All About Managed Charging and “Vehicle-to-Everything” or V2X

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-S4P9V71660"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-S4P9V71660'); </script> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="With new electric school bus technology comes new charging opportunities." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://electricschoolbusinitiative.org/all-about-managed-charging-and-vehicle-everything-or-v2x" /> <link rel="image_src" href="/sites/default/files/2024-01/%5BTop%20pick%5D%20ESB%20charging%204%20Beaverton%20-%20Emmett%20Werthmann%20WRI%27s%20Electric%20School%20Bus%20Initiative.JPEG" /> <meta property="og:title" content="All About Managed Charging and “Vehicle-to-Everything” or V2X | Electric School Bus Initiative" /> <meta property="og:description" content="With new electric school bus technology comes new charging opportunities." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://electricschoolbusinitiative.org/sites/default/files/2024-01/%5BTop%20pick%5D%20ESB%20charging%204%20Beaverton%20-%20Emmett%20Werthmann%20WRI%27s%20Electric%20School%20Bus%20Initiative.JPEG" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="An electric school bus charger plugged into a port." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="With new electric school bus technology comes new charging opportunities." /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="All About Managed Charging and “Vehicle-to-Everything” or V2X" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ESBInitiative" /> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="An electric school bus charger plugged into a port." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://electricschoolbusinitiative.org/sites/default/files/2024-01/%5BTop%20pick%5D%20ESB%20charging%204%20Beaverton%20-%20Emmett%20Werthmann%20WRI%27s%20Electric%20School%20Bus%20Initiative.JPEG" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/ts_esbi/assets/images/favicon/favicon.svg" type="image/svg+xml" /> <title>All About Managed Charging and “Vehicle-to-Everything” or V2X | Electric School Bus Initiative</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_uIkSuYxSPEKJIDrAQV6j90b7VHUGZ9zkGsrpslNlRcY.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=ts_esbi&include=eJx1j1EOwjAMQy9UtUea0tXrgtI2ajINbg8IBB-IH0exXhy5Fp3LOpoKU1-RdOihwW2BZU6-o-GzbaO7hRN5G7Ol94xPCXYzR0uZDD8A5BHSPRY4sVj0Uav8YnSh69_bBjOqCCuprzu9HilNqpN0t1TmoSTx68Sj65GFbUcJDYUpbSyOGZ8RPPq3I2WB0RmMHScXLCSYnriz3wFH8W8Y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_J77ZMfX5oFPNTi-ZsxV4vkc6wuVeL0rCohTpI0WqlZE.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=ts_esbi&include=eJx1j1EOwjAMQy9UtUea0tXrgtI2ajINbg8IBB-IH0exXhy5Fp3LOpoKU1-RdOihwW2BZU6-o-GzbaO7hRN5G7Ol94xPCXYzR0uZDD8A5BHSPRY4sVj0Uav8YnSh69_bBjOqCCuprzu9HilNqpN0t1TmoSTx68Sj65GFbUcJDYUpbSyOGZ8RPPq3I2WB0RmMHScXLCSYnriz3wFH8W8Y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_HsvAD5t5DQE4NckCv6hkausWtneWaWhJS86jNIhCYJY.css?delta=2&language=en&theme=ts_esbi&include=eJx1j1EOwjAMQy9UtUea0tXrgtI2ajINbg8IBB-IH0exXhy5Fp3LOpoKU1-RdOihwW2BZU6-o-GzbaO7hRN5G7Ol94xPCXYzR0uZDD8A5BHSPRY4sVj0Uav8YnSh69_bBjOqCCuprzu9HilNqpN0t1TmoSTx68Sj65GFbUcJDYUpbSyOGZ8RPPq3I2WB0RmMHScXLCSYnriz3wFH8W8Y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//use.typekit.net/flx3wkl.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/tablesaw/3.1.2/tablesaw.min.css" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/ts_esbi/assets/images/favicon/favicon-32x32.ico" sizes="any"> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/ts_esbi/assets/images/favicon/favicon.svg" type="image/svg+xml"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/themes/custom/ts_esbi/assets/images/favicon/favicon-180x180.png"> </head> <body> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <div data-sitewide-alert></div> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <header role="banner"> <div> <div id="block-ts-esbi-mobilecssdisplay" data-block-plugin-id="block-content-21fe6eff-f639-4ebc-84a4-dfd1cb761f12"> <div><style> @media (max-width: 550px){ .main__wrap--one-column, .main__wrap--two-column { display: initial; 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Managed charging and vehicle-to-everything/V2X, described below, are two charging technologies with the potential to provide value to electric school bus owners and operators. </span><span> </span></p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div><a name="section-262"></a> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--full-content"> <div class="wysiwyg-container"> <div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW259612660 BCX0"><h3><span lang="EN-US">An Overview of Charging Technologies</span><span> </span></h3></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW259612660 BCX0"><p><span lang="EN-US">Three broad categories of charging technologies relevant to school bus electrification are: </span></p><ol><li><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Unmanaged charging</strong>, in which vehicles are plugged into a charger, and energy flows from the electric grid to the vehicle at the greatest power level possible. Charging takes place at any time with no regard for its impact on the electric grid. </span></li><li><a href="https://electricschoolbusinitiative.org/all-about-managed-charging-and-vehicle-everything-or-v2x#section-263"><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Managed charging</strong></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><strong> (or “V1G”),</strong> in which the time and power level of charging are controlled to maximize benefits to the customer and the electric grid.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Bidirectional charging (or “</strong></span><a href="https://electricschoolbusinitiative.org/all-about-managed-charging-and-vehicle-everything-or-v2x#section-266"><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Vehicle to Everything/V2X</strong></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><strong>”),</strong> a two-way energy flow in which batteries are charged and later discharged using a bidirectional charger.</span></li></ol></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div><a name="section-263"></a> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--full-content"> <div class="wysiwyg-container"> <div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW116383586 BCX0"><h3><span lang="EN-US">Managed Charging </span><span> </span></h3></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW116383586 BCX0"><h4><span lang="EN-US">What is Managed Charging?</span><span> </span></h4></div><div class="SCXW116383586 BCX0"><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW116383586 BCX0"><p><span lang="EN-US">Managed charging is the proactive, controlled charging of electric vehicles in a manner that is beneficial to the customer and electric grid either by shifting the time or power level of charging. Managed charging can be broken into two types:</span><span> </span></p><ol><li><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Passive</strong> – relies on influencing customer charging behavior via incentives, guided communications, or varying electricity costs based on time of charging. Most often, these price signals are done through Time-of-Use (TOU) rates that are highest when energy is the most expensive to generate.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Active</strong> – relies on signals from the electric utility or aggregator to a vehicle or charging station to manage charging activity. An example of this is demand response (DR) in which the utility will communicate to program-enrolled customers through varying means (phone call, email, text, etc.) to reduce charging to relieve electricity generation shortfalls or to increase charging to take up excess energy often from renewable generation.</span><span> </span></li></ol><p><span>Looking for providers of managed charging software? Our </span><a href="/charge-management-software-catalog" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="99a0cf78-440f-4029-9589-bf3cdf6d3ad3" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Charge Management Software Catalog"><span>Charge Management Software Catalog</span></a><span> includes a number of vendors and detailed software specifications to make it easy to compare and identify the best options for you. </span><a href="/charge-management-software-catalog" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="99a0cf78-440f-4029-9589-bf3cdf6d3ad3" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Charge Management Software Catalog"><span>Get the catalog here</span></a><span>!</span></p></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div><a name="section-444"></a> <div class="my-lg ts-grid-6-center"> <div class="highlight bg-blue-200 py-md px-md rounded-lg text-white"> <div class="h3"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-serif font-bold">Managed charging can allow for cost savings for customers, remotely scheduled operations, renewable energy integration and reduced energy usage.</h2> </div> <div class="body-sm my-sm"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div><a name="section-264"></a> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--full-content"> <div class="wysiwyg-container"> <div><div class="SCXW249140585 BCX0"><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW249140585 BCX0"><h4><span lang="EN-US">The Benefits of Managed Charging</span><span> </span></h4><p><span lang="EN-US">Managed charging can produce benefits for customers and the electric grid. Depending on how it is implemented, managing charging can support various goals, including:</span><span> </span></p><ul><li><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Cost Savings for Customers </strong>– With managed charging, electric vehicle charging can take place outside of peak demand periods, when energy is being used by the most customers, which often results in lower rates and/or an electricity bill credit.  </span><span> </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Remote Scheduled Operation</strong> – Managed charging can be done remotely or at planned intervals, allowing operators and drivers to be absent during the actual charging session, which often lasts several hours. This is especially important with electric school buses because the most opportune time for charging is often overnight when staff is unavailable.</span><span> </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Renewable Energy Integration</strong> – Electric vehicles can charge when there is peak renewable energy production for sources like solar and wind. This can increase the overall output of renewable energy by reducing instances of curtailment, in which renewable energy production is intentionally decreased below maximum output to match demand.</span><span> </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Energy Use Reduction</strong> – Electric vehicle charging can be delayed or shifted to avoid electricity outages when available energy supply does not match anticipated demand. Reducing energy use (load) can also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions through avoidance of having to start up less efficient and more polluting generators, called peakers, to meet these shortfalls. Moreover, these peaker units are often located in disadvantaged communities. </span><span> </span></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div><a name="section-265"></a> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--full-content"> <div class="wysiwyg-container"> <div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW75472698 BCX0"><h4><span lang="EN-US">Why Managed Charging and Electric School Buses?</span><span> </span></h4></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW75472698 BCX0"><p><span lang="EN-US">Electric school buses are well positioned to deliver on the many benefits of managed charging:</span></p><p class="accordion-title"><span lang="EN-US">School Districts Save Money</span><span> </span></p><p class="accordion-text"><span lang="EN-US">Managed charging offers school districts and other school bus operators the opportunity to charge when electricity prices are lower, saving precious funds that – in the case of school districts – can be repurposed for other critical student needs. This can help school districts make the financial case for electric school buses. </span></p><p class="accordion-title"><span lang="EN-US">Duty Cycles & Large Batteries Enable Renewable Energy Storage </span><span> </span></p><p class="accordion-text"><span lang="EN-US">Electric school buses and their high-capacity batteries are a perfect fit for storing renewable energy – whether it’s on-site renewable generation from devices like solar canopies or utility-scale renewable energy – as the buses have long periods of time sitting unused.</span><span> </span></p><p class="accordion-title"><span lang="EN-US">The Scale of the U.S. School Bus Fleet </span><span> </span></p><p class="accordion-text"><span lang="EN-US">Managed charging of electric school buses could have positive impacts on the grid, especially given the scale of the overall fleet. If all the nearly half a million school buses in the United States were to be upgraded to electric or repowered, the result would be over 60 GW of new load on the electric grid – requiring massive upgrades in generation, transmission and distribution capabilities and costs which are passed along to customers through electricity rate increases. Managed charging represents one of the most cost-effective strategies to mitigate negative effects from increasing electric vehicle loads on the electric grid, potentially deferring some electric grid investments and avoiding high electricity prices when charging. For example, having electric school buses charge overnight moves the load away from the peak to a period when electricity demand is the lowest. </span></p><hr><p> </p></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div><a name="section-266"></a> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--full-content"> <div class="wysiwyg-container"> <div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW68916144 BCX0"><h3><span lang="EN-US">V2X</span><span> </span></h3></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW68916144 BCX0"><h4><span lang="EN-US">What is V2X?</span><span> </span></h4></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW68916144 BCX0"><p><span lang="EN-US">V2X stands for vehicle-to-everything, an all-encompassing energy technology concept in which an electric vehicle is viewed as a mobile battery, and stored energy in the vehicle can be discharged for some benefit. </span><span> </span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW68916144 BCX0"><p><span lang="EN-US">V2X can be applied in different ways depending on the end use. Four applications are described in the chart below.</span><span> </span></p><table><tbody><tr><td><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Vehicle-to-Building/Home (V2B/H): </strong>Stored energy is discharged to a building or home, usually to provide backup power or avoid peak energy use demand charges.</span><span> </span></td><td><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G): </strong>Stored energy is discharged beyond the site meter out to the greater electric grid with the purpose of mitigating peak energy demand and/or for compensation of the site owner.</span><span> </span></td></tr><tr><td><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Vehicle-to-Load (V2L): </strong>Stored energy is discharged to provide power for some other energy load, such as powering construction equipment or other independent energy consuming devices.</span><span> </span></td><td><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Vehicle-Grid-Integration (VGI): </strong>Charging and discharging of the vehicles is done in coordination with grid demand to work as a grid asset. </span><span> </span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div><a name="section-267"></a> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--full-content"> <div class="wysiwyg-container"> <div><div class="SCXW184583455 BCX0"><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW184583455 BCX0"><h4><span lang="EN-US">The Benefits of V2X</span><span> </span></h4></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW184583455 BCX0"><p><span lang="EN-US">V2X technologies offer a variety of benefits to vehicle owners and grid operators. These include: </span></p><ul><li><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Grid Flexibility </strong>– V2X services provide grid operators with an on-demand source of power which can be utilized during high energy demand periods, either directly providing energy back to the grid or temporarily satisfying end use power requirements of a building, home, or other load.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Opportunities for Compensation</strong> – Vehicle owners, such as school districts and other operators, can be financially compensated for the V2X services they provide to the electric grid. This may come in the form of an electricity bill credit to offset other electricity consumed at the site. </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Emergency Preparedness</strong> – In times of emergency, there may be electric utility power outages or power disconnects, but V2X services can supply back-up power for shelters, homes, command centers, and other locations.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US"><strong>Support of Renewables </strong>– V2X enables more efficient use of energy from renewable resources by storing excess renewable energy when it is abundant and releasing that energy when it is not.</span><span> </span></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div><a name="section-445"></a> <div class="my-lg ts-grid-6-center"> <div class="highlight bg-green-200 py-md px-md rounded-lg text-white"> <div class="h3"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-serif font-bold">V2X can enable grid flexibility, opportunities for compensation, better emergency preparedness and support for renewable energy.</h2> </div> <div class="body-sm my-sm"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div><a name="section-268"></a> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--full-content"> <div class="wysiwyg-container"> <div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW91609073 BCX0"><h4><span lang="EN-US">Why V2X and Electric School Buses?</span><span> </span></h4></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW91609073 BCX0"><p><span lang="EN-US">While the use of electric school buses to store energy and discharge it back into the grid or a building is in an early stage, the characteristics of electric school buses make them strong candidates for V2X applications. Here’s why:</span><span> </span></p><p class="accordion-title"><span lang="EN-US">Predictable Operating Schedules</span><span> </span></p><p class="accordion-text"><span lang="EN-US">School buses typically have early morning and afternoon routes, Monday through Friday, during the school year. </span><span> </span><br><br><span lang="EN-US">Electric school buses and V2X can easily be used during evening peak demand periods or the summer season when the buses are available for grid services like demand response and balancing electricity supply and demand.</span><span> </span></p><p class="accordion-title"><span lang="EN-US">Large Battery Capacity</span><span> </span></p><p class="accordion-text"><span lang="EN-US">A typical electric school bus has a battery between 100-200 kWh, providing plenty of usable capacity for different V2X services.</span><span> </span></p><p class="accordion-title"><span lang="EN-US">Benefits for School Districts</span><span> </span></p><p class="accordion-text"><span lang="EN-US">Even in the absence of official compensation avenues, electric school buses and V2X can provide numerous benefits to school districts and transportation contractors, including reduced electricity charges and renewable energy integration. </span><span> </span></p><p class="accordion-text"><span lang="EN-US">As mobile power units, electric school buses can provide backup power during emergencies and power outages at schools or remote locations like emergency response command centers.</span><span> </span></p></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div><a name="section-269"></a> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--full-content"> <div class="wysiwyg-container"> <div><div class="SCXW228808082 BCX0"><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228808082 BCX0"><hr><h4><span lang="EN-US"><strong>3 Design Considerations for Electric School Bus V2G Programs</strong></span><span><strong> </strong></span></h4></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW228808082 BCX0"><p><span lang="EN-US">Utilities in a diverse range of locations across the United States have launched electric school bus V2G pilot programs. We have </span><a href="/3-design-considerations-electric-school-bus-vehicle-grid-programs" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7af5d664-572c-4b76-9ae9-7ec5b52d0a04" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="3 Design Considerations for Electric School Bus Vehicle-to-Grid Programs"><span lang="EN-US">catalogued these early efforts</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> and offer three design considerations for Electric School Bus V2G programs: </span><span> </span></p><ol><li><span lang="EN-US">Does the program prioritize an equity-first approach when selecting partners and locations?</span><span> </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US">Does the program consider new rates to enable school bus electrification and V2G applications?</span><span> </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US">Does the program help drive community resilience?</span><span> </span></li></ol><p>Read our <a href="/3-design-considerations-electric-school-bus-vehicle-grid-programs" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7af5d664-572c-4b76-9ae9-7ec5b52d0a04" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="3 Design Considerations for Electric School Bus Vehicle-to-Grid Programs">full post on V2G design considerations</a> for details.</p><article> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/max_758xauto/public/2022-10/22.02.10_ESB%203%20Design%20Considerations_Article.png?itok=LZf6sGhz" width="758" height="606" alt="A map of utility V2G electric school bus pilot programs in the US. The map shows that there are pilots in Washington state, Oregon, California, Nevada, Colorado, Iowa, Michigan, New York state, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida."> </div> </div> </article> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="border-b-2 py-sm my-sm"> <a class="a2a_dd btn-outline-blue inline-block" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share">Share</a> <script> var a2a_config = a2a_config || {}; a2a_config.onclick = 1; a2a_config.prioritize = [ 'twitter', 'linkedin', 'facebook', 'email', ]; a2a_config.num_services = 4; a2a_config.icon_color = "#F0AB00, #000000"; </script> <script async src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js"></script> </div>  </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="article-wrapper"> <div class="related-content inner-container mx-auto mt-2xl"> <h3 class="text-md font-semibold pb-2xs border-b-2 border-green-base inline-block">Related Pages</h3> <ul class="related-content__links border-t-2 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