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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88" title="إيزامو تشو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيزامو تشو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0samu_%C3%87o" title="İsamu Ço – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsamu Ço" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8D_Isamu" title="Chō Isamu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chō Isamu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isamu Chō" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isamu Chō" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88" title="چو ایسامو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چو ایسامو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Isamu Chō" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0_%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%B4" title="조 이사무 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조 이사무" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isamu Chō" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ايزامو تشو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايزامو تشو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%8B%87" title="長勇 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="長勇" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Isamu" title="Cho Isamu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cho Isamu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isamu Chō" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%91,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Тё, Исаму – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тё, Исаму" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%A7%D0%BE" title="Ісаму Чо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ісаму Чо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%8B%87" title="长勇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="长勇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese general (1895–1945)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Isamu Chō</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cho_Isamu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Cho_Isamu.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">19 January 1895<br /><a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 June 1945<span style="display:none">(1945-06-22)</span> (aged 50)<br /><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1913–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E2%80%95%E8%A5%9F%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%86.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E2%80%95%E8%A5%9F%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%86.svg/35px-%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E2%80%95%E8%A5%9F%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%86.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E2%80%95%E8%A5%9F%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%86.svg/53px-%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E2%80%95%E8%A5%9F%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%86.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E2%80%95%E8%A5%9F%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%86.svg/70px-%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E2%80%95%E8%A5%9F%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%86.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="76" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/10th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="10th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">10th Infantry Division</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Isamu Chō </b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">長勇</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chō Isamu</i></span>, 19 January 1895 – 22 June 1945)</span> was an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> known for his support of <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalist</a> politics and involvement in a number of attempted <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'états</a> in pre-World War II Japan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isamu_Ch%C5%8D&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chō was a native of <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukuoka prefecture">Fukuoka prefecture</a>. He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Academy" title="Imperial Japanese Army Academy">Imperial Japanese Army Academy</a> in 1913 and from the <a href="/wiki/Army_War_College_(Japan)" title="Army War College (Japan)">Army Staff College</a> in 1928.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After he received his <a href="/wiki/Commission_(document)" title="Commission (document)">commission</a>, Chō was assigned to his first duty outside Japan with the politicized <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a> based in eastern China. He returned to play a very active role in internal politics within the Japanese army, and was an active or indirect participant in the <a href="/wiki/March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="March Incident">March Incident</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Colors_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Colors Incident">Imperial Colors Incident</a> (with other leaders: <a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Kingoro Hashimoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jir%C5%8D_Minami" title="Jirō Minami">Jirō Minami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Sadao Araki</a> for the military, and nationalists <a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Ikki Kita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Shūmei Ōkawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyama_Mitsuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyama Mitsuru">Mitsuru Toyama</a>, Kanichiro Kamei and <a href="/wiki/Kozaburo_Tachibana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kozaburo Tachibana">Kozaburo Tachibana</a>). He was a founder of the radical "<a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a>" secret society, whose aim was to overthrow the democratic government in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> regime which would stamp out corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chō was known to be quick to anger and often struck his subordinates.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, Chō was commander of the IJA 74th Infantry Regiment of the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Expeditionary_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Expeditionary Force">Shanghai Expeditionary Force</a>, attached to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Central_China_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Central China Area Army">Japanese Central China Area Army</a>, and based in <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nanjing">Battle of Nanjing</a>, he was <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Asaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Asaka">Prince Asaka</a> and is thought to have been complicit in ordering the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a>, but it is disputed whether he obeyed an order from the prince, or whether he acted on his own.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chō was subsequently involved in a number of border incidents between Manchukuo and the Soviet Union as Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/IJA_26th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 26th Division">IJA 26th Division</a> from 1939 to 1940. In 1940 he was transferred briefly to the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a> Headquarters, and then became <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of staff (military)">Chief of Staff</a> of the Indochina Expeditionary Army from 1940 to 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chō was Vice Chief of Staff of Unit 82 within the Military Affairs Bureau, in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of War of Japan">Ministry of War</a> in 1941, and participated in the strategic and tactical planning for the Japanese invasion of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. </p><p>From 1942 until 1944 Chō was commander of the <i>10th Infantry Group (Dai 10 Hohei-Dan(第10歩兵団))</i> of the <a href="/wiki/IJA_10th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 10th Division">IJA 10th Division</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> force based in <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. He served in the Kwantung Army Headquarters, and later as commander of the 1st Mobile Brigade. In late 1944, Chō was recalled from Manchuria to the Home Islands, then to Okinawa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Okinawa">Okinawa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isamu_Ch%C5%8D&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Okinawa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Second_Army_(Japan)" title="Thirty-Second Army (Japan)">32nd Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a>. He masterminded the elaborate underground fortifications around <a href="/wiki/Shuri_Castle" title="Shuri Castle">Shuri Castle</a>, but favored a highly aggressive response to the American invasion rather than a passive defense. He persuaded General <a href="/wiki/Mitsuru_Ushijima" title="Mitsuru Ushijima">Mitsuru Ushijima</a> to launch the disastrous 5 May 1945 counteroffensive. </p><p>By the middle of June, the 32nd Army was effectively reduced to occupying two strongpoints, one beneath Kunishi Ridge and the other, the command headquarters inside Hill 89.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cho’s personal driver, Houhei Arakaki who was former local bus driver/shop owner was dismissed after the 32nd Army moved to the southern part of Okinawa. Arakaki was reunited with his family and escaped to the south but shot to death by an American soldier on 26 June. Arakaki was 40 years old. </p><p>Ushijima and Cho had decided to commit <a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">Seppuku</a> (ritual suicide) and on the night of their planned departure held a banquet in the cave housing the command post with a large meal prepared by Ushijima's cook, Tetsuo Nakamutam, which was complemented with plenty of sake and Cho's remaining stock of captured Black & White Scotch whisky.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelan_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the early hours of 22 June the staff in the command post lined up to pay their respects to Ushijima who was attired in his full dress uniform and Cho who wore a white kimono. Cho volunteered to go first and lead the way, “as the way may be dark,” but Ushijima insisted on going first. The men made their way onto an outside ledge overlooking the ocean, on which a white cloth had been laid over a quilt. Handed a knife by an aide Ushijima shouted and made a deep vertical cut in his bared abdomen before Captain Sakaguchi (who was regarded as a master swordsman) decapitated him with his sword. Cho followed Ushijima and the bodies of both men were buried by three orderlies in shallow graves.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelan_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their bodies were then buried under U.S. military auspices on 27 June 1945, near the cave where they died. "The bodies of the two Japanese generals were lowered into graves almost above their cave headquarters which was sealed during the American flag service."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the back of Cho's kimono was a poem that he had composed: </p> <blockquote><p> “With bravery I served my nation.<br />With loyalty I dedicate my life.”<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelan_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isamu_Ch%C5%8D&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims, R. L. <i>Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation, 1868-2000.</i> C. Hurst, 2001, p.155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFuller1992" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Richard (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shokanhirohitoss00full"><i>Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai</i></a>. London: Arms and Armor. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-151-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-151-4"><bdi>1-85409-151-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shokan%3A+Hirohito%27s+Samurai&rft.place=London&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armor&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-85409-151-4&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshokanhirohitoss00full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsamu+Ch%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudge" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Budge, Kent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/C/h/Cho_Isamu.htm">"Cho, Isamu"</a>. <i>Pacific War Online Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cho%2C+Isamu&rft.btitle=Pacific+War+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpwencycl.kgbudge.com%2FC%2Fh%2FCho_Isamu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsamu+Ch%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmenthorp" class="citation web cs1">Ammenthorp, Steen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generals.dk/general/Cho/Isamu/Japan.html">"Cho, Isamu"</a>. <i>The Generals of World War II</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Generals+of+World+War+II&rft.atitle=Cho%2C+Isamu&rft.aulast=Ammenthorp&rft.aufirst=Steen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.generals.dk%2Fgeneral%2FCho%2FIsamu%2FJapan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsamu+Ch%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheelan-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelan_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelan_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelan_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelan_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelan2020" class="citation book cs1">Wheelan, Joseph (2020). <i>Bloody Okinawa</i> (Paperback). New York: Hachette. pp. 276, 303–305, 308–310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-90320-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-90320-5"><bdi>978-0-306-90320-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloody+Okinawa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=276%2C+303-305%2C+308-310&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-306-90320-5&rft.aulast=Wheelan&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsamu+Ch%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dopking, Al, "Jap Officers Buried By U. S. Forces", <i>Florence Morning News</i>, Florence, South Carolina, Thursday 28 June 1945, Volume XXII, Number 455, page 1.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isamu_Ch%C5%8D&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupuy1992" class="citation book cs1">Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmi0000dupu"><i>Encyclopedia of Military Biography</i></a></span>. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-569-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-569-3"><bdi>1-85043-569-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Military+Biography&rft.pub=I+B+Tauris+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-85043-569-3&rft.aulast=Dupuy&rft.aufirst=Trevor+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmi0000dupu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsamu+Ch%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukagawa1981" class="citation book cs1">Fukagawa, Hideki (1981). <i>(陸海軍将官人事総覧 (陸軍篇)) Army and Navy General Personnel Directory (Army)</i>. Tokyo: Fuyo Shobo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4829500026" title="Special:BookSources/4829500026"><bdi>4829500026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28%E9%99%B8%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E5%B0%86%E5%AE%98%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%8B%E7%B7%8F%E8%A6%A7+%28%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E7%AF%87%29%29+Army+and+Navy+General+Personnel+Directory+%28Army%29&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Fuyo+Shobo&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=4829500026&rft.aulast=Fukagawa&rft.aufirst=Hideki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsamu+Ch%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHata2005" class="citation book cs1">Hata, Ikuhiko (2005). <i>(日本陸海軍総合事典) Japanese Army and Navy General Encyclopedia</i>. Tokyo: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4130301357" title="Special:BookSources/4130301357"><bdi>4130301357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%99%B8%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8%29+Japanese+Army+and+Navy+General+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=4130301357&rft.aulast=Hata&rft.aufirst=Ikuhiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsamu+Ch%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayashiCox1959" class="citation book cs1">Hayashi, Saburo; Cox, Alvin (1959). <i>Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War</i>. Quantico, VA: The Marine Corps Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kogun%3A+The+Japanese+Army+in+the+Pacific+War&rft.place=Quantico%2C+VA&rft.pub=The+Marine+Corps+Association&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Hayashi&rft.aufirst=Saburo&rft.au=Cox%2C+Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsamu+Ch%C5%8D" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isamu_Ch%C5%8D&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Isamu Chō">Isamu Chō</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222001941/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,852302,00.html">"The Way Out"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 9 July 1945. 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