศส" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ฝรั่งเศส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – กาลิเซีย" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="กาลิเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C%25D7%2595%25D7%259D_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%2590%25D7%2599" title="השלום הרומאי – ฮิบรู" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השלום הרומאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ฮิบรู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="पैक्स रोमाना – ฮินดี" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पैक्स रोमाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ฮินดี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – โครเอเชีย" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – ฮังการี" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ฮังการี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – อินโดนีเซีย" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="อินโดนีเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – ไอซ์แลนด์" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ไอซ์แลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_romana" title="Pax romana – อิตาลี" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pax romana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="อิตาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2591%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2583%25BB%25E3%2583%25AD%25E3%2583%259E%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%258A" title="パクス・ロマーナ – ญี่ปุ่น" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パクス・ロマーナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ญี่ปุ่น" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%258C%258D%25EC%258A%25A4_%25EB%25A1%259C%25EB%25A7%2588%25EB%2582%2598" title="팍스 로마나 – เกาหลี" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팍스 로마나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="เกาหลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – เคิร์ด" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="เคิร์ด" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – ละติน" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ละติน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – ลิงกัวฟรังกาโนวา" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="ลิงกัวฟรังกาโนวา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – ลิทัวเนีย" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ลิทัวเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – มาเลย์" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="มาเลย์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – ดัตช์" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ดัตช์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – อ็อกซิตัน" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="อ็อกซิตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – โปแลนด์" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="โปแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – โปรตุเกส" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="โปรตุเกส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – โรมาเนีย" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="โรมาเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – รัสเซีย" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="รัสเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – ซิซิลี" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="ซิซิลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – สโลวัก" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="สโลวัก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – สโลวีเนีย" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="สโลวีเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – เซอร์เบีย" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="เซอร์เบีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – สวีเดน" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="สวีเดน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – ตากาล็อก" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ตากาล็อก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – ตุรกี" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ตุรกี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – ยูเครน" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ยูเครน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana – อุซเบก" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pax Romana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="อุซเบก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%25C3%25A1i_b%25C3%25ACnh_La_M%25C3%25A3" title="Thái bình La Mã – เวียดนาม" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thái bình La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="เวียดนาม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BD%2597%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E4%25B8%2596" title="罗马治世 – จีน" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗马治世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="จีน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E4%25B8%2596" title="羅馬治世 – จีนคลาสสิก" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="羅馬治世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="จีนคลาสสิก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25B4-m%25C3%25A1_Th%25C3%25A0i-p%25C3%25AAng" title="Lô-má Thài-pêng – จีนมินหนาน" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô-má Thài-pêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="จีนมินหนาน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E4%25B8%2596" title="羅馬治世 – กวางตุ้ง" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅馬治世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="กวางตุ้ง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-th.svg" alt="วิกิพีเดีย" width="103" height="27" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 1.6875em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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