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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-词源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>词源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形態" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形態"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>形態</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-形態-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关形態子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-形態-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-野生祖先" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#野生祖先"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>野生祖先</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-野生祖先-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基因组" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基因组"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>基因组</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基因组-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-营养" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#营养"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>营养</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-营养-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化上的蘋果" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化上的蘋果"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>文化上的蘋果</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文化上的蘋果-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关文化上的蘋果子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-文化上的蘋果-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-希臘神話" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#希臘神話"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>希臘神話</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-希臘神話-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-伊甸園的禁果" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伊甸園的禁果"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>伊甸園的禁果</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伊甸園的禁果-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-通俗文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#通俗文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>通俗文化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-通俗文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中国平安夜" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中国平安夜"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>中国平安夜</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中国平安夜-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>文學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-經濟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#經濟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>經濟</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-經濟-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关經濟子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-經濟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>中國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日本" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日本"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>日本</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日本-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-欧洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#欧洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>欧洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-欧洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>美洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-品種" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#品種"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>品種</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-品種-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>延伸閱讀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">苹果</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。194种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-194" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">194种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel" title="Appel – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Appel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfel" title="Apfel – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Apfel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%9D" title="ፖም – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzana" title="Manzana – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Manzana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ppel" title="Æppel – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Æppel" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="تفاح – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفاح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%99%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܚܙܘܪܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܙܘܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="تفاح – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تفاح" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="تفاح – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تفاح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="আপেল – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আপেল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazana" title="Mazana – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mazana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamin" title="Wamin – 阿提卡米克语" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Wamin" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="阿提卡米克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="सेव – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सेव" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7" title="آلما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epfe" title="Epfe – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Epfe" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuobols" title="Vuobols – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuobols" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas" title="Mansanas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mansanas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipol" title="Ipol – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Ipol" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Яблык – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яблык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Яблык – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Яблык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ябълка – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ябълка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="सेव – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सेव" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apol" title="Apol – 比斯拉马语" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Apol" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉马语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="আপেল – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আপেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀུ་ཤུ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀུ་ཤུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aval" title="Aval – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aval" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabuka" title="Jabuka – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jabuka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poma" title="Poma – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACng-gu%C5%8D" title="Bìng-guō – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bìng-guō" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Ӏаж – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаж" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%92%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%94" title="ᏒᎦᏔ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏒᎦᏔ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1%27xeme" title="Má'xeme – 夏延语" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Má'xeme" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="夏延语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8E%D9%88" title="سێو – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سێو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablko" title="Jablko – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jablko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Панулми – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Панулми" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afal" title="Afal – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ble" title="Æble – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Æble" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelapfel" title="Tafelapfel – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tafelapfel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saye" title="Saye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Saye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C5%82uko" title="Jabłuko – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Jabłuko" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0" title="އާފަލް – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އާފަލް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AE%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Μήλο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μήλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0m" title="Pàm – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pàm" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple" title="Apple – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Apple" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzana" title="Manzana – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manzana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95un" title="Õun – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagar" title="Sagar – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sagar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سیب – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omena" title="Omena – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Omena" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upin" title="Upin – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Upin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapolo" title="Yapolo – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Yapolo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomme" title="Pomme – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pomme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milu%C3%A7%C3%A2r" title="Miluçâr – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Miluçâr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9All" title="Úll – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Úll" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="蘋果 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="蘋果" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubhal" title="Ubhal – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ubhal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maz%C3%A1" title="Mazá – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mazá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guavirana%27a" title="Guavirana'a – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Guavirana'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8" title="સફરજન – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સફરજન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuffa" title="Tuffa – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tuffa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%ACn-k%C3%B3" title="Phìn-kó – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phìn-kó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%97" title="תפוח – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תפוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC" title="सेब – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aapul" title="Aapul – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aapul" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitoma_jabuka" title="Pitoma jabuka – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pitoma jabuka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C5%82uko" title="Jabłuko – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jabłuko" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2m" title="Pòm – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Խնձոր – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խնձոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Խնձոր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խնձոր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pomo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipul" title="Ipul – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ipul" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple" title="Apple – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Apple" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aapuq" title="Aapuq – 伊努皮克语" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Aapuq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="伊努皮克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas" title="Mansanas – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mansanas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pomo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epli" title="Epli – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Epli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mela" title="Mela – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mela" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AD%E1%92%BB%E1%92%A5%E1%93%87%E1%90%85%E1%94%AD%E1%96%85" title="ᑭᒻᒥᓇᐅᔭᖅ – 因纽特语" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑭᒻᒥᓇᐅᔭᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因纽特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4" title="リンゴ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リンゴ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/plise" title="plise – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="plise" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeffu" title="Adeffu – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adeffu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81" title="ಸೇಬು – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೇಬು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuffa" title="Tuffa – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Tuffa" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%BC" title="사과 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86%D9%9B%D9%B9%DA%BE" title="ژوٗنٛٹھ – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ژوٗنٛٹھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel" title="Appel – 科隆语" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Appel" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAv" title="Sêv – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sêv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malum" title="Malum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Malum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansana" title="Mansana – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mansana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel" title="Appel – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Appel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mei" title="Mei – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mei" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A1" title="ໝາກປົ່ມ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໝາກປົ່ມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obuolys" title="Obuolys – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Obuolys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80bols" title="Ābols – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ābols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Марьсь – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Марьсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paoma" title="Paoma – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paoma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Олма – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Олма" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80poro" title="Āporo – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Āporo" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Јаболко – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаболко" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE" title="ആപ്പിൾ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആപ്പിൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D_(%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A9)" title="ꯁꯦꯝ (ꯍꯩ) – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯦꯝ (ꯍꯩ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6" title="सफरचंद – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सफरचंद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epal" title="Epal – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Epal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A7ana" title="Maçana – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Maçana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="ပန်းသီး – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းသီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87" title="سه – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo" title="Milo – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Milo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89" title="स्याउ – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्याउ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89" title="स्याउ – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्याउ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel_(vrucht)" title="Appel (vrucht) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Appel (vrucht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eple" title="Eple – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eple" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eple" title="Eple – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eple" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poume" title="Poume – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Poume" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apole" title="Apole – 北索托语" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Apole" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilas%C3%A1ana" title="Bilasáana – 纳瓦霍语" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bilasáana" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="纳瓦霍语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poma" title="Poma – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Poma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juablokku" title="Juablokku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Juablokku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appilii" title="Appilii – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Appilii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%C3%A6%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Фæткъуы – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фæткъуы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AC" title="ਸੇਬ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੇਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C5%82ko" title="Jabłko – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jabłko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pom" title="Pom – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pom" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سیب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A7%C3%A3" title="Maçã – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maçã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83r" title="Măr – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Măr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muz%C3%A2" title="Muzâ – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Muzâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Яблоко – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яблоко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Ябко – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ябко" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pome" title="Pome – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Pome" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="सेवफलम् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सेवफलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дьаабылыка – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьаабылыка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumu" title="Pumu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pumu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiple" title="Aiple – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aiple" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81" title="صوف – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صوف" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabuka" title="Jabuka – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jabuka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adffuy" title="Adffuy – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Adffuy" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မၢၵ်ႇၵႅမ်ႈၶွင်ႇ – 掸语" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မၢၵ်ႇၵႅမ်ႈၶွင်ႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="掸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple" title="Apple – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Apple" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablko" title="Jablko – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jablko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سیب – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سیب" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabolko" title="Jabolko – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jabolko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apu" title="Apu – 萨摩亚语" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Apu" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="萨摩亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molla" title="Molla – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Molla" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Јабука – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јабука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84pple" title="Äpple – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Äpple" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofaa" title="Tofaa – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tofaa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%80%EA%A0%84%EA%A0%9A%EA%A0%9F" title="ꠀꠄꠚꠟ – Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠀꠄꠚꠟ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/dayas_siku" title="dayas siku – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="dayas siku" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆப்பிள் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆப்பிள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%96%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B0" title="ᥛᥣᥐᥱ ᥙᥣᥢᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥣᥐᥱ ᥙᥣᥢᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆపిల్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆపిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Себ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Себ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="แอปเปิล – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอปเปิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas" title="Mansanas – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mansanas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sef" title="Sef – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sef" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apole" title="Apole – 茨瓦纳语" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Apole" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="茨瓦纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elma" title="Elma – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Яблоко – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Яблоко" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ئالما – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالما" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Яблуко – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яблуко" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سیب – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olma" title="Olma – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Olma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pomo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablok" title="Jablok – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jablok" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1o_t%C3%A2y" title="Táo tây – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Táo tây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel" title="Appel – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Appel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod" title="Pod – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pod" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pem%C3%AE" title="Pemî – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pemî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas" title="Mansanas – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mansanas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="苹果 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苹果" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Альман – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Альман" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%9C" title="עפל – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עפל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makbinzgoj" title="Makbinzgoj – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Makbinzgoj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C5%8Dng-k%C3%B3" title="Phōng-kó – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phōng-kó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="蘋果 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘋果" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhumezi" title="IPhumezi – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPhumezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q89#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> 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/></a></span>此條目介紹的是水果和植物。关于美國科技公司，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="苹果公司">苹果公司</a></b>」。关于其他用法，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="苹果 (消歧义)">苹果 (消歧义)</a></b>」。</div> <div id="noteTA-fc85ae2c" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Lifesciences"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="地名"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:澳洲青苹;zh-hant:澳洲青蘋;"></div></div></div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">苹果<span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em; margin-top:0.05em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%A1%86" title="Help:如何閱讀生物資訊框"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Infobox_info_icon2.svg/18px-Infobox_info_icon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Infobox_info_icon2.svg/27px-Infobox_info_icon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Infobox_info_icon2.svg/36px-Infobox_info_icon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Apples_in_basket_2018_G2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Apples_in_basket_2018_G2.jpg/250px-Apples_in_basket_2018_G2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Apples_in_basket_2018_G2.jpg/330px-Apples_in_basket_2018_G2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Apples_in_basket_2018_G2.jpg/500px-Apples_in_basket_2018_G2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4300" data-file-height="3650" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">一籃斯巴達蘋果 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Honeycrisp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Honeycrisp.jpg/220px-Honeycrisp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Honeycrisp.jpg/330px-Honeycrisp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Honeycrisp.jpg/440px-Honeycrisp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="2176" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蜜脆苹果" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Honeycrisp"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9C%9C%E8%84%86%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蜜脆苹果（页面不存在）">蜜脆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycrisp" class="extiw" title="en:Honeycrisp"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Honeycrisp</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E5%93%81%E7%A7%8D" title="栽培品种">品种</a>的果实 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">科学分类</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding:0.1em 0.4em 0 0; margin-left:-3em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Malus" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Small_Pencil_Icon.svg/16px-Small_Pencil_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Small_Pencil_Icon.svg/24px-Small_Pencil_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Small_Pencil_Icon.svg/32px-Small_Pencil_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">界：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="植物界">植物界</a> Plantae</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><small>演化支</small>：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="维管植物">维管植物</a> Tracheophyta</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><small>演化支</small>：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物">被子植物</a> Angiosperms</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><small>演化支</small>：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%8F%8C%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%B6%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="真双子叶植物">真双子叶植物</a> Eudicots</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><small>演化支</small>：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%B7%E8%96%87%E7%B1%BB%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="蔷薇类植物">蔷薇类植物</a> Rosids</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">目：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%B7%E8%96%87%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="蔷薇目">蔷薇目</a> Rosales</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">科：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%B7%E8%96%87%E7%A7%91" title="蔷薇科">蔷薇科</a> Rosaceae</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">属：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%B1%9E" title="苹果属">蘋果属</a> <i>Malus</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap">种： </td> <td><div class="nowrap" style="display:inline;"><b>苹果 <i>M. domestica</i></b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="二名法">二名法</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Malus domestica</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Suckow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suckow（页面不存在）">Suckow</a>) <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Borkh." data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borkh.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borkh.（页面不存在）">Borkh.</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Balthasar_Borkhausen" class="extiw" title="en:Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, 1803 <a href="/wiki/Nom._cons." class="mw-redirect" title="Nom. cons.">nom. cons.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%90%8D" title="異名">異名</a><sup id="cite_ref-powo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>基本異名</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><ul style="plainlist"><li><i>Pyrus malus <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> domestica</i> <small>Suckow, 1786 </small></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>異型異名</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><ul style="plainlist"><li><i>Malus anisophylla</i> <small>Sumnev. </small></li><li><i>Malus apetala</i> <small>Poit. & Turpin </small></li><li><i>Malus astracanica</i> <small>Dum.Cours. </small></li><li><i>Malus batavica</i> <small>Poit. & Turpin </small></li><li><i>Malus communis</i> <small>Desf. </small></li><li><i>Malus cylindracea</i> <small>A.Sav. </small></li><li><i>Malus dasyphylla</i> <small>Borkh. </small></li><li><i>Malus dioica</i> <small>(Moench) Medik. </small></li><li><i>Malus dolichomorpha</i> <small>Juz. </small></li><li><i>Malus domestica <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> calvillea</i> <small>Likhonos </small></li><li><i>Malus domestica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> caucasica</i> <small>Likhonos </small></li><li><i>Malus domestica <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> dasyphylla</i> <small>(Borkh.) Langenf. </small></li><li><i>Malus domestica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> hybrida</i> <small>Likhonos </small></li><li><i>Malus domestica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> intermedia</i> <small>Likhonos </small></li><li><i>Malus domestica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> italotaurica</i> <small>Likhonos </small></li><li><i>Malus domestica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> macrocarpa</i> <small>Likhonos </small></li><li><i>Malus domestica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> medioasiatica</i> <small>Likhonos </small></li><li><i>Malus domestica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> occidentalieuropaea</i> <small>Likhonos </small></li><li><i>Malus domestica <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> parmaenea</i> <small>Likhonos </small></li><li><i>Malus domestica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> pumila</i> <small>(Mill.) Likhonos </small></li><li><i>Malus domestica <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> renettea</i> <small>Likhonos </small></li><li><i>Malus domestica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> rossica</i> <small>Likhonos </small></li><li><i>Malus fontanesiana</i> <small>Spach </small></li><li><i>Malus frutescens</i> <small>Medik. </small></li><li><i>Malus glabra</i> <small>A.Sav. </small></li><li><i>Malus kirghisorum</i> <small>Al.Fed. & Fed. </small></li><li><i>Malus kudrjaschevii</i> <small>Sumnev. </small></li><li><i>Malus linczevskii</i> <small>Poljakov </small></li><li><i>Malus livida</i> <small>A.Sav. </small></li><li><i>Malus malus</i> <small>(L.) Voss </small></li><li><i>Malus niedzwetzkyana</i> <small>Dieck </small></li><li><i>Malus paradisiaca</i> <small>(L.) Medik. </small></li><li><i>Malus persicifolia</i> <small>(Popov) Sumnev. </small></li><li><i>Malus praecox</i> <small>Borkh. </small></li><li><i>Malus pumila</i> <small>Mill. </small></li><li><i>Malus santonum</i> <small>A.Sav. </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii</i> <small>(Ledeb.) M.Roem. </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> anisophylla</i> <small>(Sumnev.) Ponomar. </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> caspiriensis</i> <small>(Langenf.) Ponomar. </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> cerea</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> flava</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> flavorosea</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> flavorubens</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> gilva</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> hissarica</i> <small>(Kudr.) Ponomar. </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> hissarica</i> <small>(Kudr.) Likhonos </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> insipida</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> jarmolenkoi</i> <small>(Poljakov) Ponomar. </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> juzepczukii</i> <small>(Vassilcz.) Ponomar. </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> kirghisorum</i> <small>(Al.Fed. & Fed.) Likhonos ex Korovina </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> kirghisorum</i> <small>(Al.Fed. & Fed.) Ponomar. </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> kudrjaschevii</i> <small>(Sumnev.) Ponomar. </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> laetevirida</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> linczevskii</i> <small>(Poljakov) Ponomar. </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> media</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> niedzwetzkyana</i> <small>(Dieck) Langenf. </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> ochrorubra</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> persicifolia</i> <small>(Popov) Ponomar. </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> pomacea</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> purpureofasciata</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> rubrifasciata</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> rubrolateralis</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> schischkinii</i> <small>(Poljakov) Ponomar. </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> suffusa</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> tianschanica</i> <small>(Sumnev.) Ponomar. </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> viridicerea</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> viridifasciata</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> viridirubra</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> viridis</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> viridula</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus sieversii <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> xanthella</i> <small>Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya </small></li><li><i>Malus spumosa</i> <small>Poit. & Turpin </small></li><li><i>Malus sylvestris <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> dasyphylla</i> <small>(Borkh.) Ponomar. </small></li><li><i>Malus sylvestris <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> paradisiaca</i> <small>(L.) Soó </small></li><li><i>Malus sylvestris <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> praecox</i> <small>(Nyman) Ponomar. </small></li><li><i>Malus tatarica</i> <small>K.Koch </small></li><li><i>Malus tianschanica</i> <small>Sumnev. </small></li><li><i>Malus turbinoides</i> <small>A.Sav. </small></li><li><i>Malus umbellata</i> <small>Gilib. </small></li><li><i>Malus upsalensis</i> <small>Dippel </small></li><li><i>Malus viridis</i> <small>A.Sav. </small></li><li><i>Pyrenia malus</i> <small>Clairv. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus apiosa</i> <small>Steud. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus armeniacifolia</i> <small>Dochnahl </small></li><li><i>Pyrus astracanica</i> <small>(Dum.Cours.) DC. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus cavillea</i> <small>Steud. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus cestiana</i> <small>Steud. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus dioica</i> <small>Moench </small></li><li><i>Pyrus divisa</i> <small>Link </small></li><li><i>Pyrus epirotica</i> <small>Steud. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus eryostyla</i> <small>(Moris) Guss. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus fontanesiana</i> <small>(Spach) Steud. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus kirghisorum</i> <small>(Al.Fed. & Fed.) M.F.Fay & Christenh. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus malus</i> <small>L. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus malus <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> cestiana</i> <small>L. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus malus <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> paradisiaca</i> <small>L. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus malus <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> prasomila</i> <small>L. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus malus <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> rubelliana</i> <small>L. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus niedzwetzkyana</i> <small>(Dieck) Hemsl. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus paris</i> <small>M.F.Fay & Christenh. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus pollveria</i> <small>Lej. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus praecox</i> <small>Pall. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus prasomila</i> <small>(L.) Steud. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus pulverulenta</i> <small>K.Koch </small></li><li><i>Pyrus pumila</i> <small>(Mill.) Steud. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus rubelliana</i> <small>Steud. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus saxatilis</i> <small>Schltdl. ex Ledeb. </small></li><li><i>Pyrus songarica</i> <small>Fisch. ex Juz. </small></li><li><i>Sorbus malus</i> <small>(L.) Crantz </small></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732977">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>苹果</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="学名">学名</a>：<span title="拉丁語文本"><span lang="la"><i>Malus domestica</i></span></span>）是<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%B7%E8%96%87%E7%A7%91" title="蔷薇科">蔷薇科</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E4%BA%9A%E7%A7%91" title="苹果亚科">苹果亚科</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%B1%9E" title="苹果属">苹果属</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>，為落叶<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%9C%A8" title="乔木">乔木</a>，在世界上广泛<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="栽培植物">种植</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%AE%9E" title="果实">果实</a>又稱<b>柰</b>或<b>林檎</b>，一般呈紅色，但需視品種而定，富含<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="矿物质">矿物质</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="维生素">维生素</a>，是人们最常食用的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C" title="水果">水果</a>之一。人们根据需求的不同口感、用途（比如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苹果烹饪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="cooking apple"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E7%83%B9%E9%A5%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苹果烹饪（页面不存在）">烹饪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cooking_apple" class="extiw" title="en:cooking apple"><span lang="en" dir="auto">cooking apple</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、生吃、酿<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E9%85%92" title="苹果酒">苹果酒</a>等）培育不同的品种，已知有超过7,500个<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苹果品种列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of apple cultivars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%93%81%E7%A7%8D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苹果品种列表（页面不存在）">苹果品种</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" class="extiw" title="en:List of apple cultivars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of apple cultivars</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>，拥有一系列人们需要的不同特性。 </p><p>苹果起源于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a>，直到今天當地还可以找到苹果的野生祖先：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="新疆野苹果">新疆野苹果</a>。苹果在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="亚洲">亚洲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>都有着数千年的种植历史，并由欧洲的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91" title="美洲殖民">殖民者</a>带到了北美，是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%B1%9E" title="苹果属">苹果属</a>中生长最广泛的树种。苹果在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="北欧神话">北欧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="希腊神话">希腊</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲基督教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Christianity in Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲基督教（页面不存在）">欧洲基督教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Christianity in Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Christianity in Europe</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>传统等许多文化中都有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="神话">神话</a>的意义。 </p><p>蘋果開花期是基於各地氣候而定，但一般集中在4-5月份。蘋果是異花授粉植物，大部分品種自花不能結成果實。一般蘋果栽種後，於2-3年才開始結果。果實成長期之長短，一般早熟品種為65-87天，中熟品種為90-133天，晚熟品種則為137-168天。在一般情形下，栽種後蘋果樹可有10-1000年壽命。蘋果樹如果从种子开始长，就会长得較為高大，可高至15米，但栽培樹木一般只高3-5米左右，因此，苹果的各种<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E5%93%81%E7%A7%8D" title="栽培品种">栽培品种</a>通常通过嫁接在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="砧木" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="rootstock"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A0%A7%E6%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="砧木（页面不存在）">砧木</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rootstock" class="extiw" title="en:rootstock"><span lang="en" dir="auto">rootstock</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>上进行繁殖，砧木决定了最终树木的大小。樹幹呈灰褐色，樹皮有一定程度的脫落。苹果树及其果实很容易出现许多<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>、细菌和害虫问题，这些问题可以通过多种<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="有機農業">有机</a>和非有机手段加以控制。 2010年，人们对苹果的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="基因組">基因組</a>进行了<a href="/wiki/DNA%E6%B8%AC%E5%BA%8F" title="DNA測序">测序</a>，作为苹果生产中疾病控制和选择育种研究的一部分。2017年全球苹果产量为8310万<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%99%B8" title="公噸">公噸</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a>占总产量的一半<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词源"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.BA.90"></span>词源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：词源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中文所说的“苹果”一词源于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="梵语">梵语</a>，为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="印度河流域文明">古印度</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="佛經">佛經</a>中所說的一种水果，最早被称为“<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%91%E5%A9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="频婆">频婆</a>”，后被汉语借用，并有“平波”<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、“苹（蘋）婆”等写法。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%8E%86" title="万历">万历</a>年间的農書《群芳谱·果谱》中，有“苹果”词条，称：“苹果，出北地，燕赵者尤佳。接用林檎体。树身耸直，叶青，似林檎而大，果如梨而圆滑。生青，熟则半红半白，或全红，光洁可爱玩，香闻数步。味甘松，未熟者食如棉絮，过熟又沙烂不堪食，惟八九分熟者最佳”。许多中国农学史、果树史专家认为这是汉语中最早使用“苹果”一词。 </p><p>中國土生苹果属植物在古代又稱「<b>柰</b>」<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>或「<b>林檎</b>」。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%99%82%E7%8F%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="李時珍">李時珍</a>說：「柰與林檎，一類二種也，樹實皆似林檎而大。有白、赤、青三色，白者為素柰，赤者為丹柰，青者為綠柰」和「林檎，即柰之小而圓者，其類有金林檎、紅林檎、水林檎、蜜林檎、黑林檎，皆以色味立名。」。而《食性本草》中亦有說「林檎有三種，大長者為柰，圓者林檎，小者味澀為梣。」受中華文化影響，日語中的「林檎」即為蘋果（ringo）。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣">台灣</a>，部分<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="台語">台語</a>使用者也沿用<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="日文">日文</a>的「林檎」（rin-go）稱之。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="形態"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E6.85.8B"></span>形態</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：形態"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sterappel_dwarsdrsn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sterappel_dwarsdrsn.jpg/250px-Sterappel_dwarsdrsn.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sterappel_dwarsdrsn.jpg/330px-Sterappel_dwarsdrsn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sterappel_dwarsdrsn.jpg/500px-Sterappel_dwarsdrsn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>剖面</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg/250px-Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg/330px-Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg/440px-Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>苹果树的花朵，果实和叶子（苹果属）</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg/220px-Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg/330px-Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg/440px-Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>苹果的侧面，茎端和内部</figcaption></figure> <p>蘋果樹是一種<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E8%91%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="落葉植物">落葉乔木</a>，栽培时通常高6至15英尺（1.8至4.6米），而在野外则高可达30英尺（9.1米）<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，一说15米（49英尺）<sup id="cite_ref-FRPS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，栽培时，通过<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="砧木" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="rootstock"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A0%A7%E6%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="砧木（页面不存在）">砧木</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rootstock" class="extiw" title="en:rootstock"><span lang="en" dir="auto">rootstock</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>和修剪方法来确定大小、形状和分支密度，樹冠圆形。其小枝短粗，幼时密被绒毛，老枝則无毛。苹果树的葉片交替排列（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="叶序">单叶互生</a>），呈椭圆形深绿色，边缘呈锯齿状，背面略带绒毛<sup id="cite_ref-app_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，长4.5-10厘米，宽3-5.5厘米，嫩葉两面長有短柔毛，长成後无毛。叶柄被短柔毛。托叶披针形，被短柔毛。<sup id="cite_ref-FRPS_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_Blossom_@_Manali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Apple_Blossom_%40_Manali.jpg/250px-Apple_Blossom_%40_Manali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Apple_Blossom_%40_Manali.jpg/330px-Apple_Blossom_%40_Manali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Apple_Blossom_%40_Manali.jpg/500px-Apple_Blossom_%40_Manali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>苹果花</figcaption></figure> <p>花期為春季，大约在5月，苹果树在叶片萌芽的同时开花，开在刺和一些长枝上，花集生于小枝顶端，一般為3至7朵<sup id="cite_ref-FRPS_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，约3至4 cm（1.2至1.6英寸）大，白裏透粉，有五<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%93%A3" title="花瓣">瓣</a>，花序为4-6朵的聚伞花序。花序最内或中央的一朵花最先开放，可以结出很大的果实。<sup id="cite_ref-app_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>果实在夏末或秋末（7-10月）成熟，呈球形或扁球形。不同的栽培品种大小不一。市场上买到的大都是直径<span class="frac nowrap">2<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span>至<span class="frac nowrap">3<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span>英寸（7.0至8.3 cm）的苹果。一些地方的消费者，像日本就更喜欢较大的苹果，<span class="frac nowrap">2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span>英寸（5.7 cm）以下的苹果通常用于制作果汁，并不常拿来卖。成熟的苹果皮通常为红色、黄色、绿色、粉红色或者变褐，也有许多双色甚至三色的品种<sup id="cite_ref-Janick_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janick-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。果皮被<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE%E8%A0%9F%E8%B3%AA" title="表皮蠟質">表皮蠟質</a>的保护层覆盖<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。外果皮（即果肉）通常为浅黄白色<sup id="cite_ref-Janick_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janick-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但也有粉红色或黄色的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="野生祖先"><span id=".E9.87.8E.E7.94.9F.E7.A5.96.E5.85.88"></span>野生祖先</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：野生祖先"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="新疆野苹果">新疆野苹果</a></div> <p>苹果的野生祖先是新疆野苹果，在南<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦">哈萨克斯坦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="吉尔吉斯斯坦">吉尔吉斯斯坦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="塔吉克斯坦">塔吉克斯坦</a>和中国<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新疆">新疆</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中亚山脉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="mountains of Central Asia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中亚山脉（页面不存在）">中亚山区</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mountains_of_Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:mountains of Central Asia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">mountains of Central Asia</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>都有发现野生<sup id="cite_ref-app_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Architecture_and_size_relations:_an_essay_on_the_apple_(Malus_x_domestica,_Rosaceae)_tree_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Architecture_and_size_relations:_an_essay_on_the_apple_(Malus_x_domestica,_Rosaceae)_tree-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。苹果的选育很可能开始于被森林覆盖的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%B1%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="天山山脉">天山</a>两侧，选育过程经过了很长一段时间，选育使其他物种的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%BB%B2%E5%85%A5" title="基因滲入">基因渗入</a>开放授粉的种子中。由于与<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%8E%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="歐洲野蘋果">歐洲野蘋果</a>、海棠的大量基因交换，现在的苹果与海棠的联系更为紧密，而不是与<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="生物形態學">形態學</a>相似的新疆野苹果。在没有现代杂交的品种中，后者的作用占主导。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coart_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coart-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基因组"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E5.9B.A0.E7.BB.84"></span>基因组</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：基因组"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2010年，意大利一家财团宣布，他们与<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="華盛頓州立大學">華盛頓州立大學</a>的园艺基因组学家合作，对<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="金冠苹果" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Golden Delicious"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E5%86%A0%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金冠苹果（页面不存在）">金冠苹果</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Delicious" class="extiw" title="en:Golden Delicious"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Golden Delicious</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>的完整基因组进行了测序。<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkB_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>它有大约57,000个基因，是迄今为止研究的植物基因组中数量最多的<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，比人类的基因数（大约30,000个）<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>还多。对苹果基因组的新理解将有助于科学家识别那些有助于抵抗疾病、干旱的，或有其他理想特性的基因和基因变异。了解这些特征背后的基因将有助于科学家进行更有科学的品种选育。基因组序列也证明了新疆野苹果是驯化苹果的野生祖先，解决了这一科学界长期争论问题。<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkB_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>苹果原產於<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中亞">中亞</a>及中国新疆地区。<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦">哈萨克斯坦</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%9C%A8%E5%9C%96" title="阿拉木圖">阿拉木圖</a>与新疆<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%9B%E9%BA%BB%E9%87%8C" title="阿力麻里">阿力麻里</a>有蘋果城的美譽。中国古代的林檎、柰、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%BA%A2_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="花红 (植物)">花红</a>等水果被认为是中国土生苹果品种或与苹果相似的水果。苹果在中国的栽培记录可以追溯至<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89" title="西汉">西汉</a>时期，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="汉武帝">汉武帝</a>时，上林苑中曾栽培林檎和柰<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，当时多用于薰香衣裳等，亦有置于床头当香熏或置于衣服，最初作为香囊，较少食用。但也有看法认为，林檎和柰是现在的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="沙果">沙果</a>，曾被誤認為蘋果，真正意义上的苹果是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a>时期从中亚地区传入中国，当时只有在宫廷才可享用。 </p><p>中国土生的苹果品种在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>以前曾在今<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="河北">河北</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="山东">山东</a>等地广泛种植，其特点是产量少、果实小、皮薄、味道甜美，但不耐储存，容易破损，因此价格昂贵，清朝时期北京<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">旗人</a>用其当作贡果。清朝末年，美国宣教士<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AA%E7%B6%AD%E6%80%9D" title="倪維思">倪維思</a>在山东<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E5%8F%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="烟台">烟台</a>等地引进西洋品种苹果，日本在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="日俄战争">日俄战争</a>之后，也在<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E5%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="熊岳">熊岳</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E9%90%B5%E9%99%84%E5%B1%AC%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="滿鐵附屬地">满铁附属地</a>设立农业试验基地，引进西洋苹果并进行杂交改良。<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E5%8F%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="烟台">烟台</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="大连">大连</a>也因此成为今日著名的苹果产地。民国时期以后，西洋品种苹果逐渐在中国市场上占据主要地位，中国土生品种苹果逐渐被果农淘汰，种植范围不断缩小，最后仅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81" title="河北省">河北省</a>怀来地区有少量保存，但这些果树也于1970年代前后在中国灭绝。 </p><p>新疆野苹果被认为是栽培苹果主要的祖先物种，而且二者在形态上相似。由于中亚的遗传变异，通常认为这里是栽培苹果的起源中心<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。科学家认为，苹果可能是在4000-10000年前的天山地区驯化的，然后沿着<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="丝绸之路">丝绸之路</a>传播到欧洲，并与其他的苹果属植物杂交并基因渗入，比如西伯利亚的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%8D%86%E5%AD%90" title="山荆子">山荆子</a>（<span title="拉丁語文本"><span lang="la"><i>M. baccata（L.）Borkh</i></span></span>），高加索的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%B1%B1%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高加索山蘋果（页面不存在）">高加索山蘋果</a>（<span title="拉丁語文本"><span lang="la"><i>M. Orientalis Uglitz.</i></span></span>）和欧洲的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%8E%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="歐洲野蘋果">欧洲野苹果</a>（<span title="拉丁語文本"><span lang="la"><i>M. sylvestris Mill.</i></span></span>）。只有天山西侧生长的新疆野苹果（<span title="拉丁語文本"><span lang="la"><i>M. sieversii</i></span></span>）在遗传上为栽培苹果做出了贡献，而东侧的孤立种群却没有<sup id="cite_ref-naturesize_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naturesize-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>中国的软苹果，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="沙果">沙果</a>（<span title="拉丁語文本"><span lang="la"><i>M. asiatica</i></span></span>）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%A0%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="海棠果">海棠果</a>（<span title="拉丁語文本"><span lang="la"><i>M. prunifolia</i></span></span>），已经作为甜品苹果栽培了2000多年。这些被认为是山荆子（<span title="拉丁語文本"><span lang="la"><i>M. baccata</i></span></span>）和新疆野苹果（<span title="拉丁語文本"><span lang="la"><i>M. sieversii</i></span></span>）在哈萨克斯坦杂交出来的<sup id="cite_ref-naturesize_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naturesize-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>人类种植者选择的性状包括大小，果实酸度、颜色、硬度和甜度等。野生的新疆野苹果（<span title="拉丁語文本"><span lang="la"><i>M. sieversii</i></span></span>）只比现代的栽培苹果小一点，这在驯化的水果中是不常见的<sup id="cite_ref-naturesize_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naturesize-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在意大利东北部乌迪内附近的Sammardenchia-Cueis遗址中，考古学家发现了某种类似苹果的碳化种子，可以追溯到公元前4000年<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。遗传分析尚未成功用于确定此类古苹果是欧洲野苹果（<span title="拉丁語文本"><span lang="la"><i>M. sylvestris</i></span></span>），还是祖先是栽培苹果（<span title="拉丁語文本"><span lang="la"><i>Malus domestica</i></span></span>）新疆野苹果（<span title="拉丁語文本"><span lang="la"><i>M. sieversii</i></span></span>）的栽培苹果（<span title="拉丁語文本"><span lang="la"><i>Malus domestica</i></span></span>）<sup id="cite_ref-appledna_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appledna-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在考古记录中，通常也很难区分采集的野苹果和苹果园。 </p><p>间接证据表明，在公元前第三个千年，中东地区就已经种植苹果了。欧洲古典时期大量生产苹果，人们已经掌握了嫁接的方法<sup id="cite_ref-appledna_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appledna-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。嫁接是现代驯化苹果生产的重要组成部分，能够繁殖出最优质的品种。至于苹果嫁接术何时发明，目前尚不清楚<sup id="cite_ref-appledna_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appledna-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>冬季苹果已经成为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="亚洲">亚洲</a>和欧洲数千年来的重要食品，人们在深秋采摘并存放在地窖中防冻<sup id="cite_ref-app6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。16世纪，西班牙人把许多旧世界植物引入<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9" title="智利">智利</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%B4%9B%E5%9F%83%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="奇洛埃群島">奇洛埃群島</a>，其中苹果树很好地适应了那里<sup id="cite_ref-Torrejonetal2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrejonetal2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。苹果在17世纪由殖民者引入北美<sup id="cite_ref-app_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，1625年，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="William Blaxton" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Blaxton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Blaxton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Blaxton（页面不存在）">威廉·布拉克斯顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blaxton" class="extiw" title="en:William Blaxton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Blaxton</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（William Blaxton）牧师在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A1%BF" title="波士顿">波士顿</a>种植了北美大陆上的第一个苹果园<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。美国土生的苹果属植物只有<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Malus fusca" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Malus fusca"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malus_fusca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malus fusca（页面不存在）">太平洋海棠</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_fusca" class="extiw" title="en:Malus fusca"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Malus fusca</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>。从欧洲带入的苹果品种沿着美洲原住民的贸易路线传播，并在殖民地农场种植。美国1845年的一个苹果苗圃出售有350个“最佳”品种。这表明，到19世纪初，北美已经大量繁殖了新品种<sup id="cite_ref-lawrence122_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawrence122-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。20世纪，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Eastern Washington" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eastern Washington"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Washington（页面不存在）">华盛顿东部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Washington" class="extiw" title="en:Eastern Washington"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eastern Washington</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>开始实施灌溉项目，发展了数十亿美元的水果产业，其中苹果是主要产品<sup id="cite_ref-app_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>直到20世纪，苹果在冬季的保存方法，仍然是将苹果储存在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Root cellar" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Root cellar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root_cellar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Root cellar（页面不存在）">防冻地窖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cellar" class="extiw" title="en:Root cellar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Root cellar</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>中，以供农民自用或出售。然而随着火车和公路运输的发展，新鲜苹果的运输也来越方便，地窖也就没有存在的必要了<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1960年代，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Controlled atmosphere" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Controlled atmosphere"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Controlled_atmosphere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Controlled atmosphere（页面不存在）">可控气氛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_atmosphere" class="extiw" title="en:Controlled atmosphere"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Controlled atmosphere</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>设备在美国首次使用，通过高湿度、低氧和可控二氧化碳水平，可以保持苹果全年新鲜<sup id="cite_ref-CA_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="营养"><span id=".E8.90.A5.E5.85.BB"></span>营养</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：营养"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap" style="font-size:88%;"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.14em;">生苹果<small>（去皮）</small></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="">每100 g（3.5 oz）食物營養值</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="plainlist" style="background-color: var(--background-color-disabled-subtle,#e0e0e0);color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="食物熱量">熱量</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div class="plainlist" style="background-color: var(--background-color-disabled-subtle,#e0e0e0);color: inherit;">200 kJ（48 kcal）</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="糖类">糖类</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">12.76 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="食糖">糖</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">10.1 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%B3%E9%A3%9F%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="膳食纖維">膳食纖維</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">1.3 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b> <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA" title="脂肪">脂肪</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.13 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%BD%E5%92%8C%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA" title="飽和脂肪">飽和脂肪</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.021 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E4%B8%8D%E9%A3%BD%E5%92%8C%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="單不飽和脂肪酸">單元不飽和脂肪</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.005 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%8D%E9%A3%BD%E5%92%8C%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="多不飽和脂肪酸">多元不飽和脂肪</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.037 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.27 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="色氨酸">色氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.001 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="蘇氨酸">蘇氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.006 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E4%BA%AE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="異亮氨酸">異亮氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.006 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="亮氨酸">亮氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.014 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E8%83%BA%E9%85%B8" title="離胺酸">賴氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.013 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋氨酸">蛋氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.001 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B1%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="胱氨酸">胱氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.001 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="苯丙氨酸">苯丙氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.007 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AA%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="酪氨酸">酪氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.001 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%AC%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="缬氨酸">缬氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.012 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="精氨酸">精氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.006 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="組氨酸">組氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.005 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="丙氨酸">丙氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.012 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%86%AC%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="天冬氨酸">天冬氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.074 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="谷氨酸">谷氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.026 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="甘氨酸">甘氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.009 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%AF%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="脯氨酸">脯氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.006 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="絲氨酸">絲氨酸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.011 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="维生素">维生素</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0A" title="維生素A">維生素A</a> equiv.<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-%E8%83%A1%E8%90%9D%E5%8D%9C%E7%B4%A0" title="Β-胡萝卜素">β-胡萝卜素</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E9%BB%83%E7%B4%A0" title="葉黃素">葉黃素</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E7%B1%B3%E9%BB%83%E7%B4%A0" title="玉米黃素">玉米黃素</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(0%)</div> 2 μg<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;"><div style="float: right;">(0%)</div>17 μg</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">18 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E8%83%BA" title="硫胺">硫胺（維生素B<sub>1</sub>）</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(2%)</div> 0.019 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%BB%84%E7%B4%A0" title="核黄素">核黃素（維生素B<sub>2</sub>）</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(2%)</div> 0.028 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E9%85%B8" title="烟酸">菸鹼酸（維生素B<sub>3</sub>）</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(1%)</div> 0.091 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.1em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E9%85%B8" title="泛酸">泛酸（維生素B<sub>5</sub>）</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(1%)</div> 0.071 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A1%E5%93%86%E9%86%87" title="吡哆醇">吡哆醇</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B6" title="维生素B6">維生素B<sub>6</sub></a>）</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(3%)</div> 0.037 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E9%85%B8" title="叶酸">葉酸（維生素B<sub>9</sub>）</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(0%)</div> 0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B12" title="维生素B12">維生素B<sub>12</sub></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(0%)</div> 0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%86%E7%A2%B1" title="胆碱">胆碱</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(1%)</div> 3.4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0C" title="维生素C">维生素C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(5%)</div> 4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0D" title="维生素D">维生素D</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(0%)</div> 0 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0E" title="维生素E">维生素E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(0%)</div> 0.05 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0K" title="维生素K">维生素K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(1%)</div> 0.6 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="礦物質">膳食礦物質</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A3%E8%B3%AA" title="鈣質">鈣</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(1%)</div> 5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E9%90%B5%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="人類鐵代謝">鐵</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(1%)</div> 0.07 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81#对人体的影响" title="镁">鎂</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(1%)</div> 4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0#對人體的影響" title="锰">錳</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(2%)</div> 0.038 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A" title="磷營養">磷</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(2%)</div> 11 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE#对人体的影响" title="钾">鉀</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(2%)</div> 90 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0#对人体的影响" title="钠">鈉</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(0%)</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C#對人體的影響" title="锌">鋅</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(1%)</div> 0.05 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;;">其他成分</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">86.67 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="plainlist" style="font-size:89%;background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.15em;line-height:1.25em;"> <ul><li>單位</li> <li>μg = <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%85%8B" title="微克">微克</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap">mg = <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%AB%E5%85%8B" title="毫克">毫克</a></span></li> <li>IU = <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="国际单位">藥學国际單位</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="font-size:89%;background:var(--background-color-disabled-subtle,#e0e0e0);color: inherit;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;">參照美國標準的相對百分比<br />成人每日的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E8%86%B3%E9%A3%9F%E6%91%84%E5%85%A5%E9%87%8F" title="参考膳食摄入量">参考膳食摄入量</a>（DRI）<br /><span class="nowrap"><small>來源：<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list">美國農業部營養数据库 </a></small></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pommes_d_amour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pommes_d_amour.jpg/250px-Pommes_d_amour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pommes_d_amour.jpg/330px-Pommes_d_amour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pommes_d_amour.jpg/500px-Pommes_d_amour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>苹果做的甜点（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="苹果糖">苹果糖</a>）</figcaption></figure> <p>自19世紀起<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="威爾斯">威爾斯</a>就有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%97%E8%AA%9E" title="俗語">俗語</a>說明苹果和健康的關係：“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%80%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%EF%BC%8C%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%9F%E8%BF%9C%E7%A6%BB%E6%88%91" class="mw-redirect" title="一天一苹果，医生远离我">一天一苹果，医生远离我</a>”（英語：<span lang="en">An apple a day keeps the doctor away</span>）<sup id="cite_ref-A_Pembrokeshire_Proverb_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Pembrokeshire_Proverb-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。初步的研究表示，蘋果可以降低罹患<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E8%82%A0%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="结肠癌">结肠癌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%88%97%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="前列腺癌">前列腺癌</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌">肺癌</a>的風險<sup id="cite_ref-Nutrition_to_Reduce_Cancer_Risk_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutrition_to_Reduce_Cancer_Risk-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。蘋果皮含有<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E6%9E%9C%E9%85%B8" title="熊果酸">熊果酸</a>，在大鼠實驗中可以增加<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC%E8%82%8C" title="骨骼肌">骨骼肌</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E8%89%B2%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="褐色脂肪組織">褐色脂肪組織</a>，減少<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%89%B2%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="白色脂肪組織">白色脂肪組織</a>，同時降低<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E8%83%96%E7%97%87" title="肥胖症">肥胖症</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄糖耐受不良" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="glucose intolerance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96%E8%80%90%E5%8F%97%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄糖耐受不良（页面不存在）">葡萄糖耐受不良</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glucose_intolerance" class="extiw" title="en:glucose intolerance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">glucose intolerance</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E8%82%9D" title="脂肪肝">脂肪肝</a>疾病的風險<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。依照美國農業部的資料，一份約重242克的蘋果熱量為126卡，含有大量的<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%B3%E9%A3%9F%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="膳食纖維">膳食纖維</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BDC" class="mw-redirect" title="維他命C">維他命C</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>蘋果皮中含有許多不確定營養價值的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%90%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="植物化學成分">植物化学成分</a><sup id="cite_ref-J1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%96" class="mw-redirect" title="体外">体外</a>實驗中可能有<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82" title="抗氧化剂">抗氧化作用</a><sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_phenolics_in_Empire_apples_on_hydrogen_peroxide-induced_inhibition_of_gap-junctional_intercellular_communication_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_phenolics_in_Empire_apples_on_hydrogen_peroxide-induced_inhibition_of_gap-junctional_intercellular_communication-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。蘋果中含有<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%B2%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%A0" title="槲皮素">槲皮素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E8%8C%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="儿茶素">儿茶素</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%8A%B1%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="原花色素">原花色素</a>B2等酚類物質<sup id="cite_ref-Major_phenolics_in_apple_and_their_contribution_to_the_total_antioxidant_capacity_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major_phenolics_in_apple_and_their_contribution_to_the_total_antioxidant_capacity-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>大鼠實驗顯示苹果汁的濃縮物可以增加<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%82%B3%E5%B0%8E%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="神經傳導物質">神經傳導物質</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B0%E8%83%86%E7%A2%B1" title="乙酰胆碱">乙酰胆碱</a>的分泌<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而其他實驗也發現大鼠在服用苹果汁後「可以減緩氧化的損傷及認知力的下降」 <sup id="cite_ref-Apple_juice_concentrate_maintains_acetylcholine_levels_following_dietary_compromise_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_juice_concentrate_maintains_acetylcholine_levels_following_dietary_compromise-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。果蝇在餵食苹果淬取物後其壽命比餵食一般食物的果蝇多了10%<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文化上的蘋果"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E4.B8.8A.E7.9A.84.E8.98.8B.E6.9E.9C"></span>文化上的蘋果</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：文化上的蘋果"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="希臘神話"><span id=".E5.B8.8C.E8.87.98.E7.A5.9E.E8.A9.B1"></span>希臘神話</h3><span 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.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Rough_translation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-rough_translation" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="翻譯標記"><img alt="翻譯標記" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻譯指引">翻譯</a>品質不佳，原文在<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple" class="extiw" title="en:Apple">en:Apple</a>。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>翻譯者可能不熟悉中文或原文語言，也可能使用了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">機器翻譯</a>。請<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit">協助翻譯</a>本條目或重新編寫，并注意避免<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TNESE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TNESE">翻译腔</a>的问题。<b>明顯拙劣</b>的翻譯請改掛<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:D" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:D">d</a>|<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#G13" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSD">G13</a>}}</code>提交刪除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg/130px-Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg/195px-Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg/260px-Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="赫拉克勒斯">赫拉克勒斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%8F%80%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E6%96%AF" title="赫斯珀里得斯">赫斯珀里得斯</a>的蘋果</figcaption></figure> <p>苹果在许多<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="世界主要宗教">世界主要宗教</a>中出现，多半都是神秘的果實，甚至是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E6%9E%9C" title="禁果">禁果</a>。在宗教、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="神話">神話</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="民俗学">民俗学</a>中識別苹果的一個困難是到十七世紀為止，「apple」一字是泛指所有外來的，不是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%86%E6%9E%9C" title="浆果">浆果</a>的水果，甚至也包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%85%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="堅果">堅果</a>在內<sup id="cite_ref-app3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘神話">希臘神話</a>中，希臘英雄<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="赫拉克勒斯">赫拉克勒斯</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="十二偉業" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Labours of Hercules"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%81%89%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十二偉業（页面不存在）">十二偉業</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labours_of_Hercules" class="extiw" title="en:Labours of Hercules"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Labours of Hercules</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>中有一項就是要去<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%8F%80%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E6%96%AF" title="赫斯珀里得斯">赫斯珀里得斯</a>的園子中摘下金蘋果<sup id="cite_ref-book1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-book2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>希臘神話的不和女神<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF_(%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1)" title="厄里斯 (希臘神話)">厄里斯</a>因為未受邀<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E7%90%89%E6%96%AF" title="佩琉斯">佩琉斯</a>與海中女神<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%92%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF" title="忒提斯">忒提斯</a>的婚宴，覺得受到冒犯<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，在婚宴中厄里斯不請自來，且帶來了一個刻有「獻給最美的」（Ἡ καλὴ λαϐέτω）的金蘋果。在場最為美艷的三位女神：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%A8%9C" title="雅典娜">雅典娜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E7%8B%84%E5%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="阿佛羅狄忒">阿佛羅狄忒</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89" title="赫拉">赫拉</a>都想要這一顆金蘋果，此事即為<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="金苹果事件">金苹果事件</a>。後來由<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="帕里斯">帕里斯</a>王子仲裁，決定金蘋果可以給誰（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E5%88%A4" title="帕里斯的评判">帕里斯的评判</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-诸神的传说_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-诸神的传说-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，三位女神各自私下賄賂帕里斯，而阿佛羅狄忒答應讓帕里斯王子得到世界上最美的女子海倫的愛情，因此阿佛羅狄忒得到了金苹果，帕里斯和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE" title="斯巴达">斯巴达</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BC%A6_(%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D)" title="海伦 (神话)">海倫</a>相愛，海倫為了愛情拋棄家庭，和帕里斯私奔，這也造成了<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="特洛伊战争">特洛伊战争</a>。 </p><p>因此在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>，苹果認為是阿佛羅狄忒的聖物，抛出蘋果給其他人象徵宣告自己的愛情，接受別人的蘋果也表示接受別人的愛情<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。以下有一段聲稱是柏拉圖的詩，其中就提到了蘋果： </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>我將蘋果丟給你，若你也願意愛我，就收下蘋果，與我分享你的少女之愛，不過若你想的和我不一樣，卻仍收下蘋果，想一下妳的美貌會是多麼的短暫</p><div class="templatequotecite"><cite>——<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>，Epigram VII<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>希臘<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="神話">神話</a>中，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E8%98%AD%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="阿塔蘭塔">阿塔蘭塔</a>是善於疾走的女獵手，為了不要結婚，和所有向她求婚的人賽跑，只有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%A2%A8%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF" title="希波墨涅斯">希波墨涅斯</a>（也稱為Melanion，字根是希臘文的melon，泛指蘋果及其他水果）靠著巧計勝過阿塔蘭塔。希波墨涅斯知道他在賽跑上無法勝過阿塔蘭塔，因此他在賽跑時，設法用<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E7%8B%84%E5%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="阿佛羅狄忒">阿佛羅狄忒</a>的蘋果，使阿塔蘭塔因撿拾蘋果而減慢速度，希波墨涅斯全速衝刺，也用盡了阿佛羅狄忒給的三個蘋果，最後贏得了比賽及阿塔蘭塔<sup id="cite_ref-book1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="伊甸園的禁果"><span id=".E4.BC.8A.E7.94.B8.E5.9C.92.E7.9A.84.E7.A6.81.E6.9E.9C"></span>伊甸園的禁果</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：伊甸園的禁果"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972" /><table class="box-Rough_translation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-rough_translation" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="翻譯標記"><img alt="翻譯標記" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻譯指引">翻譯</a>品質不佳，原文在<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple" class="extiw" title="en:Apple">en:Apple</a>。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>翻譯者可能不熟悉中文或原文語言，也可能使用了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">機器翻譯</a>。請<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit">協助翻譯</a>本條目或重新編寫，并注意避免<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TNESE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TNESE">翻译腔</a>的问题。<b>明顯拙劣</b>的翻譯請改掛<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:D" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:D">d</a>|<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#G13" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSD">G13</a>}}</code>提交刪除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_(Prado)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_%28Prado%29_2.jpg/130px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_%28Prado%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_%28Prado%29_2.jpg/195px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_%28Prado%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_%28Prado%29_2.jpg/260px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_%28Prado%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2337" data-file-height="2934" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%B8%A2%E5%8B%92" title="阿尔布雷希特·丢勒">阿尔布雷希特·丢勒</a>繪的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6%E8%88%87%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%83" title="亞當與夏娃">亞當與夏娃</a>，其中也用蘋果代表分辨善惡樹的果子（禁果）</figcaption></figure> <p>在基督教聖經《<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="創世紀">創世紀</a>》中記載，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6%E8%88%87%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%83" title="亞當與夏娃">亞當與夏娃</a>因為吃了上帝不允許吃、分辨善惡樹的果子（禁果），因此被逐出<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%94%B8%E5%9C%92" title="伊甸園">伊甸園</a>。聖經上沒有寫分辨善惡樹的果子是哪一種水果，不過有些基督教的傳統認為那就是蘋果<sup id="cite_ref-book7_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book7-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。中東在聖經時期還不知道有蘋果這種水果，這種說法有可能是將<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a><i>mālum</i>（蘋果）及<i>mălum</i>(邪惡)弄混，兩者正式的寫法都是<i>malum</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。上帝不允許吃的果子是「分辨善惡樹的果子」（the tree of the knowledge of good and evil）<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Genesis+2:17">Genesis 2:17</a>，而拉丁文的"good and evil"是<i>bonum et malum</i><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝復興">文藝復興</a>時的畫家可能受到希臘神話中<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%8F%80%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E6%96%AF" title="赫斯珀里得斯">赫斯珀里得斯</a>的園子中金蘋果的影響，因此在繪製伊甸園亞當與夏娃的故事時蘋果視為是分辨善惡樹的果子，也是知識、不朽、試探、人因犯罪而堕落、或是罪本身等的象徵。男性喉嚨的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E7%BB%93" title="喉结">喉結</a>稱為「Adam's apple」，也和此有關<sup id="cite_ref-book7_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book7-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。蘋果被視為性<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E8%AA%98" title="引誘">引誘</a>的象徵，也被用來喻表性行為<sup id="cite_ref-book7_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book7-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="通俗文化"><span id=".E9.80.9A.E4.BF.97.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>通俗文化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：通俗文化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>不少公司、企业都以苹果为公司名字或品牌名字，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="苹果公司">苹果公司</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B9%E5%82%B3%E5%AA%92" title="壹傳媒">苹果日报</a>、苹果牌牛仔裤、苹果電影、苹果廣告製作公司。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中国平安夜"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9B.BD.E5.B9.B3.E5.AE.89.E5.A4.9C"></span>中国平安夜</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：中国平安夜"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E%E8%8A%82#亚洲" title="圣诞节">圣诞节 § 亚洲</a></div> <p>中國<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="改革開放">改革開放</a>後，西方文化湧入中國，有的中國人也學會了過<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E%E8%8A%82" class="mw-redirect" title="耶稣圣诞节">耶穌聖誕節</a>。大約2000年開始，中國興起耶誕節前夕<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%AA%95%E5%A4%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="聖誕夜">平安夜</a>送蘋果，以“蘋”寓意“平安夜”、“平安”<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文學"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8"></span>文學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：文學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐代</a>詩人<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E7%94%AB" title="杜甫">杜甫</a>有首《寄李十四员外布十二韵》:宿阴繁素柰，过雨乱红蕖。其中柰為蘋果之古稱。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="經濟"><span id=".E7.B6.93.E6.BF.9F"></span>經濟</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：經濟"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatleft"> <caption>2019年苹果产量<sup id="cite_ref-fao_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ddf">国家 </th> <th style="background:#ddf">产量（吨） </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">42.425.400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">4.997.680 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">3.618.752 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波蘭</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">3.080.600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">2.316.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">2.303.690 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">2.241.124 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中國"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B"></span>中國</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：中國"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2013年，中國<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="渤海灣">渤海灣</a>（包括山東、河北、遼寧）及西北黃土高原（包括山西、陝西、甘肅、寧夏、河南、青海）產量佔全國八成。<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2017年12月22日，中國河南鄭州商品交易所宣布推出蘋果期貨，是全球首個蘋果期貨市場，亦是首個鮮果期貨交易項目。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中國農業部指出，122個蘋果重點生產縣市中，33個是國家級貧困縣，故蘋果價格穩定，對貧困農民十分重要。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日本"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC"></span>日本</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：日本"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日本青森、長野生產的富士蘋果佔全國八成。青森縣自1899年開始出口蘋果到俄羅斯，1955年在《日台貿易協定》加入「蘋果」，及後台灣2003年加入WTO，取消進口限制，並降關稅，促進日本對台的蘋果出口，近年青森縣95%的蘋果出口量是到台灣，約1.5萬噸。<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="欧洲"><span id=".E6.AC.A7.E6.B4.B2"></span>欧洲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：欧洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>義大利蘋果集中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%92%82%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="南蒂罗尔">南蒂羅爾</a>地區，產量佔全國六成。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美洲"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E6.B4.B2"></span>美洲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：美洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>生產區分布方面，美國<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="華盛頓州">華盛頓州</a>蘋果產量佔全美五成以上；阿根廷蘋果集中里奧內格羅峪，產量佔全國75%。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="品種"><span id=".E5.93.81.E7.A8.AE"></span>品種</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：品種"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘋果品種列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of apple cultivars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E5%93%81%E7%A8%AE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘋果品種列表（页面不存在）">蘋果品種列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" class="extiw" title="en:List of apple cultivars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of apple cultivars</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apples.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="各式各样的苹果"><img alt="各式各样的苹果" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apples.jpg/80px-Apples.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apples.jpg/120px-Apples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apples.jpg/160px-Apples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">各式各样的苹果</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NRCSCA06050_-_California_(1041)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="绿苹果"><img alt="绿苹果" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/NRCSCA06050_-_California_%281041%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/120px-NRCSCA06050_-_California_%281041%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/NRCSCA06050_-_California_%281041%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/250px-NRCSCA06050_-_California_%281041%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">绿苹果</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuji_apple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="富士苹果"><img alt="富士苹果" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fuji_apple.jpg/120px-Fuji_apple.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fuji_apple.jpg/180px-Fuji_apple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fuji_apple.jpg/240px-Fuji_apple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1758" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%A3%AB%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="富士苹果">富士苹果</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_delicious_apple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="香蕉苹果"><img alt="香蕉苹果" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Golden_delicious_apple.jpg/120px-Golden_delicious_apple.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Golden_delicious_apple.jpg/180px-Golden_delicious_apple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Golden_delicious_apple.jpg/240px-Golden_delicious_apple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">香蕉苹果</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Apples_of_Salem%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="塞勒姆蘋果"><img alt="塞勒姆蘋果" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%22Apples_of_Salem%22.jpg/120px-%22Apples_of_Salem%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%22Apples_of_Salem%22.jpg/180px-%22Apples_of_Salem%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%22Apples_of_Salem%22.jpg/240px-%22Apples_of_Salem%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">塞勒姆蘋果</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apples_in_basket_2018_G2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="斯巴達蘋果"><img alt="斯巴達蘋果" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Apples_in_basket_2018_G2.jpg/120px-Apples_in_basket_2018_G2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Apples_in_basket_2018_G2.jpg/250px-Apples_in_basket_2018_G2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4300" data-file-height="3650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">斯巴達蘋果</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_Transparent.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="黄魁苹果"><img alt="黄魁苹果" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Yellow_Transparent.jpg/120px-Yellow_Transparent.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Yellow_Transparent.jpg/250px-Yellow_Transparent.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="1033" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">黄魁苹果</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arkansas_Black_apples.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿肯色黑苹果"><img alt="阿肯色黑苹果" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arkansas_Black_apples.jpg/120px-Arkansas_Black_apples.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arkansas_Black_apples.jpg/180px-Arkansas_Black_apples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arkansas_Black_apples.jpg/240px-Arkansas_Black_apples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">阿肯色黑苹果</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malus-Gala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="加拉蘋果"><img alt="加拉蘋果" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Malus-Gala.jpg/120px-Malus-Gala.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Malus-Gala.jpg/180px-Malus-Gala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Malus-Gala.jpg/240px-Malus-Gala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="加拉蘋果">加拉蘋果</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%A3%AB%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="富士苹果">富士苹果</a>是由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%88%AA%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="五爪蘋果">五爪蘋果</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%89%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="国光苹果">国光苹果</a>两个变种<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E4%BA%A4" title="杂交">杂交</a>培育而成。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="加拉蘋果">加拉蘋果</a>（Gala）是一種<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="營養繁殖">無性繁殖</a>的蘋果<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E5%93%81%E7%A7%8D" title="栽培品种">品種</a>，風味溫和甜美，是美國產量最高的蘋果品種。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-powo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-powo_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726282-1"><i>Malus domestica</i> (Suckow) Borkh.</a>. <span></span><i>Plants of the World Online</i><span></span>. Kew Science. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-07</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503024844/http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726282-1">存档</a>于2021-05-03） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=Malus+domestica+%28Suckow%29+Borkh.&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%27%27Plants+of+the+World+Online%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantsoftheworldonline.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A726282-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDickson" class="citation">Dickson, Elizabeth E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200010913"><i>Malus pumila </i></a>. Flora of North America (FNA) <b>9</b> (<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%98%87%E9%87%8C%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%92" title="密蘇里植物園">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>) –通过eFloras.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EMalus+pumila+%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+E.&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flora+of+North+America+%28FNA%29&rft.volume=9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D200010913&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_L._Wilson2017" class="citation">Karen L. Wilson, Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 66: (1933). To conserve <i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh. against <i>M. pumila</i> Miller, Taxon, 2017, <b>66</b> (3): 742–744, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-0262"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0040-0262</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12705%2F663.15"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.12705/663.15</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Nomenclature+Committee+for+Vascular+Plants%3A+66%3A+%281933%29.+To+conserve+Malus+domestica+Borkh.+against+M.+pumila+Miller&rft.au=Karen+L.+Wilson&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0040-0262&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.pages=742-744&rft.volume=66&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12705%2F663.15&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faostat-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faostat_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC">Apple production in 2017; Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity</a>. FAOSTAT，联合国粮食及农业组织. 2017 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC">原始内容</a>存档于11 May 2017）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.btitle=Apple+production+in+2017%3B+Crops%2FWorld+Regions%2FProduction+Quantity&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=FAOSTAT%EF%BC%8C%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%B2%AE%E9%A3%9F%E5%8F%8A%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%9C%89%E7%87%89" title="朱有燉">朱有燉</a>《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%AE%AE%E8%A9%9E" class="extiw" title="s:元宮詞">元宮詞</a>》：「興和西路獻時新，猩血平波顆顆勻。捧入內庭分品第，一時宣賜與功臣。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">「柰」，音「奈」，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音">汉语拼音</a>：nài，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="注音符號">注音</a>：ㄋㄞˋ。树、果都像花红，比花红大，可栽种可嫁接。有白、红、青三种颜色。白的叫室素柰，红的叫丹柰，青的叫绿柰，都在六、七月成熟。味甘，性寒，无毒。主治补各脏腑气不足，和脾。捣成汁服，治暴食引起的保饱胀和气用壅不通。益心气，耐饥，生津止渴。常吃令人肺胀，病人更甚。《食用本草纲目》，呼岩编着，中医古籍出版社，2003。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915015547/http://www.treenames.net/ti/malus/index_apple_tree.html">Types and names of Apple Trees, Species of the Malus Genus</a>. Treenames.net. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2014]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treenames.net/ti/malus/index_apple_tree.html">原始内容</a>存档于15 September 2014）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.btitle=Types+and+names+of+Apple+Trees%2C+Species+of+the+Malus+Genus&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Treenames.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treenames.net%2Fti%2Fmalus%2Findex_apple_tree.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRPS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FRPS_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRPS_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRPS_8-2"><sup><b>8.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iplant.cn/info/Malus%20pumila?t=z">苹果</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%97" title="中国植物志">中国植物志</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="中国科学院植物研究所">中国科学院植物研究所</a> –通过iPlant 植物智植物物种信息系统 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%97&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iplant.cn%2Finfo%2FMalus%2520pumila%3Ft%3Dz&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-app-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-app_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app_9-2"><sup><b>9.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app_9-3"><sup><b>9.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app_9-4"><sup><b>9.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121045236/http://www.uga.edu/fruit/apple.html">Origin, History of cultivation</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2008]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uga.edu/fruit/apple.html">原始内容</a>存档于21 January 2008）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.btitle=Origin%2C+History+of+cultivation&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uga.edu%2Ffruit%2Fapple.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105062530/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/british-natural-history/urban-tree-survey/identify-trees/tree-factsheets/a-to-b/apple/">Apple</a>. Natural History Museum. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2013]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/british-natural-history/urban-tree-survey/identify-trees/tree-factsheets/a-to-b/apple/">原始内容</a>存档于5 November 2013）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.btitle=Apple&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Natural+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fnature-online%2Fbritish-natural-history%2Furban-tree-survey%2Fidentify-trees%2Ftree-factsheets%2Fa-to-b%2Fapple%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janick-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janick_11-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janick_11-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jules Janick; James N. Cummins; Susan K. Brown; Minou Hemmat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719085631/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pri/chapter.pdf">Chapter 1: Apples</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Jules Janick; James N. Moore (编). Fruit Breeding, Volume I: Tree and Tropical Fruits. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996: 9. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-471-31014-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-471-31014-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-471-31014-3</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pri/chapter.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于19 July 2013）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Apples&rft.au=James+N.+Cummins&rft.au=Jules+Janick&rft.au=Minou+Hemmat&rft.au=Susan+K.+Brown&rft.btitle=Fruit+Breeding%2C+Volume+I%3A+Tree+and+Tropical+Fruits&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-471-31014-3&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fpri%2Fchapter.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524130738/http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/pages/N2I2A">Natural Waxes on Fruits</a>. Postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu. 29 October 2010 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/pages/N2I2A">原始内容</a>存档于24 May 2013）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.btitle=Natural+Waxes+on+Fruits&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpostharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu%2Fpages%2FN2I2A&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Architecture_and_size_relations:_an_essay_on_the_apple_(Malus_x_domestica,_Rosaceae)_tree-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Architecture_and_size_relations:_an_essay_on_the_apple_(Malus_x_domestica,_Rosaceae)_tree_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lauri, Pierre-éric; Karen Maguylo; Catherine Trottier. Architecture and size relations: an essay on the apple (Malus x domestica, Rosaceae) tree. American Journal of Botany. 2006, <b>93</b> (3): 357–368. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21646196"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 21646196</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.93.3.357"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.3732/ajb.93.3.357</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=Architecture+and+size+relations%3A+an+essay+on+the+apple+%28Malus+x+domestica%2C+Rosaceae%29+tree&rft.au=Catherine+Trottier&rft.au=Karen+Maguylo&rft.aufirst=Pierre-%C3%A9ric&rft.aulast=Lauri&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.pages=357-368&rft.volume=93&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.93.3.357&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21646196&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Amandine Cornille; et al. 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PLOS Genetics. 2012, <b>8</b> (5): e1002703. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3349737"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 3349737</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22589740"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 22589740</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002703"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002703</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=New+Insight+into+the+History+of+Domesticated+Apple%3A+Secondary+Contribution+of+the+European+Wild+Apple+to+the+Genome+of+Cultivated+Varieties&rft.au=Amandine+Cornille&rft.au=Clavel%2C+Joanne&rft.au=Gladieux%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Laurens%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Le+Cam%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Nersesyan%2C+Anush&rft.au=Olonova%2C+Marina&rft.au=Rold%C3%A1n-Ruiz%2C+Isabel&rft.au=Smulders%2C+Marinus+J.+M.&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.pages=e1002703&rft.volume=8&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3349737&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3349737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002703&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22589740&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sam Kean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611184017/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/05/scienceshot-secret-history-domesticated-apple">ScienceShot: The Secret History of the Domesticated Apple</a>. 17 May 2012. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/05/scienceshot-secret-history-domesticated-apple">原始内容</a>存档于11 June 2016）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.au=Sam+Kean&rft.btitle=ScienceShot%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+Domesticated+Apple&rft.date=2012-05-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fnews%2F2012%2F05%2Fscienceshot-secret-history-domesticated-apple&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coart-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coart_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Coart, E.; Van Glabeke, S.; De Loose, M.; Larsen, A.S.; Roldán-Ruiz, I. Chloroplast diversity in the genus <i>Malus</i>: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple (<i>Malus sylvestris</i> (L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.). Mol. Ecol. 2006, <b>15</b> (8): 2171–82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16780433"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 16780433</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294x.2006.02924.x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02924.x</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=Chloroplast+diversity+in+the+genus+Malus%3A+new+insights+into+the+relationship+between+the+European+wild+apple+%28Malus+sylvestris+%28L.%29+Mill.%29+and+the+domesticated+apple+%28Malus+domestica+Borkh.%29&rft.au=De+Loose%2C+M.&rft.au=Larsen%2C+A.S.&rft.au=Rold%C3%A1n-Ruiz%2C+I.&rft.au=Van+Glabeke%2C+S.&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.aulast=Coart&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Ecol.&rft.pages=2171-82&rft.volume=15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-294x.2006.02924.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16780433&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="H. R. Ellis Davidson" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="H. R. Ellis Davidson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H._R._Ellis_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. R. Ellis Davidson（页面不存在）">Ellis Davidson, H. R.</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._R._Ellis_Davidson" class="extiw" title="en:H. R. Ellis Davidson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">H. R. Ellis Davidson</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> (1965) <i>Gods And Myths of Northern Europe</i>, page 165 to 166. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-14-013627-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-14-013627-4">0-14-013627-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClarkB-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ClarkB_18-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClarkB_18-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Clark Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120520105156/http://cahnrsnews.wsu.edu/2010/08/29/apple-cup-rivals-contribute-to-apple-genome-sequencing/">Apple Cup Rivals Contribute to Apple Genome Sequencing</a>. 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AlphaGallileo 29 August 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/info.shtml">The Science Behind the Human Genome Project</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130102065343/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/info.shtml">存檔</a>，存档日期2 January 2013. Human Genome Project Information, US Department of Energy, 26 March 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">漢武帝內傳.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.btitle=%E6%BC%A2%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D%E5%85%A7%E5%82%B3&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2009" class="citation">Christopher M. Richards & Gayle M. Volk & Ann A. Reilley & Adam D. Henk & Dale R. Lockwood & Patrick A. Reeves & Philip L. Forsline, Genetic diversity and population structure in Malus sieversii, a wild progenitor species of domesticated apple, Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2009, <b>5</b> (2): 339–347, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11295-008-0190-9"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/s11295-008-0190-9</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=Genetic+diversity+and+population+structure+in+Malus+sieversii%2C+a+wild+progenitor+species+of+domesticated+apple&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Tree+Genetics+%26+Genomes&rft.pages=339-347&rft.volume=5&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11295-008-0190-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naturesize-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naturesize_24-0"><sup><b>24.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naturesize_24-1"><sup><b>24.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naturesize_24-2"><sup><b>24.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDuanBaiSunWang2017" class="citation">Duan, Naibin; Bai, Yang; Sun, Honghe; Wang, Nan; Ma, Yumin; Li, Mingjun; Wang, Xin; Jiao, Chen; Legall, Noah; Mao, Linyong; Wan, Sibao; Wang, Kun; He, Tianming; Feng, Shouqian; Zhang, Zongying; Mao, Zhiquan; Shen, Xiang; Chen, Xiaoliu; Jiang, Yuanmao; Wu, Shujing; Yin, Chengmiao; Ge, Shunfeng; Yang, Long; Jiang, Shenghui; Xu, Haifeng; Liu, Jingxuan; Wang, Deyun; Qu, Changzhi; Wang, Yicheng; et al, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5557836">Genome re-sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two-stage model for fruit enlargement</a>, Nature Communications, 2017, <b>8</b> (1): 249, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5557836"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 5557836</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28811498"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 28811498</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-017-00336-7"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00336-7</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=Genome+re-sequencing+reveals+the+history+of+apple+and+supports+a+two-stage+model+for+fruit+enlargement&rft.au=Bai%2C+Yang&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xiaoliu&rft.au=Feng%2C+Shouqian&rft.au=Ge%2C+Shunfeng&rft.au=He%2C+Tianming&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Shenghui&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Yuanmao&rft.au=Jiao%2C+Chen&rft.au=Legall%2C+Noah&rft.au=Li%2C+Mingjun&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jingxuan&rft.au=Ma%2C+Yumin&rft.au=Mao%2C+Linyong&rft.au=Mao%2C+Zhiquan&rft.au=Qu%2C+Changzhi&rft.au=Shen%2C+Xiang&rft.au=Sun%2C+Honghe&rft.au=Wan%2C+Sibao&rft.au=Wang%2C+Deyun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Kun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Nan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Xin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yicheng&rft.au=Wu%2C+Shujing&rft.au=Xu%2C+Haifeng&rft.au=Yang%2C+Long&rft.au=Yin%2C+Chengmiao&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Zongying&rft.au=Zuo%2C+Weifang&rft.aufirst=Naibin&rft.aulast=Duan&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.pages=249&rft.volume=8&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5557836&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5557836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-017-00336-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28811498&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sue Colledge, James Conolly. The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe. 2016-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=The+Origins+and+Spread+of+Domestic+Plants+in+Southwest+Asia+and+Europe&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-appledna-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-appledna_26-0"><sup><b>26.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appledna_26-1"><sup><b>26.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appledna_26-2"><sup><b>26.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Angela Schlumbauma, Sabine van Glabeke, Isabel Roldan-Ruiz. Towards the onset of fruit tree growing north of the Alps: Ancient DNA from waterlogged apple (Malus sp.) seed fragments. Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 2012, <b>194</b>: 157–162. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21501956"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 21501956</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aanat.2011.03.004"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.004</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=Towards+the+onset+of+fruit+tree+growing+north+of+the+Alps%3A+Ancient+DNA+from+waterlogged+apple+%28Malus+sp.%29+seed+fragments&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Anatomy+-+Anatomischer+Anzeiger&rft.pages=157-162&rft.volume=194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aanat.2011.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21501956&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-app6-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-app6_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080211100203/http://www.vegparadise.com/highestperch39.html">An apple a day keeps the doctor away</a>. Vegetarians in Paradise. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2008]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegparadise.com/highestperch39.html">原始内容</a>存档于11 February 2008）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=An+apple+a+day+keeps+the+doctor+away&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vegetarians+in+Paradise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegparadise.com%2Fhighestperch39.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torrejonetal2004-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Torrejonetal2004_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Torrejón, Fernando; Cisternas, Marco; Araneda, Alberto. Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile [Environmental effects of the spanish colonization from de Maullín river to the Chiloé archipelago, southern Chile]. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Revista Chilena de Historia Natural" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Revista Chilena de Historia Natural"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revista_Chilena_de_Historia_Natural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revista Chilena de Historia Natural（页面不存在）">Revista Chilena de Historia Natural</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_Chilena_de_Historia_Natural" class="extiw" title="en:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Revista Chilena de Historia Natural</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>. 2004, <b>77</b> (4): 661–677. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2Fs0716-078x2004000400009"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.4067/s0716-078x2004000400009</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">（西班牙语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=Efectos+ambientales+de+la+colonizaci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+desde+el+r%C3%ADo+Maull%C3%ADn+al+archipi%C3%A9lago+de+Chilo%C3%A9%2C+sur+de+Chile&rft.au=Araneda%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Cisternas%2C+Marco&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.aulast=Torrej%C3%B3n&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22Revista+Chilena+de+Historia+Natural%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Revista+Chilena+de+Historia+Natural%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3ERevista+Chilena+de+Historia+Natural%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-paren%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3ERevista+Chilena+de+Historia+Natural%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-paren%22%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pages=661-677&rft.volume=77&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2Fs0716-078x2004000400009&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Smith, Archibald William. A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins. Dover Publications. 1997: 39. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-486-29715-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-486-29715-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-486-29715-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.aufirst=Archibald+William&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.btitle=A+Gardener%27s+Handbook+of+Plant+Names%3A+Their+Meanings+and+Origins&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-486-29715-6&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawrence122-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lawrence122_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lawrence, James. The Harrowsmith Reader, Volume II. Camden House Publishing Ltd. 1980: 122. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-920656-10-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-920656-10-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-920656-10-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.btitle=The+Harrowsmith+Reader%2C+Volume+II&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-920656-10-5&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Camden+House+Publishing+Ltd.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">James M. Van Valen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=9KwPofkJTHYC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=%22apple+cellar%22+history+.edu+-,com+-.com#v=onepage&q&f=false">History of Bergen county, New Jersey</a>. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Nabu Press" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nabu Press"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabu_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabu Press（页面不存在）">Nabu Press</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabu_Press" class="extiw" title="en:Nabu Press"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nabu Press</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>. 2010: 744. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-177-72589-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-177-72589-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-177-72589-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.au=James+M.+Van+Valen&rft.btitle=History+of+Bergen+county%2C+New+Jersey&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-177-72589-7&rft.pages=744&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22Nabu+Press%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Nabu+Press%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3ENabu+Press%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-paren%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3ENabu+Press%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-paren%22%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D9KwPofkJTHYC%26pg%3DPA33%26lpg%3DPA33%26dq%3D%2522apple%2Bcellar%2522%2Bhistory%2B.edu%2B-%2Ccom%2B-.com%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CA-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CA_32-0"><sup><b>32.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA_32-1"><sup><b>32.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brox, Jane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ngAVBYuRyb8C&pg=PA150&lpg=PA150&dq=%22apple+cellar%22+history+.edu+-,com+-.com#v=onepage&q&f=false">Five Thousand Days Like This One: An American Family History</a>. Beacon Press. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8070-2107-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8070-2107-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8070-2107-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.au=Brox%2C+Jane&rft.btitle=Five+Thousand+Days+Like+This+One%3A+An+American+Family+History&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-2107-1&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DngAVBYuRyb8C%26pg%3DPA150%26lpg%3DPA150%26dq%3D%2522apple%2Bcellar%2522%2Bhistory%2B.edu%2B-%2Ccom%2B-.com%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Pembrokeshire_Proverb-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Pembrokeshire_Proverb_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Phillips, John Pavin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090829162245/http://nq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/s3-IX/217/153-d">A Pembrokeshire Proverb</a>. Notes and Queries (Oxford University Press). 1866-02-24, <b>s3–IX</b> (217): 153 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/s3-IX/217/153-d">原始内容</a>存档于2009-08-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=A+Pembrokeshire+Proverb&rft.aufirst=John+Pavin&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.date=1866-02-24&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=217&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.pages=153&rft.volume=s3-IX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnq.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2Fs3-IX%2F217%2F153-d&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nutrition_to_Reduce_Cancer_Risk-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nutrition_to_Reduce_Cancer_Risk_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For decreased risk of colon, prostate and lung cancer: <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615042347/http://cancer.stanford.edu/information/nutritionAndCancer/reduceRisk/">Nutrition to Reduce Cancer Risk</a>. The Stanford Cancer Center (SCC). <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-08-18</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cancer.stanford.edu/information/nutritionAndCancer/reduceRisk/">原始内容</a>存档于2008-06-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.btitle=Nutrition+to+Reduce+Cancer+Risk&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Stanford+Cancer+Center+%28SCC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcancer.stanford.edu%2Finformation%2FnutritionAndCancer%2FreduceRisk%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunkel SD, Elmore CJ, Bongers KS, Ebert SM, Fox DK, et al. (2012) Ursolic Acid Increases Skeletal Muscle and Brown Fat and Decreases Diet-Induced Obesity, Glucose Intolerance and Fatty Liver Disease. <i>PLoS ONE</i> 7(6): e39332. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039332">10.1371/journal.pone.0039332</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1809/2">Nutrition Facts, Apples, raw, with skin [Includes USDA commodity food A343]</a>. Nutritiondata.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-01-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121228030614/http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1809/2">存档</a>于2012-12-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.btitle=Nutrition+Facts%2C+Apples%2C+raw%2C+with+skin+%5BIncludes+USDA+commodity+food+A343%5D&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nutritiondata.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnutritiondata.self.com%2Ffacts%2Ffruits-and-fruit-juices%2F1809%2F2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-J1_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Boyer, Jeanelle; Liu, RH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nutritionj.com/content/3/1/5">Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits</a>. Nutrition journal (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7201 USA: Department of Food Science and Institute of Comparative and Environmental Toxicology). May 2004, <b>3</b> (1): 5 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-05-10</span>]</span>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442131"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 442131</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15140261"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 15140261</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1475-2891-3-5"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1186/1475-2891-3-5</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311132234/http://www.nutritionj.com/content/3/1/5">存档</a>于2008-03-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=Apple+phytochemicals+and+their+health+benefits&rft.au=Liu%2C+RH&rft.aufirst=Jeanelle&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.date=2004-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+journal&rft.pages=5&rft.volume=3&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC442131&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nutritionj.com%2Fcontent%2F3%2F1%2F5&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1475-2891-3-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15140261&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Effects_of_phenolics_in_Empire_apples_on_hydrogen_peroxide-induced_inhibition_of_gap-junctional_intercellular_communication-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Effects_of_phenolics_in_Empire_apples_on_hydrogen_peroxide-induced_inhibition_of_gap-junctional_intercellular_communication_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lee, KW; Lee, SJ; Kang, NJ; Lee, CY; Lee, HJ. Effects of phenolics in Empire apples on hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of gap-junctional intercellular communication. BioFactors. 2004, <b>21</b> (1–4): 361–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0951-6433"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0951-6433</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15630226"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 15630226</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbiof.552210169"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1002/biof.552210169</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=Effects+of+phenolics+in+Empire+apples+on+hydrogen+peroxide-induced+inhibition+of+gap-junctional+intercellular+communication&rft.au=Kang%2C+NJ&rft.au=Lee%2C+CY&rft.au=Lee%2C+HJ&rft.au=Lee%2C+SJ&rft.aufirst=KW&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0951-6433&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.jtitle=BioFactors&rft.pages=361-5&rft.volume=21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbiof.552210169&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15630226&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Major_phenolics_in_apple_and_their_contribution_to_the_total_antioxidant_capacity-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Major_phenolics_in_apple_and_their_contribution_to_the_total_antioxidant_capacity_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lee, KW; Kim, YJ; Kim, DO; Lee, HJ; Lee, CY. Major phenolics in apple and their contribution to the total antioxidant capacity. J. Agric. Food Chem. October 2003, <b>51</b> (22): 6516–6520. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8561"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0021-8561</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14558772"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 14558772</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf034475w"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1021/jf034475w</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=Major+phenolics+in+apple+and+their+contribution+to+the+total+antioxidant+capacity&rft.au=Kim%2C+DO&rft.au=Kim%2C+YJ&rft.au=Lee%2C+CY&rft.au=Lee%2C+HJ&rft.aufirst=KW&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.date=2003-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0021-8561&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=J.+Agric.+Food+Chem.&rft.pages=6516-6520&rft.volume=51&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf034475w&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14558772&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423133705/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/08/060801225922.htm">Research Shows Benefits Of Apple Juice On Neurotransmitter Affecting Memory</a>. ScienceDaily. 2006-01-08 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-03-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/08/060801225922.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2021-04-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.btitle=Research+Shows+Benefits+Of+Apple+Juice+On+Neurotransmitter+Affecting+Memory&rft.date=2006-01-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ScienceDaily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2006%2F08%2F060801225922.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple_juice_concentrate_maintains_acetylcholine_levels_following_dietary_compromise-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apple_juice_concentrate_maintains_acetylcholine_levels_following_dietary_compromise_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For prevention of dementia: <cite class="citation journal">Chan, A; Graves, V; Shea, TB. Apple juice concentrate maintains acetylcholine levels following dietary compromise. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. August 2006, <b>9</b> (3): 287–291. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1387-2877"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1387-2877</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16914839"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 16914839</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=Apple+juice+concentrate+maintains+acetylcholine+levels+following+dietary+compromise&rft.au=Graves%2C+V&rft.au=Shea%2C+TB&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.date=2006-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1387-2877&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alzheimer%27s+Disease&rft.pages=287-291&rft.volume=9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16914839&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Maher, Theresa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720103717/http://newslocale.org/health/hnews/antioxidants_found_in_apples_may_help_extend_lifespan_2011030411461.html">Antioxidants Found in Apples May Extend Lifespan</a>. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-03-24</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newslocale.org/health/hnews/antioxidants_found_in_apples_may_help_extend_lifespan_2011030411461.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.btitle=Antioxidants+Found+in+Apples+May+Extend+Lifespan&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewslocale.org%2Fhealth%2Fhnews%2Fantioxidants_found_in_apples_may_help_extend_lifespan_2011030411461.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-app3-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-app3_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sauer, Jonathan D. Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster. CRC Press. 1993: 109. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8493-8901-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-8493-8901-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8493-8901-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.btitle=Historical+Geography+of+Crop+Plants%3A+A+Select+Roster&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8493-8901-1&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book1_44-0"><sup><b>44.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book1_44-1"><sup><b>44.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E8%8F%AF%E7%94%9F" title="羅伯特·高登·華生">R. Gordon Wasson</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somadivinemushro0000wass">Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality</a>. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1968: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somadivinemushro0000wass/page/128">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-15-683800-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-15-683800-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-15-683800-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.au=R.+Gordon+Wasson&rft.btitle=Soma%3A+Divine+Mushroom+of+Immortality&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-15-683800-1&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomadivinemushro0000wass&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-book2_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Carl Ruck" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Carl Ruck"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ruck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Ruck（页面不存在）">Carl Ruck</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ruck" class="extiw" title="en:Carl Ruck"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Carl Ruck</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>; <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Blaise Daniel Staples" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Blaise Daniel Staples"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaise_Daniel_Staples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blaise Daniel Staples（页面不存在）">Blaise Daniel Staples</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Daniel_Staples" class="extiw" title="en:Blaise Daniel Staples"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Blaise Daniel Staples</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>. The Apples of Apollo, Pagan and Christian Mysteries of the Eucharist. Durham: Carolina Academic Press. 2001: 64–70. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-89089-924-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-89089-924-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-89089-924-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.au=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22Blaise+Daniel+Staples%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Blaise+Daniel+Staples%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EBlaise+Daniel+Staples%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-paren%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EBlaise+Daniel+Staples%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-paren%22%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.au=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22Carl+Ruck%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Carl+Ruck%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3ECarl+Ruck%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-paren%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3ECarl+Ruck%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-paren%22%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=The+Apples+of+Apollo%2C+Pagan+and+Christian+Mysteries+of+the+Eucharist&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-89089-924-3&rft.pages=64-70&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Carolina+Academic+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Heinrich, Clark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magicmushroomsin0000hein">Magic Mushrooms in Religion and Alchemy</a>. Rochester: Park Street Press. 2002: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magicmushroomsin0000hein/page/64">64</a>–70. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-89281-997-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-89281-997-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-89281-997-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft.aulast=Heinrich&rft.btitle=Magic+Mushrooms+in+Religion+and+Alchemy&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-89281-997-9&rft.pages=64-70&rft.place=Rochester&rft.pub=Park+Street+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmagicmushroomsin0000hein&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus <i>Histories</i> 6.1.191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-诸神的传说-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-诸神的传说_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">古斯塔夫·施瓦布. 《希腊神话故事诸神的传说》. 当代世界出版社. 2009年9月. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787509005347" title="Special:网络书源/9787509005347"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787509005347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.au=%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%83&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B+%E8%AF%B8%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%A0%E8%AF%B4%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2009-09&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787509005347&rft.pub=%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmonds, J. M., trans.; rev. John M. Cooper. "Epigrams". <i>Plato: Complete Works</i>. Ed. John M. Cooper. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997. p 1744, note to VII. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmonds, J. M., trans.; rev. John M. Cooper. "Epigrams". <i>Plato: Complete Works</i>. Ed. John M. Cooper. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997. p 1744. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book7-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book7_51-0"><sup><b>51.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book7_51-1"><sup><b>51.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book7_51-2"><sup><b>51.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Macrone, Michael; Tom Lulevitch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brushupyourbible00macr">Brush up your Bible!</a>. Tom Lulevitch. Random House Value. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-517-20189-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-517-20189-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-517-20189-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/38270894"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 38270894</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.au=Tom+Lulevitch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Macrone&rft.btitle=Brush+up+your+Bible%21&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-517-20189-5&rft.pub=Random+House+Value&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrushupyourbible00macr&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38270894&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423133651/https://books.google.com/books?id=lotBnvqdmeQC&pg=PA193&dq=Genesis+apple&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KZjfUb7DBquf7AaY5YCIDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Genesis%20apple&f=false">Paul J. Kissling, <i>Genesis</i> (College Press 2004 ISBN 978-0-89900-875-2), vol. 1, p. 193</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-05-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lotBnvqdmeQC&pg=PA193&dq=Genesis+apple&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KZjfUb7DBquf7AaY5YCIDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Genesis%20apple&f=false">原始内容</a>存档于2021-04-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.btitle=Paul+J.+Kissling%2C+Genesis+%28College+Press+2004+ISBN+978-0-89900-875-2%29%2C+vol.+1%2C+p.+193&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlotBnvqdmeQC%26pg%3DPA193%26dq%3DGenesis%2Bapple%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DKZjfUb7DBquf7AaY5YCIDw%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DGenesis%2520apple%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423133656/https://books.google.com/books?id=xBPpIHwcZMUC&pg=PA114&dq=Genesis+apple+malum&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DpzfUY64Gamu7Aboz4GIDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Genesis%20apple%20malum&f=falseRonald">Hendel, <i>The Book of Genesis: A Biography</i> (Princeton University Press 2012 ISBN 978-0-691-14012-4), p. 114</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-05-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=xBPpIHwcZMUC&pg=PA114&dq=Genesis+apple+malum&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DpzfUY64Gamu7Aboz4GIDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Genesis%20apple%20malum&f=falseRonald">原始内容</a>存档于2021-04-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.btitle=Hendel%2C+The+Book+of+Genesis%3A+A+Biography+%28Princeton+University+Press+2012+ISBN+978-0-691-14012-4%29%2C+p.+114&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxBPpIHwcZMUC%26pg%3DPA114%26dq%3DGenesis%2Bapple%2Bmalum%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DDpzfUY64Gamu7Aboz4GIDw%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DGenesis%2520apple%2520malum%26f%3DfalseRonald&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">莫华英. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sohu.com/20061226/n247265365.shtml">“平安夜”吃“平安果”，圣诞节也在“中国化”</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91" title="新华网">新华网</a>. 2006-12-26 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-12-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225091855/http://news.sohu.com/20061226/n247265365.shtml">存档</a>于2017-12-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9C%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9C%E2%80%9D%E5%90%83%E2%80%9C%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%9E%9C%E2%80%9D%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E%E8%8A%82%E4%B9%9F%E5%9C%A8%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%96%E2%80%9D&rft.au=%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%8E%E8%8B%B1&rft.date=2006-12-26&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sohu.com%2F20061226%2Fn247265365.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fao-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fao_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC">Crops > Apples</a>. fao.org <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=Crops+%3E+Apples&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fao.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200908210519/http://jiuban.moa.gov.cn/sydw/mczx/mygj/201304/P020130402558562411311.pdf">世界苹果生产与贸易格局分析</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jiuban.moa.gov.cn/sydw/mczx/mygj/201304/P020130402558562411311.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2020-09-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%8E%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E6%A0%BC%E5%B1%80%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjiuban.moa.gov.cn%2Fsydw%2Fmczx%2Fmygj%2F201304%2FP020130402558562411311.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-0"><sup><b>57.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-1"><sup><b>57.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">鄭寶生. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507154056/https://www.hk01.com/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F/139893/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E9%A6%96%E5%80%8B%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%9C%9F%E8%B2%A8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4-12%E6%9C%8822%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%8A%E7%B7%9A%E5%95%A6">全球首個蘋果期貨交易市場　12月22日上線啦</a>. 香港01. 2017-12-08 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-05-06</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hk01.com/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F/139893/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E9%A6%96%E5%80%8B%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%9C%9F%E8%B2%A8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4-12%E6%9C%8822%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%8A%E7%B7%9A%E5%95%A6">原始内容</a>存档于2018-05-07） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（香港）网页">（中文（香港））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&rft.atitle=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E9%A6%96%E5%80%8B%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%9C%9F%E8%B2%A8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E3%80%8012%E6%9C%8822%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%8A%E7%B7%9A%E5%95%A6&rft.au=%E9%84%AD%E5%AF%B6%E7%94%9F&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hk01.com%2F%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%2F139893%2F%25E5%2585%25A8%25E7%2590%2583%25E9%25A6%2596%25E5%2580%258B%25E8%2598%258B%25E6%259E%259C%25E6%259C%259F%25E8%25B2%25A8%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E6%2598%2593%25E5%25B8%2582%25E5%25A0%25B4-12%25E6%259C%258822%25E6%2597%25A5%25E4%25B8%258A%25E7%25B7%259A%25E5%2595%25A6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span 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id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80"></span>延伸閱讀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：延伸閱讀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks" style="float: right;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q89"><span class="nomobile">在维基数据</span>编<span class="nomobile">辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </p> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%B8/%E6%9F%B0%E9%83%A8#苹果" class="extiw" title="s:欽定古今圖書集成/博物彙編/草木典/柰部">欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·草木典·柰部</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E6%A2%A6%E9%9B%B7" title="陈梦雷">陈梦雷</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90" title="古今图书集成">古今圖書集成</a>》</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/60px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/120px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="維基物種">維基物種</a>上的相關信息：<b><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Malus_domestica?uselang=zh">苹果</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相关的多媒体资源：<b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Apple?uselang=zh">苹果</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nutritionno1.com/article/archive/food/y2k-food/html/y2k-food03.html">今日營養 - 蘋果 (Apple)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210425155331/http://www.nutritionno1.com/article/archive/food/y2k-food/html/y2k-food03.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129125431/http://www.aomori-apple.jp/">來自日本的青森蘋果</a></li> <li>张帆：《<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agri-history.ihns.ac.cn/scholars/zhangfan1.htm">频婆果考——中国苹果栽培史之一斑</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210324092210/http://agri-history.ihns.ac.cn/scholars/zhangfan1.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）》《国学研究》第13卷，北京大学出版社，2004年6月</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%89%98%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E5%8D%A1%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安托诺夫卡苹果（页面不存在）">安托诺夫卡苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E9%9D%92%E8%8B%B9" title="澳洲青苹">澳洲青苹</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B2%8D%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鲍尔温苹果（页面不存在）">鲍尔温苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%9C%9E%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="丹霞苹果">丹霞苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%91%B3%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美味苹果（页面不存在）">美味苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%B1%B3%E6%AC%A7%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡米欧苹果（页面不存在）">卡米欧苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD_(%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科特蘭 (蘋果)（页面不存在）">科特蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%B6%E8%8B%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桶苹（页面不存在）">桶苹</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帝国苹果（页面不存在）">帝国苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%A3%AB%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="富士苹果">富士苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="加拉蘋果">加拉蘋果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%89%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="国光苹果">国光苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A2%E6%98%9F%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="红星苹果（页面不存在）">红星苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E5%86%A0%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金冠苹果（页面不存在）">金冠苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E5%A8%87%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金娇苹果（页面不存在）">金娇苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9C%9C%E8%84%86%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蜜脆苹果（页面不存在）">蜜脆苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B1%E8%BE%BE%E7%BA%A2%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爱达红苹果（页面不存在）">爱达红苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="爵士苹果">爵士苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E9%87%91%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="乔纳金苹果">乔纳金苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A2%E7%8E%89%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="红玉苹果（页面不存在）">红玉苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%A5%A5%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="陆奥苹果">陆奥苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%AD%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="旭苹果">旭苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%A0%E7%8E%89%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翠玉苹果（页面不存在）">翠玉苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%88%AA%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="五爪蘋果">五爪蘋果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="葡萄蘋果">葡萄蘋果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%82%E6%B7%87%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="樂淇蘋果">樂淇蘋果</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apples.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apples"><img alt="Apples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apples.jpg/80px-Apples.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apples.jpg/120px-Apples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apples.jpg/160px-Apples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%">产品</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%B4%BE" title="蘋果派">蘋果派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%B1%81" title="蘋果汁">蘋果汁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%B9%9F%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E5%8D%B7" title="維也納蘋果卷">維也納蘋果卷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E9%86%AC" title="蘋果醬">蘋果醬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="糖苹果">蘋果糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E9%85%92" title="苹果酒">苹果酒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E8%B5%B7%E5%8F%B8" title="蘋果起司">蘋果起司</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%">农业</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E4%BA%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国苹果产量列表">各国苹果产量列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E9%BB%91%E6%98%9F%E7%97%85" title="苹果黑星病">苹果黑星病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E4%BD%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%B0%BC" title="苹果佬约翰尼">苹果佬约翰尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%A8%E6%9E%9C" title="梨果">梨果</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="分類單元識別-&#123;&#125;-碼" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="分類單元識別-&#123;&#125;-碼" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="Help:分類單元識別碼">分類單元識別碼</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Malus domestica</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="维基数据">维基数据</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18674606" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q18674606">Q18674606</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="維基物種">維基物種</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Malus_domestica" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Malus domestica">Malus domestica</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/152668">152668</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/122984">122984</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id39552">39552</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E6%9D%A1%E5%BD%A2%E7%A0%81%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生命条形码数据系统">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=254406">254406</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecocrop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecocrop（页面不存在）">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1407">1407</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81" title="EPPO代码">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/MABSD">MABSD</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/180045">180045</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%97" class="mw-redirect" title="北美植物志">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242331459">242331459</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="全球生物多樣性資訊機構">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3001244">3001244</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%8D%E8%B4%A8%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="美国种质资源信息网络">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=104681">104681</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/469472">469472</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="国际植物名称索引">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/726282-1">726282-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="整合分類學資訊系統">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=516655">516655</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="美国国家生物技术信息中心">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3750">3750</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/14d024a2-d821-48e3-95d8-f0dd206c70a0">14d024a2-d821-48e3-95d8-f0dd206c70a0</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plants_for_a_Future&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plants for a Future（页面不存在）">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+domestica">Malus domestica</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=2175">2175</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%90%8D%E5%BD%95" title="全球植物名录">TPL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-454">rjp-454</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF" title="世界植物在线">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A726282-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726282-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/27804420">27804420</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/20142">20142</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%97" title="世界在线植物志">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001008355">wfo-0001008355</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pyrus malus <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> domestica</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="维基数据">维基数据</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65671564" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q65671564">Q65671564</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="国际植物名称索引">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/60476301-2">60476301-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF" title="世界植物在线">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A60476301-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60476301-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/100473089">100473089</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%97" title="世界在线植物志">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001381911">wfo-0001381911</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>194种语言</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>添加话题</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> 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