CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Living wage - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"374b33ce-5670-4833-ac2a-6b9404d4b4b1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Living_wage","wgTitle":"Living wage","wgCurRevisionId":1254378825,"wgRevisionId":1254378825,"wgArticleId":572849,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016","Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link","Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link","Wages and salaries","Catholic social teaching"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Living_wage","wgRelevantArticleId":572849,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q543406","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Cost_of_Basic_but_Decent_Living.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="656"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Cost_of_Basic_but_Decent_Living.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="438"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="350"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Living wage - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_wage"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_wage"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Living_wage rootpage-Living_wage skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Living+wage" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Living+wage" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Living+wage" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Living+wage" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implementations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_wage_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_wage_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Living wage estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_wage_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_wage_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_wage_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Living wage movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Living_wage_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Living wage movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Living_wage_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Living_Wage_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_Wage_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Living Wage Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_Wage_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Republic of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_Floor_Wage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_Floor_Wage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Asia Floor Wage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_Floor_Wage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_living_wage_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_living_wage_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>United States living wage campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_living_wage_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_York_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>New York City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miami-Dade_County" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miami-Dade_County"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Miami-Dade County</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miami-Dade_County-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_of_Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.3</span> <span>University of Virginia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Living wage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A9" title="أجر المعيشة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أجر المعيشة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9Fay%C4%B1%C5%9F_minimumu" title="Yaşayış minimumu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaşayış minimumu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Пражытковы мінімум – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пражытковы мінімум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotn%C3%AD_minimum" title="Životní minimum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Životní minimum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksistensminimum" title="Eksistensminimum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eksistensminimum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existenzminimum" title="Existenzminimum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Existenzminimum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salario_decente" title="Salario decente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salario decente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumviva_salajro" title="Dumviva salajro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dumviva salajro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="دستمزد کافی برای امرار معاش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستمزد کافی برای امرار معاش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_vital" title="Minimum vital – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minimum vital" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%ED%99%9C%EC%9E%84%EA%B8%88" title="생활임금 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생활임금" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salario_di_sussistenza" title="Salario di sussistenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Salario di sussistenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%99%D7%94" title="שכר מחיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שכר מחיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="საარსებო მინიმუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საარსებო მინიმუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Күнкөріс минимумы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күнкөріс минимумы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9tminimum" title="Létminimum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Létminimum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_egzystencji" title="Minimum egzystencji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minimum egzystencji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Прожиточный минимум – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прожиточный минимум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotn%C3%A9_minimum_(soci%C3%A1lne_z%C3%A1kony)" title="Životné minimum (sociálne zákony) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Životné minimum (sociálne zákony)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Линија сиромаштва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Линија сиромаштва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existensminimum" title="Existensminimum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Existensminimum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Прожитковий мінімум – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прожитковий мінімум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%94%9F%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87" title="維生工資 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="維生工資" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q543406#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Living_wage" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Living_wage"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Living_wage"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Living_wage" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Living_wage" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&oldid=1254378825" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Living_wage&id=1254378825&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLiving_wage"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLiving_wage"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Living_wage&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Living_wage" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q543406" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Minimum income to meet a worker's basic needs</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cost_of_Basic_but_Decent_Living.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cost_of_Basic_but_Decent_Living.jpg/300px-Cost_of_Basic_but_Decent_Living.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cost_of_Basic_but_Decent_Living.jpg/450px-Cost_of_Basic_but_Decent_Living.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cost_of_Basic_but_Decent_Living.jpg/600px-Cost_of_Basic_but_Decent_Living.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Cost of a basic but decent life for a family<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>living wage</b> is defined as the minimum <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> necessary for a worker to meet their basic needs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not the same as a subsistence wage, which refers to a biological minimum, or a solidarity wage, which refers to a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> tracking <a href="/wiki/Labor_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor productivity">labor productivity</a>. Needs are defined to include food, housing, and other essential needs such as clothing. The goal of a living wage is to allow a worker to afford a basic but decent <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> through employment without government <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the flexible nature of the term "needs", there is not one universally accepted measure of what a living wage is and as such it varies by location and household type.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related concept is that of a <a href="/wiki/Family_wage" title="Family wage">family wage</a> – one sufficient to not only support oneself, but also to raise a family. </p><p>The living wage differs from the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> in that the latter can fail to meet the requirements for a basic <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>, which leaves the worker to rely on government programs for additional income.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141027-LA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141027-LA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living wages have typically only been adopted in <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic</a> terms, a minimum wage is a <a href="/wiki/Price_floor" title="Price floor">price floor</a> for labor created by a legal threshold, rather than a <a href="/wiki/Reservation_wage" title="Reservation wage">reservation wage</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Price_discovery" title="Price discovery">price discovery</a>. The living wage is one possible guideline for determining a target price floor, while a minimum wage is a policy to enforce a chosen price floor. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calculating_a_Living_Wage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Calculating_a_Living_Wage.png/300px-Calculating_a_Living_Wage.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Calculating_a_Living_Wage.png/450px-Calculating_a_Living_Wage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Calculating_a_Living_Wage.png/600px-Calculating_a_Living_Wage.png 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Calculating a living wage<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, advocates define a living wage to mean that a person working 40 hours a week, with no additional income, should be able to afford the basics for a modest but decent life, such as, <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Housing" title="Housing">shelter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilities">utilities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">child care</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living wage advocates have further defined a living wage as the wage equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a> for a family of four. The income would have to allow the family to "secure food, shelter, clothing, health care, transportation and other necessities of living in modern society".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of a living wage used by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a> (GLA) is the threshold wage, calculated as an income of 60% of the median, and an additional 15% to allow for unforeseen events.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Living wage campaigns came about partially as a response to <a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a> in the US and UK, respectively, which shifted <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomic</a> policy towards <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A living wage, by increasing the <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power" title="Purchasing power">purchasing power</a> of low income workers, is supported by <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">post-Keynesian</a> economics, which focuses on stimulating demand in order to improve the state of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:250px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"It seems to me to be equally plain that no business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="President Franklin D. Roosevelt">President Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, 1933<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20140307_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140307-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The concept of a living wage, though it was not defined as such, can be traced back to the works of ancient Greek philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. Both argued for an income that considers needs, particularly those that ensure the communal good.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle saw self-sufficiency as a requirement for happiness which he defined as, 'that which on its own makes life worthy of choice and lacking in nothing'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he placed the responsibility in ensuring that the poor could earn a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">sustainable living</a> in the state, his ideas are seen as an early example of support for a living wage. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:250px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and for his family an existence worthy of human dignity." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, Art. 23 Sec. 3</cite></div> </div> <p>The evolution of the concept can be seen later on in medieval scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> who argued for a 'just wage'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of a just wage was related to that of <a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">just prices</a>, which were those that allowed everyone access to necessities. Prices and wages that prevented access to necessities were considered unjust as they would imperil the virtue of those without access.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth of Nations">Wealth of Nations</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> recognized that rising real wages lead to the "improvement in the circumstances of the lower ranks of people" and are therefore an advantage to society.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growth and a system of liberty were the means by which the laboring poor were able to secure higher wages and an acceptable standard of living. Rising real wages are secured by growth through increasing productivity against stable price levels, i.e. prices not affected by inflation. A system of liberty, secured through political institutions whereupon even the "lower ranks of people" could secure the opportunity for higher wages and an acceptable standard of living. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Servants, labourers and workmen of different kinds, make up the far greater part of every great political society. But what improves the circumstances of the greater part can never be regarded as an inconvenience to the whole. No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable. It is but equity, besides, that they who feed, clothe, and lodge the whole body of the people, should have such a share of the produce of their own labour as to be themselves tolerably well fed, clothed and lodged.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Adam Smith, <i>Wealth of Nations</i>, I .viii.36<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Based on these writings, Smith advocated that labor should receive an equitable share of what labor produces. For Smith, this equitable share amounted to more than subsistence. Smith equated the interests of labor and the interests of land with overarching societal interests. He reasoned that as wages and rents rise, as a result of higher productivity, societal growth will occur thus increasing the quality of life for the greater part of its members.<sup id="cite_ref-Clary,_B._2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clary,_B._2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Smith, supporters of a living wage argue that the greater good for society is achieved through higher wages and a living wage. It is argued that government should in turn attempt to align the interests of those pursuing profits with the interests of the labor in order to produce societal advantages for the majority of society. Smith argued that higher productivity and overall growth led to higher wages that in turn led to greater benefits for society. Based on his writings, one can infer that Smith would support a living wage commensurate with the overall growth of the economy. This, in turn, would lead to more happiness and joy for people, while helping to keep families and people out of poverty. Political institutions can create a system of liberty for individuals to ensure opportunity for higher wages through higher production and thus stable growth for society. </p><p>In 1891, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> issued a papal bull entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i>, which is considered the Catholic Church's first expression of a view supportive of a living wage. The church recognized that wages should be sufficient to <a href="/wiki/Family_wage" title="Family wage">support a family</a>. This position has been widely supported by the church since that time, and has been reaffirmed by the papacy on multiple occasions, such as by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> in 1931 <i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i> and again in 1961, by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> writing in the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Mater_et_magistra" title="Mater et magistra">Mater et magistra</a>.</i> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> wrote, "Hence in every case a just wage is the concrete means of verifying the whole socioeconomic system and, in any case, of checking that it is functioning justly."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_thought">Contemporary thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contemporary thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffrage_campaigning-_Women_Underpaid_-_Men_out_of_Work._Let%27s_Help_Them_Get_The_Vote_and_A_Living_Wage,_c.1913_(22677789078).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Suffrage_campaigning-_Women_Underpaid_-_Men_out_of_Work._Let%27s_Help_Them_Get_The_Vote_and_A_Living_Wage%2C_c.1913_%2822677789078%29.jpg/200px-Suffrage_campaigning-_Women_Underpaid_-_Men_out_of_Work._Let%27s_Help_Them_Get_The_Vote_and_A_Living_Wage%2C_c.1913_%2822677789078%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Suffrage_campaigning-_Women_Underpaid_-_Men_out_of_Work._Let%27s_Help_Them_Get_The_Vote_and_A_Living_Wage%2C_c.1913_%2822677789078%29.jpg/300px-Suffrage_campaigning-_Women_Underpaid_-_Men_out_of_Work._Let%27s_Help_Them_Get_The_Vote_and_A_Living_Wage%2C_c.1913_%2822677789078%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Suffrage_campaigning-_Women_Underpaid_-_Men_out_of_Work._Let%27s_Help_Them_Get_The_Vote_and_A_Living_Wage%2C_c.1913_%2822677789078%29.jpg/400px-Suffrage_campaigning-_Women_Underpaid_-_Men_out_of_Work._Let%27s_Help_Them_Get_The_Vote_and_A_Living_Wage%2C_c.1913_%2822677789078%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2326" data-file-height="3548" /></a><figcaption>Suffrage campaign seeking the right of women to vote and a living wage (c. 1903)</figcaption></figure> <p>Different ideas on a living wage have been advanced by modern campaigns that have pushed for localities to adopt them. Supporters of a living wage have argued that a wage is more than just compensation for labour. It is a means of securing a living and it leads to public policies that address both the level of the wage and its decency.<sup id="cite_ref-Clary,_B._2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clary,_B._2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary research by Andrea Werner and Ming Lim has analyzed the works of <a href="/wiki/John_A._Ryan" title="John A. Ryan">John Ryan</a>, Jerold Waltman and Donald Stabile for their philosophical and ethical insights on a living wage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Ryan argues for a living wage from a rights perspective. He considers a living wage to be a right that all labourers are entitled to from the 'common bounty of nature'.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that private ownership of resources precludes access to them by others who would need them to maintain themselves. As such, the obligation to fulfill the right of a living wage rests on the owners and employers of private resources. His argument goes beyond that a wage should provide mere subsistence but that it should provide humans with the capabilities to 'develop within reasonable limits all [their] faculties, physical, intellectual, moral and spiritual.'<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A living wage for him is 'the amount of remuneration that is sufficient to maintain decently the laborer'<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jerold Waltman, in <i>A Case for the Living Wage,</i> argues for a living wage not based on individual rights but from a communal, or '<a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">civic republicanism</a>', perspective. He sees the need for citizens to be connected to their community, and thus, sees individual and communal interests as inseparably bound. Two major problems that are antithetical to <a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">civic republicanism</a> are poverty and inequality. A living wage is meant to address these by providing the material basis that allows individuals a degree of autonomy and prevents disproportionate income and wealth that would inevitably lead to a societal fissure between the rich and poor. A living wage further allows for political participation by all classes of people which is required to prevent the political interests of the rich from undermining the needs of the poor. These arguments for a living wage, taken together, can be seen as necessary elements for 'social sustainability and cohesion'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waiting_for_a_Living_Wage_Poster_Catherine_Courtauld_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Waiting_for_a_Living_Wage_Poster_Catherine_Courtauld_1913.jpg/170px-Waiting_for_a_Living_Wage_Poster_Catherine_Courtauld_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Waiting_for_a_Living_Wage_Poster_Catherine_Courtauld_1913.jpg/255px-Waiting_for_a_Living_Wage_Poster_Catherine_Courtauld_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Waiting_for_a_Living_Wage_Poster_Catherine_Courtauld_1913.jpg/340px-Waiting_for_a_Living_Wage_Poster_Catherine_Courtauld_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Waiting for a living wage poster (1913)</figcaption></figure> <p>Donald Stabile argues for a living wage based on <a href="/wiki/Moral_economy" title="Moral economy">moral economic thought</a> and its related themes of sustainability, capability and <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externality</a>. Broadly speaking, Stabile indicates that sustainability in the economy may require that people have the means for 'decent accommodation, transport, clothing and personal care'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He qualifies the statement as he sees individual necessities as contextual and therefore able to change over time, between cultures and under different macroeconomic circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that the concept and definition of a living wage cannot be made objective over all places and in all times. Stabile's thoughts on capabilities make direct reference to <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>'s work on <a href="/wiki/Capability_approach" title="Capability approach">capability approach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tie-in with a living wage is the idea that income is an important, though not exclusive, means for capabilities. The enhancement of people's capabilities allows them to better function both in society and as workers. These capabilities are further passed down from parents to children. Finally, Stabile analyses the lack of a living wage as the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Externality#Negative" title="Externality">negative externalities</a> on others. These externalities take the form of depleting the stock of workers by 'exploiting and exhausting the workforce'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This leads to economic inefficiency as businesses end up overproducing their products due to not paying the full cost of labour.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other contemporary accounts have taken up the theme of <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a> arising due to a lack of living wage. Muilenburg and Singh see welfare programs, such as housing and school meals, as being a subsidy for employers that allow them to pay low wages.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This subsidy, taking the form of an externality, is of course paid for by society in the form of taxes. This thought is repeated by Grimshaw who argues that employers offset the social costs of maintaining their workforce through tax credits, housing, benefits and other wage subsidies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue was raised during the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016">Democratic party primary election of 2016</a> in the United States, when presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> mentioned that "struggling working families should not have to subsidise the wealthiest family in the country", and therefore, implied that the large retailer <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a>, who is owned by the wealthiest family in the country, was not paying fair wages and was being subsidised by taxpayers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those in favor of living wage ordinances primarily research the negative impacts of insufficient minimum wages. In a cross-comparison between minimum wage and living wage ordinances, there are profound psychological impacts to living wage implementations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those in favor of living wage oriented policies assert that it is important to acknowledge the region-specific costs that is severely lacking in minimum wage measurements. This line of thinking argues that a living wage can both enhance engagement and performance if implemented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SLNSW_14421_Living_Wage_Inquiry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SLNSW_14421_Living_Wage_Inquiry.jpg/220px-SLNSW_14421_Living_Wage_Inquiry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SLNSW_14421_Living_Wage_Inquiry.jpg/330px-SLNSW_14421_Living_Wage_Inquiry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SLNSW_14421_Living_Wage_Inquiry.jpg/440px-SLNSW_14421_Living_Wage_Inquiry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>Living wage inquiry in Sydney, Australia (1935)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the 1907 <a href="/wiki/Harvester_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvester Judgement">Harvester Judgement</a> ruled that an employer was obliged to pay his employees a wage that guaranteed them a standard of living which was reasonable for "a human being in a civilised community" to live in "frugal comfort estimated by current... standards,"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regardless of the employer's capacity to pay. Justice <a href="/wiki/H._B._Higgins" title="H. B. Higgins">H. B. Higgins</a> established a wage of 7/- (<a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Australian_pound#Australian_£sd" title="Coins of the Australian pound">7 shillings</a>) per day or 42/- per week as a 'fair and reasonable' minimum wage for unskilled workers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Bangladesh, salaries are among the lowest in the world. During 2012 wages hovered around US$38 per month depending on the exchange rate. Studies by Professor Doug Miller during 2010 to 2012, have highlighted the evolving global trade practices in <i>Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This white paper published in 2013 by University of Manchester, appears to suggest that the competition among buying organisation has implications to low wages in countries such as Bangladesh. It has laid down a road map to achieve sustainable wages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%;"> <caption>Living wage <br /> Select regions (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Regions </th> <th>Hourly (USD) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">New Zealand </td> <td align="center"> <p>$<span data-sort-value="7001145700000000000♠">14.57</span> </p><p>(NZ$20.50<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">United States </td> <td align="center">$16.07<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Los Angleles </td> <td align="center">$18.95<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">New York City </td> <td align="center">$21.55<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">San Francisco </td> <td align="center">$23.79<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Municipal regulation of wage levels began in some towns in the British Isles in 1524. National <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_law" title="Minimum wage law">minimum wage law</a> began with <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Trade_Boards_Act_1909" title="Trade Boards Act 1909">Trade Boards Act 1909</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wages_Councils_Act_1945" title="Wages Councils Act 1945">Wages Councils Act 1945</a> set minimum wage standards in many sectors of the economy. Wages Councils were abolished in 1993 and subsequently replaced with a single statutory national <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">National Minimum Wage Act 1998</a>, which is still in force. The rates are reviewed each year by the country's <a href="/wiki/Low_Pay_Commission" title="Low Pay Commission">Low Pay Commission</a>. From 1 April 2016 the minimum wage has been paid as a mandatory <a href="/wiki/National_Living_Wage" title="National Living Wage">National Living Wage</a> for workers over 25. It was phased in between 2016 and 2020 and was set at a significantly higher level than previous minimum wage rates. By 2020 it was expected to have risen to at least £9 per hour and represent a full-time annual pay equivalent to 60% of the median UK earnings.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-Live_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Live-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice the level remained below £9 per hour until 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Living Wage is nevertheless lower than the value of the Living Wage calculated by the <a href="/wiki/Living_Wage_Foundation" title="Living Wage Foundation">Living Wage Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some organisations voluntarily pay a living wage to their staff, at a level somewhat higher than the statutory level. From September 2014 all <a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">NHS Wales</a> staff have been paid a minimum of the "living wage" recommended by the Living Wage Commission. About 2,400 employees received an initial salary increase of up to £470 above the UK-wide <a href="/wiki/Agenda_for_Change" title="Agenda for Change">Agenda for Change</a> rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark_Smith_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark_Smith-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Living_City,_Living_Wage_-_21838011340.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Living_City%2C_Living_Wage_-_21838011340.jpg/220px-Living_City%2C_Living_Wage_-_21838011340.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Living_City%2C_Living_Wage_-_21838011340.jpg/330px-Living_City%2C_Living_Wage_-_21838011340.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Living_City%2C_Living_Wage_-_21838011340.jpg/440px-Living_City%2C_Living_Wage_-_21838011340.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>New York City <i>Living City, Living Wage</i> event in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2006, U.S. cities with living wage laws include <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>; <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, also passed a <a href="/wiki/2006_Chicago_Big_Box_Ordinance" title="2006 Chicago Big Box Ordinance">living wage ordinance</a> in 2006, but it was vetoed by Mayor <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Daley" title="Richard M. Daley">Richard M. Daley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living wage laws typically cover only businesses that receive state assistance or have contracts with the government.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Living_wage_by_state.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Living_wage_by_state.png/220px-Living_wage_by_state.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Living_wage_by_state.png/330px-Living_wage_by_state.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Living_wage_by_state.png/440px-Living_wage_by_state.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Heat_map" title="Heat map">heat map</a> of the United States by living wage for a single, childless individual according to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> living wage calculator as of 2023<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1E90FF;; color:black;"> </span> $15-15.99</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B0E0E6;; color:black;"> </span> $16.00-16.99</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00;; color:black;"> </span> $17.00-17.99</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8C00;; color:black;"> </span> $18.00-18.99</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000;; color:black;"> </span> $19.00-19.99</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000;; color:white;"> </span> $20+</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2014, Wisconsin Service Employees International Union teamed up with public officials against legislation to eliminate local living wages. According to U.S. Department of Labor data, Wisconsin Jobs Now - a non-profit organization fighting inequality through higher wages - has received at least $2.5 million from SEIU organizations from 2011 to 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although these ordinances are recent, a number of studies have attempted to measure the impact of these policies on wages and employment. Researchers have had difficulty measuring the impact of these policies because it is difficult to isolate a control group for comparison. A notable study defined the control group as the subset of cities that attempted to pass a living wage law but were unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This comparison indicates that living wages raise the average wage level in cities. However, it reduces the likelihood of employment for individuals in the bottom percentile of wage distribution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CalMac_signs_up_for_Living_Wage_(20658599598).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/CalMac_signs_up_for_Living_Wage_%2820658599598%29.jpg/220px-CalMac_signs_up_for_Living_Wage_%2820658599598%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/CalMac_signs_up_for_Living_Wage_%2820658599598%29.jpg/330px-CalMac_signs_up_for_Living_Wage_%2820658599598%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/CalMac_signs_up_for_Living_Wage_%2820658599598%29.jpg/440px-CalMac_signs_up_for_Living_Wage_%2820658599598%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Government direction can help employers move towards offering a living wage.</figcaption></figure> <p>Research shows that minimum wage laws and living wage legislation impact poverty differently: evidence demonstrates that living wage legislation reduces poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-JoLR_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoLR-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parties impacted by minimum wage laws and living wage laws differ as living wage legislation generally applies to a more limited sector of the population. It is estimated that workers who qualify for the living wage legislation are currently between 1-2% of the bottom quartile of wage distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-JoLR_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoLR-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Real life implications to living wage legislation is important to address. Raising wages can decrease job opportunities for low wage workers as it cuts costs for profit seeking organizations and companies. The pool gets smaller despite an increase in wage rates.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neumark and Adams, in their paper, "Do living wage ordinances reduce urban poverty?", state, "There is evidence that living wage ordinances modestly reduce the poverty rates in locations in which these ordinances are enacted. However, there is no evidence that state minimum wage laws do so."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study carried out in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Canada</a> by Zeng and Honig indicated that living wage workers have higher affective commitment and lower turnover intention.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers paid a living wage were more likely to support the organization they work for in various ways including: "protecting the organizations public image, helping colleagues solve problems, improving their skills and techniques, providing suggestions or advice to a management team, and caring about the organization."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors interpret these finding through <a href="/wiki/Social_exchange_theory" title="Social exchange theory">social exchange theory</a>, which points out the mutual obligation employers and employees feel towards each other when employees perceive they are provided favorable treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Living_wage_estimates">Living wage estimates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Living wage estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2003, there are 122 living wage ordinances in American cities and an additional 75 under discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-Anker,_R._2006_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anker,_R._2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 23 of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights">United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> states that "Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and for his family an existence worthy of human dignity." </p><p>In addition to legislative acts, many corporations have adopted voluntary codes of conduct. The <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullivan Principles">Sullivan Principles</a> in South Africa are an example of a voluntary code of conduct that state that firms should compensate workers to at least cover their basic needs. </p><p>In the table below, cross national comparable living wages were estimated for twelve countries and reported in local currencies and <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> (PPP). Living wage estimates for the year 2000 range from US$1.7 PPP per hour, in low-income examples, to approximately US$11.6 PPP per hour, in high-income examples.<sup id="cite_ref-Anker,_R._2006_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anker,_R._2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>One full-time worker (four person household)</th> <th>Average number of full-time worker equivalents in country (four person household)</th> <th>One full-time worker (household size varies by country)</th> <th>Average number of full-time worker equivalents in each country </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bangladesh</td> <td>1.61</td> <td>1.14</td> <td>2.02</td> <td>1.44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>India</td> <td>1.55</td> <td>1.32</td> <td>1.79</td> <td>1.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zimbabwe</td> <td>2.43</td> <td>1.70</td> <td>3.18</td> <td>2.22 </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Low income average</i></th> <th>1.86</th> <th>1.39</th> <th>2.33</th> <th>1.72 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Armenia</td> <td>3.03</td> <td>2.05</td> <td>2.52</td> <td>1.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ecuador</td> <td>1.94</td> <td>1.74</td> <td>2. 23</td> <td>2.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Egypt</td> <td>1.96</td> <td>1.77</td> <td>2.45</td> <td>2.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>China</td> <td>2.08</td> <td>1.47</td> <td>1.95</td> <td>1.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa</td> <td>3.10</td> <td>2.60</td> <td>3.35</td> <td>2.81 </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Lower middle income average</i></th> <th>2.42</th> <th>1.93</th> <th>2.50</th> <th>2.02 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lithuania</td> <td>4.62</td> <td>3.21</td> <td>3.97</td> <td>2.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Costa Rica</td> <td>3.68</td> <td>3.38</td> <td>3.90</td> <td>3.58 </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Upper middle income average</i></th> <th>4.14</th> <th>3.30</th> <th>3.94</th> <th>3.17 </th></tr> <tr> <td>United States</td> <td>13.10</td> <td>11.00</td> <td>13.36</td> <td>11.23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Switzerland</td> <td>16.41</td> <td>13.23</td> <td>14.76</td> <td>11.91 </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>High income average</i></th> <th>14.75</th> <th>12.10</th> <th>14.06</th> <th>11.57 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Living wage estimates vary considerably by area, and may be calculated in different ways. In a 2019 report, the U.S. advocacy group <a href="/wiki/National_Low_Income_Housing_Coalition" title="National Low Income Housing Coalition">National Low Income Housing Coalition</a> calculated the necessary full-time hourly wage to spend 30% of income on rental of a fair-market, 2-bedroom apartment. Estimates range from a high of $36.82/hr in Hawaii (where minimum wage is $10.10/hr) to $14.26 in Arkansas (the lowest state, raising its minimum from $9.25 to $11/hr) and $9.59/hr in Puerto Rico (where minimum wage is $7.25/hr).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Living_wage_movements">Living wage movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Living wage movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_Wage_Foundation">Living Wage Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Living Wage Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Living_Wage_Foundation" title="Living Wage Foundation">Living Wage Foundation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritzy_Living_Wage_Striking_Workers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ritzy_Living_Wage_Striking_Workers.jpg/220px-Ritzy_Living_Wage_Striking_Workers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ritzy_Living_Wage_Striking_Workers.jpg/330px-Ritzy_Living_Wage_Striking_Workers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ritzy_Living_Wage_Striking_Workers.jpg/440px-Ritzy_Living_Wage_Striking_Workers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Workers protesting for a living wage in London, United Kingdom (2017)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Living Wage Campaign in the United Kingdom originated in London, where it was launched in 2001 by members of the community organisation London Citizens (now <a href="/wiki/Citizens_UK" title="Citizens UK">Citizens UK</a>). It engaged in a series of Living Wage campaigns and in 2005 the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a> established the Living Wage Unit to calculate the London Living Wage, although the authority had no power to enforce it. The London Living Wage was developed in 2008 when Trust for London awarded a grant of over £1 million for campaigning, research and an employer accreditation scheme. The Living Wage campaign subsequently grew into a national movement with local campaigns across the UK. The <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rowntree_Foundation" title="Joseph Rowntree Foundation">Joseph Rowntree Foundation</a> funded the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Research_in_Social_Policy" title="Centre for Research in Social Policy">Centre for Research in Social Policy</a> (CRSP) at <a href="/wiki/Loughborough_University" title="Loughborough University">Loughborough University</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to calculate a UK-wide Minimum Income Standard (MIS) figure, an average across the whole of the UK independent of the higher living costs in London. </p><p>In 2011 the CRSP used the MIS as the basis for developing a standard model for setting the UK Living Wage outside of London. <a href="/wiki/Citizens_UK" title="Citizens UK">Citizens UK</a>, a nationwide community organising institution developed out of London Citizens, launched the <a href="/wiki/Living_Wage_Foundation" title="Living Wage Foundation">Living Wage Foundation</a> and Living Wage Employer mark.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2011, the Living Wage Foundation has accredited thousands of employers that pay its proposed living wage. The living wage in London is calculated by GLA Economics and the CRSP calculates the out-of-London Living Wage. Their recommended hourly rates for 2015 are £9.40 for London and £8.25 for the rest of the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-lwf-calc_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwf-calc-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rates are updated annually in November. In January 2016 the Living Wage Foundation set up a new Living Wage Commission to oversee the calculation of the Living Wage rates in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Living_wage_rises_to_%C2%A38.75_(24358142978).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Living_wage_rises_to_%C2%A38.75_%2824358142978%29.jpg/220px-Living_wage_rises_to_%C2%A38.75_%2824358142978%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Living_wage_rises_to_%C2%A38.75_%2824358142978%29.jpg/330px-Living_wage_rises_to_%C2%A38.75_%2824358142978%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Living_wage_rises_to_%C2%A38.75_%2824358142978%29.jpg/440px-Living_wage_rises_to_%C2%A38.75_%2824358142978%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keith_Brown_(Scottish_politician)" title="Keith Brown (Scottish politician)">Keith Brown</a> (SNP) and other Scottish campaigners, supporting an £8.75 living wage in 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2012, research into the costs and benefits of a living wage in London was funded by the <a href="/wiki/City_Parochial_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="City Parochial Foundation">Trust for London</a> and carried out by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary University of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further research was published in 2014 in a number of reports on the potential impact of raising the UK's statutory national minimum wage to the same level as the Living Wage Foundation's living wage recommendation. This included two reports funded by the Trust for London<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">Institute for Public Policy Research</a> (IPPR) and <a href="/wiki/Resolution_Foundation" title="Resolution Foundation">Resolution Foundation</a>: "Beyond the Bottom Line"<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "What Price a Living Wage?"<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Landman Economics published "The Economic Impact of Extending the Living Wage to all Employees in the UK".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2014 report by the Living Wage Commission, chaired by Doctor <a href="/wiki/John_Sentamu" title="John Sentamu">John Sentamu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a>, recommended that the UK government should pay its own workers a "living wage", but that it should be voluntary for the private sector.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data published in late 2014 by <a href="/wiki/New_Policy_Institute" title="New Policy Institute">New Policy Institute</a> and Trust for London found 20% of employees in London were paid below the Living Wage Foundation's recommended living wage between 2011 and 2013. The proportion of residents paid less than this rate was highest in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">Newham</a> (37%) and <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Brent" title="London Borough of Brent">Brent</a> (32%).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> in 2014 indicated that at that time the proportion of jobs outside London paying less than the living wage was 23%. The equivalent figure within London was 19%.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research by Loughborough University, commissioned by Trust for London, shows 4 in 10 Londoners cannot afford a decent standard of living - that is one that allows them to meet their basic needs and participate in society at a minimum level. This is significantly higher than the 30% that fall below the standard in the UK as a whole. This represents 3.5 million Londoners, an increase of 400,000 since 2010/11. The research highlights the need to improve incomes through better wages, mainly, the London Living Wage, to ensure more Londoners reach a decent standard of living.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Party UK">Labour Party</a> in opposition from 2010 until 2015, supported a living wage<sup id="cite_ref-The_Living_Wage_Campaign_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Living_Wage_Campaign-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proposed tax breaks for employers who adopted it.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Labour Party has implemented a living wage in some <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">local councils</a> which it controls, such as in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a><sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> councils. The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party</a> also supports the introduction of a living wage, believing that the national minimum wage should be 60% of net national average earnings.<sup id="cite_ref-greenparty.org.uk_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenparty.org.uk-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> also supports the introduction of a living wage for <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. Other supporters include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> newspaper columnist <a href="/wiki/Polly_Toynbee" title="Polly Toynbee">Polly Toynbee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Action_on_Poverty" title="Church Action on Poverty">Church Action on Poverty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Living_wage_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Living_wage-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Scottish Low Pay Unit, and Bloomsbury Fightback!.<sup id="cite_ref-test_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Ireland">Republic of Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Republic of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been an active living wage campaign in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> since 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is supported by The Vincentian Partnership for Social Justice (VPSJ), Nevin Economic Research Institute (NERI), <a href="/wiki/TASC_(think_tank)" title="TASC (think tank)">TASC</a>, Social Justice Ireland, UCD School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice, <a href="/wiki/SIPTU" title="SIPTU">SIPTU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Union" title="Unite the Union">Unite the Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_St_Vincent_de_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St Vincent de Paul">Society of St Vincent de Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below is a table of the hourly minimum wage (for adults), and the living wage recommended by the living wage campaign, for each year since 2014. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Living wage</th> <th>Minimum wage </th></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>€11.45</td> <td>€8.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>€11.50</td> <td>€8.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>€11.50</td> <td>€9.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>€11.70</td> <td>€9.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>€11.90</td> <td>€9.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019–20</td> <td>€12.30</td> <td>€9.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020–21</td> <td>€12.30</td> <td>€10.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021–22</td> <td>€12.90</td> <td>€10.44 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is calculated on the basis of the VPSJ’s Minimum Essential Standard of Living (MESL) research, and set by the Living Wage Technical Group, benchmarked against the cost of minimum <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is supported by the political parties <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Ireland)" title="Social Democrats (Ireland)">Social Democrats</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Solidarity%E2%80%93People_Before_Profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity–People Before Profit">Solidarity–People Before Profit</a> recommend a living wage of €15.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aont%C3%BA" title="Aontú">Aontú</a> support a living wage, with different regional rates, and have also recommended a "living pension."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been opposed by employers including <a href="/wiki/Ibec" title="Ibec">Ibec</a> and the Irish Small Firms Association (ISFA), while the supermarket chains <a href="/wiki/Lidl" title="Lidl">Lidl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aldi_S%C3%BCd" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldi Süd">Aldi</a> committed to pay all their employees the living wage in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-f702_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f702-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the Low Pay Commission began to study the living wage, and to decide if there should be different living wages for different age categories or regions.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_Floor_Wage">Asia Floor Wage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Asia Floor Wage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Launched in 2009, Asia Floor Wage is a loose coalition of labour and other groups seeking to implement a Living Wage throughout Asia, with a particular focus on <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a>. There are member associations in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Hong Kong S.A.R., India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Turkey as well as supporters in Europe and North America. The campaign targets multinational employers who do not pay their developing world workers a living wage.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_living_wage_campaigns">United States living wage campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States living wage campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York_City">New York City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: New York City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fight_for_$15_on_4-15_(17160504492).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fight_for_%2415_on_4-15_%2817160504492%29.jpg/220px-Fight_for_%2415_on_4-15_%2817160504492%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fight_for_%2415_on_4-15_%2817160504492%29.jpg/330px-Fight_for_%2415_on_4-15_%2817160504492%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fight_for_%2415_on_4-15_%2817160504492%29.jpg/440px-Fight_for_%2415_on_4-15_%2817160504492%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5458" data-file-height="3634" /></a><figcaption>Living wage protest and march in New York City (2015)</figcaption></figure> <p>The proposed law will inform tax-payers of where their investment dollars go and will hold developers to more stringent employment standards. The proposed act will require developers who receive substantial tax-payer funded subsidies to pay employees a minimum living wage. The law is designed to raise quality of life and stimulate local economy. Specifically the proposed act will guarantee that workers in large developmental projects will receive a wage of at least $10.00 an hour. The living wage will get indexed so that it keeps up with <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> increases. Furthermore, the act will require that employees who do not receive health insurance from their employer will receive an additional $1.50 an hour to subsidize their healthcare expenses. Workers employed at a subsidized development will also be entitled to the living wage guarantee.<sup id="cite_ref-Folbre_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folbre-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many city officials have opposed living wage requirements because they believe that they restrict business climate thus making cities less appealing to potential industries. Logistically cities must hire employees to administer the ordinance. Conversely advocates for the legislation have acknowledged that when wages aren't sufficient, low-wage workers are often forced to rely on <a href="/wiki/Public_assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Public assistance">public assistance</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">food stamps</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Folbre_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folbre-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James Parrott of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiscal_Policy_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiscal Policy Institute (page does not exist)">Fiscal Policy Institute</a> testified during a May 2011 New York City Council meeting that real wages for low-wage workers in the city have declined substantially over the last 20 years, despite dramatic increases in average education levels. A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/TopTenReasonsALivingWageMakesSenseForNYC_20110505.pdf">report</a> by the Fiscal Policy Institute indicated that business tax subsidies have grown two and a half times faster than overall New York City tax collections and asks why these public resources are invested in poverty-level jobs. Mr. Parrott testified that <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a> in New York City exceeds that of other large cities, with the highest-earning 1 percent receiving 44 percent of all income. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Miami-Dade_County">Miami-Dade County</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Miami-Dade County"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Community Coalition for a Living Wage (CCLW) was launched in 1997 in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, as a partnership between local <a href="/wiki/Anti-poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-poverty">anti-poverty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">labor</a> organizations <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalyst_Miami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalyst Miami (page does not exist)">Catalyst Miami</a>, Legal Services of Greater Miami, and the South Florida <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a>. The CCLW organized the successful campaign for the passage of a <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade County</a> living wage ordinance in 1999, the first of its kind in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ordinance requires <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Dade County">Miami-Dade County</a> and its contractors to pay all employees a living wage pegged to inflation: $12.63/hr with benefits, or $15 without (as of 2018).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="University_of_Virginia">University of Virginia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: University of Virginia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2012, a Living Wage Campaign at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> released a series of demands to University administrators calling for a living wage policy at the University. These demands included a requirement that the University "explicitly address" the issue by 17 February. Although University President Teresa Sullivan did respond to the demands in a mass email sent to the University community shortly before the end of the day on 17 February, the Campaign criticized her response as "intentionally misleading" and vowed to take action.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 February, the campaign announced that 12 students would begin a hunger strike to publicize the plight of low-paid workers.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day_March_for_a_Living_Wage_(12076913196).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day_March_for_a_Living_Wage_%2812076913196%29.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day_March_for_a_Living_Wage_%2812076913196%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day_March_for_a_Living_Wage_%2812076913196%29.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day_March_for_a_Living_Wage_%2812076913196%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day_March_for_a_Living_Wage_%2812076913196%29.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day_March_for_a_Living_Wage_%2812076913196%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>March for a living wage in Seattle, United States (2014)</figcaption></figure> <p>Criticisms against the implementation of living wage laws have taken similar forms to those against <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>. Economically, both can be analyzed as a <a href="/wiki/Price_floor" title="Price floor">price floor</a> for labor. A <a href="/wiki/Price_floor" title="Price floor">price floor</a>, if above the <a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">equilibrium price</a> and thus effective, necessarily leads to a surplus. This means the number of employees an employer is willing to hire at a living wage is below the number they would be willing to hire at the equilibrium wage price. Many argue that, in the context of a <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">labor market</a>, this would reduce the <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroeconomic">macroeconomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_demand" title="Aggregate demand">aggregate demand</a> for labor across all employers, and so presume setting the minimum wage at a living wage would possibly raise unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rehn-Meidner_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehn-Meidner model">Rehn and Meidner</a> instead proposed a higher minimum wage would induce productivity growth from <a href="/wiki/Structural_change" title="Structural change">structural change</a>, reorganizing workers into different jobs across employers with different <a href="/wiki/Microeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microeconomic">microeconomic</a> labor demands, rather than reducing aggregate demand for labor. A large amount of empirical study has focused on the employment effects of minimum wage, much of it following a study by <a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Krueger" title="Alan Krueger">Alan Krueger</a> finding no difference in unemployment rates in two states following a minimum wage increase in one. </p><p>A contention that often impedes the progression of a living wage ordinance has to do with the scope; it is controversial whether it should apply to an individual or an entire family as wages can be nuanced when there are multiple types of households among a state.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potential solutions to the complexity of a living wage ordinance include a "specific employer provision," which seeks to evaluate the pros and cons to a living wage on a company to company basis. An argument In favor of this approach asserts that it can help bolster employee morale and increase social capital.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics have warned of not just an increase in unemployment but also price increases and a lack of entry-level jobs due to labor substitutions effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The voluntary undertaking of a living wage is criticized as impossible due to the competitive advantage other businesses in the same market would have over the one adopting a living wage.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic argument would be that, <a href="/wiki/Ceteris_paribus" title="Ceteris paribus">ceteris paribus</a> (all other things being equal), a company that paid its workers more than required by the market would be unable to <a href="/wiki/Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">compete</a> with those that pay according to market rates.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another issue that has emerged is that living wages may be a less effective anti-poverty tool than other measures. Authors point to living wages as being only a limited way of addressing the problems of rising <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>, the increase of long-term low-wage jobs, and a decline of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unions</a> and legal protection for workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since living wage ordinances attempt to address the issue of a living wage, defined by some of its proponents as a <i>family</i> wage, rather than as an <i>individual</i> wage, many of the beneficiaries may already be in families that make substantially more than that necessary to provide an adequate standard of living; this argument focuses on the portion benefitting who are in poverty, rather than the portion in poverty who are benefitting. According to a survey of labor economists by the Employment Policies Institute in 2000, only 31% viewed living wages as a very or somewhat effective anti-poverty tool, while 98% viewed policies like the US earned income tax credit and general welfare grants in a similar vein.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, according to Zagros Madjd-Sadjadi, an economist with the State of California's Division of Labor Statistics and Research, the living wage may be seen by the public as preferable to other methods because it reinforces the <a href="/wiki/Moral_hazard" title="Moral hazard">work ethic</a> and ensures that there is something of value produced, unlike welfare, that is often believed to be a pure cash "gift" from the public coffers."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of a living wage based on its definition as a family wage has been criticized by some for emphasizing the role of men as breadwinners.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">Cost of living</a> – Cost to maintain a standard of living</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a> – Employment that respects the fundamental rights of the human person</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> – Economic theory promoting local control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_wage" title="Family wage">Family wage</a> – Sufficient pay to support a family</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a> – Social-welfare system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor market">Labor market</a> – Study of the markets for wage labour<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a> – Wage control law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a> – Lowest remuneration which can be paid legally in a state for working</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive rights">Positive rights</a> – Rights that oblige either inaction or action<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a> – Type of non-standard or temporary employment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">Standard of living</a> – Measure of income, comfort and services</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_crisis" title="Subsistence crisis">Subsistence crisis</a> – A crisis which occurs when access to basic necessities are challenged</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">Supply and demand</a> – Economic model of price determination in a market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Boards_Act_1909" title="Trade Boards Act 1909">Trade Boards Act 1909</a> – United Kingdom legislation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_inheritance" title="Universal inheritance">Universal inheritance</a> – economic endowment for all citizens upon reaching a certain age<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a> – Welfare system of unconditional income</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Living_Wage" title="Universal Living Wage">Universal Living Wage</a> – US campaign for a flexible living wage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a> – Working people whose incomes fall below the poverty line</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnkerAnker2017" class="citation book cs1">Anker, Richard; Anker, Martha (27 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iFjiDQAAQBAJ"><i>Living Wages Around the World: Manual for Measurement</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786431462" title="Special:BookSources/9781786431462"><bdi>9781786431462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Wages+Around+the+World%3A+Manual+for+Measurement&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft.isbn=9781786431462&rft.aulast=Anker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Anker%2C+Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiFjiDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasmeier2016" class="citation web cs1">Glasmeier, Amy (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218234040/http://livingwage.mit.edu/resources/Living-Wage-User-Guide-and-Technical-Notes-2016.pdf">"Living Wage Calculator, User's Guide / Technical Notes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livingwage.mit.edu/resources/Living-Wage-User-Guide-and-Technical-Notes-2016.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+Wage+Calculator%2C+User%27s+Guide+%2F+Technical+Notes&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Glasmeier&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivingwage.mit.edu%2Fresources%2FLiving-Wage-User-Guide-and-Technical-Notes-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/living-wage">"LIVING WAGE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary"</a>. <i>dictionary.cambridge.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=LIVING+WAGE+%7C+definition+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fliving-wage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard2017" class="citation book cs1">Richard, Anker (27 January 2017). <i>Living wages around the world : manual for measurement</i>. Cheltenham. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786431462" title="Special:BookSources/9781786431462"><bdi>9781786431462</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/970036008">970036008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+wages+around+the+world+%3A+manual+for+measurement&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F970036008&rft.isbn=9781786431462&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Anker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/05/economist-explains-24">"How a living wage is calculated"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 20 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+a+living+wage+is+calculated&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Feconomist-explains%2F2015%2F05%2Feconomist-explains-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20141027-LA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20141027-LA_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldermanGreenhouse2014" class="citation news cs1">Alderman, Liz; Greenhouse, Steven (27 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/business/international/living-wages-served-in-denmark-fast-food-restaurants.html">"Fast Food in Denmark Serves Something Atypical: Living Wages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fast+Food+in+Denmark+Serves+Something+Atypical%3A+Living+Wages&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft.aulast=Alderman&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft.au=Greenhouse%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F10%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Finternational%2Fliving-wages-served-in-denmark-fast-food-restaurants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConor_D’Arcy2017" class="citation web cs1">Conor D’Arcy, David Finch (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Living-Wage-calculation-paper.pdf">"Calculating a Living Wage for London and the rest of the UK"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Living Wage Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calculating+a+Living+Wage+for+London+and+the+rest+of+the+UK&rft.pub=Living+Wage+Foundation&rft.date=2017-11&rft.aulast=Conor+D%E2%80%99Arcy&rft.aufirst=David+Finch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.resolutionfoundation.org%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F11%2FLiving-Wage-calculation-paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livingwage.org.nz/what_is_the_living_wage">"What is the Living Wage?"</a>. <i>Living Wage Movement Aotearoa NZ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Living+Wage+Movement+Aotearoa+NZ&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Living+Wage%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingwage.org.nz%2Fwhat_is_the_living_wage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClary2009" class="citation journal cs1">Clary, Betsy Jane (1 November 2009). "Smith and Living Wages: Arguments in Support of a Mandated Living Wage". <i>American Journal of Economics and Sociology</i>. <b>68</b> (5): 1063–1084. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.2009.00653.x">10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00653.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1536-7150">1536-7150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Economics+and+Sociology&rft.atitle=Smith+and+Living+Wages%3A+Arguments+in+Support+of+a+Mandated+Living+Wage&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1063-1084&rft.date=2009-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.2009.00653.x&rft.issn=1536-7150&rft.aulast=Clary&rft.aufirst=Betsy+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernerLim2016" class="citation journal cs1">Werner, Andrea; Lim, Ming (1 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-015-2562-z">"The Ethics of the Living Wage: A Review and Research Agenda"</a>. <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i>. <b>137</b> (3): 433–447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-015-2562-z">10.1007/s10551-015-2562-z</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2381%2F42274">2381/42274</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-4544">0167-4544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+of+the+Living+Wage%3A+A+Review+and+Research+Agenda&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=433-447&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2381%2F42274&rft.issn=0167-4544&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-015-2562-z&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Lim%2C+Ming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10551-015-2562-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20140307-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20140307_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTritch2014" class="citation news cs1">Tritch, Teresa (March 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/07/f-d-r-makes-the-case-for-the-minimum-wage/">"F.D.R. Makes the Case for the Minimum Wage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=F.D.R.+Makes+the+Case+for+the+Minimum+Wage&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft.aulast=Tritch&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftakingnote.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F07%2Ff-d-r-makes-the-case-for-the-minimum-wage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odnirast.html">"Franklin Roosevelt's Statement on the National Industrial Recovery Act"</a>. <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum Our Documents</i>. 16 June 1933<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Franklin+D.+Roosevelt+Presidential+Library+and+Museum+Our+Documents&rft.atitle=Franklin+Roosevelt%27s+Statement+on+the+National+Industrial+Recovery+Act&rft.date=1933-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu%2Fodnirast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny1992" class="citation book cs1">Kenny, Anthony (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198240174.001.0001/acprof-9780198240174-chapter-3">"Happiness and Self-Sufficiency"</a>. <i>Aristotle on the Perfect Life</i>. pp. 23–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198240174.003.0003">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198240174.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198240174" title="Special:BookSources/9780198240174"><bdi>9780198240174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Happiness+and+Self-Sufficiency&rft.btitle=Aristotle+on+the+Perfect+Life&rft.pages=23-42&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198240174.003.0003&rft.isbn=9780198240174&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198240174.001.0001%2Facprof-9780198240174-chapter-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStabile2008" class="citation book cs1">Stabile, Donald (2008). <i>The Living Wage</i>. Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-197-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-197-2"><bdi>978-1-84844-197-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246985166">246985166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Wage&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+UK+%3B+Northampton%2C+MA&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Pub&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246985166&rft.isbn=978-1-84844-197-2&rft.aulast=Stabile&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">([1776] 1976). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clary,_B._2009-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clary,_B._2009_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clary,_B._2009_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClary2009" class="citation journal cs1">Clary, B. J. (2009). "Smith and Living Wages:Arguments in Support of a Mandated Living Wage". <i>American Journal of Economics and Sociology</i>. <b>68</b> (5): 1063–1084. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.2009.00653.x">10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00653.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Economics+and+Sociology&rft.atitle=Smith+and+Living+Wages%3AArguments+in+Support+of+a+Mandated+Living+Wage&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1063-1084&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.2009.00653.x&rft.aulast=Clary&rft.aufirst=B.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_P.2006" class="citation news cs1">William P., Quigley (28 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=4928">"The Living Wage and Catholic Social Teaching"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/America_(Jesuit_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="America (Jesuit magazine)">America</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America&rft.atitle=The+Living+Wage+and+Catholic+Social+Teaching&rft.date=2006-08-28&rft.aulast=William+P.&rft.aufirst=Quigley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle.cfm%3Farticle_id%3D4928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1912" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, John (1912). <i>A living wage: Its ethical and economic aspects</i>. London: MacMillan. pp. 27, 43, 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1532703553" title="Special:BookSources/978-1532703553"><bdi>978-1532703553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+living+wage%3A+Its+ethical+and+economic+aspects.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=27%2C+43%2C+46&rft.pub=MacMillan.&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=978-1532703553&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner, A. and Lim, M., 2016. The ethics of the living wage: A review and research agenda. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(3), pp.433-447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuilenburgSingh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Muilenburg, Kamal; Singh, Gangaram (1 January 2007). "The Modern Living Wage Movement". <i>Compensation & Benefits Review</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 21–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886368706297430">10.1177/0886368706297430</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0886-3687">0886-3687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153379818">153379818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Compensation+%26+Benefits+Review&rft.atitle=The+Modern+Living+Wage+Movement&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-28&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153379818%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0886-3687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0886368706297430&rft.aulast=Muilenburg&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gangaram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimshaw2004" class="citation book cs1">Grimshaw, D. (2004). <i>Living wage movements: Global perspectives</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 101–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+wage+movements%3A+Global+perspectives&rft.place=London&rft.pages=101-121&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Grimshaw&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sanders-wal-mart-wages-nowhere-near-enough">"Sanders: Wal-Mart Wages 'Nowhere Near Enough'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Sen. Bernie Sanders</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sen.+Bernie+Sanders&rft.atitle=Sanders%3A+Wal-Mart+Wages+%27Nowhere+Near+Enough%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanders.senate.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2Fsanders-wal-mart-wages-nowhere-near-enough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Why Is Living Wage Not the Minimum Wage?". <i>TIP: The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist</i>. <b>56</b>: 50–57. 2018 – via EBSCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIP%3A+The+Industrial-Organizational+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Why+Is+Living+Wage+Not+the+Minimum+Wage%3F&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=50-57&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/law/harvester.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091006041249/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/law/harvester.pdf">Archived</a> 6 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Doug (5 February 2013). "Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail". <i>SSRN Electronic Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.2212100">10.2139/ssrn.2212100</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166733679">166733679</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2212100">2212100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRN+Electronic+Journal&rft.atitle=Towards+Sustainable+Labour+Costing+in+UK+Fashion+Retail&rft.date=2013-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166733679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2212100%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.2212100&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The living wage per hour for an individual is calculated for a family unit with two working adults and two children.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_King" class="citation web cs1">Peter King, Charles Waldegrave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familycentre.org.nz/Publications/PDF's/Living_Wage_Investigation_Report_2013.pdf?PHPSESSID=350455423487260428345f65091bd94b">"Report of an investigation into defining a living wage for New Zealand"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Family Centre Social Policy Research Unit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+an+investigation+into+defining+a+living+wage+for+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Family+Centre+Social+Policy+Research+Unit&rft.aulast=Peter+King&rft.aufirst=Charles+Waldegrave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.familycentre.org.nz%2FPublications%2FPDF%27s%2FLiving_Wage_Investigation_Report_2013.pdf%3FPHPSESSID%3D350455423487260428345f65091bd94b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasmeier2017" class="citation web cs1">Glasmeier, Amy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livingwage.mit.edu/articles/27-new-data-up-calculation-of-the-living-wage">"Results from the 2017 Data Update"</a>. <i>livingwage.mit.edu</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livingwage.mit.edu&rft.atitle=Results+from+the+2017+Data+Update&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Glasmeier&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivingwage.mit.edu%2Farticles%2F27-new-data-up-calculation-of-the-living-wage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasmeier2017" class="citation web cs1">Glasmeier, Amy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livingwage.mit.edu/counties/06037">"Living Wage Calculation for Los Angeles County, California"</a>. <i>livingwage.mit.edu</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livingwage.mit.edu&rft.atitle=Living+Wage+Calculation+for+Los+Angeles+County%2C+California&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Glasmeier&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivingwage.mit.edu%2Fcounties%2F06037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasmeier2017" class="citation web cs1">Glasmeier, Amy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livingwage.mit.edu/counties/36061">"Living Wage Calculation for New York County, New York"</a>. <i>livingwage.mit.edu</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livingwage.mit.edu&rft.atitle=Living+Wage+Calculation+for+New+York+County%2C+New+York&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Glasmeier&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivingwage.mit.edu%2Fcounties%2F36061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasmeier2017" class="citation web cs1">Glasmeier, Amy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livingwage.mit.edu/counties/06075">"Living Wage Calculation for San Francisco County, California"</a>. <i>livingwage.mit.edu</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livingwage.mit.edu&rft.atitle=Living+Wage+Calculation+for+San+Francisco+County%2C+California&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Glasmeier&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivingwage.mit.edu%2Fcounties%2F06075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-Live-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-Live_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Sparrow_and_Nick_Fletcher2015" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Sparrow and Nick Fletcher (8 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/live/2015/jul/08/budget-2015-live#block-559d1f1be4b032a39a3bb3d5">"Budget 2015 live: George Osborne announces 'living wage' of £9 an hour"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Budget+2015+live%3A+George+Osborne+announces+%27living+wage%27+of+%C2%A39+an+hour&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft.au=Andrew+Sparrow+and+Nick+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2Fblog%2Flive%2F2015%2Fjul%2F08%2Fbudget-2015-live%23block-559d1f1be4b032a39a3bb3d5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/national-minimum-wage-rates">"National Minimum Wage and National Living Wage rates"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=National+Minimum+Wage+and+National+Living+Wage+rates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fnational-minimum-wage-rates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Stone2015" class="citation news cs1">Jon Stone (8 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/george-osborne-s-living-wage-is-not-actually-a-living-wage-says-living-wage-foundation-10375897.html">"George Osborne's 'living wage' is not actually a living wage, says Living Wage Foundation"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=George+Osborne%27s+%27living+wage%27+is+not+actually+a+living+wage%2C+says+Living+Wage+Foundation&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft.au=Jon+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fgeorge-osborne-s-living-wage-is-not-actually-a-living-wage-says-living-wage-foundation-10375897.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mark_Smith-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mark_Smith_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Smith2014" class="citation news cs1">Mark Smith (9 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/lowest-paid-nhs-staff-wales-receive-7395693">"Lowest-paid NHS staff in Wales to receive living wage increase in pay"</a>. <i>Wales Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=Lowest-paid+NHS+staff+in+Wales+to+receive+living+wage+increase+in+pay&rft.date=2014-07-09&rft.au=Mark+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Flowest-paid-nhs-staff-wales-receive-7395693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellandi,_Deanna2006" class="citation news cs1">Bellandi, Deanna (27 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/27/AR2006072700197.html">"Chicago Council Passes 'Living Wage' Act"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Chicago+Council+Passes+%27Living+Wage%27+Act&rft.date=2006-07-27&rft.au=Bellandi%2C+Deanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F07%2F27%2FAR2006072700197.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/employment/2006-09-11-chicago-wage_x.htm">"Mayor vetoes Chicago's 'living wage' ordinance aimed at big retailers"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. 11 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Mayor+vetoes+Chicago%27s+%27living+wage%27+ordinance+aimed+at+big+retailers&rft.date=2006-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fmoney%2Feconomy%2Femployment%2F2006-09-11-chicago-wage_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720042603/http://www.epi.org/content.cfm/issueguides_livingwage_livingwagefaq">"Living Wage: Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epi.org/content.cfm/issueguides_livingwage_livingwagefaq">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(factsheet)</span> on 20 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+Wage%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epi.org%2Fcontent.cfm%2Fissueguides_livingwage_livingwagefaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingwage.mit.edu/">"Living Wage Calculator"</a>. <i>livingwage.mit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livingwage.mit.edu&rft.atitle=Living+Wage+Calculator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivingwage.mit.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobias" class="citation web cs1">Tobias, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://watchdog.org/169954/union-wisconsin-wage/">"Union group coordinated with elected officials to defeat anti-living wage bill"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+group+coordinated+with+elected+officials+to+defeat+anti-living+wage+bill&rft.aulast=Tobias&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwatchdog.org%2F169954%2Funion-wisconsin-wage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott Adams and David Neumark, " The Effects of Living Wage Laws: Evidence from Failed and Derailed Living Wage Campaigns, " <i>Journal of Urban Economics</i> 58 (September 2005): 177-202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JoLR-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JoLR_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JoLR_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClain2007" class="citation journal cs1">Clain, S. H. (2007). "How Living Wage Legislation Affects U.S. Poverty Rates". <i>Journal of Labor Research</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 205–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12122-007-9028-8">10.1007/s12122-007-9028-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153424688">153424688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Labor+Research&rft.atitle=How+Living+Wage+Legislation+Affects+U.S.+Poverty+Rates&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=205-218&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12122-007-9028-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153424688%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Clain&rft.aufirst=S.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forworkingfamilies.org/resources/policy-tools-living-wage">"Policy & Tools: Living Wage | The Partnership For Working Families"</a>. <i>www.forworkingfamilies.org</i>. 17 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.forworkingfamilies.org&rft.atitle=Policy+%26+Tools%3A+Living+Wage+%7C+The+Partnership+For+Working+Families&rft.date=2012-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forworkingfamilies.org%2Fresources%2Fpolicy-tools-living-wage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neumark D, Adams S (2003a) Do living wage ordinances reduce urban poverty? J Hum Resour 38:490–521 (Summer)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZengHonig2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zeng, Zhaocheng; Honig, Benson (1 March 2017). "A study of living wage effects on employees' performance-related attitudes and behaviour". <i>Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 19–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcjas.1375">10.1002/cjas.1375</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1936-4490">1936-4490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Administrative+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+study+of+living+wage+effects+on+employees%27+performance-related+attitudes+and+behaviour&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-32&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcjas.1375&rft.issn=1936-4490&rft.aulast=Zeng&rft.aufirst=Zhaocheng&rft.au=Honig%2C+Benson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anker,_R._2006-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anker,_R._2006_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anker,_R._2006_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anker, R. (2006). Living wages around the world: A new methodology and internationally comparable estimates. International Labour Review, 145(4), 308-338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reports.nlihc.org/oor">"Out Of Reach"</a>. <i>National Low Income Housing Coalition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Low+Income+Housing+Coalition&rft.atitle=Out+Of+Reach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freports.nlihc.org%2Foor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/crsp/mis/thelivingwage/">"The Living Wage"</a>. <i>Loughborough University:Centre for Research in Social Policy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loughborough+University%3ACentre+for+Research+in+Social+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Living+Wage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fcrsp%2Fmis%2Fthelivingwage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livingwage.org.uk/history">"History"</a>. Living Wage Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Living+Wage+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingwage.org.uk%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lwf-calc-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lwf-calc_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livingwage.org.uk/calculation">"The Calculation"</a>. Living Wage Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Calculation&rft.pub=Living+Wage+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingwage.org.uk%2Fcalculation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livingwage.org.uk/news/new-living-wage-commission-launched-oversee-living-wage-calculation">"New Living Wage Commission launched to oversee the Living Wage calculation"</a> (Press release). Living Wage Foundation. 12 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Living+Wage+Commission+launched+to+oversee+the+Living+Wage+calculation&rft.pub=Living+Wage+Foundation&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingwage.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fnew-living-wage-commission-launched-oversee-living-wage-calculation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034637/http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Living-Wage-Costs-and-Benefits.pdf">"Costs and Benefits of a Living Wage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Queen Mary University of London</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Living-Wage-Costs-and-Benefits.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queen+Mary+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Costs+and+Benefits+of+a+Living+Wage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trustforlondon.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F10%2FLiving-Wage-Costs-and-Benefits.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/policy-change/strategic-work-item/london-living-wage/">"London Living Wage"</a>. <i>Trust for London</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trust+for+London&rft.atitle=London+Living+Wage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trustforlondon.org.uk%2Fpolicy-change%2Fstrategic-work-item%2Flondon-living-wage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215190641/http://www.resolutionfoundation.org/media/media/downloads/Beyond_the_Bottom_Line_-_FINAL.pdf">"Beyond the Bottom Line"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Resolution Foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resolutionfoundation.org/media/media/downloads/Beyond_the_Bottom_Line_-_FINAL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resolution+Foundation&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Bottom+Line&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resolutionfoundation.org%2Fmedia%2Fmedia%2Fdownloads%2FBeyond_the_Bottom_Line_-_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213229/http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Final_What_Price_a_Living_Wage_1.pdf">"What price a living wage?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Trust for London</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Final_What_Price_a_Living_Wage_1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trust+for+London&rft.atitle=What+price+a+living+wage%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trustforlondon.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F01%2FFinal_What_Price_a_Living_Wage_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023125250/https://www.unison.org.uk/upload/sharepoint/Briefings%20and%20Circulars/Landman%20Economics%20Living%20Wage%20Report%20-%20Final.pdf">"The Economic Impact of Extending the Living Wage to all Employees in the UK"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Landman Economics</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unison.org.uk/upload/sharepoint/Briefings%20and%20Circulars/Landman%20Economics%20Living%20Wage%20Report%20-%20Final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landman+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Impact+of+Extending+the+Living+Wage+to+all+Employees+in+the+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unison.org.uk%2Fupload%2Fsharepoint%2FBriefings%2520and%2520Circulars%2FLandman%2520Economics%2520Living%2520Wage%2520Report%2520-%2520Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-27981975">"Working poverty is 'national scandal' says Archbishop"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Working+poverty+is+%27national+scandal%27+says+Archbishop&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-27981975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londonspovertyprofile.org.uk/indicators/topics/low-pay/low-paid-residents/">"Low-paid residents by borough"</a>. <i>London's poverty profile</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London%27s+poverty+profile&rft.atitle=Low-paid+residents+by+borough&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.londonspovertyprofile.org.uk%2Findicators%2Ftopics%2Flow-pay%2Flow-paid-residents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-34505114">"More jobs paying below living wage"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=More+jobs+paying+below+living+wage&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-34505114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/publications/minimum-income-standard-london-201617/">"A Minimum Income Standard for London 2016/17"</a>. <i>Trust for London</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trust+for+London&rft.atitle=A+Minimum+Income+Standard+for+London+2016%2F17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trustforlondon.org.uk%2Fpublications%2Fminimum-income-standard-london-201617%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Living_Wage_Campaign-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Living_Wage_Campaign_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722013144/http://livingwage.edmiliband.org/">"The Living Wage Campaign"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livingwage.edmiliband.org">the original</a> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Living+Wage+Campaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivingwage.edmiliband.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24807471">"Ed Miliband: Only Labour can secure 'recovery for all'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ed+Miliband%3A+Only+Labour+can+secure+%27recovery+for+all%27&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-24807471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-18392068">"Birmingham City Council plans to introduce 'living wage'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Birmingham+City+Council+plans+to+introduce+%27living+wage%27&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-birmingham-18392068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18694130">"Cardiff council low paid get £1,500 'living wage' rise"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 3 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Cardiff+council+low+paid+get+%C2%A31%2C500+%27living+wage%27+rise&rft.date=2012-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-18694130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenparty.org.uk-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greenparty.org.uk_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greenparty.org.uk/values/jobs-2010/">"Green Party - Jobs and a Living Wage"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+Party+-+Jobs+and+a+Living+Wage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreenparty.org.uk%2Fvalues%2Fjobs-2010%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Living_wage-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Living_wage_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.church-poverty.org.uk/livingwage">"Living wage"</a>. <i>Church-poverty.org.uk\accessdate=2015-05-19</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church-poverty.org.uk%5Caccessdate%3D2015-05-19&rft.atitle=Living+wage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.church-poverty.org.uk%2Flivingwage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-test_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bloomsburyfightback.wordpress.com/2011/08/03/no-poverty-wages-write-to-the-vc-of-the-university-of-london">"Support the Senate House London Living Wage Campaign"</a>. <i>Bloomsbury Fightback!</i>. 3 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomsbury+Fightback%21&rft.atitle=Support+the+Senate+House+London+Living+Wage+Campaign&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbloomsburyfightback.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F08%2F03%2Fno-poverty-wages-write-to-the-vc-of-the-university-of-london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/9463f6-historic-nmw-rates/">"The history of the minimum wage in Ireland"</a>. <i>www.gov.ie</i>. 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.ie&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+minimum+wage+in+Ireland&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ie%2Fen%2Fpublication%2F9463f6-historic-nmw-rates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreland2016" class="citation web cs1">Ireland, Living Wage (August 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livingwage.ie/about/who-supports-the-living-w/">"Who Supports the Living Wage"</a>. <i>Living Wage Ireland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Wage+Ireland&rft.atitle=Who+Supports+the+Living+Wage&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.aulast=Ireland&rft.aufirst=Living+Wage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingwage.ie%2Fabout%2Fwho-supports-the-living-w%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreland2016" class="citation web cs1">Ireland, Minimum Essentials Budget for (October 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.budgeting.ie/living-wage/">"Living Wage 2021/22 - €12.90 per hour"</a>. <i>Minimum Essentials Budget for Ireland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minimum+Essentials+Budget+for+Ireland&rft.atitle=Living+Wage+2021%2F22+-+%E2%82%AC12.90+per+hour&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Ireland&rft.aufirst=Minimum+Essentials+Budget+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.budgeting.ie%2Fliving-wage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2021" class="citation web cs1">McDermott, Stephen (15 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/low-pay-commission-living-wage-minimum-wage-5410418-Apr2021/">"Low Pay Commission to examine increasing minimum wage by €2.10 per hour"</a>. <i>TheJournal.ie</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=Low+Pay+Commission+to+examine+increasing+minimum+wage+by+%E2%82%AC2.10+per+hour&rft.date=2021-04-15&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Flow-pay-commission-living-wage-minimum-wage-5410418-Apr2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sinnfein.ie/decent-work-and-a-living-wage-policy">"Decent Work And A Living Wage"</a>. <i>www.sinnfein.ie</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sinnfein.ie&rft.atitle=Decent+Work+And+A+Living+Wage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinnfein.ie%2Fdecent-work-and-a-living-wage-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialdemocrats.ie/social-democrats-support-living-wage-increase-but-stress-need-to-reduce-living-costs/">"Social Democrats support Living Wage increase - but stress need to reduce living costs"</a>. <i>Social Democrats</i>. July 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Democrats&rft.atitle=Social+Democrats+support+Living+Wage+increase+-+but+stress+need+to+reduce+living+costs&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialdemocrats.ie%2Fsocial-democrats-support-living-wage-increase-but-stress-need-to-reduce-living-costs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuann" class="citation web cs1">Quann, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstalk.com/news/smith-solidarity-pbp-want-living-wage-least-e15-00-961932">"Smith: Solidarity-PBP want living wage of at least €15.00"</a>. <i>Newstalk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newstalk&rft.atitle=Smith%3A+Solidarity-PBP+want+living+wage+of+at+least+%E2%82%AC15.00&rft.aulast=Quann&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstalk.com%2Fnews%2Fsmith-solidarity-pbp-want-living-wage-least-e15-00-961932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.labour.ie/livingwage/">"Towards a Living Wage"</a>. <i>The Labour Party</i>. November 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Labour+Party&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Living+Wage&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labour.ie%2Flivingwage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aontu.ie/workers-rights">"Workers Rights"</a>. <i>Aontú</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aont%C3%BA&rft.atitle=Workers+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faontu.ie%2Fworkers-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2020" class="citation web cs1">Hunt, Conor (5 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/campaign-daily/2020/0205/1113407-aontu-outlines-its-childcare-policies/">"Aontú outlines its childcare policies"</a>. <i>RTE.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTE.ie&rft.atitle=Aont%C3%BA+outlines+its+childcare+policies&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2Fcampaign-daily%2F2020%2F0205%2F1113407-aontu-outlines-its-childcare-policies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f702-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-f702_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodbody2021" class="citation web cs1">Goodbody, Will (29 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2021/0929/1249536-living-wage/">"Living Wage group recommends 60c rise to €12.90 an hour"</a>. <i>RTE.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTE.ie&rft.atitle=Living+Wage+group+recommends+60c+rise+to+%E2%82%AC12.90+an+hour&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft.aulast=Goodbody&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F2021%2F0929%2F1249536-living-wage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2021" class="citation web cs1">O'Sullivan, Maeve (2 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/living-wage-ireland-wants-to-be-worlds-leader-but-could-crush-small-businesses-161012">"Living wage: Ireland wants to be world's leader – but could crush small businesses"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Living+wage%3A+Ireland+wants+to+be+world%27s+leader+%E2%80%93+but+could+crush+small+businesses&rft.date=2021-06-02&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Maeve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fliving-wage-ireland-wants-to-be-worlds-leader-but-could-crush-small-businesses-161012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangan2020" class="citation web cs1">Mangan, Ian (January 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/aldi-living-wage-ireland-2020-21345449">"Living Wage to be paid to Aldi staff in Ireland from February 1"</a>. <i>Irish Mirror</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Mirror&rft.atitle=Living+Wage+to+be+paid+to+Aldi+staff+in+Ireland+from+February+1&rft.date=2020-01-23&rft.aulast=Mangan&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishmirror.ie%2Fnews%2Firish-news%2Faldi-living-wage-ireland-2020-21345449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall" class="citation news cs1">Wall, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/government-asks-low-pay-commission-to-design-living-wage-in-irish-context-1.4537593">"Government asks Low Pay Commission to design 'living wage' in Irish context"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Government+asks+Low+Pay+Commission+to+design+%27living+wage%27+in+Irish+context&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Fgovernment-asks-low-pay-commission-to-design-living-wage-in-irish-context-1.4537593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettina_Musiolek2011" class="citation report cs1">Bettina Musiolek (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-china.net/web/cms/upload/pdf/materialien/2011_Musiolek-Asia_Floor_Wage.pdf">The Asia Floor Wage campaign – Decent income for garment workers in Asia</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Ostwind Institut<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Asia+Floor+Wage+campaign+%E2%80%93+Decent+income+for+garment+workers+in+Asia&rft.pub=Ostwind+Institut&rft.date=2011-10&rft.au=Bettina+Musiolek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eu-china.net%2Fweb%2Fcms%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Fmaterialien%2F2011_Musiolek-Asia_Floor_Wage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folbre-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Folbre_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folbre_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolbre2011" class="citation news cs1">Folbre, Nancy (23 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/23/a-new-york-city-living-wage/">"A New York City 'Living Wage'? A New York City 'Living Wage'? A New York City 'Living Wage'?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+New+York+City+%27Living+Wage%27%3F+A+New+York+City+%27Living+Wage%27%3F+A+New+York+City+%27Living+Wage%27%3F&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft.aulast=Folbre&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomix.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F23%2Fa-new-york-city-living-wage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNissen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Nissen, Bruce (Fall 2000). "Living Wage Campaigns from a 'Social Movement' Perspective: The Miami Experience". <i>Labor Studies Journal</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 29–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0160449X0002500302">10.1177/0160449X0002500302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145285720">145285720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labor+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=Living+Wage+Campaigns+from+a+%27Social+Movement%27+Perspective%3A+The+Miami+Experience.&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=29-50&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0160449X0002500302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145285720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nissen&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurken2018" class="citation news cs1">Turken, Sam (10 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wlrn.org/post/miami-dade-commission-approves-extension-living-wage-ordinance-airport-workers">"Miami-Dade Commission Approves Extension Of Living Wage Ordinance To Airport Workers"</a>. WLRN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Miami-Dade+Commission+Approves+Extension+Of+Living+Wage+Ordinance+To+Airport+Workers&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.aulast=Turken&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wlrn.org%2Fpost%2Fmiami-dade-commission-approves-extension-living-wage-ordinance-airport-workers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2012" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Megan (8 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130120062308/http://www2.dailyprogress.com/news/2012/feb/08/uva-living-wage-campaign-threatens-action-ar-1674692/">"UVa Living Wage Campaign threatens 'action'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Progress" title="The Daily Progress">The Daily Progress</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.dailyprogress.com/news/2012/feb/08/uva-living-wage-campaign-threatens-action-ar-1674692/">the original</a> on 20 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Progress&rft.atitle=UVa+Living+Wage+Campaign+threatens+%27action%27&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.dailyprogress.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2Ffeb%2F08%2Fuva-living-wage-campaign-threatens-action-ar-1674692%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130205024655/http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/2012/feb/20/12-uva-students-go-hunger-strike-protest-employee--ar-1702202/">"12 U.Va. students go on hunger strike to protest employee pay"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Times-Dispatch" title="Richmond Times-Dispatch">Richmond Times-Dispatch</a></i>. 20 February 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/2012/feb/20/12-uva-students-go-hunger-strike-protest-employee--ar-1702202/">the original</a> on 5 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Richmond+Times-Dispatch&rft.atitle=12+U.Va.+students+go+on+hunger+strike+to+protest+employee+pay&rft.date=2012-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.timesdispatch.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2Ffeb%2F20%2F12-uva-students-go-hunger-strike-protest-employee--ar-1702202%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLen_Shackleton2012" class="citation web cs1">Len Shackleton (11 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org.uk/blog/living-wage-likely-to-destroy-jobs-and-increase-poverty">"Living Wage likely to destroy jobs and increase poverty"</a>. Institute of Economic Affairs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+Wage+likely+to+destroy+jobs+and+increase+poverty&rft.pub=Institute+of+Economic+Affairs&rft.date=2012-09-11&rft.au=Len+Shackleton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org.uk%2Fblog%2Fliving-wage-likely-to-destroy-jobs-and-increase-poverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21565994-sense-and-nonsense-about-minimum-wages-wage-flaws">"Wage flaws"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 10 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Wage+flaws&rft.date=2012-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbritain%2F21565994-sense-and-nonsense-about-minimum-wages-wage-flaws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernerLim2016" class="citation journal cs1">Werner, Andrea; Lim, Ming (1 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-015-2562-z">"The Ethics of the Living Wage: A Review and Research Agenda"</a>. <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i>. <b>137</b> (3): 433–447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-015-2562-z">10.1007/s10551-015-2562-z</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2381%2F42274">2381/42274</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0697">1573-0697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+of+the+Living+Wage%3A+A+Review+and+Research+Agenda&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=433-447&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2381%2F42274&rft.issn=1573-0697&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-015-2562-z&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Lim%2C+Ming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10551-015-2562-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pollin, Robert (25 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/working_papers/working_papers_51-100/WP61.pdf">"Evaluating Living Wage Laws in the United States: Good Intentions and Economic Reality in Conflict?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Economic Development Quarterly</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 3–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891242404268641">10.1177/0891242404268641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13831589">13831589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Development+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Evaluating+Living+Wage+Laws+in+the+United+States%3A+Good+Intentions+and+Economic+Reality+in+Conflict%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-24&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0891242404268641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13831589%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pollin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peri.umass.edu%2Ffileadmin%2Fpdf%2Fworking_papers%2Fworking_papers_51-100%2FWP61.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epionline.org/studies/r13/">"The Living Wage: Survey of Labor Economists"</a>. <i>Employment Policies Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Employment+Policies+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Living+Wage%3A+Survey+of+Labor+Economists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epionline.org%2Fstudies%2Fr13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madjd-Sadjadi, Zagros (2001), <i>Living Wages: The Issues and the Impact</i> Division of Labor Statistics and Research, California Department of Industrial Relations, San Francisco, California, p. 10</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>S Webb and B Webb, <i><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Democracy" title="Industrial Democracy">Industrial Democracy</a></i> (Longmans 1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Ryan" title="John A. Ryan">Ryan, John A.</a> <i>Living Wage</i> Macmillan, New York 1906 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39046728">39046728</a></li> <li>Gertner, Jon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/15/magazine/15wage.html">"What is a Living Wage?"</a>, The New York Times, 15 January 2006</li> <li>Madjd-Sadjadi, Zagros, <i>Living Wages: The Issues and the Impact</i> Division of Labor Statistics and Research, California Department of Industrial Relations, San Francisco, 2001</li> <li>Sklar, Holly; Mykyta, Laryssa; Wefald, Susan, "Raise The Floor: Wages and Policies That Work For All Of Us", 2002, South End Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807100933/http://www.southendpress.org/2004/items/RaisetheFloor">South End Press | Raise the Floor</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-683-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89608-683-6">0-89608-683-6</a></li> <li>Nadeem, Shehzad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-JH33IILFskC&dq=shehzad+nadeem+living+wage+movement&pg=PA137">"The Living Wage Movement and the Economics of Morality,"</a>, Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change 28: 137–67 (2008)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Doug (2013). "Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail". <i>SSRN Electronic Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.2212100">10.2139/ssrn.2212100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068">1556-5068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRN+Electronic+Journal&rft.atitle=Towards+Sustainable+Labour+Costing+in+UK+Fashion+Retail&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.2212100&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiving+wage" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Living_wage" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Living wage">Living wage</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingwage.mit.edu/">Living Wage Calculator</a> (<a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universallivingwage.org">Universal Living Wage Campaign</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acorn.org/index.php?id=16982&L=1%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D4201,">ACORN Living Wage campaign</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207163335/http://www.epi.org/research/jobs-wages-and-living-standards/">Economic Policy Institute – Living Wage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epi.org/resources/budget/">Economic Policy Institute – Family Budget Calculator</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517002521/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/economic_unit/workstreams/living-wage.jsp">London Living Wage Unit page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livingwagenyc.org/">New York Living Wage Campaign</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laborfair.com/resources.php">LaborFair Resources</a> – Fair Labor Practices.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120221032513/http://www.livingwageatuva.org/">Living Wage Campaign at The University of Virginia</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2212100">Use IE techniques to determine Living Wage</a> (Doug Miller, <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a>, UK).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2006/0506wicks.html">Measuring the Full Impact of Minimum and Living Wage Laws</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dollars_%26_Sense" title="Dollars & Sense">Dollars & Sense Magazine</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/business/international/living-wages-served-in-denmark-fast-food-restaurants.html">Living Wages, Rarity for U.S. Fast-Food Workers, Served Up in Denmark</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</i> (October 2014).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Employment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Employment" title="Template:Employment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Employment" title="Template talk:Employment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Employment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Employment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Employment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">Academic tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_employment_(contract)" title="Casual employment (contract)">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_work" title="Contingent work">Contingent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-time_job" title="Full-time job">Full-time job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_sharing" title="Job sharing">Job sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part-time_job" title="Part-time job">Part-time job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-employment" title="Self-employment">Self-employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_job" title="Side job">Side job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skilled_worker" title="Skilled worker">Skilled worker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">Journeyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technician" title="Technician">Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradesperson" title="Tradesperson">Tradesperson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent contractor">Independent contractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_hire" title="Labour hire">Labour hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">Temporary work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laborer" title="Laborer">Laborer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Hiring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_for_employment" title="Application for employment">Application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_check" title="Background check">Background check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_networking" title="Business networking">Business networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_letter" title="Cover letter">Cover letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_vitae" title="Curriculum vitae">Curriculum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">Employment contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_counsellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment counsellor">Employment counsellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_search" title="Executive search">Executive search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_search_firms" title="List of executive search firms">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_programme" title="Induction programme">Induction programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_fair" title="Job fair">Job fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_fraud" title="Job fraud">Job fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_hunting" title="Job hunting">Job hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_interview" title="Job interview">Job interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_recommendation" title="Letter of recommendation">Letter of recommendation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onboarding" title="Onboarding">Onboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overqualification" title="Overqualification">Overqualification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person%E2%80%93environment_fit" title="Person–environment fit">Person–environment fit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality%E2%80%93job_fit_theory" title="Personality–job fit theory">Personality–job fit theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_hire" title="Personality hire">Personality hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation_(workplace)" title="Probation (workplace)">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9" title="Résumé">Résumé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates" title="Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates">Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underemployment" title="Underemployment">Underemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-at-home_scheme" title="Work-at-home scheme">Work-at-home scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee">Employee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employer" class="mw-redirect" title="Employer">Employer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internship" title="Internship">Internship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job" class="mw-redirect" title="Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_hire" title="Labour hire">Labour hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_employment" title="Permanent employment">Permanent employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisor" title="Supervisor">Supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">Volunteering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Working class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Red-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">No-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Orange-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Scarlet-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Black-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Gold-collar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Career" title="Career">Career</a> and <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">Apprenticeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">Artisan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_craftsman" title="Master craftsman">Master craftsman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avocation" title="Avocation">Avocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_assessment" title="Career assessment">Career assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_counseling" title="Career counseling">Career counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_development" title="Career development">Career development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching" title="Coaching">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">E-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employability" title="Employability">Employability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_training" title="Induction training">Induction training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">Licensure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifelong_learning" title="Lifelong learning">Lifelong learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overspecialization" title="Overspecialization">Overspecialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice-based_professional_learning" title="Practice-based professional learning">Practice-based professional learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">Professional certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">Professional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_practice" title="Reflective practice">Reflective practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraining" title="Retraining">Retraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentorship" title="Mentorship">Mentorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Outlook_Handbook" title="Occupational Outlook Handbook">Occupational Outlook Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_firm" title="Practice firm">Practice firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operator_(profession)" title="Operator (profession)">Operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">Professional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">Tradesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">Vocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attendance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_room" title="Break room">Break room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_break" title="Career break">Career break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furlough" title="Furlough">Furlough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_year" title="Gap year">Gap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave_of_absence" title="Leave of absence">Leave of absence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_service_leave" title="Long service leave">Long service leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_call,_no_show" title="No call, no show">No call, no show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">Sabbatical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_clock" title="Time clock">Time clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schedule_(workplace)" title="Schedule (workplace)">Schedules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-day week">Four-day week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/996_working_hour_system" title="996 working hour system">996 working hour system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flextime" title="Flextime">Flextime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-call" class="mw-redirect" title="On-call">On-call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime" title="Overtime">Overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">Remote work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_work" title="Shift work">Shift work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_time" title="Working time">Working time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workweek_and_weekend" title="Workweek and weekend">Workweek and weekend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">Wages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Income_bracket" title="Income bracket">Income bracket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">Income tax</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Living wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_average_salary" title="National average salary">National average salary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of countries by average wage">World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_Canada" title="Minimum wage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Ordinance" title="Minimum Wage Ordinance">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_wage" title="Progressive wage">Progressive wage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_wage" title="Progressive wage">Singapore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_rate" title="Overtime rate">Overtime rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_time_off" title="Paid time off">Paid time off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance-related_pay" title="Performance-related pay">Performance-related pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salary_cap" title="Salary cap">Salary cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_compression" title="Wage compression">Wage compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Employee_benefits" title="Employee benefits">Benefits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_leave" title="Annual leave">Annual leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_Friday" title="Casual Friday">Casual Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_insurance" title="Disability insurance">Disability insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_leave" title="Marriage leave">Marriage leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">Parental leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">Pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave_in_the_United_States" title="Sick leave in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take-home_vehicle" title="Take-home vehicle">Take-home vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Safety and health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunch_(video_games)" title="Crunch (video games)">Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_and_employment" title="Epilepsy and employment">Epilepsy and employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rate_of_fatal_workplace_accidents" title="List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents">List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Occupational burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">Occupational disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">Occupational injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_noise" title="Occupational noise">Occupational noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">Repetitive strain injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit_in_the_United_States" title="Right to sit in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_accident" title="Work accident">Work accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_fatality" title="Occupational fatality">Occupational fatality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Workplace health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_phobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace phobia">Workplace phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_wellness" title="Workplace wellness">Workplace wellness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corporate_collapses_and_scandals" title="List of corporate collapses and scandals">Corporate collapses and scandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_scandals" title="Accounting scandals">Accounting scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_fraud" title="Control fraud">Control fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behaviour" title="Corporate behaviour">Corporate behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_handbook" title="Employee handbook">Employee handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_monitoring" title="Employee monitoring">Employee monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation_(workplace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaluation (workplace)">Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_while_on_duty" title="Sleeping while on duty">Sleeping while on duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_theft" title="Wage theft">Wage theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Willingness</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreout" title="Boreout">Boreout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careerism" title="Careerism">Careerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead-end_job" title="Dead-end job">Dead-end job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_satisfaction" title="Job satisfaction">Job satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McJob" title="McJob">McJob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_commitment" title="Organizational commitment">Organizational commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Bonded labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labour camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_wages" title="Truck wages">Truck wages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">Work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Termination_of_employment" title="Termination of employment">Termination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At-will_employment" title="At-will employment">At-will employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_(employment)" title="Dismissal (employment)">Dismissal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_room" title="Banishment room">Banishment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_dismissal" title="Constructive dismissal">Constructive dismissal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_dismissal" title="Wrongful dismissal">Wrongful dismissal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_offboarding" title="Employee offboarding">Employee offboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_interview" title="Exit interview">Exit interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layoff" title="Layoff">Layoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notice_period" title="Notice period">Notice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slip_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pink slip (employment)">Pink slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation" title="Resignation">Resignation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_resignation" title="Letter of resignation">Letter of resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restructuring" title="Restructuring">Restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement" title="Retirement">Retirement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_retirement" title="Mandatory retirement">Mandatory retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_age" title="Retirement age">Retirement age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_planning" title="Retirement planning">Retirement planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severance_package" title="Severance package">Severance package</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_handshake" title="Golden handshake">Golden handshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_parachute" title="Golden parachute">Golden parachute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnover (employment)">Turnover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discouraged_worker" title="Discouraged worker">Discouraged worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Economic depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frictional_unemployment" title="Frictional unemployment">Frictional unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">Full employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_unemployment" title="Graduate unemployment">Graduate unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_unemployment" title="Involuntary unemployment">Involuntary unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobless_recovery" title="Jobless recovery">Jobless recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_losses_caused_by_the_Great_Recession" title="Job losses caused by the Great Recession">Job losses caused by the Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_recessions" title="Lists of recessions">Lists of recessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession-proof_job" title="Recession-proof job">Recession-proof job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_army_of_labour" title="Reserve army of labour">Reserve army of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_unemployment" title="Structural unemployment">Structural unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_unemployment" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of unemployment">Types of unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_Convention,_1919" title="Unemployment Convention, 1919">Unemployment Convention, 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_extension" title="Unemployment extension">Unemployment extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">List of countries by unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment-to-population_ratio" title="Employment-to-population ratio">Employment-to-population ratio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_employment_rate" title="List of sovereign states by employment rate">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_curve" title="Wage curve">Wage curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_unemployment" title="Youth unemployment">Youth unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">Workfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">Unemployment insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-work_job" title="Make-work job">Make-work job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation program">Job creation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation_index" title="Job creation index">Job creation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employer_of_last_resort" title="Employer of last resort">Employer of last resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li> <li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><i>U.S.A.:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Employment_and_Training_Act" title="Comprehensive Employment and Training Act">Comprehensive Employment and Training Act</a> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_job" title="Bullshit job">Bullshit job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busy_work" title="Busy work">Busy work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credentialism_and_educational_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Credentialism and educational inflation">Credentialism and educational inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">Emotional labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Going_postal" title="Going postal">Going postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-work_job" title="Make-work job">Make-work job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presenteeism" title="Presenteeism">Presenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_scaries" title="Sunday scaries">Sunday scaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">Workhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> See also templates</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Template:Aspects of corporations">Aspects of corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_jobs" title="Template:Aspects of jobs">Aspects of jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_occupations" title="Template:Aspects of occupations">Aspects of occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_organizations" title="Template:Aspects of organizations">Aspects of organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Template:Aspects of workplaces">Aspects of workplaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Corporate_titles" title="Template:Corporate titles">Corporate titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Critique_of_work" title="Template:Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_labor" title="Template:Organized labor">Organized labor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543406#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4153316-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="životní minimum"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph128025&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&oldid=1254378825">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&oldid=1254378825</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wages_and_salaries" title="Category:Wages and salaries">Wages and salaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_social_teaching" title="Category:Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_wikidata_descriptions_as_a_fallback_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 18:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Living_wage&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c4dcdbb87-zqgc9","wgBackendResponseTime":220,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.378","walltime":"1.674","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8896,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":197498,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3952,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":328413,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1409.190 1 -total"," 39.65% 558.756 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.68% 291.487 18 Template:Annotated_link"," 13.59% 191.460 46 Template:Cite_web"," 7.69% 108.415 6 Template:Cite_book"," 7.09% 99.919 20 Template:Cite_news"," 6.74% 94.911 1 Template:Employment"," 6.54% 92.111 1 Template:Navbox"," 5.98% 84.295 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.60% 64.817 12 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.805","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14864200,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-5df79d45d6-f5499","timestamp":"20241203070250","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Living wage","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Living_wage","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q543406","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q543406","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-03T01:53:36Z","dateModified":"2024-10-30T18:34:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1c\/Cost_of_Basic_but_Decent_Living.jpg","headline":"minimum income for worker to meet basic needs"}</script> </body> </html>