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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manipulation_of_bibliometrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manipulation_of_bibliometrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Manipulation of bibliometrics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manipulation_of_bibliometrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_imprints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_imprints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Selected imprints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_imprints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B1" title="شبرينغر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبرينغر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%2B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="স্প্রিঙ্গার সায়েন্স+বিজনেস মিডিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্প্রিঙ্গার সায়েন্স+বিজনেস মিডিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer" title="Springer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Springer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer" title="Springer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Springer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%2B%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اشپرینگر ساینس+بیزینس مدیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اشپرینگر ساینس+بیزینس مدیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%94%84%EB%A7%81%EC%96%B4" title="슈프링어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슈프링어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_(azienda)" title="Springer (azienda) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Springer (azienda)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8" title="הוצאת שפרינגר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוצאת שפרינגר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer" title="Springer – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Springer" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="シュプリンガー・サイエンス・アンド・ビジネス・メディア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュプリンガー・サイエンス・アンド・ビジネス・メディア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%2B%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سپرینگەر ساینس+بزنس مدیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سپرینگەر ساینس+بزنس مدیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science_Business_Media" title="Springer Science Business Media – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Springer Science Business Media" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இசுபிரிங்கர் பதிப்பகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுபிரிங்கர் பதிப்பகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_(yay%C4%B1nevi)" title="Springer (yayınevi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Springer (yayınevi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Springer Science+Business Media" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%2B%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" title="Springer科學+商業媒體 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Springer科學+商業媒體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%2B%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93" title="施普林格科学+商业媒体 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="施普林格科学+商业媒体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q176916#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Berlin_Heidelberg&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Berlin Heidelberg">Springer Berlin Heidelberg</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Global publishing company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the German academic publisher. For the American academic publisher, see <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. For the German digital publishing house, see <a href="/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE" title="Axel Springer SE">Axel Springer SE</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Springer Science+Business Media</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Springer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Springer.svg/250px-Springer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Springer.svg/375px-Springer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Springer.svg/500px-Springer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="83" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">10 May 1842<span class="noprint">; 182 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1842-05-10</span>)</span> (as Springer-Verlag)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Springer" title="Julius Springer">Julius Springer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nonfiction topics</th><td class="infobox-data">Science, technology, medicine, business, transport and architecture</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com">www<wbr />.springer<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Springer Science+Business Media</b>, commonly known as <b>Springer</b>, is a German multinational <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a> company of books, <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a> and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally founded in 1842 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, it expanded internationally in the 1960s, and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with <a href="/wiki/Wolters_Kluwer" title="Wolters Kluwer">Wolters Kluwer</a> and eventually became part of <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a> in 2015. Springer has major offices in Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Julius_Springer" title="Julius Springer">Julius Springer</a> founded <b>Springer-Verlag</b> in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second-largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-springer_history_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer_history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-springer_chron_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer_chron-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally, opening an office in New York City. Offices in Tokyo, Paris, Milan, Hong Kong, and Delhi soon<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> followed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1999, the academic publishing company <b>BertelsmannSpringer</b> was formed after the media and entertainment company <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a> bought a majority stake in Springer-Verlag.<sup id="cite_ref-springer_history_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer_history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poynder2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poynder2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, the British investment groups <a href="/wiki/Cinven" title="Cinven">Cinven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Candover_Investments" title="Candover Investments">Candover</a> bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann.<sup id="cite_ref-poynder2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poynder2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They merged the company in 2004 with the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> publisher <b>Kluwer Academic Publishers</b> (successor of <a href="/wiki/D._Reidel" title="D. Reidel">D. Reidel</a>, Dr. W. Junk, Plenum Publishers, most of <a href="/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall" title="Chapman & Hall">Chapman & Hall</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Baltzer_Science_Publishers" title="Baltzer Science Publishers">Baltzer Science Publishers</a>) which they bought from <a href="/wiki/Wolters_Kluwer" title="Wolters Kluwer">Wolters Kluwer</a> in 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to form <b>Springer Science+Business Media.</b> </p><p>In 2006, Springer acquired <a href="/wiki/Humana_Press" title="Humana Press">Humana Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Springer acquired the <a href="/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access (publishing)">open-access publisher</a> <a href="/wiki/BioMed_Central" title="BioMed Central">BioMed Central</a> in October 2008 for an undisclosed amount.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms, <a href="/wiki/EQT_AB" title="EQT AB">EQT AB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore_Investment_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Singapore Investment Corporation">Government of Singapore Investment Corporation</a>, confirmed in February 2010 after the competition authorities in the US and in Europe approved the transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Springer acquired Pharma Marketing and Publishing Services (MPS) from Wolters Kluwer.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the London-based private equity firm <a href="/wiki/BC_Partners" title="BC Partners">BC Partners</a> acquired a majority stake in Springer from EQT and GIC for $4.4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2015, <a href="/wiki/Holtzbrinck_Publishing_Group" title="Holtzbrinck Publishing Group">Holtzbrinck Publishing Group</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Publishing Group">Nature Publishing Group</a> and Springer Science+Business Media announced a <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">merger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in May 2015 they concluded the transaction and formed a new joint venture company, <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a> with Holtzbrinck in the majority 53% share and <a href="/wiki/BC_Partners" title="BC Partners">BC Partners</a> retaining 47% interest in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996, Springer launched electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SpringerImages was launched in 2008. In 2009, SpringerMaterials, a platform for accessing the <a href="/wiki/Landolt-B%C3%B6rnstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Landolt-Börnstein">Landolt-Börnstein</a> database of research and information on materials and their properties, was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document discovery based on author locations and geographic maps, helping users explore patterns in scientific research, identify literature trends, discover collaborative relationships, and locate experts in several scientific/medical fields.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Springer_Protocols" title="Springer Protocols">Springer Protocols</a> contained a collection of laboratory protocols, recipes that provide step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments, which in 2018 was made available in SpringerLink instead.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Book publications include major reference works, textbooks, monographs and book series; more than 168,000 titles are available as e-books in 24 subject collections.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_access">Open access</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Open access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Springer is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OASPA-SN_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OASPA-SN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some of its journals, Springer does not require its authors to transfer their copyrights, and allows them to decide whether their articles are published under an <a href="/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access (publishing)">open-access</a> license or in the traditional restricted licence model.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While open-access publishing typically requires the author to pay a fee for copyright retention, this fee is sometimes covered by a third party. For example, a national institution in Poland allows authors to publish in open-access journals without incurring any personal cost but using public funds.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1938, Springer-Verlag was pressed to apply <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> principles on the journal <a href="/wiki/Zentralblatt_MATH" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralblatt MATH">Zentralblatt MATH</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tullio_Levi-Civita" title="Tullio Levi-Civita">Tullio Levi-Civita</a>, who was Jewish, was forced out from the editorial board, and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Neugebauer">Otto Neugebauer</a> resigned in protest along with most of the rest of the board.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, it was revealed that 16 papers in conference proceedings published by Springer had been computer-generated using <a href="/wiki/SCIgen" title="SCIgen">SCIgen</a>. Springer subsequently retracted all papers from these proceedings. <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> had removed more than 100 fake papers from its conference proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Springer <a href="/wiki/Retractions_in_academic_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Retractions in academic publishing">retracted</a> 64 papers from 10 of its journals it had published after a fraudulent <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> process was uncovered.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manipulation_of_bibliometrics">Manipulation of bibliometrics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Manipulation of bibliometrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Goodhart%27s_law" title="Goodhart's law">Goodhart's law</a> and concerned academics like the signatories of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment</a>, commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">scientometrics</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Journal_impact_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal impact factor">journal impact factor</a>, which is often used as <a href="/wiki/Proxy_(statistics)" title="Proxy (statistics)">a proxy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Occupational_prestige" title="Occupational prestige">prestige</a> and can influence revenues, including <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">public subsidies</a> in the form of subscriptions and free work from academics.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seven Springer Nature journals, which exhibited unusual levels of <a href="/wiki/Self-citation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-citation">self-citation</a>, had their <a href="/wiki/Journal_impact_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal impact factor">journal impact factor</a> of 2019 suspended from <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports" title="Journal Citation Reports">Journal Citation Reports</a></i> in 2020, a sanction which hit 34 journals in total.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_imprints">Selected imprints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selected imprints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li>Adis International<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioMed_Central" title="BioMed Central">BioMed Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_Central" title="Chemistry Central">Chemistry Central</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhysMath_Central" title="PhysMath Central">PhysMath Central</a> (defunct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkh%C3%A4user_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkhäuser Verlag">Birkhäuser Verlag</a></li> <li>Current Medicine Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humana_Press" title="Humana Press">Humana Press</a></li> <li>Infochem</li> <li>Kluwer Academic Publishers (defunct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltzer_Science_Publishers" title="Baltzer Science Publishers">Baltzer Science Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Reidel" title="D. Reidel">D. Reidel</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plenum Publishers</li> <li>SpringerOpen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springer_Gabler" title="Springer Gabler">Springer Gabler</a></li> <li>Springer Praxis Books<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="SAV"></span><a href="/wiki/Springer_Spektrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Spektrum">Springer Spektrum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Spektrum" class="extiw" title="de:Springer Spektrum">de</a>]</span> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Spektrum_Akademischer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Spektrum Akademischer Verlag">Spektrum Akademischer Verlag</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum_Akademischer_Verlag" class="extiw" title="de:Spektrum Akademischer Verlag">de</a>]</span> (SAV))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springer_Vieweg_Verlag" title="Springer Vieweg Verlag">Springer Vieweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springer_VS" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer VS">Springer VS</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_VS" class="extiw" title="de:Springer VS">de</a>]</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cellular_Oncology" title="Cellular Oncology">Cellular Oncology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia of Mathematics">Encyclopaedia of Mathematics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ergebnisse_der_Mathematik_und_ihrer_Grenzgebiete" title="Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete">Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete</a></i> (book series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graduate_Texts_in_Mathematics" title="Graduate Texts in Mathematics">Graduate Texts in Mathematics</a></i> (book series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grothendieck%27s_S%C3%A9minaire_de_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie_alg%C3%A9brique" class="mw-redirect" title="Grothendieck's Séminaire de géométrie algébrique">Grothendieck's Séminaire de géométrie algébrique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_International_Journal_of_Advanced_Manufacturing_Technology" title="The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology">The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lecture_Notes_in_Computer_Science" title="Lecture Notes in Computer Science">Lecture Notes in Computer Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_Texts_in_Mathematics" title="Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics">Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics</a></i> (book series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zentralblatt_MATH" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralblatt MATH">Zentralblatt MATH</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MRS_Bulletin" title="MRS Bulletin">MRS Bulletin</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media_academic_journals" title="Category:Springer Science+Business Media academic journals">Category:Springer Science+Business Media academic journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of publishers">List of publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Media concentration">Media concentration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104002145/https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/648808Z:GR/profile">"648808Z Profile & Executives – Springer Science+Business Media GmbH"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/648808Z:GR/profile">the original</a> on Nov 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=648808Z+Profile+%26+Executives+%E2%80%93+Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media+GmbH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fquote%2F648808Z%3AGR%2Fprofile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpringer+Science%2BBusiness+Media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-springer_history-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-springer_history_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-springer_history_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/about-springer/history">"The Springer story (1842-2017)"</a>. <i>Springer</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Springer&rft.atitle=The+Springer+story+%281842-2017%29&rft.pages=Transition+and+restructuring+%281999-2007%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fgp%2Fabout-springer%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpringer+Science%2BBusiness+Media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-springer_chron-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-springer_chron_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/index.php?id=199">Chronology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414145907/https://www.springer.com/index.php?id=199">Archived</a> 2020-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Springer Science+Business Media.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poynder2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poynder2003_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poynder2003_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Poynder, Richard. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/nbReader.asp?ArticleId=16696">BertelsmannSpringer is Sold to Private Equity Firms</a>". <i>Information Today</i>. May 27, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoynder2002" class="citation web cs1">Poynder, Richard (November 4, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infotoday.com/newsbreaks/nb021104-1.htm">"Kluwer Academic Publishers Sold to Venture Capitalists"</a>. Infotoday.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers+Sold+to+Venture+Capitalists&rft.pub=Infotoday.com&rft.date=2002-11-04&rft.aulast=Poynder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infotoday.com%2Fnewsbreaks%2Fnb021104-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpringer+Science%2BBusiness+Media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/pressreleases?SGWID=0-11002-2-804710-0">"Springer's Humana Press launches new Web site"</a>. Press releases. <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. 20 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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<li><a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Books" title="Tor Books">Tor/Forge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor.com">Tor.com</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macmillan Learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedford-St._Martin%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford-St. Martin's">Bedford-St. Martin's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="W. H. Freeman">W. H. Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worth_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Worth Publishers">Worth Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iclicker" class="mw-redirect" title="Iclicker">i>clicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayden-McNeil" title="Hayden-McNeil">Hayden-McNeil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children's</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">FSG Books for Young Readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feiwel_and_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Feiwel and Friends">Feiwel and Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Holt Books for Young Readers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingfisher_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingfisher (publisher) (page does not exist)">Kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roaring_Brook_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roaring Brook (publisher) (page does not exist)">Roaring Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priddy_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priddy (publisher) (page does not exist)">Priddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Square Fish">Square Fish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United<br />Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Books" title="Pan Books">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picador_(imprint)" title="Picador (imprint)">Picador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Books" title="Tor Books">Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Children%27s_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Children's Books">Macmillan Children's Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Campbell" title="Rod Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picador_(imprint)" title="Picador (imprint)">Young Picador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidgwick_%26_Jackson" title="Sidgwick & Jackson">Sidgwick & Jackson</a></li> <li>Mantle</li> <li>Macmillan Audio Books</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_New_Writing" title="Macmillan New Writing">Macmillan New Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Collector%27s_Library" title="The Collector's Library">The Collector's Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S._Fischer_Verlag" title="S. Fischer Verlag">S. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowohlt_Verlag" title="Rowohlt Verlag">Rowohlt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiepenheuer_%26_Witsch" title="Kiepenheuer & Witsch">Kiepenheuer & Witsch</a> (85%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droemer_Knaur" title="Droemer Knaur">Droemer Knaur</a> (50%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a> (53%)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioMed_Central" title="BioMed Central">BioMed Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkh%C3%A4user" title="Birkhäuser">Birkhäuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Education" title="Macmillan Education">Macmillan Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_Research_academic_journals" title="Category:Nature Research academic journals">Journals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palgrave_Macmillan_academic_journals" title="Category:Palgrave Macmillan academic journals">Journals</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Springer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media_academic_journals" title="Category:Springer Science+Business Media academic journals">Journals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springer_Gabler" title="Springer Gabler">Springer Gabler</a></li> <li>Springer Medizin <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%84rzte-Zeitung" title="Ärzte-Zeitung">Ärzte-Zeitung</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springer_Vieweg_Verlag" title="Springer Vieweg Verlag">Springer Vieweg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176916#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1087580439">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2005003639">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Springer Science+Business Media"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2008480126&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kluwer Academic Publishers"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2008480125&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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