Blunkett announces new sex laws | Politics

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" > <head>   <title>Blunkett announces new sex laws | Politics | The Guardian</title> <meta name="description" content="The home secretary, David Blunkett, today announced the most radical overhaul of sex crime legislation for more than 100 years." /> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,minimum-scale=1,initial-scale=1"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#052962" /> <link rel="manifest" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/manifest.json" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon.svg" sizes="any"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-512.png" sizes="512x512"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-360.png" sizes="360x360"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-240.png" sizes="240x240"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-120.png" sizes="120x120"> <link rel="icon" href="https://static.guim.co.uk/images/favicon-32x32.ico"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://i.guim.co.uk"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://j.ophan.co.uk"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://ophan.theguardian.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://sourcepoint.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://i.guim.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://j.ophan.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://ophan.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://hits-secure.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://interactive.guim.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://static.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://support.theguardian.com"> <script type="application/ld+json"> [{"@type":"NewsArticle","@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.theguardian.com#publisher","name":"The Guardian","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://uploads.guim.co.uk/2018/01/31/TheGuardian_AMP.png","width":190,"height":60},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/theguardian","https://twitter.com/guardian","https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGuardian"]},"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isPartOf":{"@type":["CreativeWork","Product"],"name":"The Guardian","productID":"theguardian.com:basic"},"image":["https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png","https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png","https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png","https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png"],"author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Martin Nicholls","sameAs":"https://www.theguardian.com/profile/martinnicholls"}],"datePublished":"2002-11-19T18:02:25.000Z","headline":"Blunkett announces new sex laws","dateModified":"2017-05-08T08:30:16.000Z","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1"},{"@type":"WebPage","@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1","potentialAction":{"@type":"ViewAction","target":"android-app://com.guardian/https/www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1"}}] </script>  <link rel="amphtml" href="https://amp.theguardian.com/politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1"> <link rel="preload" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <meta property="og:url" content="http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1"/> <meta property="article:author" content="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/martinnicholls"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The home secretary, David Blunkett, today announced the most radical overhaul of sex crime legislation for more than 100 years."/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png"/> <meta property="al:ios:url" content="gnmguardian://politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1?contenttype=Article&source=applinks"/> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/theguardian"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Blunkett announces new sex laws"/> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="180444840287"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2017-05-08T08:30:16.000Z"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="al:ios:app_store_id" content="409128287"/> <meta property="article:section" content="Politics"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2002-11-19T18:02:25.000Z"/> <meta property="article:tag" content="Politics,UK news,Crime,Prisons and probation,Immigration and asylum"/> <meta property="al:ios:app_name" content="The Guardian"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="the Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:dnt" content="on"> <meta name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="409128287"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:googleplay" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:ipad" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:id:ipad" content="409128287"/> <meta name="twitter:app:id:googleplay" content="com.guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:googleplay" content="guardian://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:iphone" content="gnmguardian://politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1?contenttype=Article&source=twitter"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:ipad" content="gnmguardian://politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1?contenttype=Article&source=twitter"/>  <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <script> window.guardian = {"config":{"isDotcomRendering":true,"isDev":false,"stage":"PROD","frontendAssetsFullURL":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","page":{"switches":{"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"lightbox":true,"abGpidPrebidAdUnits":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"prebidMagnite":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"adaptiveSite":true,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"ampArticleSwitch":true,"remarketing":true,"articleEndSlot":true,"keyEventsCarousel":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"darkModeWeb":true,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"prebidImproveDigitalSkins":false,"ampPrebidOzone":true,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"showNewPrivacyWordingOnEmailSignupEmbeds":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"ampContentAbTesting":false,"prebidCriteo":true,"okta":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"ampPrebidPubmatic":true,"abUsaExpandableMarketingCard":true,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"abOnwardsContentArticle":false,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"stickyVideos":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"brazeTaylorReport":false,"callouts":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":false,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"ampLiveblogSwitch":true,"ampAmazon":true,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"optOutAdvertising":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"googleSearch":true,"disableFrontContainerShowHide":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"prebidKargo":true,"consentManagement":true,"personaliseSignInGateAfterCheckout":true,"prebidSonobi":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"ampPrebidCriteo":true,"newsletterOnwards":false,"youtubeIma":true,"webFonts":true,"liveBlogTopSponsorship":true,"prebidImproveDigital":false,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"weather":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"abNewHeaderBiddingEndpoint":true,"historyTags":true,"brazeContentCards":true,"remoteBanner":true,"emailSignupRecaptcha":true,"prebidSmart":true,"shouldLoadGoogletag":true,"inizio":true,"europeBetaFront":true},"abTests":{},"googletagUrl":"//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js","stage":"PROD","frontendAssetsFullURL":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","ampIframeUrl":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/data/vendor/2533d5cb94302889e6a8f1b24b5329e7/amp-iframe.html","tones":"","facebookIaAdUnitRoot":"facebook-instant-articles","avatarApiUrl":"https://avatar.theguardian.com","isSplash":false,"isColumn":false,"membershipUrl":"https://membership.theguardian.com","headline":"Blunkett announces new sex laws","isImmersive":false,"author":"Martin Nicholls","toneIds":"","ipsosTag":"politics","isProd":true,"membershipAccess":"","allowUserGeneratedContent":false,"commissioningDesks":"","webPublicationDate":1037728945000,"forecastsapiurl":"/weatherapi/forecast","supportUrl":"https://support.theguardian.com","isNumberedList":false,"commercialBundleUrl":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/javascripts/commercial/3e82210237719f4c5558/graun.standalone.commercial.js","idOAuthUrl":"https://oauth.theguardian.com","webTitle":"Blunkett announces new sex laws","isPhotoEssay":false,"idWebAppUrl":"https://oauth.theguardian.com","a9PublisherId":"3722","isFront":false,"inBodyInternalLinkCount":0,"googleSearchUrl":"//www.google.co.uk/cse/cse.js","inBodyExternalLinkCount":0,"showRelatedContent":true,"lightboxImages":{"id":"politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1","headline":"Blunkett announces new sex laws","shouldHideAdverts":false,"standfirst":"","images":[]},"googleSearchId":"007466294097402385199:m2ealvuxh1i","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"idUrl":"https://profile.theguardian.com","hasSurveyAd":false,"omnitureAmpAccount":"guardiangu-thirdpartyapps","dfpAdUnitRoot":"theguardian.com","host":"https://www.theguardian.com","blogIds":"","sectionName":"Politics","hasMultipleVideosInPage":false,"hasShowcaseMainElement":false,"googleRecaptchaSiteKey":"6LdzlmsdAAAAALFH63cBVagSFPuuHXQ9OfpIDdMc","fbAppId":"180444840287","isContent":true,"shortUrlId":"/p/zyaf","dfpAccountId":"59666047","plistaPublicApiKey":"462925f4f131001fd974bebe","wordCount":937,"hasLiveBlogTopAd":false,"dcrSentryDsn":"https://1937ab71c8804b2b8438178dfdd6468f@sentry.io/1377847","cardStyle":"news","adUnit":"/59666047/theguardian.com/politics/article/ng","discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","isSensitive":false,"ophanEmbedJsUrl":"//j.ophan.co.uk/ophan.embed","edition":"INT","brazeApiKey":"7f28c639-8bda-48ff-a3f6-24345abfc07c","blogs":"","discussionApiClientHeader":"nextgen","section":"politics","userAttributesApiUrl":"https://members-data-api.theguardian.com/user-attributes","videoDuration":0,"dfpHost":"pubads.g.doubleclick.net","weatherapiurl":"/weatherapi/city","sentryPublicApiKey":"344003a8d11c41d8800fbad8383fdc50","shortUrl":"https://www.theguardian.com/p/zyaf","thumbnail":false,"pillar":"News","pageId":"politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1","references":[{"rich-link":"https://www.theguardian.com/info/2015/dec/08/daily-email-uk"}],"beaconUrl":"//phar.gu-web.net","commentable":false,"discussionD2Uid":"zHoBy6HNKsk","ophanJsUrl":"//j.ophan.co.uk/ophan.ng","contributorBio":"","keywordIds":"politics/politics,uk/uk,uk/ukcrime,society/prisons-and-probation,uk/immigration","contentType":"Article","isDev":false,"isHosted":false,"isAdFree":false,"stripePublicToken":"pk_live_2O6zPMHXNs2AGea4bAmq5R7Z","omnitureAccount":"guardiangu-network","locationapiurl":"/weatherapi/locations?query=","authorIds":"profile/martinnicholls","isPaidContent":false,"hasYouTubeAtom":false,"externalEmbedHost":"https://embed.theguardian.com","thirdPartyAppsAccount":"guardiangu-thirdpartyapps","ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","byline":"Martin Nicholls","keywords":"Politics,UK news,Crime,Prisons and probation,Immigration and asylum","contentId":"politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1","nonKeywordTagIds":"type/article,profile/martinnicholls","mobileAppsAdUnitRoot":"beta-guardian-app","hasPageSkin":false,"requiresMembershipAccess":false,"revisionNumber":"DEV","optimizeEpicUrl":"https://support.theguardian.com/epic/control/index.html","assetsPath":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","mmaUrl":"https://manage.theguardian.com","isLive":false,"richLink":"/info/2015/dec/08/daily-email-uk","campaigns":[],"isLiveBlog":false,"pageCode":"487986","avatarImagesUrl":"https://avatar.guim.co.uk","publication":"theguardian.com","sentryHost":"app.getsentry.com/35463","buildNumber":"DEV","sharedAdTargeting":{"ct":"article","su":["0"],"edition":"int","p":"ng","k":["politics","uk/uk","immigration","prisons-and-probation","ukcrime"],"sh":"https://www.theguardian.com/p/zyaf","co":["martinnicholls"],"url":"/politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1"},"onwardWebSocket":"ws://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk/recently-published","productionOffice":"Uk","shouldHideAdverts":false,"idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","pbIndexSites":[{"bp":"D","id":208229},{"bp":"M","id":213502},{"bp":"T","id":215437}],"googletagJsUrl":"//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js","calloutsUrl":"https://callouts.guardianapis.com/formstack-campaign/submit","isPreview":false,"dcrCouldRender":true},"libs":{"googletag":"//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"},"switches":{"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"lightbox":true,"abGpidPrebidAdUnits":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"prebidMagnite":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"adaptiveSite":true,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"ampArticleSwitch":true,"remarketing":true,"articleEndSlot":true,"keyEventsCarousel":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"darkModeWeb":true,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"prebidImproveDigitalSkins":false,"ampPrebidOzone":true,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"showNewPrivacyWordingOnEmailSignupEmbeds":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"ampContentAbTesting":false,"prebidCriteo":true,"okta":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"ampPrebidPubmatic":true,"abUsaExpandableMarketingCard":true,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"abOnwardsContentArticle":false,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"stickyVideos":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"brazeTaylorReport":false,"callouts":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":false,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"ampLiveblogSwitch":true,"ampAmazon":true,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"optOutAdvertising":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"googleSearch":true,"disableFrontContainerShowHide":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"prebidKargo":true,"consentManagement":true,"personaliseSignInGateAfterCheckout":true,"prebidSonobi":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"ampPrebidCriteo":true,"newsletterOnwards":false,"youtubeIma":true,"webFonts":true,"liveBlogTopSponsorship":true,"prebidImproveDigital":false,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"weather":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"abNewHeaderBiddingEndpoint":true,"historyTags":true,"brazeContentCards":true,"remoteBanner":true,"emailSignupRecaptcha":true,"prebidSmart":true,"shouldLoadGoogletag":true,"inizio":true,"europeBetaFront":true},"tests":{},"ophan":{"pageViewId":"","browserId":""}},"polyfilled":false,"adBlockers":{"onDetect":[]},"modules":{"sentry":{}}}; window.guardian.queue = []; // Queue for functions to be fired by polyfill.io callback </script> <script type="module"> window.guardian.mustardCut = true; </script> <script nomodule> // Browser fails mustard check window.guardian.mustardCut = false; </script> <script> // Noop monkey patch perf.mark and perf.measure if not supported if(window.performance !== undefined && window.performance.mark === undefined) { window.performance.mark = function(){}; window.performance.measure = function(){}; } </script> <script> // record the number of times the browser goes offline during a pageview window.guardian.offlineCount = 0; window.addEventListener('offline', function incrementOfflineCount () { window.guardian.offlineCount++ }); </script> <script> // this is a global that's called at the bottom of the pf.io response, // once the polyfills have run. This may be useful for debugging. // mainly to support browsers that don't support async=false or defer function guardianPolyfilled() { window.guardian.polyfilled = true; if (window.guardian.mustardCut === false) { window.guardian.queue.forEach(function(callback) { callback() }) } } // We've got contracts to abide by with the Ophan tracker // Setting pageViewId here ensures we're not getting race-conditions at all window.guardian.config.ophan = { // This is duplicated from // https://github.com/guardian/ophan/blob/master/tracker-js/assets/coffee/ophan/transmit.coffee // Please do not change this without talking to the Ophan project first. pageViewId: new Date().getTime().toString(36) + 'xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/x/g, function() { return Math.floor(Math.random() * 36).toString(36); }), }; </script> <script> // Set the browserId from the bwid cookie on the ophan object created above // This will need to be replaced later with an async request to an endpoint (function (window, document) { function getCookieValue(name) { var nameEq = name + "=", cookies = document.cookie.split(';'), value = null; cookies.forEach(function (cookie) { while (cookie.charAt(0) === ' ') { cookie = cookie.substring(1, cookie.length); } if (cookie.indexOf(nameEq) === 0) { value = cookie.substring(nameEq.length, cookie.length); } }); return value; } window.guardian.config.ophan.browserId = getCookieValue("bwid"); })(window, document); </script> <script id="config" type="application/json"> {"renderingTarget":"Web","darkModeAvailable":false,"assetOrigin":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","editionId":"INT"} </script> <script> window.curlConfig = { baseUrl: 'https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets', apiName: 'require' }; window.curl = window.curlConfig; </script> <noscript> <img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035250&cv=2.0&cj=1&cs_ucfr=0&comscorekw=Politics%2CUK+news%2CCrime%2CPrisons+and+probation%2CImmigration+and+asylum" /> </noscript>  <script defer src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js?rum=0&features=es6%2Ces7%2Ces2017%2Ces2018%2Ces2019%2Cdefault-3.6%2CHTMLPictureElement%2CIntersectionObserver%2CIntersectionObserverEntry%2CURLSearchParams%2Cfetch%2CNodeList.prototype.forEach%2Cnavigator.sendBeacon%2Cperformance.now%2CPromise.allSettled&flags=gated&callback=guardianPolyfilled&unknown=polyfill&cacheClear=1"></script> <script type="module" src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/frameworks.client.web.291ea3346dc06fa0cd3f.js"></script> <script type="module" src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/index.client.web.6bd5039dbc27e40b7a3d.js"></script>  <script defer src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/javascripts/commercial/3e82210237719f4c5558/graun.standalone.commercial.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/frameworks.client.web.legacy.291ea3346dc06fa0cd3f.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/index.client.web.legacy.0e3464642c093175a3af.js"></script> <style class="webfont">@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}</style> <style> html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, dl, dt, dd, menu, ol, ul, li, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td, article, aside, canvas, details, embed, figure, figcaption, footer, header, hgroup, main, menu, nav, output, ruby, section, summary, time, mark, audio, video { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; font-size: 100%; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; } /* HTML5 display-role reset for older browsers */ article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, footer, header, hgroup, main, menu, nav, section { display: block; } /* HTML5 hidden-attribute fix for newer browsers */ *[hidden] { display: none; } body { line-height: 1; } menu, ol, ul { list-style: none; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } *, *:before, *:after { box-sizing: border-box; } html { -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; /* always show the vertical scroll bar to stop the page * jumping about when navigating between pages where * one has content shorter than the viewport */ overflow-y: scroll; } html, body { text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; font-feature-settings: 'kern'; font-kerning: normal; /* Safari 7+, Firefox 24+, Chrome 33(?)+, Opera 21 */ font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; } body { background-color: #FFFFFF; color: #121212; } em { font-style: italic; } </style> <style data-emotion="dcr-global 0"></style><style data-emotion="dcr-global 1m0badj">:root{--expandingWrapper--background:#F6F6F6;--expandingWrapper--border:#121212;--expandingWrapper--collapseBackground:#FFFFFF;--expandingWrapper--collapseBackgroundHover:#E5E5E5;--expandingWrapper--collapseText:#121212;--expandingWrapper--collapseTextHover:#121212;--expandingWrapper--text:#121212;--expandingWrapper--horizontalRules:#DCDCDC;--expandingWrapper--expandBackground:#121212;--expandingWrapper--expandBackgroundHover:#454545;--expandingWrapper--expandText:#FFFFFF;--tabs--background:#F6F6F6;--tabs--text:#121212;--tabs--border:#999999;--tabs--inactiveBackground:#DCDCDC;--accordion-background:#F6F6F6;--accordion-title:#121212;--accordion-title-row-background:#FFFFFF;--accordion-title-row-border-top:#DCDCDC;--accordion-title-row-fill:#707070;--ad-background:#F6F6F6;--ad-background-article-inner:#F6F6F6;--ad-border:#DCDCDC;--ad-labels-text:#707070;--ad-support-banner-background:#EDEDED;--ad-support-banner-button-background:#052962;--ad-support-banner-button-text:#FFFFFF;--ad-support-banner-text:#052962;--affiliate-disclaimer-background:#F6F6F6;--affiliate-disclaimer-background-hover:#EDEDED;--age-warning-background:#FFE500;--age-warning-text:#121212;--age-warning-wrapper-background:transparent;--apps-epic-background:#F6F6F6;--apps-epic-border:#FFE500;--apps-epic-text:#121212;--apps-footer-background:#F6F6F6;--apps-footer-links-text:#121212;--apps-footer-links-text-hover:#1A1A1A;--article-background:#FFFFFF;--article-border:#DCDCDC;--article-inner-background:transparent;--article-link-border:#DCDCDC;--article-link-border-hover:#C70000;--article-link-text:#C70000;--article-link-text-hover:#C70000;--article-meta-lines:#DCDCDC;--article-section-background:#FFFFFF;--article-section-title:#000000;--article-text:#121212;--audio-atom-background:#F6F6F6;--audio-atom-border:#DCDCDC;--audio-atom-icons:#C70000;--audio-atom-kicker:#C70000;--audio-atom-progress-bar:#999999;--avatar-background:#FF5943;--block-quote-fill:#707070;--block-quote-link:#C70000;--block-quote-text:#121212;--branding-border:#DCDCDC;--branding-label-text:#333333;--branding-link-text:#C70000;--bullet-fill:#707070;--byline:#C70000;--byline-anchor:#C70000;--byline-background:#FFE500;--byline-hover:#AB0613;--byline-underline:inherit;--callout-highlight-background:#FFE500;--callout-highlight-text:#121212;--callout-prompt:#0077B6;--callout-submit-background:#052962;--callout-submit-background-hover:#234B8A;--callout-submit-text:#FFFFFF;--caption-link:#C70000;--caption-overlay-text:#FFFFFF;--caption-photo-essay-main-media-text:#707070;--caption-text:#707070;--card-background:transparent;--card-background-hover:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.1);--card-border-supporting:#DCDCDC;--card-border-top:#BABABA;--card-footer-onwards-content:#707070;--card-footer-text:#707070;--card-headline:#121212;--card-kicker-text:#C70000;--card-sublinks-background:#F6F6F6;--card-trail-text:#545454;--carousel-active-dot:#C70000;--carousel-active-dot-hover:#C70000;--carousel-arrow:#FFFFFF;--carousel-arrow-background:#000000;--carousel-arrow-background-disabled:#707070;--carousel-arrow-background-hover:#FFE500;--carousel-border:#DCDCDC;--carousel-chevron:#121212;--carousel-chevron-border:#BABABA;--carousel-chevron-border-disabled:rgba(186, 186, 186, 0.32);--carousel-chevron-disabled:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.32);--carousel-chevron-hover:rgba(186, 186, 186, 0.2);--carousel-dot:#EDEDED;--carousel-dot-hover:#DCDCDC;--carousel-text:#121212;--carousel-title-highlight:#C70000;--click-to-view-background:#F6F6F6;--click-to-view-border:#DCDCDC;--click-to-view-button:#052962;--click-to-view-button-hover:#234B8A;--click-to-view-button-text:#FFFFFF;--code-block-background:#f5f2f0;--code-block-text-shadow:#FFFFFF;--comment-count-fill:#C70000;--comment-count-mobile-fill:#C70000;--comment-form-header-background:#F6F6F6;--comment-form-input-background:#FFFFFF;--cricket-scoreboard-border-top:#005689;--cricket-scoreboard-divider:#DCDCDC;--cricket-scoreboard-link-text:#005689;--dateline:#707070;--dateline-mobile:#707070;--design-tag-background:#AB0613;--design-tag-text:#FFFFFF;--discussion-accent-text:#C70000;--discussion-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-border:#DCDCDC;--discussion-button-background-hover:#C70000;--discussion-button-text:#FFFFFF;--discussion-comment-underline:#DCDCDC;--discussion-link:#0077B6;--discussion-loading-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-loading-shimmer:#DCDCDC;--discussion-pagination-background:#FFFFFF;--discussion-pagination-border:#DCDCDC;--discussion-pagination-border-hover:#999999;--discussion-pagination-text:#707070;--discussion-pick-label-text:#121212;--discussion-pre-mod:#0077B6;--discussion-preview-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-primary-button-background:#AB0613;--discussion-report-background:#FFFFFF;--discussion-report-border:#545454;--discussion-report-button:#052962;--discussion-report-error-text:#C70000;--discussion-report-label-text:#121212;--discussion-report-success-text:#22874D;--discussion-section-background:#FFFFFF;--discussion-selected-background:#F6F6F6;--discussion-staff-label-text:#052962;--discussion-subdued:#707070;--discussion-text:#121212;--discussion-top-pick-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-top-pick-link:#0077B6;--drop-cap:#8B0000;--editorial-button-background:#AB0613;--editorial-button-background-hover:#C70000;--editorial-button-border-hover:#C70000;--editorial-button-text:#C70000;--email-signup-button-background:#000000;--email-signup-button-hover:#333333;--email-signup-button-text:#FFFFFF;--expandable-atom-background:#EDEDED;--expandable-atom-border:#DCDCDC;--expandable-atom-button:#000000;--expandable-atom-button-fill:#FFFFFF;--expandable-atom-text-hover:#C70000;--expandable-marketing-card-background:#052962;--expandable-marketing-card-button-background:#FFFFFF;--expandable-marketing-card-fill-background:#FFFFFF;--expandable-marketing-card-svg-background:#FFFFFF;--expandable-marketing-card-svg-fill:#000000;--explainer-atom-accent:#121212;--explainer-atom-background:#F6F6F6;--feature-card-footer-text:#DCDCDC;--feature-card-headline:#F6F6F6;--feature-card-kicker-text:#FFBAC8;--feature-card-trail-text:#DCDCDC;--filter-key-events-toggle-border-top:#DCDCDC;--follow-icon-background:#FFFFFF;--follow-icon-fill:#C70000;--follow-text:#121212;--front-container-background:#FFFFFF;--heading-line:#8B0000;--headline-background:transparent;--headline-blog-background:#FFFFFF;--headline-border:#DCDCDC;--headline-byline:inherit;--headline-colour:#121212;--headline-match-colour:#C70000;--highlights-card-headline:#121212;--highlights-card-kicker-text:#C70000;--highlights-container-background:#F6F6F6;--highlights-container-border:#999999;--highlights-container-end-fade:transparent;--highlights-container-mid-fade:rgba(250, 250, 250, 0.6);--highlights-container-start-fade:#F6F6F6;--image-title-background:#C70000;--interactive-atom-background:transparent;--interactive-block-background:#FFFFFF;--interactive-block-background-datawrapper:#FFFFFF;--interactive-contents-hover:#EDEDED;--key-event-background:#F6F6F6;--key-event-background-desktop:#EDEDED;--key-event-border:#707070;--key-event-bullet:#707070;--key-event-bullet-hover:#000000;--key-event-button:#121212;--key-event-button-fill:#FFFFFF;--key-event-button-hover:#FFD900;--key-event-text:#AB0613;--key-event-title:#121212;--kicker-background-live:#C70000;--kicker-pulsing-dot-live:rgba(246, 246, 246, 0.75);--kicker-text-live:#F6F6F6;--last-updated-text:#000000;--latest-links-dotted-line:#999999;--lightbox-divider:#C70000;--link-kicker-text:#C70000;--live-block-border-bottom:#DCDCDC;--live-block-border-top:#C70000;--live-block-container-background:#FFFFFF;--masthead-accreditation-text:#FFE500;--masthead-nav-background:#052962;--masthead-nav-border:#506991;--masthead-nav-lines:#506991;--masthead-nav-link-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-nav-link-text-hover:#FFE500;--masthead-top-bar-background:#041F4A;--masthead-top-bar-link-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-top-bar-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-top-bar-vertical-divider:#506991;--masthead-veggie-burger-background:#FFE500;--masthead-veggie-burger-background-hover:#FFD900;--masthead-veggie-burger-icon:#052962;--match-nav-background:#FFE500;--match-nav-text:#121212;--match-stats-background:#d9edf6;--match-tab-border:#DCDCDC;--match-tab-border-active:#005689;--mini-profiles-text-subdued:#707070;--most-viewed-description:#707070;--most-viewed-footer-hover:#F6F6F6;--most-viewed-headline:#121212;--most-viewed-tab-border:#AB0613;--nav-reader-revenue-link-text:#FFE500;--nav-search-bar-background:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);--nav-search-bar-icon:#FFFFFF;--nav-search-bar-text:#FFFFFF;--numbered-list-heading:#121212;--numbered-list-links:#C70000;--numbered-list-number:#707070;--numbered-list-title:#C70000;--onward-content-card-background:transparent;--onward-content-card-hover:#F6F6F6;--onward-placeholder-background:#FFFFFF;--pagination-text:#C70000;--pinned-post-background:#FFFFFF;--pinned-post-border:#AB0613;--podcast-meta-button-background:#333333;--podcast-meta-button-background-hover:#1A1A1A;--podcast-meta-button-text:#DCDCDC;--podcast-meta-title:#F6F6F6;--privacy-text-regular:#121212;--privacy-text-supporting:#000000;--privacy-text-supporting-subdued:#707070;--pullquote-background:#FFFFFF;--pullquote-border:#DCDCDC;--pullquote-icon:#999999;--pullquote-text:#121212;--quiz-atom-answers-background:#F6F6F6;--quiz-atom-answers-hover:#DCDCDC;--quiz-atom-check-mark:#000000;--quiz-atom-incorrect-answer-background:#C70000;--quote-icon-fill:#C70000;--recaptcha-border:#121212;--recaptcha-button:#000000;--recaptcha-button-hover:#333333;--recaptcha-button-text:#FFFFFF;--recommendation-count:#F6F6F6;--recommendation-count-arrow:#707070;--recommendation-count-arrow-selected:#FFFFFF;--recommendation-count-selected:#052962;--rich-link-background:#F6F6F6;--rich-link-background-hover:#EDEDED;--rich-link-border:#C70000;--rich-link-branding-text:#707070;--rich-link-fill:#C70000;--rich-link-header:#000000;--rich-link-text:#C70000;--section-background:transparent;--section-background-left:transparent;--section-border:#DCDCDC;--section-date:#C70000;--section-description:#707070;--section-title-background:transparent;--section-toggle-button:#707070;--section-toggle-button-hover:#121212;--series-title-background:transparent;--series-title-match-text:#C70000;--series-title-text:#C70000;--share-button:#C70000;--share-button-border:#DCDCDC;--share-button-copied:#121212;--share-button-hover:#FFFFFF;--share-button-liveblog-mobile-meta:#8B0000;--share-button-xsmall-border:#DCDCDC;--sign-in-link:#AB0613;--sign-in-link-underline:#DCDCDC;--slideshow-caption:#FFFFFF;--slideshow-pagination-dot:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.2);--slideshow-pagination-dot-active:#121212;--staff-contributor-badge:#052962;--staff-contributor-badge-text:#FFFFFF;--staff-pick-badge:#121212;--staff-pick-badge-text:#FFFFFF;--standfirst-background:#FFFFFF;--standfirst-border:#DCDCDC;--standfirst-bullet:#DCDCDC;--standfirst-link-border:#DCDCDC;--standfirst-link-text:#C70000;--standfirst-text:#000000;--star-rating-background:#FFE500;--star-rating-fill:#121212;--straight-lines:#DCDCDC;--stuck-background:#FFFFFF;--sub-meta-background:#FFFFFF;--sub-meta-label-text:#707070;--sub-meta-text:#C70000;--sub-meta-text-hover:#FFFFFF;--sub-nav-border:#C70000;--sub-nav-link-footer:#121212;--sub-nav-link-header:#121212;--sub-nav-link-hover:#C70000;--sub-nav-more:#999999;--subheading-text:#121212;--summary-event-bullet:#C70000;--summary-event-bullet-hover:#8B0000;--syndication-button-border:#DCDCDC;--syndication-button-hover:#DCDCDC;--syndication-button-text:#707070;--table-of-contents:#121212;--table-of-contents-border:#DCDCDC;--tabs-input:#FFFFFF;--tag-page-chevron:#000000;--textblock-text:inherit;--timeline-atom-bullet:#121212;--timeline-atom-highlight-text:#000000;--timeline-atom-highlight-text-background:#FFE500;--timeline-bullet:#8B0000;--timeline-event-border:#DCDCDC;--treat-background:#000000;--treat-text:#F6F6F6;--trending-topics-background:#FFFFFF;--trending-topics-separator:#DCDCDC;--trending-topics-text:#333333;--weather-icon:#F6F6F6;--witness-title-author:#C70000;--witness-title-icon:#C70000;--witness-title-text:#C70000;--youtube-overlay-kicker:#FF5943;-webkit-print-color-scheme:light;color-scheme:light;}:root body{color:#121212;}*:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) *:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #0077B6;}::selection{background:#FFE500;color:#121212;}.ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{content:attr(ad-label-text);display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.ad-slot__adtest-cookie-clear-link{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-align:left;position:absolute;left:268px;top:1px;z-index:10;padding:0;border:0;}.ad-slot{text-align:center;}.ad-slot .ad-slot__content{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}@media print{.ad-slot{display:none!important;}}.ad-slot.ad-slot--collapse{display:none;}.ad-slot.ad-slot--fluid{min-height:250px;padding:0;margin:0;overflow:visible;width:100%;}.ad-slot-container{max-width:100vw;position:relative;}</style><style data-emotion="dcr-global 1uvnolp">.bz-custom-container~#bannerandheader .top-banner-ad-container{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="dcr-global 19rs85u">@media (max-width: 979.9px){.nav-is-open{overflow:hidden;height:100vh;}}</style><style data-emotion="dcr-global animation-yk1vcf">@-webkit-keyframes animation-yk1vcf{0%{-webkit-background-position:-1500px 0;background-position:-1500px 0;}100%{-webkit-background-position:1500px 0;background-position:1500px 0;}}@keyframes animation-yk1vcf{0%{-webkit-background-position:-1500px 0;background-position:-1500px 0;}100%{-webkit-background-position:1500px 0;background-position:1500px 0;}}</style><style data-emotion="dcr 1gpubb 1jicgf3 1xdhyk6 1s8spa1 1u9kji9 n4pnam iim5od mqepgd vdr14u 5k6jfi kohrs2 145list 1vetsv0 1cvta4k vxblrw 3ny4gi 1jzii9a 1p6sy7j 1kbi9ft 1crstso 1lusb1s 64xqd0 i0vtpq 1apgfiu zramh4 1p0hins 1acea34 1p1neil 1d6g26q 1grikph 1iufw7r ks441s 7612kl 1kcody2 1hrapdy 1xv1515 b3mn8w 1nvgr5i li5n90 1ef3v4m 14vdg2 1srap2j 10y96fo 6sl420 lpsfc3 o6rk0u 11vt4tq 9ra8aa 1julzi7 4hq641 1tnoaxa p0c3jt v7ibvm 1j2dgzz 10b2o1s wp8bgr 16q8bto x5fwww 1yytfii 6zq80y yq9plo 1utnfys 90inr0 1jjnk9d 6v110l qcy5wo radnun 1gsboxi 1q09wwq e1bf28 1rg7stg 3ae42h 1mtufo3 a1su5g 1rinrec iwod0p nnfu1a e3rvah mu6xev 12t3ay9 5wkng0 15o3dy0 3qh43d 1ikn05z wqti5a 2zxs1v 1fnjjtg 14emo0l hlfdy3 10355cg 1v9xu6e qmfkju upmzd8 cohhs3 notra3 13832xi u0152o ich95x 194w08h 1v9sla6 5oiine 1kpcv08 1cfpnlw 1pexjb9 9dgpdq 16lnb0w bao4ku 1csot3r 14baf59 fu29fd 1lhv23l 1upb05m 1iz7gbk 1a4fred 1bwys2b 1q6n3e0 1eu361v 65xb9q fckw05 1slmqmw 1jl528t 1yfsxuc ncdwh2 1gwziyt nu129i zhx6xs 14rjinq 10el5c8 tn16h9 1hko8ef 1e3xwa3 1hgakfl wi6855 1ykr3rf 17n294h ivr0sq 1ntgn2k 1vf50t ri3hap wynbiy u8qikl 1gx3men yg4zrc k1vhee 1atljbz dah9rt fossqd f68shw 1giivcq ddf1wi 6m88po 5mqa0r 1pt7toy j5zpwt 1qjcfie 1q1v1nj a4rp9m 1gt8egs ybq1b6 lgyw9b 1b5y2ep bnuca0 1hmrwdw 1ris6nf 1xyi04h 1wf840d u54heg 1ms2xl4 4coeh 1v06yj3 1xnlu54 1bljy3y 6ottnt 18yycfp 13lm9u3 1slcfay 1wna1tt bqcudp">.dcr-1gpubb{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:40px;top:-40px;line-height:30px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;background:#FFFFFF;display:block;text-align:center;margin:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#000000;}.dcr-1gpubb:focus,.dcr-1gpubb:active{border:5px solid #0077B6;position:static;}.dcr-1gpubb:visited,.dcr-1gpubb:active{color:#000000;}.dcr-1jicgf3{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:21;background-color:var(--stuck-background);}.dcr-1u9kji9{position:static;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-n4pnam{display:none;}}.dcr-iim5od{z-index:1080;width:100%;background-color:var(--ad-background);min-height:133px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--ad-border);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;}.dcr-mqepgd{min-height:90px;min-width:728px;}.dcr-vdr14u{padding-bottom:18px;position:relative;margin:0 auto;text-align:left;display:block;}.dcr-5k6jfi{display:grid;grid-auto-rows:auto;grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] 0 [content-start main-column-start] repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)) [content-end main-column-end] 0 [viewport-end];-webkit-column-gap:10px;column-gap:10px;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-5k6jfi{-webkit-column-gap:20px;column-gap:20px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start main-column-start] repeat(12, 40px) [content-end main-column-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start main-column-start] repeat(12, 60px) [content-end main-column-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start left-column-start] repeat(2, 60px) [left-column-end main-column-start] repeat(12, 60px) [content-end main-column-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start left-column-start] repeat(3, 60px) [left-column-end main-column-start] repeat(12, 60px) [main-column-end] repeat(1, 60px) [content-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}.dcr-kohrs2{grid-column:content-start/main-column-end;background-color:var(--masthead-top-bar-background);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;box-sizing:border-box;height:52px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-kohrs2{height:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-kohrs2{height:64px;}}.dcr-145list{height:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-right:auto;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1vetsv0{display:none;}}.dcr-1cvta4k{height:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1cvta4k:before{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-top-bar-vertical-divider);height:38px;}}.dcr-vxblrw{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-top-bar-link-text);-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:4px;}.dcr-vxblrw:hover,.dcr-vxblrw:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-vxblrw svg{fill:currentColor;float:left;height:18px;width:18px;margin:0 4px 0 0;}.dcr-3ny4gi{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-top-bar-link-text);-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:4px 0 4px 4px;z-index:19;}.dcr-3ny4gi:hover,.dcr-3ny4gi:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-3ny4gi svg{fill:currentColor;float:left;height:18px;width:18px;margin:0 4px 0 0;}.dcr-1jzii9a{grid-column:main-column-start/main-column-end;grid-row:1;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1jzii9a{justify-self:end;}}.dcr-1p6sy7j{z-index:18;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;margin-top:4px;}.dcr-1p6sy7j ul{position:absolute;left:0;right:unset;max-height:unset;min-width:200px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1p6sy7j ul{left:unset;right:0;}}.dcr-1kbi9ft #checkbox-id-masthead-edition{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1kbi9ft #dropbox-id-masthead-edition{display:none;}.dcr-1kbi9ft #checkbox-id-masthead-edition:checked+#dropbox-id-masthead-edition{display:block;}.dcr-1crstso{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;display:block;cursor:pointer;background:none;border:none;line-height:1.2;color:#FFFFFF;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;padding:0px 10px 6px 5px;margin:1px 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;position:relative;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);padding:6px 0 0 0;margin-top:4px;}.dcr-1crstso:hover{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-1crstso:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);}.dcr-1crstso:after{content:'';display:inline-block;width:5px;height:5px;-webkit-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);border:1px solid currentColor;border-left:transparent;border-top:transparent;margin-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 250ms ease-out;transition:transform 250ms ease-out;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1crstso{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}.dcr-1crstso:not(ul):hover{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1lusb1s{z-index:29;list-style:none;background-color:white;padding:6px 0;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);padding:6px 0 0 0;margin-top:4px;}.dcr-1lusb1s li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1lusb1s{position:fixed;border-radius:0;top:32px;left:0;right:0;width:auto;max-height:calc(100% - 50px);overflow:auto;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1lusb1s{position:absolute;top:100%;width:200px;border-radius:3px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1lusb1s{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}.dcr-1lusb1s:not(ul):hover{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-64xqd0{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:#121212;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;margin:-1px 0 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;padding:10px 18px 15px 30px;font-weight:bold;}.dcr-64xqd0:hover{background-color:#EDEDED;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-64xqd0:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-64xqd0:before{content:'';border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;display:block;position:absolute;top:0px;left:30px;right:0px;}.dcr-64xqd0:after{content:'';border:2px solid #C70000;border-top:0px;border-right:0px;position:absolute;top:19px;left:12px;width:10px;height:4px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg);}.dcr-64xqd0:before{content:none;}.dcr-i0vtpq{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:#121212;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;margin:-1px 0 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;padding:10px 18px 15px 30px;}.dcr-i0vtpq:hover{background-color:#EDEDED;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-i0vtpq:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-i0vtpq:before{content:'';border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;display:block;position:absolute;top:0px;left:30px;right:0px;}.dcr-1apgfiu{grid-column:main-column-start/main-column-end;grid-row:1;position:relative;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;justify-self:end;-webkit-align-self:end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:end;margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:6px;right:52px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1apgfiu{right:0;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1apgfiu{margin-bottom:8px;}}.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:152px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:207px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:252px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:291px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:324px;}}.dcr-zramh4{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1p0hins{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1acea34{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1p1neil{grid-column:content-start/content-end;grid-row:2;-webkit-align-self:end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:end;font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;margin-top:8px;pointer-events:none;position:relative;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1p1neil{grid-row:1/2;}.dcr-1p1neil li:last-of-type:after{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;height:calc(100% - 4px);margin-top:4px;}}.dcr-1p1neil::after{content:'';position:absolute;border-bottom:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);bottom:0;right:-10px;left:-10px;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1p1neil::after{left:-20px;right:-20px;}}.dcr-1d6g26q{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;pointer-events:auto;}.dcr-1grikph{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:28px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;list-style:none;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1grikph{height:34px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1grikph{height:37px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1grikph{width:108px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1grikph{height:40px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1grikph{height:52px;width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1grikph{width:136px;}}.dcr-1grikph::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-1grikph:after{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;height:calc(100% - 4px);margin-top:4px;}.dcr-1grikph a{padding-left:0;}.dcr-1grikph a:after{width:calc(100% - 1px);margin-left:0;}.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;padding-left:6px;padding-right:4px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-size:0.9375rem;padding-right:8px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-1iufw7r:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-1iufw7r:after{height:5px;background-color:var(--pillar-underline);content:'';display:block;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;width:calc(100% - 6px - 1px);margin-left:6px;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;margin-bottom:-5px;}.dcr-1iufw7r:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-1iufw7r:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-ks441s{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:28px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;list-style:none;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-ks441s{height:34px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-ks441s{height:37px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-ks441s{width:108px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-ks441s{height:40px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-ks441s{height:52px;width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-ks441s{width:136px;}}.dcr-ks441s::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-ks441s:after{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;height:calc(100% - 4px);margin-top:4px;}.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;padding-left:6px;padding-right:4px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-size:0.9375rem;padding-right:8px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-7612kl:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-7612kl:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-7612kl:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-7612kl:after{height:5px;background-color:var(--pillar-underline);content:'';display:block;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;width:calc(100% - 6px - 1px);margin-left:6px;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;margin-bottom:-5px;}.dcr-1kcody2{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:28px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;list-style:none;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:34px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:37px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1kcody2{width:108px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:40px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:52px;width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1kcody2{width:136px;}}.dcr-1kcody2::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-1hrapdy{grid-column:content-start/content-end;grid-row:1;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;justify-self:end;position:relative;bottom:2px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1hrapdy{grid-row:1/3;-webkit-align-self:end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:end;}}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1hrapdy{bottom:4px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1hrapdy{right:354px;bottom:6px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1hrapdy{right:430px;bottom:14px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1hrapdy{right:534px;}}.dcr-1xv1515{position:relative;z-index:1;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-1xv1515{z-index:27;}}.dcr-b3mn8w{cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:50%;background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background);}.dcr-b3mn8w:hover{background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background-hover);}.dcr-b3mn8w:focus{outline:none;}#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-b3mn8w{display:none;}.dcr-1nvgr5i{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-li5n90{cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:50%;background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background);}.dcr-li5n90:hover{background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background-hover);}.dcr-li5n90:focus{outline:none;}#header-nav-input-checkbox:not(:checked)~div .dcr-li5n90{display:none;}.dcr-1ef3v4m{grid-column:content-start/content-end;grid-row:2;margin-top:-1px;}.dcr-14vdg2{z-index:26;left:0;top:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-14vdg2{-webkit-transform:translateX(-110%);-moz-transform:translateX(-110%);-ms-transform:translateX(-110%);transform:translateX(-110%);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);bottom:0;height:100%;overflow:auto;position:fixed;right:0;will-change:transform;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-14vdg2{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-14vdg2{-webkit-transform:translateX(0%);-moz-transform:translateX(0%);-ms-transform:translateX(0%);transform:translateX(0%);}}@media (min-width: 980px){#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-14vdg2{display:block;overflow:visible;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1srap2j{position:relative;}}.dcr-10y96fo{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;z-index:25;left:0;top:0;box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute;margin-right:28px;box-shadow:28px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-10y96fo{margin-right:40px;box-shadow:40px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-10y96fo{margin-right:100px;box-shadow:100px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-10y96fo{box-shadow:none;position:absolute;padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0;top:0;left:0;right:0;width:100%;}@supports (width: 100vw){.dcr-10y96fo{left:50%;right:50%;width:100vw;margin-left:-50vw;margin-right:-50vw;}}}.dcr-6sl420{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-6sl420{max-width:980px;padding:0 20px;position:relative;margin:0 auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border-right:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);border-top:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);}.dcr-6sl420:first-of-type{border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-6sl420{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-6sl420{max-width:1300px;}}.dcr-lpsfc3{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding-bottom:10px;position:relative;}.dcr-lpsfc3::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-lpsfc3{width:108px;float:left;position:relative;border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);}.dcr-lpsfc3:first-of-type{border-left:none;width:calc(108px - 2px);}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-lpsfc3{width:125px;}.dcr-lpsfc3:first-of-type{width:calc(125px - 2px);}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-lpsfc3{width:136px;}.dcr-lpsfc3:first-of-type{width:calc(136px - 2px);}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-lpsfc3:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}.dcr-o6rk0u{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-o6rk0u >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-o6rk0u{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-o6rk0u{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-o6rk0u:hover,.dcr-o6rk0u:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-o6rk0u:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#News-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-o6rk0u:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-o6rk0u{display:none;}}.dcr-11vt4tq{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-11vt4tq::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-11vt4tq{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-11vt4tq{padding-left:0;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-11vt4tq{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-11vt4tq{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#News-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-11vt4tq{display:none;}}.dcr-9ra8aa{box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-9ra8aa{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-9ra8aa{display:none;}}.dcr-1julzi7{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;}.dcr-1julzi7 >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1julzi7{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1julzi7{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-1julzi7:hover,.dcr-1julzi7:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-1julzi7:hover,.dcr-1julzi7:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-4hq641{box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-4hq641{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}}.dcr-1tnoaxa{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#News-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-1tnoaxa{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1tnoaxa{display:none;}}.dcr-p0c3jt{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-p0c3jt >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-p0c3jt{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-p0c3jt{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-p0c3jt:hover,.dcr-p0c3jt:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-p0c3jt:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Opinion-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-p0c3jt:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-p0c3jt{display:none;}}.dcr-v7ibvm{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-v7ibvm::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-v7ibvm{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-v7ibvm{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Opinion-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-v7ibvm{display:none;}}.dcr-1j2dgzz{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Opinion-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-1j2dgzz{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1j2dgzz{display:none;}}.dcr-10b2o1s{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-10b2o1s >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-10b2o1s{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-10b2o1s{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-10b2o1s:hover,.dcr-10b2o1s:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-10b2o1s:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Sport-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-10b2o1s:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-10b2o1s{display:none;}}.dcr-wp8bgr{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-wp8bgr::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-wp8bgr{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-wp8bgr{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Sport-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-wp8bgr{display:none;}}.dcr-16q8bto{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Sport-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-16q8bto{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-16q8bto{display:none;}}.dcr-x5fwww{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-x5fwww >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-x5fwww{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-x5fwww{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-x5fwww:hover,.dcr-x5fwww:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-x5fwww:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Culture-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-x5fwww:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-x5fwww{display:none;}}.dcr-1yytfii{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-1yytfii::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1yytfii{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1yytfii{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Culture-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-1yytfii{display:none;}}.dcr-6zq80y{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Culture-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-6zq80y{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-6zq80y{display:none;}}.dcr-yq9plo{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-yq9plo >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-yq9plo{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-yq9plo{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-yq9plo:hover,.dcr-yq9plo:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-yq9plo:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Lifestyle-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-yq9plo:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-yq9plo{display:none;}}.dcr-1utnfys{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-1utnfys::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1utnfys{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1utnfys{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Lifestyle-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-1utnfys{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-90inr0{display:none;}}.dcr-1jjnk9d{box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-left:16px;max-width:380px;position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;margin-right:41px;padding-bottom:15px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1jjnk9d{margin:0;}}.dcr-6v110l{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:#121212;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-qcy5wo{width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:44px;color:#121212;background-color:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #707070;border-radius:4px;padding:0 8px;margin-top:4px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;background-color:var(--nav-search-bar-background);border:0;border-radius:1000px;box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);height:36px;padding-left:38px;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-qcy5wo:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #0077B6;}.dcr-qcy5wo:invalid{box-shadow:none;}.dcr-qcy5wo:invalid[value]:not([value='']){border:2px solid #C70000;border-radius:4px;color:#121212;margin-top:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo::placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus{padding-right:40px;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus::-webkit-input-placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus::-moz-placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus:-ms-input-placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus::placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus~button{background-color:transparent;opacity:1;pointer-events:all;}.dcr-radnun{position:absolute;left:7px;top:7px;fill:var(--nav-search-bar-icon);}.dcr-1gsboxi{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:44px;min-height:44px;padding:0 20px;border-radius:44px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#052962;color:#FFFFFF;-webkit-flex-direction:row-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse;background:transparent;border:0;bottom:0;cursor:pointer;display:block;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:50px;fill:var(--nav-search-bar-icon);}.dcr-1gsboxi:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-1gsboxi:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-1gsboxi:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-1gsboxi:hover{background-color:#234B8A;}.dcr-1gsboxi svg{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;display:block;fill:currentColor;position:relative;width:30px;height:auto;}.dcr-1gsboxi .src-button-space{width:12px;}.dcr-1gsboxi svg{margin-left:-4px;}.dcr-1gsboxi:focus,.dcr-1gsboxi:active{opacity:0;pointer-events:all;}.dcr-1gsboxi:before{height:12px;top:12px;width:12px;}.dcr-1gsboxi:after{border-right:0;top:17px;width:20px;}.dcr-1q09wwq{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q09wwq{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-e1bf28{display:none;}}.dcr-1rg7stg{position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;color:var(--nav-reader-revenue-link-text);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}.dcr-1rg7stg >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1rg7stg{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1rg7stg{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-1rg7stg:hover,.dcr-1rg7stg:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1rg7stg{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}.dcr-1rg7stg:hover,.dcr-1rg7stg:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-3ae42h{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding-bottom:10px;position:relative;}.dcr-3ae42h::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-3ae42h:first-of-type:after{content:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-3ae42h{width:108px;float:left;position:relative;}.dcr-3ae42h:after{content:none;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-3ae42h{width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-3ae42h{width:136px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-3ae42h:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;height:auto;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-3ae42h:after{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;width:1px;height:auto;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}.dcr-1mtufo3{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-1mtufo3::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1mtufo3{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}.dcr-a1su5g{position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}.dcr-a1su5g >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-a1su5g{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-a1su5g{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-a1su5g:hover,.dcr-a1su5g:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-a1su5g:hover,.dcr-a1su5g:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1rinrec{display:none;padding:8px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1rinrec{display:block;}}.dcr-iwod0p{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;list-style:none;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0;padding-bottom:0;}.dcr-iwod0p::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-iwod0p{width:140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-iwod0p{width:300px;}}.dcr-nnfu1a{margin-right:0;margin-top:-6px;padding-bottom:0;}.dcr-e3rvah{position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-e3rvah >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-e3rvah:hover,.dcr-e3rvah:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding:6px 0;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-e3rvah{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-mu6xev{position:relative;grid-column:content-start/content-end;grid-row:3;width:calc(100% + 10px);}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-mu6xev{width:calc(100% + 20px);}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-mu6xev{width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-mu6xev:before{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);position:absolute;left:-20px;top:0;bottom:0;}.dcr-mu6xev:after{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);position:absolute;right:-20px;top:0;bottom:0;}}.dcr-mu6xev ul{padding-right:32px;position:relative;}.dcr-12t3ay9{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-column-gap:8px;column-gap:8px;color:inherit;min-height:28px;width:100%;margin-top:8px;overflow-x:scroll;scrollbar-width:none;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-12t3ay9{margin-top:12px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-12t3ay9{min-height:30px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-12t3ay9{margin-top:14px;}}@supports selector(::-webkit-scrollbar){.dcr-12t3ay9::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}}.dcr-5wkng0{white-space:nowrap;}.dcr-15o3dy0{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding-right:4px;}.dcr-15o3dy0:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-3qh43d{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}.dcr-1ikn05z{position:absolute;width:40px;height:100%;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;background:linear-gradient( to right, transparent 0%, var(--masthead-nav-background) 100% );}.dcr-wqti5a{position:relative;margin:auto;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-wqti5a{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-wqti5a{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-wqti5a{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-wqti5a{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-wqti5a{border-left:1px solid;border-right:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-wqti5a{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}.dcr-2zxs1v{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-2zxs1v{margin-left:0px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-2zxs1v{margin-left:151px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-2zxs1v{margin-left:230px;}}@supports (display: grid){.dcr-2zxs1v{display:grid;width:100%;margin-left:0;grid-column-gap:10px;}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-2zxs1v{grid-template-columns:219px 1px 620px 80px 300px;grid-template-areas:'title border headline . right-column' '. border standfirst . right-column' 'meta border media . right-column' 'meta border body . right-column' '. border . . right-column';}}}@media (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-2zxs1v{grid-template-columns:140px 1px 620px 300px;grid-template-areas:'title border headline right-column' '. border standfirst right-column' '. border disclaimer right-column' 'meta border media right-column' 'meta border body right-column' '. border . right-column';}}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-2zxs1v{grid-template-columns:620px 300px;grid-template-areas:'title right-column' 'headline right-column' 'standfirst right-column' 'disclaimer right-column' 'media right-column' 'meta right-column' 'body right-column' '. right-column';}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-2zxs1v{grid-template-columns:100%;grid-template-areas:'title' 'headline' 'standfirst' 'disclaimer' 'media' 'meta' 'body';}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-2zxs1v{grid-column-gap:0px;grid-template-columns:100%;grid-template-areas:'media' 'title' 'headline' 'standfirst' 'disclaimer' 'meta' 'body';}}.dcr-1fnjjtg{grid-area:var(--grid-area);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-14emo0l{max-width:620px;}}.dcr-hlfdy3{height:100%;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-hlfdy3{margin:0;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;}}.dcr-hlfdy3 img{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;width:100%;height:100%;}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-hlfdy3{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-hlfdy3{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}}.dcr-10355cg{padding-top:8px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-10355cg{-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1v9xu6e{display:none;}}.dcr-qmfkju{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:var(--series-title-text);background-color:var(--section-title-background);font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;word-break:break-word;}.dcr-qmfkju:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-qmfkju{margin-right:8px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-qmfkju{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-upmzd8{border-left:1px solid var(--article-border);height:100%;}}.dcr-cohhs3{padding-bottom:28px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-cohhs3{padding-bottom:36px;}}.dcr-notra3{background-color:var(--age-warning-wrapper-background);margin-top:12px;margin-left:-10px;margin-bottom:6px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-notra3{margin-left:-20px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-notra3{margin-left:-10px;margin-top:0;}}.dcr-13832xi{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--age-warning-text);background-color:var(--age-warning-background);display:inline-block;padding:6px 10px;}.dcr-13832xi >strong{font-weight:bold;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-13832xi{padding-left:12px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-13832xi{padding-left:10px;}}.dcr-u0152o{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.75rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;color:var(--headline-colour);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-u0152o{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:2.125rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:4px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-u0152o{padding-top:4px;}}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-ich95x{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-ich95x{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}}.dcr-194w08h{display:block;}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-1v9sla6{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-1v9sla6{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}}.dcr-5oiine{padding-top:2px;}@media (min-width: 740px) and (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-5oiine{-webkit-order:3;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-5oiine{padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-5oiine{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}@media (min-width: 660px){.dcr-5oiine{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;}}.dcr-1kpcv08{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1kpcv08{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}.dcr-1cfpnlw{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;padding-bottom:8px;font-style:italic;color:var(--byline);}.dcr-1cfpnlw a{color:var(--byline-anchor);font-weight:700;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-style:normal;}.dcr-1cfpnlw a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1pexjb9{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--dateline);padding-top:2px;margin-bottom:6px;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1pexjb9{color:var(--mobile-color);}}.dcr-9dgpdq{margin-bottom:6px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.dcr-16lnb0w{border-top:1px solid var(--article-border);-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;padding-top:6px;}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-16lnb0w{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-16lnb0w{padding-bottom:6px;}}.dcr-bao4ku{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:36px;min-height:36px;padding:0 16px;border-radius:36px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:transparent;color:#052962;border:1px solid #052962;-webkit-flex-direction:row-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse;color:var(--share-button);width:105px;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;border-color:var(--share-button-border);height:36px;}.dcr-bao4ku:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-bao4ku:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-bao4ku:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-bao4ku:hover{background-color:#E5E5E5;}.dcr-bao4ku svg{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;display:block;fill:currentColor;position:relative;width:26px;height:auto;}.dcr-bao4ku .src-button-space{width:8px;}.dcr-bao4ku svg{margin-left:-4px;}.dcr-bao4ku svg{fill:var(--share-button);-webkit-transition:inherit;transition:inherit;}.dcr-bao4ku:hover{background-color:var(--share-button);border-color:var(--share-button);color:var(--share-button-hover);}.dcr-bao4ku:hover svg{fill:var(--share-button-hover);}.dcr-1csot3r{border-top:1px solid var(--article-border);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-1csot3r{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;}}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-1csot3r{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}.dcr-14baf59{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;}.dcr-fu29fd{-webkit-align-self:start;-ms-flex-item-align:start;align-self:start;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:9;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-fu29fd{margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:36px;margin-left:1px;margin-right:-1px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-fu29fd{margin-left:0;}}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1lhv23l{display:none;}}.dcr-1upb05m{z-index:5;grid-area:var(--grid-area);}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1iz7gbk{display:none;}}.dcr-1a4fred{-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;z-index:1;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1a4fred{padding-left:0;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1a4fred{width:620px;}}.dcr-1bwys2b{margin-top:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 740px) and (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1bwys2b{padding-right:80px;}}.dcr-1bwys2b ol:not([data-ignore='global-ol-styling']){counter-reset:li;}.dcr-1bwys2b ol:not([data-ignore='global-ol-styling']) >li:before{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian,"Guardian Text Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;line-height:1.15;content:counter(li);counter-increment:li;margin-right:0.25rem;float:left;}.dcr-1bwys2b strong{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-1bwys2b a:not([data-ignore='global-link-styling']){-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--article-link-border);color:var(--article-link-text);}.dcr-1bwys2b a:not([data-ignore='global-link-styling']):hover{color:var(--article-link-text-hover);border-bottom:1px solid var(--article-link-border-hover);}.dcr-1q6n3e0{position:relative;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container{margin:12px auto;text-align:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container{background-color:var(--ad-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container{clear:left;}}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container .ad-slot--interscroller{overflow:hidden;position:relative;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container .ad-slot--interscroller .ad-slot__content{position:absolute;height:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;z-index:-1;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container .ad-slot--interscroller::before{display:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container--offset-right{float:right;max-width:300px;margin-right:-330px;background-color:transparent;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container--offset-right{margin-right:-310px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container--offset-right{margin-right:-400px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;-webkit-align-self:flex-start;-ms-flex-item-align:flex-start;align-self:flex-start;}}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--inline:not(.ad-slot--rendered){min-height:221px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--inline:not(.ad-slot--rendered){min-height:274px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--inline1:not(.ad-slot--rendered){min-height:374px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--top-above-nav:not(.ad-slot--rendered){min-height:221px;}}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--carrot{float:left;clear:both;width:140px;margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:4px;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--carrot{position:relative;margin-left:-160px;width:140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--carrot{margin-left:-240px;width:220px;}}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot__scroll{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:100%;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot__scroll.visible{visibility:initial;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot__scroll.hidden{visibility:hidden;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--interscroller[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'Advertisement';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;border:0;display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-1eu361v{margin-bottom:0.75rem;word-break:break-word;font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian,"Guardian Text Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.4;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--textblock-text);}.dcr-1eu361v strong em,.dcr-1eu361v strong u{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-1eu361v ul{margin-bottom:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1eu361v ul{margin-bottom:1rem;}}.dcr-1eu361v li{margin-bottom:0.25rem;padding-left:1.25rem;display:flow-root;}.dcr-1eu361v li p{margin:-1.5rem 0 0 0;}.dcr-1eu361v:is(ul)>li:before{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:50%;height:0.75rem;width:0.75rem;background-color:#DCDCDC;margin-left:-1.25rem;margin-right:0.5rem;}.dcr-1eu361v sub{bottom:-0.25em;}.dcr-1eu361v sup{top:-0.5em;}.dcr-1eu361v sub,.dcr-1eu361v sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}.dcr-1eu361v [data-dcr-style='bullet']{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:50%;height:0.5rem;width:0.5rem;background-color:#C70000;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1eu361v{overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-wrap:break-word;}}.dcr-65xb9q{display:block;}.dcr-fckw05{padding-bottom:36px;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-fckw05{padding-bottom:20px;}}.dcr-1slmqmw{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;display:block;color:var(--sub-meta-label-text);margin-bottom:8px;}.dcr-1jl528t{padding-bottom:12px;margin-bottom:6px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--article-border);}.dcr-1yfsxuc{list-style:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:1.5rem 0.25rem;background-image:repeating-linear-gradient( to bottom, var(--sub-meta-background) 0px, var(--sub-meta-background) 36px, transparent 36px, transparent 37px, var(--sub-meta-background) 37px, var(--sub-meta-background) 48px ),repeating-linear-gradient( to right, var(--article-border) 0px, var(--article-border) 3px, transparent 3px, transparent 5px );-webkit-background-position:top;background-position:top;background-repeat:no-repeat;}.dcr-1yfsxuc li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-ncdwh2{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;border:1px solid var(--sub-meta-text);border-radius:12px;padding:2px 9px;}.dcr-ncdwh2:hover{background-color:var(--sub-meta-text);}.dcr-ncdwh2:hover a{color:var(--sub-meta-text-hover);}.dcr-ncdwh2 a{position:relative;display:block;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1gwziyt{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:var(--sub-meta-text);}.dcr-nu129i{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.dcr-zhx6xs >a{font-weight:normal;}.dcr-14rjinq{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;min-height:24px;padding:0 12px;border-radius:24px;padding-bottom:1px;background-color:transparent;color:var(--syndication-button-text);border:1px solid var(--syndication-button-border);}.dcr-14rjinq:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-14rjinq:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-14rjinq:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-14rjinq:hover{background-color:var(--syndication-button-hover);}.dcr-10el5c8{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:4;grid-area:var(--grid-area);}@supports (display: grid){.dcr-10el5c8{position:relative;}}.dcr-tn16h9{padding-top:6px;height:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-tn16h9{margin-left:20px;margin-right:-20px;padding-bottom:0px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-tn16h9{margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1hko8ef{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1hko8ef{height:100%;display:block;-webkit-flex-basis:300px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:300px;flex-basis:300px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}.dcr-1e3xwa3{height:min(100%, 1600px);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.dcr-1hgakfl{position:static;height:100%;max-height:100%;}.dcr-1hgakfl .ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{content:attr(ad-label-text);display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-1hgakfl .ad-slot__adtest-cookie-clear-link{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-align:left;position:absolute;left:268px;top:1px;z-index:10;padding:0;border:0;}.dcr-wi6855{background-color:var(--ad-background-article-inner);max-width:300px;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0px;}.dcr-wi6855 .ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{content:attr(ad-label-text);display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-wi6855 .ad-slot__adtest-cookie-clear-link{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-align:left;position:absolute;left:268px;top:1px;z-index:10;padding:0;border:0;}.dcr-1ykr3rf{position:relative;margin:auto;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1ykr3rf{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1ykr3rf{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1ykr3rf{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1ykr3rf{max-width:1300px;}}.dcr-17n294h{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;}.dcr-17n294h.ad-slot-container--centre-slot{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;margin:0 auto;}.dcr-ivr0sq{position:relative;min-height:274px;margin:12px auto;max-width:1300px;overflow:hidden;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-ivr0sq{margin:0;padding-bottom:20px;min-height:294px;}}@media (min-width: 660px) and (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-ivr0sq:not(.ad-slot--fluid).ad-slot--rendered{display:none;}}.dcr-1ntgn2k{width:100%;background:var(--article-section-background);}.dcr-1vf50t{position:relative;margin:auto;border-top:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1vf50t{border-left:1px solid;border-right:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1vf50t{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}.dcr-ri3hap{-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;}.dcr-wynbiy{min-height:340px;width:100%;margin-bottom:px;margin-left:px;background-color:var(--onward-placeholder-background);}.dcr-u8qikl{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-positive:1;}.dcr-1gx3men{position:relative;padding-right:10px;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1gx3men{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-1gx3men{-webkit-flex-basis:151px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:151px;flex-basis:151px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1gx3men{-webkit-flex-basis:230px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:230px;flex-basis:230px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}.dcr-yg4zrc{height:100%;}.dcr-k1vhee{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.dcr-1atljbz{margin-left:0;}.dcr-dah9rt{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;padding-bottom:4px;padding-top:6px;overflow-wrap:break-word;}.dcr-fossqd{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-fossqd{margin-right:68px;}}.dcr-f68shw{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-f68shw{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1giivcq{display:none;}}.dcr-ddf1wi{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-ddf1wi{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}.dcr-6m88po{margin-left:-1px;}@media (min-width: 980px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-6m88po{min-width:627px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-6m88po{min-width:718px;}}.dcr-5mqa0r{min-height:360px;width:100%;margin-bottom:px;margin-left:px;background-color:#EDEDED;-webkit-animation:animation-yk1vcf 2s infinite linear;animation:animation-yk1vcf 2s infinite linear;background:linear-gradient( to right, #EDEDED 4%, white 25%, #EDEDED 36% );-webkit-background-size:1500px 100%;background-size:1500px 100%;}.dcr-1pt7toy{margin-top:9px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1pt7toy{margin-top:0;margin-left:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1pt7toy{margin-top:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1pt7toy{margin-left:16px;}}{margin-top:2px;}{margin-top:36px;}{margin-top:9px;}{margin-top:38px;}{margin-top:54px;}.dcr-j5zpwt{min-height:274px;min-width:300px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;max-width:300px;margin:0 auto;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-j5zpwt{max-width:700px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-j5zpwt{max-width:300px;}}.dcr-1qjcfie{position:relative;min-height:274px;min-width:300px;max-width:300px;text-align:center;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1qjcfie{max-width:700px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1qjcfie{width:auto;max-width:300px;}}.dcr-1q1v1nj{position:relative;margin:auto;border-top:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{border-left:1px solid;border-right:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}}.dcr-a4rp9m{height:36px;overflow:hidden;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-a4rp9m{height:42px;}}.dcr-1gt8egs{list-style:none;padding:0 5px;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1gt8egs{padding:0 15px;}}.dcr-1gt8egs li{float:left;display:block;}.dcr-ybq1b6:after{content:'';display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;border-top:6px solid transparent;border-bottom:6px solid transparent;border-left:10px solid var(--sub-nav-border);margin-top:12px;margin-left:2px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-ybq1b6:after{margin-top:16px;}}.dcr-lgyw9b{float:left;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-size:14px;font-weight:500;color:var(--sub-nav-link);padding:0 5px;height:36px;line-height:36px;}.dcr-lgyw9b:hover{color:var(--sub-nav-link-hover);}.dcr-lgyw9b:focus{line-height:26px;height:26px;margin-top:5px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-lgyw9b:focus{height:32px;line-height:32px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-lgyw9b{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-size:16px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-lgyw9b{height:42px;line-height:42px;}}.dcr-1b5y2ep{font-weight:700;}.dcr-bnuca0{position:relative;margin:auto;border-top:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:1300px;}}.dcr-1hmrwdw{background-color:#052962;color:#FFFFFF;padding-bottom:6px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}.dcr-1ris6nf{border-left:1px solid #506991;border-right:1px solid #506991;padding-top:8px;position:relative;padding-left:10px;}.dcr-1ris6nf:after{content:'';display:table;clear:both;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1ris6nf{padding-left:20px;}}.dcr-1ris6nf >ul{clear:none;}.dcr-1ris6nf >ul:after{display:none;}.dcr-1xyi04h{display:grid;-webkit-column-gap:12px;column-gap:12px;grid-template-areas:'signup' 'links' 'acknowledgment';clear:both;width:100%;padding:0 10px;position:relative;border:1px solid #506991;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1xyi04h{grid-template-columns:min-content;grid-template-areas:'signup links' 'acknowledgment links';}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1xyi04h{padding:0 20px;}}.dcr-1wf840d{grid-area:signup;padding-top:8px;margin-bottom:12px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1wf840d{width:247px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1wf840d{width:298px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1wf840d{width:458px;}}.dcr-u54heg{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:36px;min-height:36px;padding:0 16px;border-radius:36px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#052962;color:#FFFFFF;color:#052962;background-color:#FFFFFF;margin-top:12px;}.dcr-u54heg:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-u54heg:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-u54heg:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-u54heg:hover{background-color:#234B8A;}.dcr-u54heg svg{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;display:block;fill:currentColor;position:relative;width:26px;height:auto;}.dcr-u54heg .src-button-space{width:8px;}.dcr-u54heg svg{margin-right:-4px;}.dcr-u54heg:hover{background-color:#DCDCDC;}.dcr-1ms2xl4{grid-area:links;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1ms2xl4{border-top:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul{width:50%;border-left:1px solid #506991;padding:12px 0 0 10px;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(1){border-left:0 none;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul{clear:left;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(odd){border-left:0;padding-left:0;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(3){padding-top:0;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(4){padding-top:0;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul{margin:0 10px 36px 0;width:150px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(1){border-left:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-4coeh{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding-bottom:12px;display:block;line-height:19px;}.dcr-4coeh:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:#FFE500;}.dcr-1v06yj3{border-left:1px solid #506991;-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;padding:12px 0 0 10px;margin:0 10px 36px 0;width:calc(50% - 10px);}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1v06yj3{width:50%;border-top:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-1xnlu54{background-color:#052962;padding:0 5px;position:absolute;bottom:-21px;right:20px;}.dcr-1bljy3y{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;line-height:42px;}.dcr-1bljy3y:hover{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-1bljy3y:hover .icon-container{background-color:#FFE500;}.dcr-6ottnt{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;padding-right:5px;}.dcr-18yycfp{position:relative;float:right;border-radius:100%;background-color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;height:42px;min-width:42px;}.dcr-13lm9u3:before{position:absolute;top:6px;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;border:2px solid #052962;border-bottom:0;border-right:0;content:'';height:12px;width:12px;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);}.dcr-1slcfay{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;padding:12px;padding-left:20px;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1slcfay{margin-top:11px;}}.dcr-1wna1tt{position:fixed!important;bottom:0;z-index:30!important;max-height:90vh;overflow:auto;width:100%!important;background:none!important;top:auto!important;}.dcr-bqcudp{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:320px;margin:0 auto;right:0;left:0;z-index:23;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#F6F6F6;}@media (min-width: 660px){.dcr-bqcudp{display:none;}}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot__close-button{display:none;position:absolute;right:3px;top:-21px;padding:0;border:0;height:21px;width:21px;background-color:transparent;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot__close-button svg{height:0.75rem;width:0.75rem;stroke:#121212;fill:#121212;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-width:0;text-align:center;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot--mobile-sticky .ad-slot__close-button{display:block;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot__close-button__x{stroke:#121212;fill:transparent;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-width:2;text-align:center;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot:not[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'';display:block;height:24px;visibility:hidden;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'Advertisement';display:block;position:relative;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{padding-left:calc((100% - 320px) / 2);padding-right:calc((100% - 320px) / 2);}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/css/print.css"> </head> <body class=""> <a href="#maincontent" data-link-name="skip : main content" class="dcr-1gpubb">Skip to main content</a><a href="#navigation" data-link-name="skip : navigation" class="dcr-1gpubb">Skip to navigation</a><gu-island name="FocusStyles" priority="enhancement" deferUntil="idle" props="{}"></gu-island><a href="#navigation" data-link-name="skip : navigation" class="dcr-1gpubb">Skip to navigation</a><gu-island name="AlreadyVisited" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{}"></gu-island><gu-island name="Metrics" priority="critical" props="{"commercialMetricsEnabled":true,"tests":{}}"></gu-island><gu-island name="BrazeMessaging" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com"}"></gu-island><gu-island name="ReaderRevenueDev" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"shouldHideReaderRevenue":false}"></gu-island><gu-island name="SetABTests" priority="critical" props="{"abTestSwitches":{"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"abGpidPrebidAdUnits":true,"abUsaExpandableMarketingCard":true,"abOnwardsContentArticle":false,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"abNewHeaderBiddingEndpoint":true},"pageIsSensitive":false,"isDev":false,"serverSideTests":{}}"></gu-island><gu-island name="SetAdTargeting" priority="critical" props="{"adTargeting":{"customParams":{"sens":"f","si":"f","vl":0,"cc":"INT","s":"politics","inskin":"f","ct":"article","su":["0"],"edition":"int","p":"ng","k":["politics","uk/uk","immigration","prisons-and-probation","ukcrime"],"sh":"https://www.theguardian.com/p/zyaf","co":["martinnicholls"],"url":"/politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1","pa":"f","urlkw":["immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1"]},"adUnit":"/59666047/theguardian.com/politics/article/ng"}}"></gu-island><div data-print-layout="hide" id="bannerandheader"><div class="dcr-1jicgf3"><section style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1s8spa1"><div class="dcr-1u9kji9"><span class="dcr-n4pnam"><div class="top-banner-ad-container dcr-iim5od"><div class="dcr-mqepgd"><gu-island name="AdBlockAsk" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"size":"leaderboard","slotId":"dfp-ad--top-above-nav","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"isPaidContent":false}"></gu-island><div class="ad-slot-container dcr-vdr14u"><div id="dfp-ad--top-above-nav" data-link-name="ad slot top-above-nav" data-name="top-above-nav" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--top-above-nav ad-slot--mpu-banner-ad ad-slot--rendered"></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></section></div><header data-component="header"><section style="background-color:var(--masthead-top-bar-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1s8spa1"><div data-component="topbar"><gu-island name="TopBar" priority="critical" props="{"editionId":"INT","idUrl":"https://profile.theguardian.com","mmaUrl":"https://manage.theguardian.com","discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","contributionsServiceUrl":"https://contributions.guardianapis.com","hasPageSkin":false}"><div class="dcr-5k6jfi"><div class="dcr-kohrs2"><div style="padding-right:12px;" class="dcr-145list"></div><span class="dcr-1vetsv0"><div style="padding-right:12px;" class="dcr-1cvta4k"><a href="https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe/weekly?REFPVID=undefined&INTCMP=undefined&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22PrintSubscriptionsHeaderLink%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22%2C%22referrerUrl%22%3A%22%22%7D" data-link-name="header : topbar : printsubs" class="dcr-vxblrw">Print subscriptions</a></div></span><span class="dcr-1vetsv0"><div style="padding-right:12px;" class="dcr-1cvta4k"><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" data-link-name="header : topbar : job-cta" class="dcr-vxblrw">Search jobs</a></div></span><div style="padding-right:0px;" class="dcr-1cvta4k"><a href="https://profile.theguardian.com/signin?INTCMP=DOTCOM_NEWHEADER_SIGNIN&ABCMP=ab-sign-in&componentEventParams=componentType%3Didentityauthentication%26componentId%3Dguardian_signin_header" data-link-name="header : topbar : signin" class="dcr-3ny4gi"><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M7 0C3.1 0 0 3.1 0 7c0 2 .9 3.9 2.4 5.2C3.6 13.4 5.3 14 7 14c1.7 0 3.4-.6 4.7-1.8C13.2 10.9 14 9 14 7c0-3.9-3.1-7-7-7zm0 1.8c1.3 0 2.1.8 2.1 2.1S8 6.3 7 6.3c-.8 0-2-1.1-2-2.4 0-1.4.7-2.1 2-2.1zm0 11.6c-1.7 0-3.3-.7-4.5-1.8l.8-3.2.5-.5c1-.4 2.1-.5 3.1-.5 1.1 0 2.1.2 3.1.5l.5.5.9 3.2c-1.1 1.2-2.7 1.8-4.4 1.8z"></path></svg> Sign in</a></div></div></div></gu-island></div></div></section><gu-island name="Titlepiece" priority="critical" props="{"nav":{"pillars":[{"title":"News","longTitle":"Headlines","url":"/","children":[{"title":"World","longTitle":"World news","url":"/world","children":[{"title":"Europe","longTitle":"Europe","url":"/world/europe-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US","longTitle":"US news","url":"/us-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Americas","longTitle":"Americas","url":"/world/americas","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Asia","longTitle":"Asia","url":"/world/asia","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Australia","longTitle":"Australia news","url":"/australia-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Middle East","longTitle":"Middle East","url":"/world/middleeast","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Africa","longTitle":"Africa","url":"/world/africa","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Inequality","longTitle":"Inequality","url":"/inequality","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Global development","longTitle":"Global development","url":"/global-development","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US politics","longTitle":"US politics","url":"/us-news/us-politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"UK","longTitle":"UK news","url":"/uk-news","children":[{"title":"UK politics","longTitle":"UK politics","url":"/politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Education","longTitle":"Education","url":"/education","children":[{"title":"Schools","longTitle":"Schools","url":"/education/schools","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Teachers","longTitle":"Teachers","url":"/teacher-network","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Universities","longTitle":"Universities","url":"/education/universities","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Students","longTitle":"Students","url":"/education/students","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Media","longTitle":"Media","url":"/media","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Society","longTitle":"Society","url":"/society","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Law","longTitle":"Law","url":"/law","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Scotland","longTitle":"Scotland","url":"/uk/scotland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wales","longTitle":"Wales","url":"/uk/wales","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Northern Ireland","longTitle":"Northern Ireland","url":"/uk/northernireland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Climate crisis","longTitle":"Climate crisis","url":"/environment/climate-crisis","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Middle East","longTitle":"Middle East","url":"/world/middleeast","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Ukraine","longTitle":"Ukraine","url":"/world/ukraine","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Environment","longTitle":"Environment","url":"/environment","children":[{"title":"Climate crisis","longTitle":"Climate crisis","url":"/environment/climate-crisis","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wildlife","longTitle":"Wildlife","url":"/environment/wildlife","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Energy","longTitle":"Energy","url":"/environment/energy","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pollution","longTitle":"Pollution","url":"/environment/pollution","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Science","longTitle":"Science","url":"/science","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Global development","longTitle":"Global development","url":"/global-development","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Football","longTitle":"Football","url":"/football","children":[{"title":"Live scores","longTitle":"football/live","url":"/football/live","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tables","longTitle":"football/tables","url":"/football/tables","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Fixtures","longTitle":"football/fixtures","url":"/football/fixtures","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Results","longTitle":"football/results","url":"/football/results","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Competitions","longTitle":"football/competitions","url":"/football/competitions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Clubs","longTitle":"football/teams","url":"/football/teams","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tech","longTitle":"Tech","url":"/technology","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Business","longTitle":"Business","url":"/business","children":[{"title":"Economics","longTitle":"Economics","url":"/business/economics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Banking","longTitle":"Banking","url":"/business/banking","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Money","longTitle":"Money","url":"/money","children":[{"title":"Property","longTitle":"Property","url":"/money/property","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pensions","longTitle":"Pensions","url":"/money/pensions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Savings","longTitle":"Savings","url":"/money/savings","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Borrowing","longTitle":"Borrowing","url":"/money/debt","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Careers","longTitle":"Careers","url":"/money/work-and-careers","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Markets","longTitle":"Markets","url":"/business/stock-markets","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Project Syndicate","longTitle":"Project Syndicate","url":"/business/series/project-syndicate-economists","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"B2B","longTitle":"B2B","url":"/business-to-business","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Retail","longTitle":"Retail","url":"/business/retail","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Obituaries","longTitle":"Obituaries","url":"/obituaries","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":0},{"title":"Opinion","longTitle":"Opinion home","url":"/commentisfree","children":[{"title":"The Guardian view","longTitle":"The Guardian view","url":"/profile/editorial","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Columnists","longTitle":"Columnists","url":"/index/contributors","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cartoons","longTitle":"Cartoons","url":"/tone/cartoons","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Opinion videos","longTitle":"Opinion videos","url":"/type/video+tone/comment","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Letters","longTitle":"Letters","url":"/tone/letters","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":1},{"title":"Sport","longTitle":"Sport home","url":"/sport","children":[{"title":"Football","longTitle":"Football","url":"/football","children":[{"title":"Live scores","longTitle":"football/live","url":"/football/live","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tables","longTitle":"football/tables","url":"/football/tables","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Fixtures","longTitle":"football/fixtures","url":"/football/fixtures","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Results","longTitle":"football/results","url":"/football/results","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Competitions","longTitle":"football/competitions","url":"/football/competitions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Clubs","longTitle":"football/teams","url":"/football/teams","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cricket","longTitle":"Cricket","url":"/sport/cricket","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Rugby union","longTitle":"Rugby union","url":"/sport/rugby-union","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tennis","longTitle":"Tennis","url":"/sport/tennis","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cycling","longTitle":"Cycling","url":"/sport/cycling","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"F1","longTitle":"F1","url":"/sport/formulaone","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Golf","longTitle":"Golf","url":"/sport/golf","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US sports","longTitle":"US sports","url":"/sport/us-sport","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":2},{"title":"Culture","longTitle":"Culture home","url":"/culture","children":[{"title":"Books","longTitle":"Books","url":"/books","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Music","longTitle":"Music","url":"/music","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"TV & radio","longTitle":"TV & radio","url":"/tv-and-radio","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Art & design","longTitle":"Art & design","url":"/artanddesign","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Film","longTitle":"Film","url":"/film","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Games","longTitle":"Games","url":"/games","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Classical","longTitle":"Classical","url":"/music/classicalmusicandopera","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Stage","longTitle":"Stage","url":"/stage","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":3},{"title":"Lifestyle","longTitle":"Lifestyle home","url":"/lifeandstyle","children":[{"title":"Fashion","longTitle":"Fashion","url":"/fashion","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Food","longTitle":"Food","url":"/food","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Recipes","longTitle":"Recipes","url":"/tone/recipes","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Love & sex","longTitle":"Love & sex","url":"/lifeandstyle/love-and-sex","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Health & fitness","longTitle":"Health & fitness","url":"/lifeandstyle/health-and-wellbeing","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Home & garden","longTitle":"Home & garden","url":"/lifeandstyle/home-and-garden","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Women","longTitle":"Women","url":"/lifeandstyle/women","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Men","longTitle":"Men","url":"/lifeandstyle/men","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Family","longTitle":"Family","url":"/lifeandstyle/family","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Travel","longTitle":"Travel","url":"/travel","children":[{"title":"UK","longTitle":"UK","url":"/travel/uk","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Europe","longTitle":"Europe","url":"/travel/europe","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US","longTitle":"US","url":"/travel/usa","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Money","longTitle":"Money","url":"/money","children":[{"title":"Property","longTitle":"Property","url":"/money/property","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pensions","longTitle":"Pensions","url":"/money/pensions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Savings","longTitle":"Savings","url":"/money/savings","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Borrowing","longTitle":"Borrowing","url":"/money/debt","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Careers","longTitle":"Careers","url":"/money/work-and-careers","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":4}],"otherLinks":[{"title":"The Guardian app","longTitle":"The Guardian app","url":"https://app.adjust.com/16xt6hai","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Video","longTitle":"Video","url":"/video","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Podcasts","longTitle":"Podcasts","url":"/podcasts","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pictures","longTitle":"Pictures","url":"/inpictures","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Newsletters","longTitle":"Newsletters","url":"/email-newsletters","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Today's paper","longTitle":"Today's paper","url":"/theguardian","children":[{"title":"Obituaries","longTitle":"Obituaries","url":"/obituaries","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"G2","longTitle":"G2","url":"/theguardian/g2","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Journal","longTitle":"Journal","url":"/theguardian/journal","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Saturday","longTitle":"Saturday","url":"/theguardian/saturday","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Inside the Guardian","longTitle":"Inside the Guardian","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/insidetheguardian","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"The Observer","longTitle":"The Observer","url":"/observer","children":[{"title":"Comment","longTitle":"Comment","url":"/theobserver/news/comment","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"The New Review","longTitle":"The New Review","url":"/theobserver/new-review","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Observer Magazine","longTitle":"Observer Magazine","url":"/theobserver/magazine","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Observer Food Monthly","longTitle":"Observer Food Monthly","url":"/theobserver/foodmonthly","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Guardian Weekly","longTitle":"Guardian Weekly","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/weekly?INTCMP=gdnwb_mawns_editorial_gweekly_GW_TopNav_Int","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Crosswords","longTitle":"Crosswords","url":"/crosswords","children":[{"title":"Blog","longTitle":"Blog","url":"/crosswords/crossword-blog","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Quick","longTitle":"Quick","url":"/crosswords/series/quick","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Speedy","longTitle":"Speedy","url":"/crosswords/series/speedy","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Quick cryptic","longTitle":"Quick cryptic","url":"/crosswords/series/quick-cryptic","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Everyman","longTitle":"Everyman","url":"/crosswords/series/everyman","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Quiptic","longTitle":"Quiptic","url":"/crosswords/series/quiptic","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cryptic","longTitle":"Cryptic","url":"/crosswords/series/cryptic","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Prize","longTitle":"Prize","url":"/crosswords/series/prize","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Azed","longTitle":"Azed","url":"/crosswords/series/azed","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Genius","longTitle":"Genius","url":"/crosswords/series/genius","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Weekend","longTitle":"Weekend","url":"/crosswords/series/weekend-crossword","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Special","longTitle":"Special","url":"/crosswords/series/special","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wordiply","longTitle":"Wordiply","url":"https://www.wordiply.com","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Corrections","longTitle":"Corrections","url":"/theguardian/series/corrections-and-clarifications","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"brandExtensions":[{"title":"Search jobs","longTitle":"Search jobs","url":"https://jobs.theguardian.com","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Holidays","longTitle":"Holidays","url":"https://holidays.theguardian.com?INTCMP=holidays_int_web_newheader","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Digital Archive","longTitle":"Digital Archive","url":"https://theguardian.newspapers.com","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Guardian Licensing","longTitle":"Guardian Licensing","url":"https://licensing.theguardian.com/","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"About Us","longTitle":"About Us","url":"/about","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"currentNavLink":"UK politics","subNavSections":{"parent":{"title":"UK","longTitle":"UK news","url":"/uk-news","children":[{"title":"UK politics","longTitle":"UK politics","url":"/politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Education","longTitle":"Education","url":"/education","children":[{"title":"Schools","longTitle":"Schools","url":"/education/schools","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Teachers","longTitle":"Teachers","url":"/teacher-network","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Universities","longTitle":"Universities","url":"/education/universities","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Students","longTitle":"Students","url":"/education/students","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Media","longTitle":"Media","url":"/media","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Society","longTitle":"Society","url":"/society","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Law","longTitle":"Law","url":"/law","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Scotland","longTitle":"Scotland","url":"/uk/scotland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wales","longTitle":"Wales","url":"/uk/wales","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Northern Ireland","longTitle":"Northern Ireland","url":"/uk/northernireland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},"links":[{"title":"UK politics","longTitle":"UK politics","url":"/politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Education","longTitle":"Education","url":"/education","children":[{"title":"Schools","longTitle":"Schools","url":"/education/schools","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Teachers","longTitle":"Teachers","url":"/teacher-network","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Universities","longTitle":"Universities","url":"/education/universities","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Students","longTitle":"Students","url":"/education/students","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Media","longTitle":"Media","url":"/media","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Society","longTitle":"Society","url":"/society","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Law","longTitle":"Law","url":"/law","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Scotland","longTitle":"Scotland","url":"/uk/scotland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wales","longTitle":"Wales","url":"/uk/wales","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Northern Ireland","longTitle":"Northern Ireland","url":"/uk/northernireland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}]},"readerRevenueLinks":{"header":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=header_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=header_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"footer":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=footer_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=footer_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"sideMenu":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=side_menu_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=side_menu_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=side_menu_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=mobilenav_print_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22mobilenav_print_cta%22%7D"},"ampHeader":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=amp_header_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_header_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=header_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"ampFooter":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=amp_footer_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_footer_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=footer_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=amp_footer_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_footer_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=amp_footer_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_footer_supporter_cta%22%7D"}},"selectedPillar":0},"editionId":"INT","showSubNav":true,"showSlimNav":false,"hasPageSkin":false,"pageId":"politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1"}"><nav style="background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);" class="dcr-5k6jfi"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { /** The checkbox input element used to toggle the navigation menu. */ const navInputCheckbox = document.getElementById('header-nav-input-checkbox'); /** The veggie burger button element used to open/close the menu. */ const veggieBurger = document.getElementById('header-veggie-burger'); /** List of menu items that should be selectable when the menu is open. */ const expandedMenuClickableTags = document.querySelectorAll( '.selectableMenuItem', ); /** The root element of the expanded menu. */ const expandedMenu = document.getElementById('header-expanded-menu-root'); /** The label for the first column in the menu, assumed to be "News".*/ const firstColLabel = document.getElementById('News-button'); /** The link element in the second list item under news links. */ const firstColLink = document.querySelector( '#newsLinks > li:nth-of-type(2) > a', ); /** * Focuses on the first navigation element depending on whether the first column label is visible. * * If the first column label is not visible, the function focuses on the first link element. * Otherwise, it focuses on the first column label. */ const focusOnFirstNavElement = () => { if (window.getComputedStyle(firstColLabel).display === 'none') { firstColLink.focus(); } else { firstColLabel.focus(); } }; /** * Updates ARIA attributes and tabindex values based on whether the menu is open or closed. */ const updateAttributesForMenu = (isOpen) => { firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', isOpen ? 'true' : 'false'); veggieBurger.setAttribute( 'data-link-name', isOpen ? 'header : veggie-burger : hide' : 'header : veggie-burger : show', ); expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach((tag) => { tag.setAttribute('tabindex', isOpen ? '0' : '-1'); }); }; /** Toggles the navigation menu by simulating a click on the checkbox. */ const toggleMainMenu = () => { if (navInputCheckbox) { navInputCheckbox.click(); } }; /** * Handles keydown events to toggle the menu when the Enter or Space key is pressed. */ const keydownToggleMainMenu = (e) => { if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === ' ') { e.preventDefault(); toggleMainMenu(); } }; /** * Handles click events to manage the state of the navigation menu. * * - Toggles the menu open/close state when the menu button (veggieBurger) is clicked. */ const handleMenuClick = (e) => { const menuButtonClicked = navInputCheckbox === e.target; const clickInsideMenu = expandedMenu.contains(e.target); const menuIsOpen = navInputCheckbox.checked if (menuButtonClicked && !menuIsOpen) { document.body.classList.toggle('nav-is-open') firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false') veggieBurger.setAttribute('data-link-name','header : veggie-burger : show') expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach(function($selectableElement){ $selectableElement.setAttribute('tabindex','-1') }) } else if (menuButtonClicked && menuIsOpen) { document.body.classList.toggle('nav-is-open') firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true') veggieBurger.setAttribute('data-link-name','header : veggie-burger : hide') expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach(function($selectableElement){ $selectableElement.setAttribute('tabindex','0') }) focusOnFirstNavElement() } }; /** Adds event listeners to manage the navigation menu. */ if (navInputCheckbox) { navInputCheckbox.addEventListener('click', handleMenuClick); veggieBurger.addEventListener('keydown', keydownToggleMainMenu); document.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => { if (e.key === 'Escape' && navInputCheckbox.checked) { toggleMainMenu(); veggieBurger.focus(); } }); /** * Handles mouse down events to manage the state of the navigation menu. * * - Closes the menu if the click occurs outside both the menu button and the expanded menu. */ document.addEventListener('mousedown', function(e){ if(navInputCheckbox.checked && !expandedMenu.contains(e.target) && !veggieBurger.contains(e.target)){ toggleMainMenu() } }); } });</script><div class="dcr-1jzii9a"><div class="dcr-1p6sy7j"><div class="dcr-1kbi9ft"><label for="checkbox-id-masthead-edition" class="dcr-1crstso">Int</label><input type="checkbox" id="checkbox-id-masthead-edition" aria-checked="false" tabIndex="-1"/><ul id="dropbox-id-masthead-edition" class="dcr-1lusb1s"><li><a href="/preference/edition/int" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: INT" class="dcr-64xqd0">International edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/uk" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: UK" class="dcr-i0vtpq">UK edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/us" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: US" class="dcr-i0vtpq">US edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/au" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: AU" class="dcr-i0vtpq">Australia edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/eur" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: EUR" class="dcr-i0vtpq">Europe edition</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="dcr-1apgfiu"><a href="/" data-link-name="header : logo"><span class="dcr-zramh4">The Guardian - Back to home</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -3 300 100" fill="var(--masthead-nav-link-text)" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 70.8c0-19.5 13-26.4 27.3-26.4 6.1 0 12 1 15.1 2.3l.3 13.6h-1.4L33 47.2c-1.5-.7-2.8-.9-5.4-.9-7.6 0-11.5 8.8-11.4 23.3.1 17.3 3.1 25.1 10.2 25.1 1.8 0 3.2-.2 4.2-.7V75.5l-4.7-2.7v-1.5h22.5V73l-4.6 2.5v18.3a50.1 50.1 0 0 1-17 2.9C10.5 96.7 0 89 0 70.8Z"></path><path d="m142.8 57.9 1.2.1v11h.3c1.6-8 5.2-11 9.5-11 .7 0 1.5 0 1.9.2v11.2c-.7-.2-2-.2-3.1-.2-3.4 0-6 .6-8.2 1.6v21.7l3.4 1.9v1.4h-19.5v-1.4l3.5-2V63l-4.1-1.2v-1l15-2.8Z"></path><path d="M110.2 74v-4.9c0-7.4-1.6-9.9-6.2-9.9l-1.6.2-8.2 11h-1.1V60.3c3.5-1.1 7.9-2.4 13.7-2.4 10 0 15.8 2.8 15.8 11.1v24l3.6 1v1c-1.4.8-4.2 1.6-7.3 1.6-5 0-7.3-1.6-8.4-4.3h-.4c-2 2.8-5 4.4-9.7 4.4-6 0-10-3.7-10-10S94.2 77 102 75.5l8.1-1.6Zm0 16.6V75.8l-2.5.2c-4 .3-5.3 2.8-5.3 8.3 0 6 2 7.6 4.7 7.6 1.5 0 2.4-.5 3.1-1.3Z"></path><path d="M47.5 61.7v-1.1l15-2.7 1.7.2v29.6c0 3.6 1.7 4.7 4.6 4.7 1.9 0 3.6-.7 4.9-2.3V63.5l-4.1-1.8v-1.1l15-2.7 1.6.1v34l4 1.7v1l-14.9 1.9-1.5-.1V92h-.4a16.8 16.8 0 0 1-11.3 4.7c-7.2 0-10.5-4.2-10.5-10.7V63.5l-4.1-1.8Z"></path><path d="M261.5 92.5V63l-4.2-1.4v-1.5l15-2.7h1.5V62h.5c3.2-2.9 8-4.7 12.8-4.7 6.5 0 9.4 3 9.4 10v25.1l3.5 2v1.4h-19.5v-1.4l3.5-2V68c0-3.8-1.7-5.3-4.8-5.3-2 0-3.6.5-5.1 1.6v28.3l3.4 1.9v1.4h-19.6v-1.4l3.6-2Z"></path><path d="m214 57.8 1.4.2v34.5l3.4 1.9v1.4h-19.5v-1.4l3.5-2v-29l-4.2-1.6v-1.2l15.5-2.8Zm1.5-9.3c0 3.7-3.1 6.4-6.7 6.4a6.4 6.4 0 0 1-6.6-6.4c0-3.6 2.9-6.4 6.6-6.4 3.6 0 6.7 2.8 6.7 6.4Z"></path><path d="M239.8 74v-4.9c0-7.4-1.7-9.9-6.2-9.9l-1.6.2-8.2 11h-1.1V60.3c3.5-1.1 7.9-2.4 13.7-2.4 10 0 15.8 2.8 15.8 11.1v24l3.6 1v1c-1.4.8-4.2 1.6-7.4 1.6-5 0-7.3-1.6-8.4-4.3h-.3c-2 2.8-5 4.4-9.7 4.4-6 0-10-3.7-10-10s3.8-9.6 11.7-11.1l8-1.6Zm0 16.6V75.8l-2.5.2c-4 .3-5.4 2.8-5.4 8.3 0 6 2 7.6 4.8 7.6 1.5 0 2.4-.5 3-1.3Z"></path><path d="M180.6 58.8V47.2l-4.1-1.4v-1l15.2-2.7 1.5.2V92l4.2 1.5v1.3l-15 2-1.2-.2v-4h-.4a13.4 13.4 0 0 1-10 4.1c-8.1 0-14.1-6.2-14.1-19 0-13.5 7-20 17.5-20 3 0 5.3.5 6.4 1.1Zm0 31.8V61c-1-.6-1.7-1.4-4.2-1.3-4 .2-6.6 6.3-6.6 17.2 0 9.8 1.9 15.3 7.3 15.1 1.5 0 2.7-.6 3.5-1.3Z"></path><path d="m68.1 51.6 5.2-2.7V8.5h-4L60 21.1h-1.1l.6-14h41.3l.6 14H100L90.8 8.5h-4v40.3l5.2 2.7V53H68.1v-1.3Z"></path><path d="M105.4 49.8V5l-4-1.6v-.8L115.9 0h1.5v21.2l.4-.4c3.2-2.8 7.8-4.5 12.4-4.5 6.3 0 9.1 3.5 9.1 10.2v23.3l3.4 1.8V53h-18.9v-1.4l3.4-1.8V26.4c0-3.7-1.6-5.1-4.6-5.1a8 8 0 0 0-5 1.6v27l3.3 1.8V53h-19v-1.3l3.5-2Z"></path><path d="M153.7 36c.4 7.4 3.7 13.1 11.6 13.1 3.8 0 6.5-1.7 9-3v1.4c-1.9 2.7-6.9 6.5-13.8 6.5-12.2 0-18.5-6.8-18.5-18.5 0-11.5 6.8-18.6 17.9-18.6 10.3 0 15.7 5.2 15.7 18.8v.3h-21.9Zm-.2-1.7 10.8-.6c0-9.2-1.6-15.3-4.8-15.3-3.3 0-6 7-6 16Z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-1p0hins">The Guardian</span></a></div><input type="checkbox" id="header-nav-input-checkbox" name="more" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><div class="dcr-1p1neil"><ul class="dcr-1d6g26q"><li class="dcr-1grikph"><a href="/" style="--pillar-underline:#FF5943;" id="navigation" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : News" class="dcr-1iufw7r">News</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/commentisfree" style="--pillar-underline:#FF7F0F;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Opinion" class="dcr-7612kl">Opinion</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/sport" style="--pillar-underline:#00B2FF;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Sport" class="dcr-7612kl">Sport</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/culture" style="--pillar-underline:#EACCA0;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Culture" class="dcr-7612kl">Culture</a></li><li class="dcr-1kcody2"><a href="/lifeandstyle" style="--pillar-underline:#FFABDB;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Lifestyle" class="dcr-7612kl">Lifestyle</a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-1hrapdy"><label id="header-veggie-burger" aria-label="Toggle main menu" for="header-nav-input-checkbox" data-link-name="header : veggie-burger : show" tabIndex="0" role="button" data-testid="veggie-burger" class="dcr-1xv1515"><span class="dcr-b3mn8w"><span class="dcr-1nvgr5i">Show more</span><svg width="26" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M23 7V5H1v2zm0 6v-2H1v2zm0 6v-2H1v2z" fill="var(--masthead-veggie-burger-icon)"></path></svg></span><span class="dcr-li5n90"><span class="dcr-1nvgr5i">Hide expanded menu</span><svg width="26" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.015 14.042 20.707 22 22 20.709 14.06 12 22 3.291 20.707 2l-8.692 7.958L3.293 2.03 2 3.321 9.97 12 2 20.679l1.293 1.291z" fill="var(--masthead-veggie-burger-icon)"></path></svg></span></label></div><div id="header-expanded-menu-root" class="dcr-1ef3v4m"><div id="header-expanded-menu" data-testid="expanded-menu" class="dcr-14vdg2"><div class="dcr-1srap2j"><div class="dcr-10y96fo"><ul role="menubar" data-testid="nav-menu-columns" class="dcr-6sl420"><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('News-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('News-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="News-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="News-button" aria-label="Toggle News" for="News-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="newsLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-News" data-link-name="header : secondary : News" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-o6rk0u">News</label><ul role="menu" id="newsLinks" data-testid="newsLinks" class="dcr-11vt4tq"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all News" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-News" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all News</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/world" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : World news" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-World" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">World news</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/us-news/us-politics" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : US politics" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-US politics" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">US politics</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/uk-news" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : UK news" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-UK" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">UK news</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/environment/climate-crisis" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Climate crisis" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Climate crisis" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Climate crisis</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/world/middleeast" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Middle East" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Middle East" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Middle East</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/world/ukraine" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Ukraine" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Ukraine" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Ukraine</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/environment" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Environment" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Environment" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Environment</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/science" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Science" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Science" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Science</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/global-development" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Global development" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Global development" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Global development</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/football" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Football" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Football" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Football</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/technology" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Tech" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Tech" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Tech</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/business" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Business" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Business" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Business</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/obituaries" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Obituaries" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Obituaries" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Obituaries</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1tnoaxa"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Opinion-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Opinion-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Opinion-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Opinion-button" aria-label="Toggle Opinion" for="Opinion-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="opinionLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Opinion" data-link-name="header : secondary : Opinion" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-p0c3jt">Opinion</label><ul role="menu" id="opinionLinks" data-testid="opinionLinks" class="dcr-v7ibvm"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/commentisfree" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Opinion" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Opinion" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Opinion</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/profile/editorial" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : The Guardian view" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-The Guardian view" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">The Guardian view</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/index/contributors" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Columnists" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Columnists" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Columnists</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tone/cartoons" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Cartoons" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Cartoons" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Cartoons</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/type/video+tone/comment" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Opinion videos" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Opinion videos" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Opinion videos</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tone/letters" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Letters" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Letters" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Letters</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1j2dgzz"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Sport-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Sport-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Sport-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Sport-button" aria-label="Toggle Sport" for="Sport-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="sportLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Sport" data-link-name="header : secondary : Sport" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-10b2o1s">Sport</label><ul role="menu" id="sportLinks" data-testid="sportLinks" class="dcr-wp8bgr"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/sport" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Sport" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Sport" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Sport</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/football" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Football" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Football" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Football</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/cricket" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Cricket" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Cricket" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Cricket</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/rugby-union" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Rugby union" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Rugby union" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Rugby union</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/tennis" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Tennis" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Tennis" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Tennis</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/cycling" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Cycling" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Cycling" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Cycling</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/formulaone" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : F1" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-F1" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">F1</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/golf" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Golf" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Golf" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Golf</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/us-sport" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : US sports" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-US sports" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">US sports</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-16q8bto"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Culture-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Culture-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Culture-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Culture-button" aria-label="Toggle Culture" for="Culture-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="cultureLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Culture" data-link-name="header : secondary : Culture" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-x5fwww">Culture</label><ul role="menu" id="cultureLinks" data-testid="cultureLinks" class="dcr-1yytfii"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/culture" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Culture" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Culture" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Culture</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/books" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Books" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Books" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Books</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/music" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Music" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Music" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Music</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tv-and-radio" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : TV & radio" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-TV & radio" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">TV & radio</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/artanddesign" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Art & design" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Art & design" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Art & design</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/film" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Film" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Film" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Film</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/games" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Games" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Games" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Games</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/music/classicalmusicandopera" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Classical" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Classical" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Classical</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/stage" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Stage" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Stage" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Stage</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-6zq80y"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Lifestyle-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Lifestyle-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Lifestyle-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Lifestyle-button" aria-label="Toggle Lifestyle" for="Lifestyle-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="lifestyleLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Lifestyle" data-link-name="header : secondary : Lifestyle" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-yq9plo">Lifestyle</label><ul role="menu" id="lifestyleLinks" data-testid="lifestyleLinks" class="dcr-1utnfys"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/lifeandstyle" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Lifestyle" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Lifestyle" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Lifestyle</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/fashion" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Fashion" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Fashion" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Fashion</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/food" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Food" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Food" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Food</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tone/recipes" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Recipes" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Recipes" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Recipes</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/love-and-sex" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Love & sex" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Love & sex" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Love & sex</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/health-and-wellbeing" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Health & fitness" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Health & fitness" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Health & fitness</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/home-and-garden" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Home & garden" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Home & garden" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Home & garden</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/women" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Women" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Women" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Women</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/men" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Men" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Men" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Men</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/family" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Family" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Family" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Family</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/travel" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Travel" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Travel" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Travel</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/money" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Money" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Money" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Money</a></li></ul></li><span class="dcr-90inr0"><li role="none"><form action="https://www.google.co.uk/search" class="dcr-1jjnk9d"><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">Search input </div></label><input type="text" id="gu-search" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" aria-describedby required name="q" placeholder="Search the Guardian" data-link-name="header : search" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-qcy5wo"/><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">google-search </div><div class="dcr-radnun"><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.273 2c4.023 0 7.25 3.295 7.25 7.273a7.226 7.226 0 0 1-7.25 7.25C5.25 16.523 2 13.296 2 9.273 2 5.295 5.25 2 9.273 2m0 1.84A5.403 5.403 0 0 0 3.84 9.274c0 3 2.409 5.454 5.432 5.454 3 0 5.454-2.454 5.454-5.454 0-3.023-2.454-5.432-5.454-5.432m7.295 10.887L22 20.16 20.16 22l-5.433-5.432v-.932l.91-.909z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-1p0hins">Search</span></div></label><button type="submit" aria-live="polite" aria-label="Search with Google" data-link-name="header : search : submit" tabIndex="-1" class="dcr-1gsboxi"><div class="src-button-space"></div><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1 12.956h18.274l-7.167 8.575.932.932L23 12.478v-.956l-9.96-9.985-.932.932 7.166 8.575H1z"></path></svg></button><input type="hidden" name="as_sitesearch" value="www.theguardian.com"/></form></li></span><div class="dcr-1q09wwq"></div><ul role="menu" class="dcr-e1bf28"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=side_menu_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support%22%7D" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Support us" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Support us" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1rg7stg">Support us</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe/weekly?REFPVID=undefined&INTCMP=undefined&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22PrintSubscriptionsHeaderLink%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22%2C%22referrerUrl%22%3A%22%22%7D" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Print subscriptions" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Print subscriptions" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1rg7stg">Print subscriptions</a></li></ul><li role="none" class="dcr-3ae42h"><ul role="menu" id="moreLinks" class="dcr-1mtufo3"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Search jobs" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Search jobs" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Search jobs</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://holidays.theguardian.com?INTCMP=holidays_int_web_newheader" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Holidays" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Holidays" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Holidays</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://theguardian.newspapers.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Digital Archive" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Digital Archive" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Digital Archive</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://licensing.theguardian.com/" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Guardian Licensing" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Guardian Licensing" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Guardian Licensing</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/about" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : About Us" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-About Us" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">About Us</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://app.adjust.com/16xt6hai" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : The Guardian app" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-The Guardian app" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">The Guardian app</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/video" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Video" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Video" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Video</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/podcasts" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Podcasts" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Podcasts" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Podcasts</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/inpictures" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Pictures" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Pictures" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Pictures</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/email-newsletters" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Newsletters" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Newsletters" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Newsletters</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/theguardian" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Today's paper" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Today's paper" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Today's paper</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/insidetheguardian" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Inside the Guardian" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Inside the Guardian" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Inside the Guardian</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/observer" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : The Observer" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-The Observer" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">The Observer</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/weekly?INTCMP=gdnwb_mawns_editorial_gweekly_GW_TopNav_Int" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Guardian Weekly" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Guardian Weekly" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Guardian Weekly</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/crosswords" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Crosswords" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Crosswords" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Crosswords</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://www.wordiply.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Wordiply" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Wordiply" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Wordiply</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/theguardian/series/corrections-and-clarifications" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Corrections" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Corrections" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Corrections</a></li></ul></li><li role="none" class="dcr-1rinrec"><form action="https://www.google.co.uk/search" class="dcr-1jjnk9d"><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">Search input </div></label><input type="text" id="gu-search" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" aria-describedby required name="q" placeholder="Search the Guardian" data-link-name="header : search" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-qcy5wo"/><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">google-search </div><div class="dcr-radnun"><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.273 2c4.023 0 7.25 3.295 7.25 7.273a7.226 7.226 0 0 1-7.25 7.25C5.25 16.523 2 13.296 2 9.273 2 5.295 5.25 2 9.273 2m0 1.84A5.403 5.403 0 0 0 3.84 9.274c0 3 2.409 5.454 5.432 5.454 3 0 5.454-2.454 5.454-5.454 0-3.023-2.454-5.432-5.454-5.432m7.295 10.887L22 20.16 20.16 22l-5.433-5.432v-.932l.91-.909z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-1p0hins">Search</span></div></label><button type="submit" aria-live="polite" aria-label="Search with Google" data-link-name="header : search : submit" tabIndex="-1" class="dcr-1gsboxi"><div class="src-button-space"></div><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1 12.956h18.274l-7.167 8.575.932.932L23 12.478v-.956l-9.96-9.985-.932.932 7.166 8.575H1z"></path></svg></button><input type="hidden" name="as_sitesearch" value="www.theguardian.com"/></form><ul role="menu" class="dcr-iwod0p"><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Search jobs" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Search jobs</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://holidays.theguardian.com?INTCMP=holidays_int_web_newheader" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Holidays" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Holidays</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://theguardian.newspapers.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Digital Archive" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Digital Archive</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://licensing.theguardian.com/" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Guardian Licensing" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Guardian Licensing</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="/about" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : About Us" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">About Us</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div data-print-layout="hide" data-testid="sub-nav" data-component="sub-nav" class="dcr-mu6xev"><ul role="list" style="--sub-nav-link:var(--sub-nav-link-header);" class="dcr-12t3ay9"><li class="dcr-5wkng0"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/uk-news" class="dcr-15o3dy0">UK</a></li><li class="dcr-5wkng0"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/politics" data-link-name="header : subnav : UK politics" class="dcr-15o3dy0"><span class="dcr-3qh43d">UK politics</span></a></li><li class="dcr-5wkng0"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/education" data-link-name="header : subnav : Education" class="dcr-15o3dy0">Education</a></li><li class="dcr-5wkng0"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/media" data-link-name="header : subnav : Media" class="dcr-15o3dy0">Media</a></li><li class="dcr-5wkng0"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/society" data-link-name="header : subnav : Society" class="dcr-15o3dy0">Society</a></li><li class="dcr-5wkng0"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/law" data-link-name="header : subnav : Law" class="dcr-15o3dy0">Law</a></li><li class="dcr-5wkng0"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/uk/scotland" data-link-name="header : subnav : Scotland" class="dcr-15o3dy0">Scotland</a></li><li class="dcr-5wkng0"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/uk/wales" data-link-name="header : subnav : Wales" class="dcr-15o3dy0">Wales</a></li><li class="dcr-5wkng0"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/uk/northernireland" data-link-name="header : subnav : Northern Ireland" class="dcr-15o3dy0">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1ikn05z"></div></div></nav></gu-island></header></div><main data-layout="StandardLayout"><article style="background-color:var(--article-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);background-color:var(--article-inner-background);" class="dcr-wqti5a"><div class="dcr-2zxs1v"><aside style="--grid-area:matchNav;" data-gu-name="matchNav" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"></div></aside><aside style="--grid-area:matchtabs;" data-gu-name="matchtabs" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:media;" data-gu-name="media" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-hlfdy3"></div></div></div><aside style="--grid-area:title;" data-gu-name="title" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-10355cg"><div class="dcr-0"><span class="dcr-1v9xu6e"></span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/politics" data-component="section" data-link-name="article section" class="content__label__link dcr-qmfkju"><span>Politics</span></a></div></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:border;" data-gu-name="border" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-upmzd8"></div></div><div style="--grid-area:headline;" data-gu-name="headline" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-cohhs3"><div class="dcr-notra3"><div aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-13832xi"><svg width="11" height="11" viewBox="0 0 11 11" fill="currentColor"><path d="M5.4 0C2.4 0 0 2.4 0 5.4s2.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4-2.4 5.4-5.4S8.4 0 5.4 0zm3 6.8H4.7V1.7h.7L6 5.4l2.4.6v.8z"></path></svg> This article is more than <strong>22 years old</strong></div></div><h1 class="dcr-u0152o">Blunkett announces new sex laws</h1><div class="dcr-1nvgr5i">This article is more than 22 years old</div></div></div></div><div style="--grid-area:standfirst;" data-gu-name="standfirst" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"></div><aside style="--grid-area:meta;" data-gu-name="meta" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-ich95x"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="13" viewBox="0 0 1300 13" preserveAspectRatio="none" stroke="var(--article-border)" stroke-width="1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="dcr-194w08h"><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="0.5" y2="0.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="4.5" y2="4.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="8.5" y2="8.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="12.5" y2="12.5"></line></svg></div></div><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class=" dcr-1v9sla6"><div class="dcr-5oiine"><div class="dcr-1kpcv08"><div><address aria-label="Contributor info" data-component="meta-byline" data-link-name="byline"><div class=" dcr-1cfpnlw"><a rel="author" data-link-name="auto tag link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/martinnicholls">Martin Nicholls</a></div></address><div style="--mobile-color:inherit;" class="dcr-1pexjb9">Tue 19 Nov 2002 18.02 GMT</div></div></div><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-9dgpdq"><div class=" dcr-16lnb0w"><gu-island name="ShareButton" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"pageId":"politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1","webTitle":"Blunkett announces new sex laws","format":{"design":0,"display":0,"theme":0},"context":"ArticleMeta"}"><a href="mailto:?subject=Blunkett announces new sex laws&body=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1?CMP=share_btn_url" type="button" class="dcr-bao4ku">Share<div class="src-button-space"></div><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19 16c1.675 0 3 1.35 3 3 0 1.675-1.325 3-3 3a2.97 2.97 0 0 1-2.975-3c0-.125 0-.275.025-.375L7.1 14.15a2.9 2.9 0 0 1-2.075.825C3.325 14.975 2 13.65 2 12a3.004 3.004 0 0 1 3.025-3.025c.775 0 1.5.35 2.075.875l8.95-4.475c-.025-.1-.025-.225-.025-.4A2.966 2.966 0 0 1 19 2c1.675 0 3 1.325 3 2.975C22 6.65 20.675 8 19 8c-.8 0-1.475-.325-2.05-.825l-8.975 4.45C8 11.7 8 11.825 8 12s0 .3-.025.375l8.975 4.45c.575-.5 1.25-.825 2.05-.825m0-12.8c-.975 0-1.8.775-1.8 1.775S18.025 6.8 19 6.8c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.825S20 3.2 19 3.2m0 17.6c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.8 0-1-.825-1.8-1.825-1.8-.975 0-1.8.8-1.8 1.8 0 .975.825 1.8 1.8 1.8"></path></svg></a></gu-island></div><div class=" dcr-1csot3r"><div class="dcr-14baf59"><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="dcr-fu29fd"><span class="dcr-1lhv23l"><gu-island name="ExpandableMarketingCardWrapper" priority="enhancement" deferUntil="visible" props="{"guardianBaseURL":"https://www.theguardian.com"}"></gu-island></span></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:body;" data-gu-name="body" class="dcr-1upb05m"><span class="dcr-1iz7gbk"><gu-island name="ExpandableMarketingCardWrapper" priority="enhancement" deferUntil="idle" props="{"guardianBaseURL":"https://www.theguardian.com"}"></gu-island></span><div class="dcr-1a4fred"><div id="maincontent" class="dcr-1bwys2b"><div class="article-body-commercial-selector article-body-viewer-selector dcr-1q6n3e0"><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The home secretary, David Blunkett, today announced the most radical overhaul of sex crime legislation for more than 100 years.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Mr Blunkett said the legislation is aimed at sweeping away the "archaic" laws governing homosexuality, while tightening protections against rapists, paedophiles and other sex offenders.</p><div id="sign-in-gate"><gu-island name="SignInGateSelector" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"contentType":"Article","sectionId":"politics","tags":[{"id":"politics/politics","type":"Keyword","title":"Politics"},{"id":"uk/uk","type":"Keyword","title":"UK news"},{"id":"uk/ukcrime","type":"Keyword","title":"Crime"},{"id":"society/prisons-and-probation","type":"Keyword","title":"Prisons and probation"},{"id":"uk/immigration","type":"Keyword","title":"Immigration and asylum"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"profile/martinnicholls","type":"Contributor","title":"Martin Nicholls"}],"isPaidContent":false,"isPreview":false,"host":"https://www.theguardian.com","pageId":"politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1","idUrl":"https://profile.theguardian.com","switches":{"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"lightbox":true,"abGpidPrebidAdUnits":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"prebidMagnite":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"adaptiveSite":true,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"ampArticleSwitch":true,"remarketing":true,"articleEndSlot":true,"keyEventsCarousel":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"darkModeWeb":true,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"prebidImproveDigitalSkins":false,"ampPrebidOzone":true,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"showNewPrivacyWordingOnEmailSignupEmbeds":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"ampContentAbTesting":false,"prebidCriteo":true,"okta":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"ampPrebidPubmatic":true,"abUsaExpandableMarketingCard":true,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"abOnwardsContentArticle":false,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"stickyVideos":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"brazeTaylorReport":false,"callouts":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":false,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"ampLiveblogSwitch":true,"ampAmazon":true,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"optOutAdvertising":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"googleSearch":true,"disableFrontContainerShowHide":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"prebidKargo":true,"consentManagement":true,"personaliseSignInGateAfterCheckout":true,"prebidSonobi":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"ampPrebidCriteo":true,"newsletterOnwards":false,"youtubeIma":true,"webFonts":true,"liveBlogTopSponsorship":true,"prebidImproveDigital":false,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"weather":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"abNewHeaderBiddingEndpoint":true,"historyTags":true,"brazeContentCards":true,"remoteBanner":true,"emailSignupRecaptcha":true,"prebidSmart":true,"shouldLoadGoogletag":true,"inizio":true,"europeBetaFront":true}}"></gu-island></div><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Defendants accused of rape will have to be able to show they took "reasonable action" to ensure the other person consented to sex.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">A new offence of "grooming" children for sex abuse - previously only thought to apply to adults who lure youngsters on the internet - will be applied to every aspect of life, not just online, and will carry a maximum five-year penalty.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Laws on child abuse will be updated, the sex offenders register will be tightened to include those convicted of violent offences thought at risk of committing a sexual offence and there will be entirely new offences to combat the sexual exploitation of children and adults.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The proposals received strong backing from the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats. The shadow home secretary, Oliver Letwin, said he welcomed Mr Blunkett's refusal to make sex offenders registers public, the protection of disabled people and minors, and the decision to retain the presumption of innocence in rape cases.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">"I cannot say I believe the changes proposed in the law of rape are very likely to make any actual difference to conviction rates, but the home secretary has at least avoided doing any harm and for that we must be grateful," he said.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">He hailed Mr Blunkett's attempt to find a way through "a nasty thicket" but warned the legislation's effectiveness would depend on how well it was drafted. "We shall accordingly look in great detail at the drafting of each clause of the bill when it comes," he pledged.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The Liberal Democrat home affairs spokesman, Simon Hughes, welcomed the reforms: "The law on sex offences must be reformed to meet the needs and values of modern Britain. It contains outdated offences which discriminate against some sections of society."</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Under the sections of the white paper on rape, defendants will not be able to claim a victim consented if he or she was threatened, abducted, unconscious through drink or drugs, or unable to communicate.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Convictions for rape have fallen from 25% in 1985 to just 7% in 2000, and ministers said a reason for this might be that prosecutors cannot prove a victim did not give consent.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">It will be rape if a defendant cannot show he did not take reasonable action to ensure his partner gave consent, and "reasonable" will be judged by what an "objective third party would think in the circumstances".</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Mr Letwin said the new test of reasonableness in relation to sexual consent must also reflect the "delicate balance" between a women's right to be protected and a man's right to be exonerated from slanderous accusations. "All good criminal law strikes a balance between public protection and the protection of civil liberties," he said.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Ministers have also decided not to create a specific offence of "date rape" after consulting rape support groups, with the paper commenting: "Our view is that rape is rape, and cannot be divided into more and less serious offences."</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">However, there will be a new offence of administering a drug with intent to commit a sex crime, which will carry a maximum penalty of 10 years, as well as an end to anonymity for rape defendants.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Mr Blunkett also revealed that action will also be taken to prevent "inappropriate adult behaviour", such as the sending of explicit e-mails and photographs.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">A further offence of an adult committing a sex act with a child will cover anyone over 13 but under 16. Children under 13 will not be capable in law of giving consent to any form of sexual activity.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">He said there would be new offences and tough penalties to tackle the trafficking of children and adults for sexual exploitation and announced a review of prostitution in a bid to stamp out the "mafia-style criminality," which often bedevilled "this terrible trade".</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Mr Blunkett said: "The law on sex offences is widely recognised as archaic, incoherent and discriminatory.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">"Much of it belongs in an age before the light bulb or motor car yet we now live in a world of global communications, with children two clicks away from internet porn sites generated by a multi-million pound sex industry.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">"We must have laws that are fit for the 21st century, that reflect today's society and attitudes and provide effective protection against today's crimes."</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The Home Office paper said the so-called "cottaging" offences, which date from 1956, will be repealed because they "criminalise consensual sexual activity in private between men, which would not be illegal between heterosexuals or between women".</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">They will be replaced by a new offence of sexual behaviour in a public place - which will apply to both sexes and carry a maximum six-month penalty.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The paper stressed this did not amount to legalising cottaging - when gay men meet in public places for sex. Nor would it criminalise people who have sex in an isolated place outdoors where they would not expect to be interrupted, or those who kiss or cuddle in private.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">It added: "Sexual activity in public that offends, irrespective of whether the people engaging in the activity are heterosexual or homosexual, will remain criminal."</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Mr Blunkett said: "What people do in private is their own business, but what they do in public clearly affects others. Our intention is to send a clear signal about what is unacceptable behaviour and ensure the police and prosecuting authorities have the tools to tackle it."</p></div></div><gu-island name="SlotBodyEnd" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"contentType":"Article","contributionsServiceUrl":"https://contributions.guardianapis.com","idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","isMinuteArticle":false,"isPaidContent":false,"pageId":"politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1","sectionId":"politics","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"stage":"PROD","tags":[{"id":"politics/politics","type":"Keyword","title":"Politics"},{"id":"uk/uk","type":"Keyword","title":"UK news"},{"id":"uk/ukcrime","type":"Keyword","title":"Crime"},{"id":"society/prisons-and-probation","type":"Keyword","title":"Prisons and probation"},{"id":"uk/immigration","type":"Keyword","title":"Immigration and asylum"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"profile/martinnicholls","type":"Contributor","title":"Martin Nicholls"}],"renderAds":true,"isLabs":false,"articleEndSlot":true}"></gu-island><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="13" viewBox="0 0 1300 13" preserveAspectRatio="none" stroke="var(--straight-lines)" stroke-width="1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="dcr-65xb9q"><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="0.5" y2="0.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="4.5" y2="4.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="8.5" y2="8.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="12.5" y2="12.5"></line></svg><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-fckw05"><span class="dcr-1slmqmw">Explore more on these topics</span><div class="dcr-1jl528t"><ul class="dcr-1yfsxuc"><li class="dcr-ncdwh2"><a href="/politics/politics" class="dcr-1gwziyt">Politics</a></li><li class="dcr-ncdwh2"><a href="/uk/ukcrime" class="dcr-1gwziyt">Crime</a></li><li class="dcr-ncdwh2"><a href="/society/prisons-and-probation" class="dcr-1gwziyt">Prisons and probation</a></li><li class="dcr-ncdwh2"><a href="/uk/immigration" class="dcr-1gwziyt">Immigration and asylum</a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-nu129i"><gu-island name="ShareButton" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"pageId":"politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1","webTitle":"Blunkett announces new sex laws","format":{"design":0,"display":0,"theme":0},"context":"SubMeta"}"><a href="mailto:?subject=Blunkett announces new sex laws&body=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1?CMP=share_btn_url" type="button" class="dcr-bao4ku">Share<div class="src-button-space"></div><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19 16c1.675 0 3 1.35 3 3 0 1.675-1.325 3-3 3a2.97 2.97 0 0 1-2.975-3c0-.125 0-.275.025-.375L7.1 14.15a2.9 2.9 0 0 1-2.075.825C3.325 14.975 2 13.65 2 12a3.004 3.004 0 0 1 3.025-3.025c.775 0 1.5.35 2.075.875l8.95-4.475c-.025-.1-.025-.225-.025-.4A2.966 2.966 0 0 1 19 2c1.675 0 3 1.325 3 2.975C22 6.65 20.675 8 19 8c-.8 0-1.475-.325-2.05-.825l-8.975 4.45C8 11.7 8 11.825 8 12s0 .3-.025.375l8.975 4.45c.575-.5 1.25-.825 2.05-.825m0-12.8c-.975 0-1.8.775-1.8 1.775S18.025 6.8 19 6.8c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.825S20 3.2 19 3.2m0 17.6c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.8 0-1-.825-1.8-1.825-1.8-.975 0-1.8.8-1.8 1.8 0 .975.825 1.8 1.8 1.8"></path></svg></a></gu-island><div class="dcr-zhx6xs"><a data-link-name="meta-syndication-article" href="https://syndication.theguardian.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2002%2Fnov%2F19%2Fimmigrationpolicy.ukcrime1&type=article&internalpagecode=politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" title="Reuse this content" class="dcr-14rjinq">Reuse this content</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="--grid-area:right-column;" data-gu-name="right-column" class="dcr-10el5c8"><div class="dcr-tn16h9"><section class="dcr-1hko8ef"><gu-island name="MostViewedRightWithAd" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"format":{"design":0,"display":0,"theme":0},"isPaidContent":false,"renderAds":true,"shouldHideReaderRevenue":false}" rootMargin="700px 100px"><div data-container="most-viewed-right-container" class="dcr-1e3xwa3"><gu-island name="AdBlockAsk" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"size":"mpu","slotId":"dfp-ad--right","isPaidContent":false,"shouldHideReaderRevenue":false}"></gu-island><div id="top-right-ad-slot" class="ad-slot-container dcr-1hgakfl"><div id="dfp-ad--right" data-link-name="ad slot right" data-name="right" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--right ad-slot--mpu-banner-ad ad-slot--rendered js-sticky-mpu dcr-wi6855"></div></div></div></gu-island></section></div></div></div></div></article><aside style="background-color:var(--ad-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1ykr3rf"><div class="ad-slot-container dcr-17n294h"><div id="dfp-ad--merchandising-high" data-link-name="ad slot merchandising-high" data-name="merchandising-high" data-refresh="false" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--merchandising-high dcr-ivr0sq"></div></div></div></aside><gu-island name="OnwardsUpper" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","hasRelated":true,"hasStoryPackage":false,"isAdFreeUser":false,"pageId":"politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1","isPaidContent":false,"showRelatedContent":true,"keywordIds":"politics/politics,uk/uk,uk/ukcrime,society/prisons-and-probation,uk/immigration","contentType":"Article","tags":[{"id":"politics/politics","type":"Keyword","title":"Politics"},{"id":"uk/uk","type":"Keyword","title":"UK news"},{"id":"uk/ukcrime","type":"Keyword","title":"Crime"},{"id":"society/prisons-and-probation","type":"Keyword","title":"Prisons and probation"},{"id":"uk/immigration","type":"Keyword","title":"Immigration and asylum"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"profile/martinnicholls","type":"Contributor","title":"Martin Nicholls"}],"format":{"design":0,"display":0,"theme":0},"pillar":0,"editionId":"INT","shortUrlId":"/p/zyaf","discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","absoluteServerTimes":false}"><div class="dcr-1ntgn2k"><section style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1vf50t"><div data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-ri3hap"><div class="dcr-wynbiy"></div></div></div></section><section style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1vf50t"><div data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-ri3hap"><div class="dcr-wynbiy"></div></div></div></section></div></gu-island><section style="background-color:var(--article-section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1vf50t"><div class="dcr-u8qikl"><section class="dcr-1gx3men"><div class="dcr-yg4zrc"><div class="dcr-k1vhee"><div><div class="dcr-1atljbz"><h2 style="color:var(--article-section-title);" class="dcr-dah9rt">Most viewed</h2></div></div></div></div></section><div class="dcr-fossqd"><div class="dcr-f68shw"><span class="dcr-1giivcq"><div class="dcr-1atljbz"><h2 style="color:var(--article-section-title);" class="dcr-dah9rt">Most viewed</h2></div></span></div><div data-print-layout="hide" class="content-footer dcr-ddf1wi"><div class="dcr-6m88po"><gu-island name="MostViewedFooterData" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"sectionId":"politics","ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","edition":"INT"}"><div data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-ri3hap"><div class="dcr-5mqa0r"></div></div></gu-island></div><div class="dcr-1pt7toy"><span class="dcr-n4pnam"><div class="ad-slot-container dcr-j5zpwt"><div id="dfp-ad--mostpop" data-link-name="ad slot mostpop" data-name="mostpop" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--mostpop ad-slot--mpu-banner-ad ad-slot--rendered dcr-1qjcfie"></div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></section><aside style="background-color:var(--ad-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1ykr3rf"><div class="ad-slot-container dcr-17n294h"><div id="dfp-ad--merchandising" data-link-name="ad slot merchandising" data-name="merchandising" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--merchandising dcr-ivr0sq"></div></div></div></aside></main><aside style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1q1v1nj"><gu-island name="SubNav" priority="enhancement" deferUntil="visible" props="{"subNavSections":{"parent":{"title":"UK","longTitle":"UK news","url":"/uk-news","children":[{"title":"UK politics","longTitle":"UK politics","url":"/politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Education","longTitle":"Education","url":"/education","children":[{"title":"Schools","longTitle":"Schools","url":"/education/schools","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Teachers","longTitle":"Teachers","url":"/teacher-network","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Universities","longTitle":"Universities","url":"/education/universities","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Students","longTitle":"Students","url":"/education/students","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Media","longTitle":"Media","url":"/media","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Society","longTitle":"Society","url":"/society","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Law","longTitle":"Law","url":"/law","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Scotland","longTitle":"Scotland","url":"/uk/scotland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wales","longTitle":"Wales","url":"/uk/wales","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Northern Ireland","longTitle":"Northern Ireland","url":"/uk/northernireland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},"links":[{"title":"UK politics","longTitle":"UK politics","url":"/politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Education","longTitle":"Education","url":"/education","children":[{"title":"Schools","longTitle":"Schools","url":"/education/schools","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Teachers","longTitle":"Teachers","url":"/teacher-network","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Universities","longTitle":"Universities","url":"/education/universities","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Students","longTitle":"Students","url":"/education/students","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Media","longTitle":"Media","url":"/media","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Society","longTitle":"Society","url":"/society","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Law","longTitle":"Law","url":"/law","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Scotland","longTitle":"Scotland","url":"/uk/scotland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wales","longTitle":"Wales","url":"/uk/wales","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Northern Ireland","longTitle":"Northern Ireland","url":"/uk/northernireland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}]},"currentNavLink":"UK politics","position":"footer"}"><div data-print-layout="hide" data-testid="sub-nav" data-component="sub-nav" style="--sub-nav-link:var(--sub-nav-link-footer);" class="dcr-a4rp9m"><ul role="list" class="dcr-1gt8egs"><li class="dcr-ybq1b6"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/uk-news" class="dcr-lgyw9b">UK</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/politics" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : UK politics" class="dcr-lgyw9b"><span class="dcr-1b5y2ep">UK politics</span></a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/education" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Education" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Education</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/media" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Media" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Media</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/society" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Society" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Society</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/law" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Law" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Law</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/uk/scotland" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Scotland" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Scotland</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/uk/wales" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Wales" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Wales</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/uk/northernireland" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Northern Ireland" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></div></gu-island></div></aside><footer style="background-color:#052962;" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:#506991;" class="dcr-bnuca0"><div data-print-layout="hide" data-link-name="footer" data-component="footer" class="dcr-1hmrwdw"><div class="dcr-1ris6nf"><ul class="dcr-1d6g26q"><li class="dcr-1grikph"><a href="/" style="--pillar-underline:#FF5943;" data-link-name="footer : primary : News" class="dcr-1iufw7r">News</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/commentisfree" style="--pillar-underline:#FF7F0F;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Opinion" class="dcr-7612kl">Opinion</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/sport" style="--pillar-underline:#00B2FF;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Sport" class="dcr-7612kl">Sport</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/culture" style="--pillar-underline:#EACCA0;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Culture" class="dcr-7612kl">Culture</a></li><li class="dcr-1kcody2"><a href="/lifeandstyle" style="--pillar-underline:#FFABDB;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Lifestyle" class="dcr-7612kl">Lifestyle</a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-1xyi04h"><div class="dcr-1wf840d"><div>Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning</div><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global/2022/sep/20/sign-up-for-the-first-edition-newsletter-our-free-news-email" data-link-name="footer : morning-briefing" class="dcr-u54heg">Sign up for our email<div class="src-button-space"></div><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1 12.956h18.274l-7.167 8.575.932.932L23 12.478v-.956l-9.96-9.985-.932.932 7.166 8.575H1z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="dcr-1ms2xl4"><ul><li><a href="https://manage.theguardian.com/help-centre" data-link-name="international : footer : tech feedback" class="js-tech-feedback-report dcr-4coeh">Help</a></li><li><a href="/info/complaints-and-corrections" data-link-name="complaints" class=" dcr-4coeh">Complaints & corrections</a></li><li><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/securedrop" data-link-name="securedrop" class=" dcr-4coeh">SecureDrop</a></li><li><a href="https://workforus.theguardian.com" data-link-name="international : footer : work for us" class=" dcr-4coeh">Work for us</a></li><li><gu-island name="PrivacySettingsLink" priority="critical" deferUntil="visible" props="{"extraClasses":""}"><span style="color:transparent;" class="dcr-4coeh">聽</span></gu-island></li><li><a href="/info/privacy" data-link-name="privacy" class=" dcr-4coeh">Privacy policy</a></li><li><a href="/info/cookies" data-link-name="cookie" class=" dcr-4coeh">Cookie policy</a></li><li><a href="/help/terms-of-service" data-link-name="terms" class=" dcr-4coeh">Terms & conditions</a></li><li><a href="/help/contact-us" data-link-name="international : footer : contact us" class=" dcr-4coeh">Contact us</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="/index/subjects/a" data-link-name="international : footer : all topics" class=" dcr-4coeh">All topics</a></li><li><a href="/index/contributors" data-link-name="international : footer : all contributors" class=" dcr-4coeh">All writers</a></li><li><a href="https://theguardian.newspapers.com" data-link-name="digital newspaper archive" class=" dcr-4coeh">Digital newspaper archive</a></li><li><a href="https://uploads.guim.co.uk/2024/08/27/TAX_STRATEGY_FOR_THE_YEAR_ENDED_31_MARCH_2025.pdf" data-link-name="international : footer : tax strategy" class=" dcr-4coeh">Tax strategy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/theguardian" data-link-name="international : footer : facebook" class=" dcr-4coeh">Facebook</a></li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGuardian" data-link-name="international : footer : youtube" class=" dcr-4coeh">YouTube</a></li><li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/guardian" data-link-name="international : footer : instagram" class=" dcr-4coeh">Instagram</a></li><li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/theguardian" data-link-name="international : footer : linkedin" class=" dcr-4coeh">LinkedIn</a></li><li><a href="/email-newsletters?INTCMP=DOTCOM_FOOTER_NEWSLETTER_INTERNATIONAL" data-link-name="international : footer : newsletters" class=" dcr-4coeh">Newsletters</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://advertising.theguardian.com" data-link-name="international : footer : advertise with us" class=" dcr-4coeh">Advertise with us</a></li><li><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" data-link-name="international : footer : uk-jobs" class=" dcr-4coeh">Search UK jobs</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1v06yj3"><gu-island name="FooterReaderRevenueLinks" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"urls":{"contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=footer_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_contribute%22%7D","subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=footer_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"dataLinkNamePrefix":"footer : "}"></gu-island></div></div><div class="dcr-1xnlu54"><a href="#top" data-link-name="back to top" class="dcr-1bljy3y"><span class="dcr-6ottnt">Back to top</span><span class="icon-container dcr-18yycfp"><i class="dcr-13lm9u3"></i></span></a></div></div><div class="dcr-1slcfay">漏 2024 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved. <gu-island name="FooterLabel" priority="critical" deferUntil="visible" props="{}">(dcr)</gu-island></div></div></div></footer><aside class="dcr-1wna1tt"><gu-island name="StickyBottomBanner" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"contentType":"Article","contributionsServiceUrl":"https://contributions.guardianapis.com","idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","isMinuteArticle":false,"isPaidContent":false,"isPreview":false,"isSensitive":false,"pageId":"politics/2002/nov/19/immigrationpolicy.ukcrime1","sectionId":"politics","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"remoteBannerSwitch":true,"tags":[{"id":"politics/politics","type":"Keyword","title":"Politics"},{"id":"uk/uk","type":"Keyword","title":"UK news"},{"id":"uk/ukcrime","type":"Keyword","title":"Crime"},{"id":"society/prisons-and-probation","type":"Keyword","title":"Prisons and probation"},{"id":"uk/immigration","type":"Keyword","title":"Immigration and asylum"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"profile/martinnicholls","type":"Contributor","title":"Martin Nicholls"}]}"></gu-island></aside><div class="mobilesticky-container dcr-bqcudp"></div> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Blunkett announces new sex laws | Politics | The Guardian