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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career_(1940–1972)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Early career (1940–1972) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_career_(1940–1972)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early career (1940–1972) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_career_(1940–1972)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entry_into_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_into_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Entry into politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_into_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitol_Broadcasting_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitol_Broadcasting_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Capitol Broadcasting Company </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitol_Broadcasting_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_campaign_of_1972" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_campaign_of_1972"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Senate campaign of 1972 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_campaign_of_1972-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Senate_term_(1973–1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Senate_term_(1973–1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 First Senate term (1973–1979) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_Senate_term_(1973–1979)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle First Senate term (1973–1979) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-First_Senate_term_(1973–1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entering_the_Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entering_the_Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Entering the Senate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entering_the_Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nixon_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nixon_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Nixon resignation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nixon_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1976_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 1976 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torrijos–Carter_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torrijos–Carter_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Torrijos–Carter treaties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torrijos–Carter_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1978_re-election_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1978_re-election_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 1978 re-election campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1978_re-election_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Senate_term_(1979–1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Senate_term_(1979–1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Second Senate term (1979–1985) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_Senate_term_(1979–1985)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Second Senate term (1979–1985) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Second_Senate_term_(1979–1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Senate_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Senate_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 New Senate term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Senate_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 1980 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republicans_take_the_Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republicans_take_the_Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Republicans take the Senate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republicans_take_the_Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_stamp_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_stamp_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Food stamp program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_stamp_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Economic policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Social issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984_re-election_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984_re-election_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 1984 re-election campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984_re-election_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Senate_term_(1985–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Senate_term_(1985–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Third Senate term (1985–1991) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Third_Senate_term_(1985–1991)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Third Senate term (1985–1991) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Third_Senate_term_(1985–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HIV_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 HIV legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990_re-election_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_re-election_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 1990 re-election campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_re-election_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Senate_term_(1991–1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Senate_term_(1991–1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Fourth Senate term (1991–1997) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fourth_Senate_term_(1991–1997)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fourth Senate term (1991–1997) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Senate_term_(1991–1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keating_Five_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keating_Five_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Keating Five investigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keating_Five_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 National Endowment for the Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Endowment_for_the_Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remarks_regarding_Moseley_Braun_and_Clinton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remarks_regarding_Moseley_Braun_and_Clinton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Remarks regarding Moseley Braun and Clinton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remarks_regarding_Moseley_Braun_and_Clinton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_majority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_majority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Republican majority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_majority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helms–Burton_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helms–Burton_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Helms–Burton Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helms–Burton_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996_re-election_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996_re-election_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 1996 re-election campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996_re-election_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_Senate_term_(1997–2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_Senate_term_(1997–2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Fifth Senate term (1997–2003) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fifth_Senate_term_(1997–2003)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fifth Senate term (1997–2003) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fifth_Senate_term_(1997–2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weld_ambassadorial_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weld_ambassadorial_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Weld ambassadorial nomination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weld_ambassadorial_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_Senate_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_Senate_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Final Senate years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_Senate_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Retirement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Senate_life_(2003–2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Senate_life_(2003–2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Post-Senate life (2003–2008) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-Senate_life_(2003–2008)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-Senate life (2003–2008) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-Senate_life_(2003–2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Social and political views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_political_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social and political views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Views_on_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Views on race </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Views on homosexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Religious views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jesse Helms</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2" title="جيسي هيلمز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيسي هيلمز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2" title="جسی هلمز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جسی هلمز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jesse Helms" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jesse Helms" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jesse Helms" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jesse Helms" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2" title="جسی هلمز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جسی هلمز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jesse Helms" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%8B%9C_%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84%EC%8A%A4" title="제시 헬름스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제시 헬름스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jesse Helms" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jesse Helms" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A1" title="ג'סי הלמס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'סי הלמס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesse_Alexander_Helms,_Minor" title="Iesse Alexander Helms, Minor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iesse Alexander Helms, Minor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jesse Helms" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3" title="چيسى هيلمس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چيسى هيلمس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jesse Helms" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA" title="ジェシー・ヘルムズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェシー・ヘルムズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1921–2008)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Jesse Helms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:JesseHelms_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/JesseHelms_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-JesseHelms_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/JesseHelms_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-JesseHelms_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/JesseHelms_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-JesseHelms_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="1036" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1973 – January 3, 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B._Everett_Jordan" title="B. Everett Jordan">B. Everett Jordan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 20, 2001 – June 6, 2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Joe Biden</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Claiborne Pell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Joe Biden</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Senate Agriculture Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Talmadge" title="Herman Talmadge">Herman Talmadge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jesse Alexander Helms Jr.</div> (1921-10-18)October 18, 1921 <a href="/wiki/Monroe,_North_Carolina" title="Monroe, North Carolina">Monroe, North Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 4, 2008(2008-07-04) (aged 86) <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Oakwood_Cemetery" title="Historic Oakwood Cemetery">Historic Oakwood Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (before 1970)<a href="#cite_note-Conservative_Republican_Victor-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Helms_Exhorts_Tobacco-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1970–2008)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Dot Coble</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1942)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wingate_University" title="Wingate University">Wingate University</a> <a href="/wiki/Wake_Forest_University" title="Wake Forest University">Wake Forest University</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="520" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1942–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen._Jesse_Helms_on_Issues_Facing_Secretary_of_State_Nominee_James_Baker.ogg" title="File:Sen. Jesse Helms on Issues Facing Secretary of State Nominee James Baker.ogg">Jesse Helms's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="364" data-mwtitle="Sen._Jesse_Helms_on_Issues_Facing_Secretary_of_State_Nominee_James_Baker.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Sen._Jesse_Helms_on_Issues_Facing_Secretary_of_State_Nominee_James_Baker.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Sen._Jesse_Helms_on_Issues_Facing_Secretary_of_State_Nominee_James_Baker.ogg/Sen._Jesse_Helms_on_Issues_Facing_Secretary_of_State_Nominee_James_Baker.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Jesse Helms addresses potential issues facing Secretary of State nominee <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> Recorded January 25, 1989</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="background:#CE2029; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JesseHelmsCropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/JesseHelmsCropped.png/75px-JesseHelmsCropped.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/JesseHelmsCropped.png/113px-JesseHelmsCropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/JesseHelmsCropped.png/150px-JesseHelmsCropped.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="760" /></a></td> <td style="background:#CE2029; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px;">This article is part of a series about <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jesse Helms</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Jesse_Helms" title="Electoral history of Jesse Helms">Electoral history</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congressional_Club" title="National Congressional Club">National Congressional Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helms_Amendment_to_the_Foreign_Assistance_Act" title="Helms Amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act">Helms Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helms%E2%80%93Burton_Act" title="Helms–Burton Act">Helms–Burton Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Food_Act_of_1981" title="Agriculture and Food Act of 1981">Agriculture and Food Act of 1981</a></li> <li>Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Service-Members%27_Protection_Act" title="American Service-Members' Protection Act">American Service-Members' Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Communism_Memorial" title="Victims of Communism Memorial">Victims of Communism Memorial</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Legacy</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms_Center" title="Jesse Helms Center">Jesse Helms Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse Helms School of Government">Jesse Helms School of Government</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/40px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, 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font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington (Booker)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye (Beverly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye (Tim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; 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border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Jesse Alexander Helms Jr. (October 18, 1921 – July 4, 2008) was an American politician. A leader in the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> movement, he served as a senator from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> from 1973 to 2003. As chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> from 1995 to 2001, he had a major voice in foreign policy. Helms helped organize and fund the conservative resurgence in the 1970s, focusing on <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s quest for the White House as well as helping many local and regional candidates. On domestic social issues, Helms opposed <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability rights">disability rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>, access to <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">abortions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act" title="Religious Freedom Restoration Act">Religious Freedom Restoration Act</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> He brought an "aggressiveness" to his conservatism, as in his rhetoric against <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snider_Helms_Hunt_1985-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Almanac_of_American_Politics" title="The Almanac of American Politics">The Almanac of American Politics</a> wrote that "no American politician is more controversial, beloved in some quarters and hated in others, than Jesse Helms".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> As chairman of the powerful Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he demanded an anti-communist foreign policy. His relations with the State Department were often acrimonious, and he blocked numerous presidential appointees. Helms was the longest-serving popularly elected senator in North Carolina's history. He was widely credited with shifting the one-party state into a competitive two-party state. He advocated the movement of conservatives from the Democratic Party – which he deemed too liberal – to the Republican Party. The Helms-controlled <a href="/wiki/National_Congressional_Club" title="National Congressional Club">National Congressional Club</a>'s state-of-the-art <a href="/wiki/Direct_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct mail">direct mail</a> operation raised millions of dollars for Helms and other conservative candidates, allowing Helms to outspend his opponents in most of his campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Helms was considered the most stridently conservative American politician of the post-1960s era,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> especially in opposition to federal intervention into what he considered state affairs (including legislating <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integration</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and enforcing suffrage through the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_education_(1921–1940)">Childhood and education (1921–1940)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Childhood and education (1921–1940)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesse_Helms,_Sr.,_quotation,_Wingate,_NC_IMG_4260.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jesse_Helms%2C_Sr.%2C_quotation%2C_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4260.JPG/200px-Jesse_Helms%2C_Sr.%2C_quotation%2C_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4260.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jesse_Helms%2C_Sr.%2C_quotation%2C_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4260.JPG/300px-Jesse_Helms%2C_Sr.%2C_quotation%2C_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4260.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jesse_Helms%2C_Sr.%2C_quotation%2C_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4260.JPG/400px-Jesse_Helms%2C_Sr.%2C_quotation%2C_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4260.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Advice from Jesse A. Helms Sr., to his son; <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms_Center" title="Jesse Helms Center">Jesse Helms Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wingate,_North_Carolina" title="Wingate, North Carolina">Wingate, North Carolina</a></figcaption></figure> Helms was born in 1921 in <a href="/wiki/Monroe,_North_Carolina" title="Monroe, North Carolina">Monroe, North Carolina</a>, where his father, nicknamed "Big Jesse", served as both fire chief and chief of police; his mother, Ethel Mae Helms, was a homemaker. Helms was of English ancestry on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-Link_2008_ch_1-9">[9]</a> Helms described Monroe as a community surrounded by farmland and with a population of about three thousand where "you knew just about everybody and just about everybody knew you."<a href="#cite_note-Helms3-10">[10]</a> The Helms family was poor during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, resulting in each of the children working from an early age. Helms acquired his first job sweeping floors at The Monroe Enquirer at age nine.<a href="#cite_note-Helms3-10">[10]</a> The family attended services each Sunday at First Baptist, Helms later saying he would never forget being served chickens raised in the family's backyard by his mother, following their weekly services. He recalled initially being bothered by their chickens becoming their food, but abandoned this view to allow himself to concentrate on his mother's cooking.<a href="#cite_note-Helms3-10">[10]</a> Helms recalled that his family rarely spoke about politics, reasoning that the political climate did not call for discussions as most of the people the family were acquainted with were members of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Link described Helms's father as having a domineering influence on the child's development, describing the pair as being similar in having the traits of being extrovert, effusive, and enjoying the company of others while both favored constancy, loyalty, and respect for order.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The elder Helms asserted to his son that ambition was good and accomplishments and achievements would come his way through following a strict work ethic.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Years later, Helms retained fond memories of his father's involvement with his youth: "I shall forever have wonderful memories of a caring, loving father who took the time to listen and to explain things to his wide-eyed son."<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In high school, Helms was voted "Most Obnoxious" in his senior yearbook.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink200825-15">[15]</a> Helms briefly attended Wingate Junior College, now <a href="/wiki/Wingate_University" title="Wingate University">Wingate University</a>, near Monroe, before leaving for <a href="/wiki/Wake_Forest_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Wake Forest College">Wake Forest College</a>. He left Wingate after a year to begin a career as a <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a>, working for the next eleven years as a newspaper and radio reporter, first as a sportswriter and news reporter for Raleigh's <a href="/wiki/The_News_%26_Observer" title="The News & Observer">The News & Observer</a>, and also as assistant city editor for <a href="/wiki/The_Raleigh_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Raleigh Times">The Raleigh Times</a>. Helms retained a positive view of Wingate into his later years, saying the school was filled with individuals that treated him with kindness and that he had made it an objective to repay the institution for what it had done for him.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> While attending Wake Forest, Helms left work early and ran a few blocks to catch a train every morning to ensure he was on time to his classes.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Helms stated that his goal in attending was never to get a diploma but instead form the skills needed for forms of employment he was seeking at a time when he aspired to become a journalist.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and family">edit</a>]</div> Helms met Dorothy "Dot" Coble, editor of the <a href="/wiki/Society_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Society page">society page</a> at The News & Observer, and they married in 1942. Helms's first interest in politics came from conversations with his conservative father-in-law.<a href="#cite_note-Link_2008_ch_1-9">[9]</a> In 1945, his and Dot's first child Jane was born. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career_(1940–1972)">Early career (1940–1972)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career (1940–1972)">edit</a>]</div> Helms's first full-time job after college was as a <a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">sports reporter</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Raleigh_Times" title="Raleigh Times">Raleigh Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-times_background-19">[19]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Helms served stateside as a recruiter in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. After the war, he pursued his twin interests of journalism and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> politics. Helms became the city news editor of the Raleigh Times. He later became a radio and television newscaster and commentator for <a href="/wiki/WRAL-TV" title="WRAL-TV">WRAL-TV</a>, where he hired <a href="/wiki/Armistead_Maupin" title="Armistead Maupin">Armistead Maupin</a> as a reporter.<a href="#cite_note-logicalfamily7682-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry_into_politics">Entry into politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Entry into politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Russell_quotation_at_Helms_Center_in_Wingate,_NC_IMG_4263.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Richard_Russell_quotation_at_Helms_Center_in_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4263.JPG/200px-Richard_Russell_quotation_at_Helms_Center_in_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4263.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Richard_Russell_quotation_at_Helms_Center_in_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4263.JPG/300px-Richard_Russell_quotation_at_Helms_Center_in_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4263.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Richard_Russell_quotation_at_Helms_Center_in_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4263.JPG/400px-Richard_Russell_quotation_at_Helms_Center_in_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4263.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell Jr.</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> told Helms in 1952 that he hoped Helms would one day become a senator; Helms achieved this 20 years later, but Russell did not live to see it.</figcaption></figure> In 1950, Helms played a critical role as campaign publicity director for <a href="/wiki/Willis_Smith" title="Willis Smith">Willis Smith</a> in the U.S. Senate campaign against a prominent <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Porter_Graham" title="Frank Porter Graham">Frank Porter Graham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Borstelmann_TCWA_65-21">[21]</a> Smith (a conservative Democratic lawyer and former president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>) portrayed Graham, who supported school <a href="/wiki/Desegregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation">desegregation</a>, as a "dupe of communists" and a proponent of the "<a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">mingling of the races</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Borstelmann_TCWA_65-21">[21]</a> Smith's fliers said, "Wake Up, White People",<a href="#cite_note-Borstelmann_TCWA_65-21">[21]</a> in the campaign for the virtually all-<a href="/wiki/White_primary" title="White primary">white primaries</a>. Blacks were still mostly <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disfranchised</a> in the state, because its 1900 constitutional amendment had been passed by white Democrats with restrictive voter registration and electoral provisions that effectively and severely reduced their role in electoral politics.<a href="#cite_note-Borstelmann_TCWA_65-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Smith won and hired Helms as his administrative assistant in Washington. In 1952, Helms worked on the presidential <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell Jr.</a> After Russell dropped out of the presidential race, Helms returned to working for Smith. When Smith died in 1953, Helms returned to Raleigh. From 1953 to 1960, Helms was executive director of the North Carolina Bankers Association. He and his wife set up their home on Caswell Street in the <a href="/wiki/Hayes_Barton_Historic_District" title="Hayes Barton Historic District">Hayes Barton Historic District</a>, where he lived the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Christensen_TNO_4_Jy-23">[23]</a> In 1957, Helms as a Democrat won his first election for a <a href="/wiki/Raleigh_City_Council" title="Raleigh City Council">Raleigh City Council</a> seat. He served two terms and earned a reputation as a conservative gadfly who "fought against everything from putting a median strip on Downtown Boulevard to an <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> project".<a href="#cite_note-Christensen_TNO_4_Jy-23">[23]</a> Helms disliked his tenure on the council, feeling all the other members acted as a private club and that Mayor <a href="/wiki/William_G._Enloe" title="William G. Enloe">William G. Enloe</a> was a "steamroller".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink200860-24">[24]</a> In 1960, Helms worked on the unsuccessful primary gubernatorial campaign of <a href="/wiki/I._Beverly_Lake_Sr." title="I. Beverly Lake Sr.">I. Beverly Lake Sr.</a>, who ran on a platform of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drescher_TOGW-25">[25]</a> Lake <a href="/wiki/1960_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election#Primary_elections" title="1960 North Carolina gubernatorial election">lost to</a> <a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanford" title="Terry Sanford">future Senator Terry Sanford</a>, who ran as a racial moderate willing to implement the federal policy of school integration. Helms felt <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation busing in the United States">forced busing</a> and forced racial integration caused animosity on both sides and "proved to be unwise".<a href="#cite_note-Drescher_TOGW-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitol_Broadcasting_Company">Capitol Broadcasting Company</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Capitol Broadcasting Company">edit</a>]</div> In 1960, Helms joined the Raleigh-based <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Broadcasting_Company" title="Capitol Broadcasting Company">Capitol Broadcasting Company</a> (CBC) as the executive vice-president, vice chairman of the board, and assistant chief executive officer. His daily CBC editorials on <a href="/wiki/WRAL-TV" title="WRAL-TV">WRAL-TV</a>, given at the end of each night's local news broadcast in Raleigh, made Helms famous as a conservative commentator throughout eastern North Carolina. Helms's editorials featured folksy anecdotes interwoven with conservative views against "the civil rights movement, the liberal news media, and anti-war churches", among many targets.<a href="#cite_note-Christensen_TNO_4_Jy-23">[23]</a> He referred to <a href="/wiki/The_News_and_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="The News and Observer">The News and Observer</a>, his former employer, as the "Nuisance and Disturber" for its promotion of liberal views and support for African-American civil rights activities.<a href="#cite_note-Christiansen_TNO_10_Jy-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>, which had a reputation for liberalism, was also a frequent target of Helms's criticism. He is said to have referred to the university as "The University of Negroes and Communists" despite a lack of evidence,<a href="#cite_note-Batten_2012-27">[27]</a> and suggested a wall be erected around the campus to prevent the university's liberal views from "infecting" the rest of the state. Helms said the civil rights movement was infested by <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">Communists</a> and "moral degenerates". He described the federal program of <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> as a "step over into the swampy field of socialized medicine".<a href="#cite_note-Christensen_TNO_4_Jy-23">[23]</a> Commenting on the 1963 protests and <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, Helms stated, "The negro cannot count forever on the kind of restraint that's thus far left him free to clog the streets, disrupt traffic, and interfere with other men's rights."<a href="#cite_note-sack-28">[28]</a> He later wrote, "Crime rates and irresponsibility among Negroes are facts of life which must be faced."<a href="#cite_note-thunder-29">[29]</a> He was at Capitol Broadcasting Company until he filed for the Senate race in 1972. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_campaign_of_1972">Senate campaign of 1972</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Senate campaign of 1972">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1972 United States Senate election in North Carolina">1972 United States Senate election in North Carolina</a></div> Helms announced his candidacy for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in 1972. His Republican primary campaign was managed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Ellis" title="Thomas F. Ellis">Thomas F. Ellis</a>, who would later be instrumental in <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s 1976 campaign and also become the chair of the <a href="/wiki/National_Congressional_Club" title="National Congressional Club">National Congressional Club</a>. Helms took the Republican primary, winning 92,496 votes, or 60.1%, in a three-candidate field.<a href="#cite_note-SouthNow_46-30">[30]</a> Meanwhile, Democrats retired the ailing Senator <a href="/wiki/B._Everett_Jordan" title="B. Everett Jordan">B. Everett Jordan</a>, who lost his primary to Congressman <a href="/wiki/Nick_Galifianakis_(politician)" title="Nick Galifianakis (politician)">Nick Galifianakis</a>. The latter represented the "new politics" of voters who included the young, African Americans voting since federal legislation removed discriminatory restrictions, and anti-establishment activists, who were based in and around the urban <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle" title="Research Triangle">Research Triangle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Triad" title="Piedmont Triad">Piedmont Triad</a>. Although Galifianakis was a "liberal" by North Carolina standards, he opposed <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation busing in the United States">busing</a> to achieve integration in schools.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Polls put Galifianakis well ahead until late in the campaign, but Helms, facing all but certain defeat, hired a professional campaign manager, F. Clifton White, giving him dictatorial control over campaign strategy. While Galifianakis avoided mention of his party's presidential candidate, the liberal <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Major_races_in_NC_seem_close-32">[32]</a> Helms employed the slogans "McGovernGalifianakis – one and the same", "Vote for Jesse. Nixon Needs Him" and "Jesse: He's One of Us", an implicit play suggesting his opponent's Greek heritage made him somehow less "American".<a href="#cite_note-Conservative_Republican_Victor-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Major_races_in_NC_seem_close-32">[32]</a> Helms won the support of numerous Democrats, especially in the conservative eastern part of the state. Galifianakis tried to woo Republicans by noting that Helms had earlier criticized Nixon as being too left-wing.<a href="#cite_note-Major_races_in_NC_seem_close-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Democrats_Gain_2_Seats-33">[33]</a> In a taste of things to come, money poured into the race. Helms spent a record $654,000,<a href="#cite_note-It'll_be_a_yes-34">[34]</a> much of it going toward carefully crafted television commercials portraying him as a soft-spoken mainstream conservative. In the final six weeks of the campaign, Helms outspent Galifianakis three-to-one.<a href="#cite_note-Major_races_in_NC_seem_close-32">[32]</a> Though the year was marked by Democratic gains in the Senate,<a href="#cite_note-Democrats_Gain_2_Seats-33">[33]</a> Helms won 54 percent of the vote to Galifianakis's 46 percent. He was elected as the first Republican senator from the state since 1903, before senators were directly elected, and when the Republican Party stood for a different tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Conservative_Republican_Victor-1">[1]</a> Helms was helped by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s gigantic landslide victory in that year's presidential election;<a href="#cite_note-Pundit_to_Pol-35">[35]</a> Nixon carried North Carolina by 40 points. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Senate_term_(1973–1979)">First Senate term (1973–1979)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First Senate term (1973–1979)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entering_the_Senate">Entering the Senate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Entering the Senate">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In a world where give-and-take is the key to success, Helms refused to play the game of compromise. Rather than get together with opponents to work out their differences, Helms preferred to stand his ground in defeat.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Journalist Rob Christensen, The News & Observer (2008)<a href="#cite_note-Christensen_TNO_4_Jy-23">[23]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesse_Helms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jesse_Helms.jpg/220px-Jesse_Helms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jesse_Helms.jpg/330px-Jesse_Helms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jesse_Helms.jpg/440px-Jesse_Helms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Helms c. 1973</figcaption></figure> Helms quickly became a "star" of the conservative movement,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and was particularly vociferous on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>. In 1974, in the wake of the US Supreme Court's decision in <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>, Helms introduced a constitutional amendment that would have prohibited abortion in all circumstances,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> by conferring <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> rights upon every <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anti-Abortion_Drive_Suffers-38">[38]</a> However, the Senate hearing into the proposed amendments heard that neither Helms', nor <a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">James L. Buckley</a>'s similar amendment, would achieve their stated goal, and shelved them for the session.<a href="#cite_note-Anti-Abortion_Drive_Suffers-38">[38]</a> Both Helms and Buckley proposed amendments again in 1975, with Helms's amendment allowing states leeway in their implementation of an enshrined constitutional "right to life" from the "moment of fertilization".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Helms was also a prominent advocate of <a href="/wiki/Free_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Free enterprise">free enterprise</a> and favored cutting the budget.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> He was a strong advocate of a global return to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Republican_support_for_a_new_gold_standard-41">[41]</a> which he would push at numerous points throughout his Senate career; in October 1977, Helms proposed a successful amendment that allowed United States citizens to sign contracts linked to gold, overturning a 44-year ban on gold-indexed contracts,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> reflecting fears of inflation.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Helms supported the tobacco industry,<a href="#cite_note-Helms_Exhorts_Tobacco-2">[2]</a> which contributed more than 6% of the state's <a href="/wiki/Gross_State_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross State Product">GSP</a> until the 1990s (the highest in the country);<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> he argued that federal price support programs should be maintained, as they did not constitute a <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidy</a> but insurance.<a href="#cite_note-Helms_Exhorts_Tobacco-2">[2]</a> Helms offered an amendment that would have denied food stamps to strikers when the Senate approved increasing federal contributions to food stamp and school lunch programs in May 1974.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 1973, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Helms_Amendment_to_the_Foreign_Assistance_Act" title="Helms Amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act">Helms Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Act" title="Foreign Assistance Act">Foreign Assistance Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> It states that, "no foreign assistance funds may be used to pay for the performance of abortion as a method of family planning or to motivate or coerce any person to practice abortions."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In January 1973, along with Democrats <a href="/wiki/James_Abourezk" title="James Abourezk">James Abourezk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Haskell" title="Floyd Haskell">Floyd Haskell</a>, Helms was one of three senators to vote against the confirmation of <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Brennan" title="Peter J. Brennan">Peter J. Brennan</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">United States Secretary of Labor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In May 1974, when the Senate approved the establishment of no‐fault automobile insurance plans in every state, it rejected an amendment by Helms exempting states that were opposed to no‐fault insurance.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> From the start, Helms identified as a prominent anti-communist. He proposed an act in 1974 that authorized the President to grant <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Citizen_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Citizen of the United States">honorary citizenship</a> to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> dissident <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> He remained close to Solzhenitsyn's cause, and linked his fight to that of freedom throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 1975, as <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> forces <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">approached Saigon</a>, Helms was foremost among those urging the US to evacuate all Vietnamese demanding this, which he believed could be "two million or more within seven days".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Armed Services Committee</a> voted to suppress a report critical of the US's strategic position in the <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a>, Helms read the entire report out, requiring it to be published in full in the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Helms was not at first a strong supporter of Israel; for instance, in 1973 he proposed a resolution demanding Israel return the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and, in 1975, demanding that the Palestinian Arabs receive a "just settlement of their grievances".<a href="#cite_note-Link_318-54">[54]</a> In 1977, Helms was the sole senator to vote against prohibiting American companies from joining the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League_boycott_of_Israel" title="Arab League boycott of Israel">Arab League boycott of Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> but that was primarily because the bill also relaxed discrimination against Communist countries.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 1982, Helms called for the US to break diplomatic relations with Israel during the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> He favored prohibiting foreign aid to countries that had recently detonated nuclear weapons: this was aimed squarely at India, but it also affected Israel should it conduct a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear test</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> He worked to support the supply of arms to the United States' Arab allies under presidents Carter and Reagan, until his views on Israel shifted significantly in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Link_318-54">[54]</a> Helms and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> offered an amendment in 1973 that would have delayed cutting off funding for bombing in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> if the President informed Congress that North Vietnam was not making an accounting "to the best of its ability" of US servicemen missing in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. The amendment was defeated by a vote of 56 to 25.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nixon_resignation">Nixon resignation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nixon resignation">edit</a>]</div> Helms delivered a Senate speech blaming liberal media for distorting Watergate and questioned if President Nixon had a constitutional right to be considered innocent until proven guilty following the April 1973 revelation of details relating to the scandal and Nixon administration aides resigning. He advocated against illegal activities being condoned with concurrent "half-truth and allegations" being reported by the media. Helms had four separate meetings with President Nixon in April and May 1973 where he attempted to cheer up the president and called for the White House to challenge its critics even as fellow Republicans from North Carolina criticized Nixon. Helms opposed the creation of the Senate Select Committee to Investigate Campaign Practices in the summer of 1973, even as it was chaired by fellow North Carolina Senator <a href="/wiki/Sam_Ervin" title="Sam Ervin">Sam Ervin</a>, arguing that it was a ploy by Democrats to discredit and oust Nixon.<a href="#cite_note-Link137-60">[60]</a> In August 1974, <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> published a list by the White House including Helms as one of 36 senators that the administration believed would support President Nixon in the event of his impeachment and being brought to trial by the Senate. The article stated that some supporters were not fully convinced and this would further peril the administration as 34 were needed to prevent conviction.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Nixon resigned days later and kept contact with Helms during his post-presidency, calling Helms to either chat or offer advice.<a href="#cite_note-Link137-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1976_presidential_election">1976 presidential election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1976 presidential election">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 United States presidential election</a></div> Helms supported <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_presidential_primaries,_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1976">presidential nomination in 1976</a>, even before Reagan had announced his candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> His contribution was crucial in the North Carolina primary victory that paved the way for Reagan's presidential election in 1980. The support of Helms, alongside Raleigh-based campaign operative <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Ellis" title="Thomas F. Ellis">Thomas F. Ellis</a>, was instrumental in Reagan's winning the North Carolina primary and later presenting a major challenge to incumbent President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 Republican National Convention</a>. According to author <a href="/wiki/Craig_Shirley" title="Craig Shirley">Craig Shirley</a>, the two men deserve credit "for breathing life into the dying Reagan campaign".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Going into the primary, Reagan had lost all the primaries, including in New Hampshire, where he had been favored, and was two million dollars in debt, with a growing number of Republican leaders calling for his exit.<a href="#cite_note-Craig_Shirley_176-64">[64]</a> The Ford campaign was predicting a victory in North Carolina, but assessed Reagan's strength in the state simply: Helms's support.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> While Ford had the backing of Governor <a href="/wiki/James_Holshouser" title="James Holshouser">James Holshouser</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> the grassroots movement formed in North Carolina by Ellis and backed by Helms delivered an upset victory by 53% to 47%.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The momentum generated in North Carolina carried Ronald Reagan to landslide primary wins in Texas, California, and other critical states, evening the contest between Reagan and Ford, and forcing undeclared delegates to choose at the 1976 convention. Later, Helms was not pleased by the announcement that Reagan, if nominated, would ask the 1976 Republican National Convention to make moderate <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Schweiker" title="Richard Schweiker">Richard Schweiker</a> his running mate for the general election,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> but kept his objections to himself at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Craig_Shirley_275-69">[69]</a> According to Helms, after Reagan told him of the decision, Helms noted the hour because, "I wanted to record for posterity the exact time I received the shock of my life."<a href="#cite_note-Craig_Shirley_275-69">[69]</a> Helms and <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> tried to make Reagan drop Schweiker for a conservative, perhaps either James Buckley<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> or his brother <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a>, and rumors surfaced that Helms might run for vice president himself,<a href="#cite_note-Craig_Shirley_311-71">[71]</a> but Schweiker was kept. In the end, Reagan lost narrowly to Ford at the convention, while Helms received only token support for the vice presidential nomination, albeit enough to place him second, far behind Ford's choice of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a>. The Convention adopted a broadly conservative platform, and the conservative faction came out acting like the winners; except Jesse Helms.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Helms vowed to campaign actively for Ford across the South, regarding the conservative platform adopted at the convention to be a "mandate" on which Ford was pledging to run. However, he targeted <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> after the latter issued a statement calling Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn a "threat to world peace", and Helms demanded that Kissinger embrace the platform or resign immediately.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Helms continued to back Reagan, and the two remained close friends and political allies throughout Reagan's political career, although sometimes critical of each other.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes,_NYT_5_Jy-74">[74]</a> Despite Reagan's defeat at the convention, the intervention of Helms and Ellis arguably led to the most important conservative primary victory in the history of the Republican Party. This victory enabled Reagan to contest the 1976 Republican presidential nomination, and to win the next nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 Republican National Convention</a> and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of the United States">presidency of the United States</a>. According to Craig Shirley, <blockquote>Had Reagan lost North Carolina, despite his public pronouncements, his revolutionary challenge to Ford, along with his political career, would have ended unceremoniously. He would have made a gracious exit speech, cut a deal with the Ford forces to eliminate his campaign debt, made a minor speech at the Kansas City Convention later that year, and returned to his ranch in Santa Barbara. He would probably have only reemerged to make speeches and cut radio commercials to supplement his income. And Reagan would have faded into political oblivion.<a href="#cite_note-Craig_Shirley_176-64">[64]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torrijos–Carter_treaties">Torrijos–Carter treaties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Torrijos–Carter treaties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a></div> Helms was a long-time opponent of transferring possession of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, calling its construction an "historic American achievement".<a href="#cite_note-Link_188-75">[75]</a> He warned that it would fall into the hands of <a href="/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos">Omar Torrijos</a>'s "communist friends". The issue of transfer of the canal was debated in the 1976 presidential race, wherein then-President Ford suspended negotiations over the transfer of sovereignty to assuage conservative opposition. In 1977, President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> reopened negotiations, appointing <a href="/wiki/Sol_Linowitz" title="Sol Linowitz">Sol Linowitz</a> as co-negotiator without Senate confirmation, and Helms and Strom Thurmond led the opposition to the transfer.<a href="#cite_note-Carter,_Panama,_and_China-76">[76]</a> Helms claimed that Linowitz's involvement with <a href="/wiki/Marine_Midland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Midland">Marine Midland</a> constituted a conflict of interests, arguing that it constituted a <a href="/wiki/Bailout" title="Bailout">bailout</a> of American banking interests.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> He filed two federal suits, demanding prior congressional approval of any treaty and then consent by both houses of Congress. Helms also rallied Reagan, telling him that negotiation over Panama would be a "second Schweiker" as far as his conservative base was concerned.<a href="#cite_note-Link_188-75">[75]</a> When Carter announced, on August 10, 1977, the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">the treaties</a>, Helms declared it a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a>, cited the need for the support of United States' allies in Latin America, accused the U.S. of submitting to Panamanian blackmail, and complained that the decision threatened national security in the event of war in Europe. Helms threatened to obstruct Senate business, proposing 200 amendments to the revision of the United States criminal code, knowing that most Americans opposed the treaties and would punish congressmen who voted for them if the ratification vote came in the run-up to the election. Helms announced the results of an opinion poll showing 78% public opposition.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> However, Helms's and Thurmond's leadership of the opposition made it politically easier for Carter,<a href="#cite_note-Carter,_Panama,_and_China-76">[76]</a> causing them to be replaced by the soft-spoken <a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Paul Laxalt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1978_re-election_campaign">1978 re-election campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1978 re-election campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1978 United States Senate election in North Carolina">1978 United States Senate election in North Carolina</a></div> Helms began campaigning for re-election in February 1977, giving himself 15 months by the time of the primaries. While he faced no primary opponent, the Democrats nominated <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Commissioner_of_Insurance" title="North Carolina Commissioner of Insurance">Commissioner of Insurance</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Ingram_(politician)" title="John Ingram (politician)">John Ingram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hodges_in_Party-80">[80]</a> who came from behind in the first round of the primary to win in the run-off. Ingram was known as an eccentric <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> and used low-budget campaigning,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carter's_Coattails-82">[82]</a> just as he had in winning the primary.<a href="#cite_note-Hodges_in_Party-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Close_Senate_Races-83">[83]</a> He campaigned almost exclusively on the issue of insurance rates and against "fat cats and special interests",<a href="#cite_note-Close_Senate_Races-83">[83]</a> in which he included Helms.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Helms was one of three senators given a 100% rating by the conservative Americans for Constitutional Action for 1977,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and was ranked fourth-most conservative by others.<a href="#cite_note-It'll_be_a_yes-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> targeted Helms, as did President Carter, who visited North Carolina twice on Ingram's behalf.<a href="#cite_note-Carter's_Coattails-82">[82]</a> In June 1978, along with <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>, Helms was one of two senators named by an environmental group as part of a congressional "Dirty Dozen" that the group believed should be defeated in their re-election efforts due to their stances on environmental issues; membership on the list was based "primarily on 14 Senate and 19 House votes, including amendments to air and water pollution control laws, strip‐mining controls, auto emissions and water projects".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Over the long campaign, Helms raised $7.5 million, more than twice as much as the second most-expensive nationwide (<a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">John Tower</a>'s in Texas),<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> thanks to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Richard Viguerie</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Castellanos" title="Alex Castellanos">Alex Castellanos</a>'s pioneering <a href="/wiki/Direct_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct mail">direct mail</a> strategies.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> It was estimated that at least $3 million of Helms's contributions were spent on fund-raising.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Helms easily outspent Ingram several times over, as the latter spent $150,000.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Due to a punctured <a href="/wiki/Lumbar" title="Lumbar">lumbar</a> <a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">disc</a>, Helms was forced to suspend campaigning for six weeks in September and October.<a href="#cite_note-Link_199-91">[91]</a> In a low-turnout election, Helms received 619,151 votes (54.5 percent) to Ingram's 516,663 (45.5 percent).<a href="#cite_note-SouthNow_46-30">[30]</a> Celebrating his victory, Helms told his supporters that it was a "victory for the conservative and the free enterprise cause throughout America", adding, "I'm Senator No and I'm glad to be here!"<a href="#cite_note-Link_199-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Senate_term_(1979–1985)">Second Senate term (1979–1985)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Second Senate term (1979–1985)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Senate_term">New Senate term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: New Senate term">edit</a>]</div> On January 3, 1979, the first day of <a href="/wiki/96th_United_States_Congress" title="96th United States Congress">the new Congress</a>, Helms introduced a constitutional amendment outlawing abortion,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> on which he led the conservative senators.<a href="#cite_note-New_Right_Causes_Pressed-93">[93]</a> Senator Helms was one of several Republican senators who in 1981 called into the White House to express his discontent over the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> to the US Supreme Court; their opposition hinged over the issue of O'Connor's presumed unwillingness to overturn the <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> ruling.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Helms was also the Senate conservatives' leader on <a href="/wiki/School_prayer" title="School prayer">school prayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_Right_Causes_Pressed-93">[93]</a> An amendment proposed by Helms allowing voluntary prayer was passed by the Senate,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> but died in the House committee.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> To that act, Helms also proposed an amendment banning <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> without written parental consent.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 1979, Helms and Democrat <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> supported a federal <a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Bill_of_Rights" title="Taxpayer Bill of Rights">Taxpayer Bill of Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> He joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a>, being one of four men critical of Carter who were new to the committee.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Leader of the pro-<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> congressional lobby,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Helms demanded that the People's Republic of China reject the use of force against the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> but, much to his shock, the Carter administration did not ask them to rule it out.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Helms also criticized the government over <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a>, leading support for the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Settlement" title="Internal Settlement">Internal Settlement</a> government<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> under <a href="/wiki/Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Abel Muzorewa</a>, and campaigned along with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hayakawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Hayakawa">Samuel Hayakawa</a> for the immediate lifting of sanctions on Muzorewa's government.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Helms complained that it was inconsistent to lift sanctions on <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> immediately after <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a>'s departure, but not Zimbabwe Rhodesia after <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>'s.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Helms hosted Muzorewa when he visited Washington and met with Carter in July 1979.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> He sent two aides to the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Conference</a> because he did not "trust the State Department on this issue",<a href="#cite_note-Reston1979-107">[107]</a> thereby provoking British diplomatic complaints.<a href="#cite_note-British_Accuse_Senate_Aide-108">[108]</a> His aide <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Carbaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Carbaugh (page does not exist)">John Carbaugh</a> was accused of encouraging Smith to "hang on" and take a harder line, implying that there was enough support in the US Senate to lift sanctions without a settlement.<a href="#cite_note-Reston1979-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-British_Accuse_Senate_Aide-108">[108]</a> Helms introduced legislation that demanded immediate lifting of the sanctions;<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> as negotiations progressed, Helms complied more with the administration's line, although Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> accused Carter of conceding the construction of a new aircraft carrier in return for Helms's acquiescence on Zimbabwe Rhodesia, which both parties denied.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Helms's support for lifting sanctions on Zimbabwe Rhodesia may have been grounded in North Carolina's tobacco traders, who would have been the main group benefiting from unilaterally lifting sanctions on tobacco-exporting Zimbabwe Rhodesia.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980_presidential_election">1980 presidential election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1980 presidential election">edit</a>]</div> In 1979, Helms was touted as a potential contender for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_presidential_primaries,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1980">Republican nomination</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 presidential election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Only_6_of_18_GOP_Contenders-112">[112]</a> but had poor voter recognition, and he lagged far behind the front-runners.<a href="#cite_note-Only_6_of_18_GOP_Contenders-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> He was the only candidate to file for the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire Vice-Presidential primary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Going into 1980, he was suggested as a potential <a href="/wiki/Running_mate" title="Running mate">running mate</a> for Reagan, and said he'd accept if he could "be his own man".<a href="#cite_note-A_Stand-In_for_Ron-115">[115]</a> He was one of three conservative candidates running for the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> However, his ideological agreement with Reagan risked losing moderates' votes, particularly due to the independent candidacy of Rep. <a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John B. Anderson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-A_Stand-In_for_Ron-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> and the Reagan camp was split:<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> eventually designating <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> as his preferred candidate. At the convention, Helms toyed with the idea of running for vice-president despite Reagan's choice, but let it go in exchange for Bush's endorsing the party platform and allowing Helms to address the convention.<a href="#cite_note-Conservative_First_Recoil-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> As expected,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Helms was drafted by conservatives anyway, and won 54 votes, coming second. Helms was the "spiritual leader of the conservative convention",<a href="#cite_note-Conservative_First_Recoil-119">[119]</a> and led the movement that successfully reversed the Republican Party's 36-year platform support for an <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In the fall of 1980, Helms proposed another bill denying the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/School_prayer" title="School prayer">school prayer</a>, but this found little support in committee. It was strongly opposed by <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline Protestant</a> churches,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and its counterpart was defeated in the House.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Senators Helms and <a href="/wiki/James_A._McClure" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. McClure">James A. McClure</a> blocked Ted Kennedy's comprehensive criminal code that did not relax federal firearms restrictions, inserted capital punishment procedures, and reinstated current statutory law on <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">drug possession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pear_17-128">[128]</a> Following from his success at reintroducing gold-indexed contracts in 1977, in October 1980, Helms proposed a return to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> and successfully passed an amendment setting up a commission to look into gold-backed currency.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> After the presidential election, Helms and <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> sponsored a Senate amendment to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> appropriations bill denying the department the power to participate in <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation busing in the United States">busing</a>, due to objections over federal involvement, but, although passed by Congress, was vetoed by a <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame duck</a> Carter.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Helms pledged to introduce an even stronger anti-busing bill as soon as Reagan took office.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republicans_take_the_Senate">Republicans take the Senate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Republicans take the Senate">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election, 1980">1980 Senate election</a>, the Republicans unexpectedly won a majority,<a href="#cite_note-Democrats_aim_to_regain-134">[134]</a> their first in twenty-six years, including <a href="/wiki/John_Porter_East" title="John Porter East">John Porter East</a>, a social conservative and a Helms protégé soon dubbed "Helms on Wheels",<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> winning the other North Carolina seat. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a> was set to become <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Majority Leader">Majority Leader</a>, but conservatives, angered by Baker's support for the Panama treaty, <a href="/wiki/SALT_II" class="mw-redirect" title="SALT II">SALT II</a>, and the Equal Rights Amendment, had sought to replace him with Helms until Reagan gave Baker his backing.<a href="#cite_note-Busy_programme_for_President-136">[136]</a> Although, it was thought they'd put Helms in charge of the Foreign Relations Committee instead of the liberal <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Charles H. Percy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Busy_programme_for_President-136">[136]</a> he instead became chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Senate Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee</a> in the new Congress. The first six months of 1981 were consumed by numerous Foreign Relations Committee confirmation hearings, which were held up by Helms, who believed many of the appointees too liberal or too tainted by association with Kissinger,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-White_House_unhappy_at_confirmation_delays-138">[138]</a> and not dedicated enough to his definition of the "Reagan program": support for South Africa, Taiwan, and Latin American right-wing regimes (as opposed to Black Africa and "Red" China).<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> These nominations included <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Reagan_appointments_bring_trouble-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chester_Crocker" title="Chester Crocker">Chester Crocker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-White_House_unhappy_at_confirmation_delays-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_J._Louis_Jr." title="John J. Louis Jr.">John J. Louis Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Lawrence Eagleburger</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Reagan_team_prepares-141">[141]</a> all of whom were confirmed regardless,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> while all of Helms's candidates were rejected.<a href="#cite_note-Reagan_appointments_bring_trouble-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Helms also, unsuccessfully, opposed the nominations of <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Donald Regan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Reagan_appointments_bring_trouble-140">[140]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Frank Carlucci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reagan_team_prepares-141">[141]</a> However, he did score a notable coup two years later when he led a small group of conservatives to block the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Grey" title="Robert T. Grey">Robert T. Grey</a> for nine months,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> and thus causing the firing of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Rostow" title="Eugene V. Rostow">Eugene V. Rostow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_stamp_program">Food stamp program</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Food stamp program">edit</a>]</div> An opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Food_Stamp_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Food Stamp Program">Food Stamp Program</a>, Helms had already voted to reduce its scope,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> and was determined to follow this through as Agriculture Committee chairman.<a href="#cite_note-Thunder_from_the_Right-147">[147]</a> At one point, he proposed a 40% cut in their funding.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Instead, Helms supported the replacement of food stamps with <a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">workfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policies">Economic policies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economic policies">edit</a>]</div> Helms supported the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> through his role as the Agriculture Committee chairman, which exercises wide powers over commodity markets.<a href="#cite_note-Republican_support_for_a_new_gold_standard-41">[41]</a> During the budget crisis of 1981, He restored $200 million for school lunches by instead cutting foreign aid,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and against increases in grain and milk price support,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> despite the importance of the dairy industry to North Carolina. He warned repeatedly against costly farm subsidies as chairman.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> However, in 1983, he used his position to lobby to use the country's strategic dairy and wheat stocks to subsidize food exports as part of a <a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">trade war</a> with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Helms heavily opposed cutting food aid to Poland after <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law was declared</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> and called for the end of grain exports to (and arms limitation talks with) the Soviet Union instead.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In 1982, Helms authored a bill to introduce a federal <a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat tax</a> of 10% with a <a href="/wiki/Personal_allowance" title="Personal allowance">personal allowance</a> of $2,000.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> He voted against the 1983 budget: the only conservative senator to have done so,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> and was a leading voice for a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget_amendment" title="Balanced budget amendment">balanced budget amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie Rose (congressman)">Charlie Rose</a>, he proposed a bill that would limit tobacco price supports, but would allow the transfer of subsidy credits from non-farmers to farmers.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> He co-sponsored the bi-partisan move in 1982 to extend drug patent duration.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Helms continued to pose obstacles to Reagan's budget plans. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/97th_United_States_Congress" title="97th United States Congress">97th Congress</a>, Helms led a filibuster against Reagan's increase of federal <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline tax">gasoline tax</a> by 5-cents per gallon:<a href="#cite_note-From_Reagan_Ally-163">[163]</a> mirroring his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina" title="Governor of North Carolina">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hunt" title="Jim Hunt">Jim Hunt</a>'s 3-cent increase in the North Carolina gasoline tax, but alienating the White House from Helms.<a href="#cite_note-From_Reagan_Ally-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Social issues">edit</a>]</div> Although Helms recognized budget concerns and nominations as predominant, he rejected calls by Baker to move debate on social issues to 1982,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> with conservatives seeking to discuss abortion, school prayer, the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>, and the "<a href="/wiki/Fair_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair housing">fair housing</a>" policy.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> With the new Congress, Helms and <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Dornan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert K. Dornan">Robert K. Dornan</a> again proposed an amendment banning abortion in all circumstances,<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> and also proposed a bill defining fetuses as human beings, thereby taking it out of the hands of the federal courts,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> along with Illinois Republican <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde" title="Henry Hyde">Henry Hyde</a> and Kentucky Democrat <a href="/wiki/Romano_Mazzoli" title="Romano Mazzoli">Romano Mazzoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> More successfully, Helms passed an amendment banning federal funds from being used for abortion unless the woman's life is in danger.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> His support was key to the nomination of <a href="/wiki/C._Everett_Koop" title="C. Everett Koop">C. Everett Koop</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Surgeon_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Surgeon General">Surgeon General</a>, by proposing lifting the age limit that would otherwise have ruled out Koop.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> He proposed an amendment taking school prayer out of the remit of the Supreme Court, which was criticized for being unconstitutional; despite Reagan's endorsement, the bill was eventually rejected, after twenty months of dispute and numerous filibusters, in September 1982, by 51–48.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Helms and Strom Thurmond sponsored another amendment to prevent the Department of Justice filing suits in defence of federal busing, which he contended wasted taxpayer money without improving education;<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> this was filibustered by <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Weicker" title="Lowell Weicker">Lowell Weicker</a> for eight months, but passed in March 1982.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> However, Democratic <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a> blocked the measure from being considered by the House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In 1981, Helms started secret negotiations to end an 11-year impasse and pave the way for desegregation of historically white and historically black colleges in North Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> In response to a rival anti-discrimination bill in 1982, he proposed a bill outlawing granting tax-free status to schools that discriminated racially, but allowing schools that discriminate on the grounds of religion to avoid taxes.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> came up for amendment in 1982, Helms and Thurmond criticized it for bias against the South, arguing that it made Carolinians "second-class citizens" by treating their states differently,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> and proposed an amendment that extended its terms to the whole country, which they knew would bury it.<a href="#cite_note-Reagan_backs_extension-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> However, it was extended anyway, despite Helms's filibuster, which he promised to lead "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/until_the_cows_come_home" class="extiw" title="wikt:until the cows come home">until the cows come home</a>".<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In 1983, Helms hired <a href="/wiki/Claude_Allen" title="Claude Allen">Claude Allen</a>, an African American, as his press secretary. Despite his publicly aired belief that he was one of the best-liked senators amongst black staff in Congress, it was pointed out that he did not have any African-American staff of his own, prompting the hiring of the twenty-two-year-old,<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> who had switched parties when he was press secretary to <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cobey" title="Bill Cobey">Bill Cobey</a> in the previous year's campaign.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> In 1983, Helms led the 16-day filibuster in the Senate opposing the proposed establishment of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King Day">Martin Luther King Day</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">federal holiday</a>. Helms and others claimed, "another federal holiday would be costly for the economy." Although the Congressional Budget Office cited a cost of $18 million, Helms claimed it would cost $12 billion a year.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost_1983-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Economist-187">[187]</a> Helms "distributed a 300-page packet claiming that the civil rights leader was a political radical who adopted "action-oriented Marxism"<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost_1983-185">[185]</a> and detailing Dr. King's supposed treachery"<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2017_Sokol-188">[188]</a> in which he accused King of "appear[ing] to have welcomed collaboration with Communists",<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2017_Sokol-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost_1983-185">[185]</a> Helms ended the filibuster in exchange for a new tobacco bill. President Reagan signed the bill on October 19, 1983.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2017_Sokol-188">[188]</a> Helms then demanded that FBI surveillance tapes allegedly detailing philandering on King's part be released, although Reagan and the courts refused. The conservatives attempted to rename the day "National Equality Day" or "National Civil Rights Day", but failed, and the bill was passed.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-187">[187]</a> Writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> several years later, <a href="/wiki/David_Broder" class="mw-redirect" title="David Broder">David Broder</a> attributed Helms' opposition to the MLK holiday to racism on Helms's part.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</a>]</div> Upon the Republican takeover of the Senate, Helms became chairman of the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs, promising to "review all our policies on Latin America", of which he had been severely critical under Carter.<a href="#cite_note-Senators_Meet_on_Salvadoran_Aid-190">[190]</a> He immediately focused on escalating aid to the Salvadoran government in its <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">civil war</a>, and particularly preventing <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaraguan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> support for <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrillas</a> in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Within hours, the subcommittee approved military aid to El Salvador,<a href="#cite_note-Senators_Meet_on_Salvadoran_Aid-190">[190]</a> and later led the push to cut aid to Nicaragua.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Helms was assisted in pursuing the foreign policy realignment by John Carbaugh, whose influence The New York Times reported "[rivalled] many of [the Senate's] more visible elected members".<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In El Salvador, Helms had close ties with the right-wing <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">Salvadoran</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Republican_Alliance" title="Nationalist Republican Alliance">Nationalist Republican Alliance</a> and its leader and <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">death squad</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson" title="Roberto D'Aubuisson">Roberto D'Aubuisson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bronstein_Jy_8-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-McEwan_Jy_7-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Helms opposed the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Pickering" title="Thomas R. Pickering">Thomas R. Pickering</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to El Salvador">Ambassador to El Salvador</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Link_248-198">[198]</a> Helms alleged that the CIA had interfered in the Salvadoran election March and May 1984, in favor of the incumbent centre-left <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Napole%C3%B3n_Duarte" title="José Napoleón Duarte">José Napoleón Duarte</a> instead of D'Aubuisson,<a href="#cite_note-CIA_role_in_El_Salvador-199">[199]</a> claiming that Pickering had "used the cloak of diplomacy to strangle freedom in the night".<a href="#cite_note-Link_248-198">[198]</a> A CIA operative testifying to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Senate Intelligence Committee</a> was alleged by Helms to have admitted rigging the election, but senators that attended have stated that, whilst the CIA operative admitted involvement, they did not make such an admission.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_role_in_El_Salvador-199">[199]</a> Helms disclosed details of CIA financial support for Duarte, earning a rebuke from <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, but Helms replied that his information came from sources in El Salvador, not the Senate committee.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> In 1982, Helms was the only senator who opposed a Senate resolution endorsing a pro-British policy during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> citing the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> although he did manage to weaken the resolution's language.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Nonetheless, Helms was a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a> General <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> who supported the United Kingdom in the Falklands conflict. Helms was steadfastly opposed to the Castro regime in Cuba, and spent much of his time campaigning against the lifting of sanctions. In 1980, he opposed a treaty with Cuba on sea <a href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary delimitation">boundary delimitation</a> unless it included withdrawal of the Soviet brigade stationed on the island.<a href="#cite_note-Pear_17-128">[128]</a> The following year, he proposed legislation establishing <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Cuba">Radio Free Cuba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> which would later become known as <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mart%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Martí">Radio Martí</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1984_re-election_campaign">1984 re-election campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1984 re-election campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1984 United States Senate election in North Carolina">1984 United States Senate election in North Carolina</a></div> Halfway through Reagan's term, Helms was talked about as a prospective presidential candidate in 1984 in case Reagan chose to stand down after his first term.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> There was also speculation that Helms would run for the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina" title="Governor of North Carolina">Governorship</a>, being vacated by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hunt" title="Jim Hunt">Jim Hunt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> However, the President stood for re-election, and Helms ran once more for his Senate seat—facing Governor Hunt—and becoming the top target among the incumbent Senate Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-Democrats_aim_to_regain-134">[134]</a> Unlike in 1978, Helms faced an opponent in the primary, George Wimbish, but won with 90.6% of the vote, while Hunt received 77% in his.<a href="#cite_note-SouthNow_46-30">[30]</a> During the general election campaign, Hunt accused Helms of having the most "anti-Israel record of any member of the U.S. Senate".<a href="#cite_note-Link_318-54">[54]</a> Helms pledged during the campaign that he would retain his chairmanship of the Agriculture committee.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> In the most expensive Senate campaign up to that time, Helms narrowly defeated Hunt, taking 1,156,768 (51.7%) to Hunt's 1,070,488 (47.8%).<a href="#cite_note-SouthNow_46-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_Senate_term_(1985–1991)">Third Senate term (1985–1991)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Third Senate term (1985–1991)">edit</a>]</div> In 1989, Helms hired <a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a>, most famous as the first African American ever admitted to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a>, as a domestic policy adviser to his Senate office staff.<a href="#cite_note-Gates_ATEA_1290-210">[210]</a> Meredith noted that Helms was the only member of the Senate to respond to his offer.<a href="#cite_note-Hallow_TWT_6_Jy-211">[211]</a> In 1989, Helms successfully lobbied for an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans with Disabilities Act">Americans with Disabilities Act</a>, legislation protecting <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability rights">disability rights</a> that exempted <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">pedophilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">kleptomania</a> from the conditions against which discrimination was barred. Additionally, Helms proposed an amendment to exempt <a href="/wiki/Transvestism" title="Transvestism">transvestism</a>, which the Senate adopted.<a href="#cite_note-Congressional_Record,_September_8,_1989.-212">[212]</a> Even though the Helms amendments were kept in the final ADA bill that passed Congress in 1990, Helms twice voted against the bill.<a href="#cite_note-Rasky_NYT_8_Se_1989-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holmes_NYT_14_Jy_1990-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy_2">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> Although Helms was returned to office, and became the senior Republican on the Foreign Relations Committee, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> became its chair,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> after Helms and Lugar cut a deal to keep liberals out of top committee posts.<a href="#cite_note-Senate_plots_a_moderate_course-216">[216]</a> Despite pressure to claim the Foreign Relations chair, Helms kept the Agriculture chair, as he had pledged in his campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Senate_plots_a_moderate_course-216">[216]</a> A "purge" of the State Department by <a href="/wiki/George_P._Shultz" class="mw-redirect" title="George P. Shultz">George P. Shultz</a> in early 1985, replacing conservatives with moderates,<a href="#cite_note-Christmas_massacre_by-217">[217]</a> was heavily opposed by the Helms-led conservatives. They unsuccessfully attempted to block the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burt" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Burt">Richard Burt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Corr" title="Edwin G. Corr">Edwin G. Corr</a> as ambassadors, arguing that Shultz was appointing diplomats who were not loyal to President Reagan's philosophy,<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> particularly in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-Christmas_massacre_by-217">[217]</a> In August 1985, Helms threatened to lead a filibuster against a bill imposing sanctions on South Africa, delaying it until after summer recess.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> In early 1986, Panamanian dissident Winston Spadafora visited Helms and requested that the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs hold hearings on Panama. Ignoring <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a>' request for a softer line towards Panama, Helms—a long-time critic of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Noriega</a>—agreed, and the hearings uncovered the large degree of leeway that the U.S. government, and particularly the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, had been giving to Noriega.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> encountered opposition from <a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">Oliver North</a> in investigating Noriega's role in drug trafficking, Helms teamed up with <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> to introduce an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Authorization_Act" title="Intelligence Authorization Act">Intelligence Authorization Act</a> demanding that the CIA investigate the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Defense_Forces" title="Panama Defense Forces">Panama Defense Forces</a>' potential involvement.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> In 1988, after Noriega was indicted on charges including drug trafficking,<a href="#cite_note-Consul_asserts_CIA-222">[222]</a> a former Panamanian <a href="/wiki/Consul_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Consul general">consul general</a> and chief of political intelligence testified to the subcommittee, detailing Panama's compiling of evidence on its political opponents in the United States, including Senators Helms and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>, with the assistance of the CIA and <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Consul_asserts_CIA-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Helms proposed that the government suspend the Carter-Torrijos treaties unless Noriega were extradited within thirty days.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> In July 1986, after <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Rojas_DeNegri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodrigo Rojas DeNegri">Rodrigo Rojas DeNegri</a> was burned alive during a street demonstration against the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet in Chile,<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Helms said that DeNegri and his companion Carmen Quintana Arancibia were "Communist terrorists" who had earlier been sighted setting fire to a barricade.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Helms also criticized <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Chile">United States Ambassador to Chile</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_G._Barnes_Jr." title="Harry G. Barnes Jr.">Harry G. Barnes Jr.</a> for attending DeNegri's funeral, saying Barnes "planted the American flag in the midst of a Communist activity" and President Reagan would have sent him home were he there.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> The following month, the Justice Department disclosed information to Senate Select Committee on Intelligence that linked Helms and a sensitive intelligence matter of the Chile government.<a href="#cite_note-Chile1-229">[229]</a> Helms responded to the disclosure by telling reporters that the Justice Department "want to intimidate me and harass me, and it's not going to work" and said that both the Justice Department and himself were aware he had "violated no rules of classification".<a href="#cite_note-Chile1-229">[229]</a> In a letter to Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a>, Helms made a request of the Justice Department to investigate if he or members of his staff had been spied on during the Chile visit and called the charges against him "frivolous and false indictment".<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Helms became interested in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">Vietnam War POW/MIA issue</a>, and in October 1990 his committee staff chief and longest-serving aide, <a href="/wiki/James_P._Lucier" title="James P. Lucier">James P. Lucier</a>, prepared a report stating that it was probable there were live American prisoners still being held in Vietnam and that the <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. W. Bush administration">George H. W. Bush administration</a> was complicit in hiding the facts.<a href="#cite_note-link-398-231">[231]</a> The report also alleged that the Soviet Union had held American prisoners after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and more may have been transferred there during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and during the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-link-398-231">[231]</a> (Lucier also believed that survivors of the 1983 shoot-down of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a> were being held prisoner by the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-link-398-231">[231]</a>) Helms stated that the "deeper story" was a possible "deliberate effort by certain people in the government to disregard all information or reports about living MIA-POWs".<a href="#cite_note-link-398-231">[231]</a> This was followed up in May 1991 by a minority report of the Foreign Relations Committee, released by Helms and titled An Examination of US Policy Toward POW/MIAs, which made similar claims and concluded that "any evidence that suggested an MIA might be alive was uniformly and arbitrarily rejected ..."<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> The issuing of the report caused other Republicans on the committee to become angry, and charges were made that the report contained errors, innuendo, and unsubstantiated rumors.<a href="#cite_note-link-398-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt010892-233">[233]</a> This and other personnel matters led to Helms firing Lucier and eight other staff members in January 1992.<a href="#cite_note-nyt010892-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-ttn92-235">[235]</a> Helms subsequently distanced himself from the POW/MIA issue.<a href="#cite_note-link-398-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-ttn92-235">[235]</a> (The aides claimed vindication later in 1992 when Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> said that the Soviet Union had kept some U.S. prisoners in the early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-ttn92-235">[235]</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HIV_legislation">HIV legislation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: HIV legislation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Helms_AIDS_Amendments" title="Helms AIDS Amendments">Helms AIDS Amendments</a></div> In 1987, Helms added an amendment to the Supplemental Appropriations Act, which directed the president to use executive authority to add HIV infection to the list of excludable diseases that prevent both travel and immigration to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-AIDS-law-236">[236]</a> The action was opposed by the U.S. Public Health Service. Congress restored the executive authority to remove HIV from the list of excludable conditions in the 1990 Immigration Reform Act, and in January 1991, Secretary of Health and Human Services Louis Sullivan announced he would delete HIV from the list of excludable conditions. A letter-writing campaign headed by Helms ultimately convinced President Bush not to lift the ban, and left the United States the only industrialized nation in the world to prohibit travel based on HIV status.<a href="#cite_note-Looking-237">[237]</a> The travel ban was also responsible for the cancellation of the 1992 International AIDS Conference in Boston.<a href="#cite_note-AIDS-law-236">[236]</a> On January 5, 2010, the 22-year-old ban was lifted after having been signed by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> on October 30, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Helms was "bitterly opposed" to federal financing for research and treatment of AIDS,<a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-240">[240]</a> which he believed was God's punishment for homosexuals.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> He introduced an <a href="/wiki/Helms_AIDS_Amendments" title="Helms AIDS Amendments">amendment to a 1987 spending bill</a> that prohibited the use of federal tax dollars for any <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> educational materials that would "promote or encourage, directly or indirectly, homosexual activities".<a href="#cite_note-Temple-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Opposing the <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy</a>-<a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a> AIDS bill in 1988, Helms incorrectly stated, "There is not one single case of AIDS in this country that cannot be traced in origin to <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Ryan_White" title="Ryan White">Ryan White</a>, who contracted AIDS through a blood transfusion he received at age 13, died in 1990, his mother went to Congress to speak to politicians on behalf of people with AIDS. She spoke to 23 representatives; Helms refused to speak to Jeanne White, even when she was alone with him in an elevator.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Despite opposition by Helms, the <a href="/wiki/Ryan_White_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryan White Care Act">Ryan White Care Act</a> passed in 1990. In 1988, Helms convinced congress to implement a ban on federal funding for <a href="/wiki/Needle_exchange_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle exchange program">needle exchange programs</a>, arguing that spending federal money on such programs was tantamount to "federal endorsement of drug abuse".<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> As late as 2002, Helms continued to claim that the "homosexual lifestyle" was the cause of the spread of AIDS in the United States, and he remained opposed to spending money on AIDS research.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990_re-election_campaign">1990 re-election campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1990 re-election campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1990 United States Senate election in North Carolina">1990 United States Senate election in North Carolina</a></div> In the 1990 Republican primary, Helms had two opponents, George Wimbish (as in 1984) and L.C. Nixon; Helms won with 84.3% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-SouthNow_46-30">[30]</a> The general election was nationally publicized and rancorous. Helms ran against former <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Gantt" title="Harvey Gantt">Harvey Gantt</a> in his "bid to become the nation's only black senator" and "the first black elected to the Senate from <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a> since <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>".<a href="#cite_note-The_1990_Election-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee_Jy_8-249">[249]</a> The North Carolina GOP and others mailed over 125,000 notices (almost exclusively to black voters) telling them that they were not eligible to vote and warned that if they went to the polls they could be prosecuted for voter fraud.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> At the behest of several civil rights groups and the Democratic National Party, the US Department of Justice sued the Helms campaign, the NC GOP, four lobbying firms and two individual lobbyists.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Thomas Farr, campaign manager for Helms, disavowed any knowledge of the dirty tricks, which was shown to be false when his hand written notes were discovered. The affected parties acknowledged and agreed to the Justice Departments' ruling and were forced to desist from any other such activities.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Helms aired a late-running television commercial titled "<a href="/wiki/Hands_(advertisement)" title="Hands (advertisement)">Hands</a>",<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> also known as 'White Hands,' that showed a white man's hands crumpling up an employment rejection notice while a voiceover said, "You needed that job, and you were the best qualified. But they had to give it to a minority because of a racial quota. Is that really fair? Harvey Gantt says it is."<a href="#cite_note-Lee_Jy_8-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sex_in_Adverti-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-Age_of_Propaganda-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornwell_7_Jy-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-the_Mommy_War-258">[258]</a> The advertisement was produced by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Castellanos" title="Alex Castellanos">Alex Castellanos</a>, whom Helms would employ until his company was dropped in April 1996 after running an unusually hard-hitting ad.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Another Helms television commercial accused Gantt of running a "secret campaign" in homosexual communities and of being committed to "mandatory gay rights laws" including "requiring local schools to hire gay teachers".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-260">[260]</a> Helms won the election with 1,087,331 votes (52.5 percent) to Gantt's 981,573 (47.4 percent). In his victory statement, Helms noted the unhappiness of some media outlets over his victory, paraphrasing a line from <a href="/wiki/Casey_at_the_Bat" title="Casey at the Bat">Casey at the Bat</a>: "There's no joy in Mudville tonight. The mighty ultra-liberal establishment, and the liberal politicians and editors and commentators and columnists have struck out."<a href="#cite_note-The_1990_Election-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fourth_Senate_term_(1991–1997)">Fourth Senate term (1991–1997)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Fourth Senate term (1991–1997)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Jesse_Helms_holding_a_watermelon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Senator_Jesse_Helms_holding_a_watermelon.jpg/220px-Senator_Jesse_Helms_holding_a_watermelon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Senator_Jesse_Helms_holding_a_watermelon.jpg/330px-Senator_Jesse_Helms_holding_a_watermelon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Senator_Jesse_Helms_holding_a_watermelon.jpg/440px-Senator_Jesse_Helms_holding_a_watermelon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4997" data-file-height="3364" /></a><figcaption>Senator Helms holding a watermelon and standing between Miss North Carolina and Miss Watermelon in 1991</figcaption></figure> In the early 1990s, Helms was a vocal opponent of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA).<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> In August 1991, Helms became one of six Republicans on the Select Senate Committee on POW-MIA Affairs that would investigate the number of Americans still missing in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> following renewed interest.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keating_Five_investigation">Keating Five investigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Keating Five investigation">edit</a>]</div> On August 5, 1991, Helms made public a special counsel report calling for California Senator <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Alan Cranston</a> to be censured by the Senate on charges of reprehensible conduct.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1991-263">[263]</a> The document had been delivered to members of the Senate Ethics Committee the previous month. Helms stated that his move came from the belief that the release would cause the panel to act faster,<a href="#cite_note-NYT1991-263">[263]</a> additionally citing the panel members with being at odds on how much of the report should be released as a reason for not closing an inquiry into <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Keating_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Charles H. Keating Jr.">Charles H. Keating Jr.</a> and his role in the <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Savings and loan scandal">savings and loan scandal</a> of the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1991-263">[263]</a> The Senate Ethics Committee subsequently voted to investigate Helms for releasing the confidential document.<a href="#cite_note-NYT19912-264">[264]</a> Helms issued a statement saying in part that it was "a fascinating suggestion that I may have somehow violated some unspecified 'rule' when I released, over the weekend, my own signed report regarding the Keating Five investigation".<a href="#cite_note-NYT19912-264">[264]</a> Helms welcomed the investigation into himself, along with one into the handling of the <a href="/wiki/Keating_Five" title="Keating Five">Keating Five</a> case (five senators who received financial contributions from Keating Jr.) by the Senate Ethics Committee, calling the panel's investigation "long, arduous and expensive" and noting a potential public investigation "may disclose that the committee labored and brought forth a mouse".<a href="#cite_note-NYT19912-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Endowment_for_the_Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: National Endowment for the Arts">edit</a>]</div> In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> awarded grants for a retrospective of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a> photographs, some of which containing homosexual themes, in addition to a museum in <a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem, North Carolina</a>, supporting an exhibition that featured an image by <a href="/wiki/Andres_Serrano" title="Andres Serrano">Andres Serrano</a> of a crucifix suspended in urine.<a href="#cite_note-NEA1991-265">[265]</a> These images caused an uproar and marked the National Endowment for the Arts becoming "a favorite target for Mr. Helms and other conservative senators who have objected to the work of some of the artists who have received Government grants."<a href="#cite_note-NEA1991-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> In September 1989, Helms met with <a href="/wiki/John_E._Frohnmayer" class="mw-redirect" title="John E. Frohnmayer">John E. Frohnmayer</a>, President Bush's appointee for Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes1989-267">[267]</a> While neither spoke publicly about the meeting, Helms reportedly made it clear that he considered his opposition to certain N.E.A. grants to be an election issue, and his opposition would continue after the next election.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes1989-267">[267]</a> In September 1991, Helms charged the National Endowment for the Arts with financing art that would turn "the stomach of any normal person" while proposing an amendment to an appropriations bill forbidding the usage of the grants for the N.E.A. in promoting material that would be deemed as depicting "sexual or excretory activities or organs" in an "offensive way".<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> On September 20, the Senate voted 68 to 28 in favor of the amendment.<a href="#cite_note-NEA1991-265">[265]</a> The same night, Helms withdrew another amendment that changed the financing formula of the N.E.A. to funneling over half of its grant money through states as opposed to the Washington headquarters and would see a reduction in the New York fiscal year appropriation from its 26 million to just over 7 million.<a href="#cite_note-NEA1991-265">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remarks_regarding_Moseley_Braun_and_Clinton">Remarks regarding Moseley Braun and Clinton</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Remarks regarding Moseley Braun and Clinton">edit</a>]</div> In a widely publicized incident on July 22, 1993, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a>, the first black woman in the Senate and the only black senator at the time, reported that Helms deliberately sought to offend her by whistling the song "<a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a>" as the two shared an elevator.<a href="#cite_note-Helms_Whistling_Dix-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-fair1-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winston-Salem_5_Jy-271">[271]</a> After Moseley Braun persuaded the Senate to vote against Helms's amendment to extend the patent of the <a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a> insignia, which included the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate flag">Confederate flag</a>, Moseley Braun claims that Helms ran into her in an elevator.<a href="#cite_note-Helms_Whistling_Dix-269">[269]</a> Helms allegedly turned to <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Senator Orrin Hatch</a> and said, "Watch me make her cry. I'm going to make her cry. I'm going to sing 'Dixie' until she cries."<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> He then allegedly proceeded to sing the song about "the good life" during <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> to Moseley Braun.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-John_Nichols_4_Jy-274">[274]</a> In 1999, Helms unsuccessfully attempted to block Moseley Braun's nomination to be <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to New Zealand">United States Ambassador to New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Helms_Whistling_Dix-269">[269]</a> In 1994, Helms created a sensation when he told broadcasters <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Evans" title="Rowland Evans">Rowland Evans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Robert Novak</a> that Clinton was "not up" to the tasks of being commander-in-chief, and suggested two days later, on the anniversary of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s assassination, "Mr. Clinton better watch out if he comes down here. He'd better have a bodyguard." Helms said Clinton was unpopular and that he had not meant it as a threat.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> Clinton addressed the comments when asked about them by a reporter at a press conference the following day: "I think the remarks were unwise and inappropriate. The President oversees the foreign policy of the United States. And the Republicans will decide in whom they will repose their trust and confidence; that's a decision for them to make, not for me."<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> During this term, Helms was one of three senators to vote against the confirmation of Ruth Bader Ginsburg to the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_majority">Republican majority</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Republican majority">edit</a>]</div> Republicans regained control of Congress after the 1994 elections and Helms finally became the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He was the first North Carolinian to chair the committee since <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a>. In that role, Helms pushed for reform of the UN and blocked payment of the United States' dues. Helms secured sufficient reforms that a colleague, future <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> said that "As only Nixon could go to China, only Helms could fix the U.N."<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> Helms passed few laws of his own in part because of this bridge-burning style. <a href="/wiki/Hedrick_Smith" title="Hedrick Smith">Hedrick Smith</a>'s The Power Game portrays Helms as a "devastatingly effective power broker".<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> Helms tried to block the refunding of the Ryan White Care Act in 1995, saying that those with AIDS <a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">were responsible for the disease</a>, because they had contracted it because of their "deliberate, disgusting, revolting conduct", and that the reason AIDS existed in the first place was because it was "God's punishment for homosexuals".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Helms also claimed that more federal dollars were spent on AIDS than heart disease or cancer, despite this not being borne out by the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a> statistics.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helms–Burton_Act">Helms–Burton Act</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Helms–Burton Act">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Helms%E2%80%93Burton_Act" title="Helms–Burton Act">Helms–Burton Act</a></div> Soon after becoming the chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a>, in February 1995, Helms announced that he wished to strengthen the spirit of the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Torricelli_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Torricelli Act">Torricelli Act</a> with new legislation.<a href="#cite_note-Roy_29-281">[281]</a> Its companion sponsored through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dan_Burton" title="Dan Burton">Dan Burton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Roy_29-281">[281]</a> it would strengthen the <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">embargo against Cuba</a>: further codifying the <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a>, instructing United States diplomats to vote in favor of sanctions on Cuba, stripping the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> of the option of ending the embargo by <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive order</a> until <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> leave power and a prescribed course of transition is followed.<a href="#cite_note-Congress_and_Cuba-282">[282]</a> The bill also, controversially explicitly overruling the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_State_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of State Doctrine">Act of State Doctrine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Congress_and_Cuba-282">[282]</a> allowed foreign companies to be sued in American courts if, in dealings with the regime of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, they acquired assets formerly owned by Americans. Passing the House comfortably, the Senate was far more cautious, under pressure from the Clinton administration. The debate was <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibustered</a>, with a motion of <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a> falling four votes short.<a href="#cite_note-Congress_and_Cuba-282">[282]</a> Helms reintroduced the bill without Titles III and IV, which detailed the penalties on investors, and it passed by 74 to 24 on October 19, 1995.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> A <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">conference committee</a> was scheduled to convene, but did not until February 28, 1996, by which time external events had taken over. On February 24, Cuba shot down two small <a href="/wiki/Brothers_to_the_Rescue" title="Brothers to the Rescue">Brothers to the Rescue</a> planes piloted by anti-Castro Cuban-Americans. When the conference committee met, the tougher House version, with all four titles, won out on most substantive points.<a href="#cite_note-Congress_and_Cuba-282">[282]</a> It was passed by the Senate 74–22 and the House 336–86, and President Clinton signed the <a href="/wiki/Helms-Burton_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Helms-Burton Act">Helms-Burton Act</a> into law on March 12, 1996.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> For years after its passing, Helms criticized the corporate interests that sought to lift the sanctions on Cuba, writing an article in 1999 for <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, at whose publisher, the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, also drew Helms's ire for its softer approach to Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1996_re-election_campaign">1996 re-election campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 1996 re-election campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1996 United States Senate election in North Carolina">1996 United States Senate election in North Carolina</a></div> In 1996, Helms drew 1,345,833 (52.6 percent) to Gantt's 1,173,875 (45.9 percent). Helms supported his former Senate colleague <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> for president, while Gantt endorsed <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. Although Helms is generally credited with being the most successful Republican politician in North Carolina history, his largest proportion of the vote in any of his five elections was 54.5 percent. In North Carolina, Helms was a polarizing figure, and he freely admitted that many people in the state strongly disliked him: "[The Democrats] could nominate <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Snerd" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortimer Snerd">Mortimer Snerd</a> and he'd automatically get 45 percent of the vote." Helms was particularly popular among older, conservative constituents, and was considered one of the last "<a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a>" politicians to have served in the Senate. However, he also considered himself a voice of conservative youth, whom he hailed in the dedication of his autobiography. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fifth_Senate_term_(1997–2003)">Fifth Senate term (1997–2003)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Fifth Senate term (1997–2003)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Biden_and_Jesse_Helms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Joe_Biden_and_Jesse_Helms.jpg/220px-Joe_Biden_and_Jesse_Helms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Joe_Biden_and_Jesse_Helms.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Helms with <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in 1999</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weld_ambassadorial_nomination">Weld ambassadorial nomination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Weld ambassadorial nomination">edit</a>]</div> The summer of 1997 saw Helms engage in a protracted, high-profile battle to block the nomination of <a href="/wiki/William_Weld" class="mw-redirect" title="William Weld">William Weld</a>, Republican <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Controversial_Pivot-286">[286]</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Mexico">Ambassador to Mexico</a>: refusing to hold a committee meeting to schedule a confirmation hearing. Although he did not make a formal statement of his reason,<a href="#cite_note-Controversial_Pivot-286">[286]</a> Helms did criticize Weld's support for <a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">medical marijuana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bill_and_Jesse-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-Insulting_the_Crocodile-288">[288]</a> which Senate conservatives saw as incompatible with Mexico's key role in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> Weld attacked Helms's politics, saying, "I am not Senator Helms's kind of Republican. I do not pass his litmus test on social policy. Nor do I want to."<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> This opened Helms to counter on Weld's positions on <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a>, and other issues on which he had a liberal position.<a href="#cite_note-Bill_and_Jesse-287">[287]</a> Other factors, such as Weld's noncommittal position on Helms's chairmanship during his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts,_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1996">1996 Senate campaign</a> and Weld's wife's donation to the Gantt campaign,<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> made the nomination personal and less cooperative.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Held up in the committee by Helms, despite Weld resigning his governorship to concentrate on the nomination and a petition signed by most senators,<a href="#cite_note-Insulting_the_Crocodile-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> his nomination died. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cuba">edit</a>]</div> In January 1998, Helms endorsed a legislative proposal by the Cuban-American National Foundation to provide 100 million worth of food and medicine so long as Havana could promise the assistance would not be allocated to government stores or officials of the Communist Party.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> In the same statement, Helms said Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II's</a> visit to Cuba had "created a historic opportunity for bold action" in the country.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> On May 15, Helms announced a proposal of 100 million aid package for Cuba that would provide food and medical assistance to the Cuban people by the Roman Catholic Church and politically independent relief organizations. Helms stated the proposal would hurt Castro's regime if he either accepted or rejected it and the proposal was endorsed by more than twenty senators from both parties.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> In his memoir, Helms stated the only reason Castro was able to maintain leadership in Cuba was the direct result of the Clinton administration not making his removal an objective of its foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-Helms265-297">[297]</a> He asserted the administration should have worked to develop strategies to undermine Castro and instead spent years "wasting precious time and energy on a senseless debate over whether to lift the Cuban embargo unilaterally".<a href="#cite_note-Helms265-297">[297]</a> Helms saw the Bush administration as "understanding of the nature" of Castro and his crimes and stated his hope that an American president would eventually be able to visit Cuba at a time when the latter country and the United States could welcome each other as friends and trading partners.<a href="#cite_note-Helms265-297">[297]</a> In May 2001, Helms cosponsored legislation with Connecticut Democrat <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> granting 100 million in aid to both government critics and independent workers in Cuba during the period of the following four years and said the aim of the bill was to provide financial assistance to domestic opponents of the Cuban government so that they could continue their work.<a href="#cite_note-CubaMay2001-298">[298]</a> The legislation was "the first major legislative proposal by hard-line critics" since the Helms–Burton Act and Helms promoted its enactment in a statement by saying it would see the United States government "move beyond merely isolating the Castro regime" which could be undermined "by finding bold, proactive and creative programs to help those working for change on the island".<a href="#cite_note-CubaMay2001-298">[298]</a> In July, President Bush announced his intent to waive a portion of the Helms–Burton Act authorizing lawsuits against businesses operating in Cuba for six months in the national interest of the US and to aid administration efforts to "expedite the transition to democracy in Cuba". Helms released a statement defending Bush, saying "it would be wise to consider the other salutary initiatives that the president is putting into force" before criticizing the decision and credited Bush with "taking a very tough line which is certain to make Fidel Castro squirm".<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_Senate_years">Final Senate years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Final Senate years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_Signs_Iraq_Resolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/President_George_W._Bush_Signs_Iraq_Resolution.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_Signs_Iraq_Resolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/President_George_W._Bush_Signs_Iraq_Resolution.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_Signs_Iraq_Resolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/President_George_W._Bush_Signs_Iraq_Resolution.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_Signs_Iraq_Resolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Helms watches <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> sign H.J. Resolution 114 authorizing the use of force against Iraq in 2002.</figcaption></figure> In January 1997, during the confirmation hearings for Secretary of State nominee <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>, Helms stated President Clinton's first term had left adversaries of the United States in doubt of their resolve and that "a lot of Americans" were praying she would issue in a change during her tenure.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> Two months later, after being confirmed, Albright traveled with Helms to his boyhood home and the Jesse Helms Center for discussions on the treaty to ban chemical arms, Helms afterward saying the pair would not have any issues if they continued being able to cooperate but stressed that the treaty would not assist with protecting Americans.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> In a March 1998 letter to Albright, Helms stated his opposition "to the creation of a permanent U.N. criminal court" and the United Nations becoming "a sovereign entity", Helms spokesman Marc Thiessen confirming concerns of the senator "that a permanent tribunal will turn into a petty claims court that will spend its time taking up complaints about the United States" and thereby serve the function of the General Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> In September 1997, amid the Senate voting to repeal a 50 billion tax break for the tobacco industry, Helms joined <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lauch_Faircloth" title="Lauch Faircloth">Lauch Faircloth</a> in being one of three senators to vote against the amendment.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> In January 1998, President Clinton's relationship with Monica Lewinsky became public. Helms found the revelation "damning", having little patience for sexual transgressions and said anyone that would advocate President Clinton's "should be excused, already announced their total lack of character".<a href="#cite_note-Link443-304">[304]</a> In remarks the following month, Helms stated the scandal had left him saddened for the United States and President Clinton's daughter <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Clinton" title="Chelsea Clinton">Chelsea</a>. Helms exercised caution on the impeachment issue, refraining from announcing his vote until right before Clinton's Senate trial in January of the following year.<a href="#cite_note-Link443-304">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> noted Helms as the only one of the nine senators who had by then served a quarter century to vote in favor of Lewinsky making an appearance before the chamber.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> In his memoir, Helms stated that his vote against Clinton was not personal and that he understood "the fallibility of every human, and the power of Grace", but that he was unwilling to deny the Constitution not allowing "gradients of wrongdoing" since Clinton was proven to have lied under oath.<a href="#cite_note-Helms197-306">[306]</a> In March 1998, after the Senate Foreign Relations Committee voted to add Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Helms predicted the resolution would pass overwhelmingly in the full chamber and said the vote was a testament to "confidence in the democracies of Eastern Europe".<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> In May 1998, while delivering remarks to Therma, Inc. employees, President Clinton listed Helms as one of the senators who had aided the intent of <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> While the United States cast one of four votes against the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a>, adopted by a 120 to 4 vote in July 1998, President Clinton signed the Statute for the United States. However, Helms was strident in his opposition and let it be known that any attempt to have the Senate ratify the Statute would be "dead on arrival" at the Foreign Relations Committee. He also introduced the <a href="/wiki/American_Service-Members%27_Protection_Act" title="American Service-Members' Protection Act">American Service-Members' Protection Act</a>, adopted by Congress in 2002 "to protect United States military personnel and other elected and appointed officials of the United States government against criminal prosecution by an international criminal court to which the United States is not party". In June 1999, after President Clinton nominated <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">United States Ambassador to the United Nations</a>, the Clinton administration expressed concerns with Helms's silence on whether he would allow a vote on Holbrooke's nomination.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> In a June 5 statement, Helms announced the date of the four hearings and that Holbrooke would be questioned regarding his career, specifically his mediating role in negotiations of the Bosnia accords with <a href="/wiki/President_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of Yugoslavia">President of Yugoslavia</a> <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>. Helms added that he could not "recall another Cabinet-level nomination sent to this committee with so much ethical baggage attached to it".<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> During the confirmation hearings, Helms stated that Holbrooke had violated the law repeatedly. In response, Holbrooke apologized and admitted to his "misconceptions" regarding ethics, Helms afterward expressing optimism toward the nomination as a result of Holbrooke's remorse.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> Three months later, after President Clinton nominating former Senator <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley-Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Moseley-Braun">Carol Moseley-Braun</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to New Zealand">United States Ambassador to New Zealand</a>, Helms released a statement saying the "nomination comes to the Senate with an ethical cloud hanging over Ms. Moseley-Braun" and questioned if her record had even been examined by the Clinton administration. An article published around the same time as the statement by <a href="/wiki/Roll_Call_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll Call (newspaper)">Roll Call</a> indicated Helms would prevent the nomination unless Moseley-Braun "amends for past slights" such as her opposition to the renewal of the emblem for the Daughters of the Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> Helms subsequently demanded documents relating to Moseley-Braun's ethical charges and delayed confirmation hearings until receiving them. On November 9, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee voted to endorse Moseley-Braun 17 to 1, Helms being the lone vote against the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> When the Senate voted to confirm Moseley-Braun, Helms was joined by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a>, who defeated Moseley-Braun in her re-election bid, in being the only two senators to vote against her.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> sought out Jesse Helms to discuss increasing American aid to Africa. In Africa, AIDS is a disease that is primarily transmitted heterosexually, and Helms sympathized with Bono's description of "the pain it is bringing to infants and children and their families".<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> Helms insisted that Bono involve the international community and private sector, so that relief efforts would not be paid for by "just Americans".<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> Helms coauthored a bill authorizing $600 million for international AIDS relief efforts. In 2002, Helms announced that he was ashamed to have done so little during his Senate career to fight the worldwide spread of AIDS, and pledged to do more during his last few months in the Senate. Helms spoke with special appreciation of the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Janet_Museveni" title="Janet Museveni">Janet Museveni</a>, first lady of <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, for her efforts to stop the spread of AIDS through a campaign based on "biblical values and sexual purity".<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> Helms also was a proponent in trying to dissolve the United States Agency for International Development.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> In January 2001, Helms stated he would support an increase in international assistance on the condition that all future aid from the United States be provided to the needy by private charities and religious groups as opposed to a government agency, and endorsed abolishing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a> and concurrently transferring its 7 billion in annual aid to another foundation which would give grants to private relief groups.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> In March 2002, Helms and Democrat <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, in their positions as the ranking members of their parties on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, submitted a letter to the Bush administration demanding the Senate receive any nuclear arms reductions with Russia as a formal treaty.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Retirement">edit</a>]</div> Because of recurring health problems, including bone disorders, prostate cancer and heart disease, Helms did not seek re-election in 2002. His Senate seat was won by Republican <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Senate_life_(2003–2008)">Post-Senate life (2003–2008)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Post-Senate life (2003–2008)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesse_Helms_and_Patrick_McHenry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Jesse_Helms_and_Patrick_McHenry.png/220px-Jesse_Helms_and_Patrick_McHenry.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Jesse_Helms_and_Patrick_McHenry.png/330px-Jesse_Helms_and_Patrick_McHenry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Jesse_Helms_and_Patrick_McHenry.png/440px-Jesse_Helms_and_Patrick_McHenry.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Helms with <a href="/wiki/Patrick_McHenry" title="Patrick McHenry">Patrick McHenry</a> in 2005</figcaption></figure> In 2004, he spoke out for the election of Republican U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burr" title="Richard Burr">Richard Burr</a>, who, like Elizabeth Dole two years earlier, defeated Democrat <a href="/wiki/Erskine_Bowles" title="Erskine Bowles">Erskine Bowles</a> to win the other North Carolina Senate seat. In September 2005, <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> published his memoir Here's Where I Stand. In his memoirs, he likened <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and the <a href="/wiki/September_11_terrorist_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11 terrorist attacks">September 11 terrorist attacks</a> stating, "I will never be silent about the death of those who cannot speak for themselves." [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1994, after turning down requests for his papers to be left to an <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> university, he designated <a href="/wiki/Wingate_University" title="Wingate University">Wingate University</a> as the repository of the official papers and historical items from his Senate career, where the <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms_Center" title="Jesse Helms Center">Jesse Helms Center</a> is based to promote his legacy.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a> opened the <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse Helms School of Government">Jesse Helms School of Government</a> with Helms present at the dedication. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> Helms's health remained poor after he retired from the Senate in 2003. In April 2006, news reports disclosed that Helms had <a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">vascular dementia</a>, which leads to failing memory and diminished <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive function">cognitive function</a>, as well as a number of physical difficulties. He was later moved into a <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium" title="Sanatorium">convalescent center</a> near his home.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> Helms died of vascular dementia on July 4, 2008, at the age of 86.<a href="#cite_note-AP_MSNBC-323">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> He is buried in <a href="/wiki/Historic_Oakwood_Cemetery" title="Historic Oakwood Cemetery">Historic Oakwood Cemetery</a> in Raleigh, North Carolina. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_political_views">Social and political views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Social and political views">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington (Booker)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye (Beverly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye (Tim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; 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Two years before Helms's 2003 retirement from the Senate, David Broder of <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> wrote a column headlined "Jesse Helms, White Racist", analyzing Helms's public record on race, a record he felt many other reporters were side-stepping. He said that Helms was willing to inflame racial resentment against <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a> for political gain and dubbed Helms "the last prominent unabashed white racist politician in this country".<a href="#cite_note-broder-325">[325]</a> Early in his career, as news director for WRAL radio, Helms supported <a href="/wiki/Willis_Smith" title="Willis Smith">Willis Smith</a> in the 1950 Democratic primary for the U.S. Senate, against <a href="/wiki/Frank_Porter_Graham" title="Frank Porter Graham">Frank Porter Graham</a>, in a campaign that used racial issues in a divisive way, in order to draw conservative white voters to the polls.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-obit-326">[326]</a> Portraying Graham as favoring interracial marriages, the campaign circulated placards with the heading, "White people, wake up before it is too late"; and a handbill that showed Graham's wife dancing with a black man.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-obit-326">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> When Smith won, Helms went to Washington as his administrative assistant. Helms opposed <a href="/wiki/Busing" class="mw-redirect" title="Busing">busing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act" title="Civil Rights Act">Civil Rights Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> and enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-Luebke_THP-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heineman_GIAC-331">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-Longley_DRC-332">[332]</a> Helms called the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> "the single most dangerous piece of legislation ever introduced in the Congress", and sponsored legislation to either extend it to the entire country or scrap it altogether.<a href="#cite_note-Reagan_backs_extension-180">[180]</a> In 1982, he voted against the extension of the Voting Rights Act.<a href="#cite_note-Michaels_TLW_14_Jy-333">[333]</a> Helms reminded voters that he tried, with a 16-day filibuster, to stop the Senate from approving a <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">federal holiday to honor Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-John_Nichols_4_Jy-274">[274]</a> although he had fewer reservations about establishing a North Carolina state holiday for King.<a href="#cite_note-Michaels_TLW_14_Jy-333">[333]</a> He was accused of being a <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregationist</a> by some political observers and scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>'s DeWayne Wickham who wrote that Helms "subtly carried the torch of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Ben_Tillman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Tillman">Ben Tillman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wickham_USA_8_Jy-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dyson_OM-335">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crowther_GATR-336">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curry_OM-337">[337]</a> Helms never stated that segregation was morally wrong and expressed the belief that integration would have been achieved voluntarily but that it was forced by "outside agitators who had their own agendas".<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> In 1990, former <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Gantt" title="Harvey Gantt">Harvey Gantt</a> ran against Helms in a "bid to become the nation's only black senator" and "the first black elected to the Senate from <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a> since <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>".<a href="#cite_note-The_1990_Election-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee_Jy_8-249">[249]</a> Helms aired a late-running television commercial titled "<a href="/wiki/Hands_(advertisement)" title="Hands (advertisement)">Hands</a>", also known as "White Hands", that showed a white man's hands crumpling an employment rejection notice while a voiceover said, "You needed that job, and you were the best qualified. But they had to give it to a minority because of a racial quota. Is that really fair? Harvey Gantt says it is."<a href="#cite_note-Lee_Jy_8-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sex_in_Adverti-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-Age_of_Propaganda-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornwell_7_Jy-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-the_Mommy_War-258">[258]</a> During the same election, Helms's campaign mailed 125,000 postcards to households in predominantly African-American precincts falsely claiming if people voted without updating their addresses on the electoral register since their last move they could go to jail.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> Helms was one of 52 senators to vote to confirm <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, an African American, to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> as an associate justice in 1991. In 1993, after <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a>, the first black woman in the Senate and the only black senator at the time, persuaded the Senate to vote against Helms's amendment to extend the patent of the <a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a> insignia, which included the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate flag">Confederate flag</a>, Moseley Braun claimed Helms ran into her in an elevator, and that Helms turned to <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Senator Orrin Hatch</a> and said, "Watch me make her cry. I'm going to make her cry. I'm going to sing "<a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a>" until she cries," and proceeded to sing the song about "the good life" during <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Helms_Whistling_Dix-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-fair1-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winston-Salem_5_Jy-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-John_Nichols_4_Jy-274">[274]</a> In 1999, Helms unsuccessfully attempted to block Moseley Braun's nomination to be <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to New Zealand">United States Ambassador to New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Helms_Whistling_Dix-269">[269]</a> Besides opposing civil rights and affirmative action legislation, Helms blocked many black judges from being considered for the federal bench, and black appointees to positions of prominence in the Federal Government. In one instance, he blocked attempts by President Bill Clinton over a period of years to appoint a black judge on the Fourth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.<a href="#cite_note-Michaels_TLW_14_Jy-333">[333]</a> Only when Helms's own judicial choices were threatened with blocking did attorney <a href="/wiki/Roger_Gregory" title="Roger Gregory">Roger Gregory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, Virginia get confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-Michaels_TLW_14_Jy-333">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Views on homosexuality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Nothing positive happened to <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> and nothing positive is likely to happen to America if our people succumb to the drumbeats of support for the homosexual lifestyle.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jesse Helms, The New York Times<a href="#cite_note-Holmes,_NYT_5_Jy-74">[74]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Helms had a negative view of lesbian, gay, <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a>) people and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Briscoe_DV_14_Jy-342">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holmes_TWSJ_5_Jy-343">[343]</a> Helms called homosexuals "weak, morally sick wretches" and tried to cut funding for the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> for supporting the "gay-oriented artwork of photographer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a>".<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Week_18_Jy-345">[345]</a> In 1993, when then-president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> wanted to appoint <a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">'out'</a> lesbian <a href="/wiki/Roberta_Achtenberg" title="Roberta Achtenberg">Roberta Achtenberg</a> to assistant secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a>, Helms held up the confirmation "because she's a damn lesbian", adding "she's not your garden-variety lesbian. She's a militant-activist-mean lesbian".<a href="#cite_note-Holmes_TWSJ_5_Jy-343">[343]</a> Helms also stated "I'm not going to put a lesbian in a position like that. If you want to call me a bigot, fine."<a href="#cite_note-Briscoe_DV_14_Jy-342">[342]</a> When Clinton urged that gays be allowed to serve openly in the armed forces, Helms said the president "better have a bodyguard" if he visited North Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-The_Week_18_Jy-345">[345]</a> His views on gay and lesbian citizens were depicted in the 1998 documentary film <a href="/wiki/Dear_Jesse" title="Dear Jesse">Dear Jesse</a>. Helms initially fought against increasing federal financing for <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> research and treatment, saying the disease resulted from "unnatural" and "disgusting" homosexual behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes,_NYT_5_Jy-74">[74]</a> In his final year in the Senate, he strongly supported <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">AIDS measures in Africa</a>, where heterosexual transmission of the disease is most common, and continued to hold the belief that the "homosexual lifestyle" is the cause of the spread of the epidemic in America.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes,_NYT_5_Jy-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Najafi_TWB_17_June-346">[346]</a> During his 1990 campaign against Harvey Gantt, Helms ran television commercials accusing Gantt of running a "secret campaign" in homosexual communities and of being committed to "mandatory gay rights laws" including "requiring local schools to hire gay teachers".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-260">[260]</a> In 1993, when he voted against confirming <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>, he cited her support for the "homosexual agenda" as one of his reasons for doing so.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> In his 2017 memoir, <a href="/wiki/Logical_Family:_A_Memoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical Family: A Memoir">Logical Family</a>, gay author <a href="/wiki/Armistead_Maupin" title="Armistead Maupin">Armistead Maupin</a> recalls that Helms described homosexuality as an "abomination" when he was working for him as a young man.<a href="#cite_note-logicalfamily7682-20">[20]</a> Maupin adds that he later gave an interview about his first novel on the same TV station, and said, "I worked here when Jesse Helms was here. Now he's in Washington, ranting about militant homosexuals, and I'm out running around being one."<a href="#cite_note-logicalfamily7682-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> Helms and his wife Dot had two daughters, Jane and Nancy, and adopted a nine-year-old orphan with <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a> named Charles after reading in a newspaper that Charles wanted a mother and father for Christmas.<a href="#cite_note-times_background-19">[19]</a> The couple had seven grandchildren and one great-grandchild.<a href="#cite_note-times_background-19">[19]</a> One of his grandchildren, Jennifer Knox, later became a judge in <a href="/wiki/Wake_County,_North_Carolina" title="Wake County, North Carolina">Wake County, North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Religious views">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Atheism and socialism – or liberalism, which tends in the same direction – are inseparable entities: when you have men who no longer believe that God is in charge of human affairs, you have men attempting to take the place of God by means of the superstate. The all-provident government, which these liberals constantly invoke, is the modern-day version of <a href="/wiki/Baal_(demon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal (demon)">Baal</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jesse Helms, When Free Men Shall Stand<a href="#cite_note-The_Right_Hand_of_God-349">[349]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Helms was well known for his strong Christian religious views.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_July_6,_2008-350">[350]</a> He played a leading role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_Right_Hand_of_God-349">[349]</a> and was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> in 1979. Although a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist</a> from his upbringing in a strictly <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literalist</a>, but hawkishly <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> environment, when in Raleigh, Helms worshipped at the moderate Hayes-Barton Baptist Church,<a href="#cite_note-The_Right_Hand_of_God-349">[349]</a> where he had served as a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunday_school" title="Sunday school">Sunday school</a> teacher before his election to the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_July_6,_2008-350">[350]</a> Helms was close to fellow North Carolinian <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> (whom he considered a personal hero),<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stanley" title="Charles Stanley">Charles Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a> dedicated its Jesse Helms School of Government to Helms. Helms helped found Camp Willow Run, an <a href="/wiki/Interdenominationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdenominationalism">interdenominational</a> Christian <a href="/wiki/Summer_camp" title="Summer camp">summer camp</a>, sitting on its board of directors until his death, and was a Grand Orator of the Masonic <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a> of North Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_July_6,_2008-350">[350]</a> Equating <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, Helms argued that the downfall of the U.S. was due to loss of Christian faith,<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_July_6,_2008-350">[350]</a> and often stated, "I think God is giving this country one more chance to save itself".<a href="#cite_note-The_Right_Hand_of_God-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> He believed that the morality of capitalism was assured in the Bible, through the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Talents" title="Parable of the Talents">Parable of the Talents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Right_Hand_of_God-349">[349]</a> He believed, writing in When Free Men Shall Stand, that "such utopian slogans as Peace with Honor, Minimum Wage, Racial Equality, Women's Liberation, National Health Insurance, Civil Liberty" are ploys by which to divide humanity "as sons of God".<a href="#cite_note-The_Right_Hand_of_God-349">[349]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesse_Helms_Center,_Wingate,_NC_IMG_4252.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jesse_Helms_Center%2C_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4252.JPG/200px-Jesse_Helms_Center%2C_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4252.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jesse_Helms_Center%2C_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4252.JPG/300px-Jesse_Helms_Center%2C_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4252.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jesse_Helms_Center%2C_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4252.JPG/400px-Jesse_Helms_Center%2C_Wingate%2C_NC_IMG_4252.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms_Center" title="Jesse Helms Center">Jesse Helms Center</a> is located next to the <a href="/wiki/Wingate,_North_Carolina" title="Wingate, North Carolina">Wingate</a> Town Hall.</figcaption></figure> Helms held honorary degrees from several religious universities including <a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University" title="Bob Jones University">Bob Jones University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campbell_University" title="Campbell University">Campbell University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grove_City_College" title="Grove City College">Grove City College</a>, and Wingate University which he attended but did not receive a degree. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Propitious_Clouds" title="Order of Propitious Clouds">Order of Propitious Clouds</a> with Grand Cordon (2002)<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"Saving the UN: a challenge to the next Secretary-General." Foreign Affairs 75 (1996): 2+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora75&div=73&id=&page=">online</a></li> <li>"What Sanctions Epidemic? US Business' Curious Crusade." Foreign Affairs (1999): 2–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020234">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>"Tax-Paid Obscenity." Nova Law Review 14 (1989): 317. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/novalr14&div=35&id=&page=">online</a></li> <li>When Free Men Shall Stand (1976); Zondervan Pub. House.</li> <li>Empire for Liberty: A Sovereign America and Her Moral Mission (2001); by National Book Network.</li> <li>Here's Where I Stand: A Memoir (2005); New York: Random House.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoy2000" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Joaquín (2000). Cuba, the United States, and the Helms-Burton Doctrine. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1760-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1760-0"><bdi>978-0-8130-1760-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+the+Helms-Burton+Doctrine&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1760-0&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Shirley" title="Craig Shirley">Shirley, Craig</a> (January 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reagansrevolutio0000shir">Reagan's Revolution: The Untold Story of the Campaign That Started It All</a>. Thomas Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7852-6049-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7852-6049-3"><bdi>978-0-7852-6049-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reagan%27s+Revolution%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Campaign+That+Started+It+All&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2005-01-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7852-6049-3&rft.aulast=Shirley&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freagansrevolutio0000shir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLink2008" class="citation book cs1">Link, William A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righteouswarrior00link_0">Righteous Warrior: Jesse Helms and the Rise of Modern Conservatism</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-35600-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-35600-2"><bdi>978-0-312-35600-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Warrior%3A+Jesse+Helms+and+the+Rise+of+Modern+Conservatism&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-312-35600-2&rft.aulast=Link&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frighteouswarrior00link_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinzer2006" class="citation book cs1">Kinzer, Stephen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/overthrowamerica00kinz">Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq</a>. New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7861-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7861-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-7861-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overthrow%3A+America%27s+Century+of+Regime+Change+from+Hawaii+to+Iraq&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7861-9&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foverthrowamerica00kinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Thrift, Bryan Hardin. Conservative Bias: How Jesse Helms Pioneered the Rise of Right-Wing Media and Realigned the Republican Party (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Conservative-Bias-Pioneered-Right-Wing-Republican/dp/0813049318/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Conservative_Republican_Victor-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conservative_Republican_Victor_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conservative_Republican_Victor_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conservative_Republican_Victor_1-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlton1972" class="citation news cs1">Charlton, Linda (November 8, 1972). "Conservative Republican Victor in North Carolina Senate Race". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Conservative+Republican+Victor+in+North+Carolina+Senate+Race&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1972-11-08&rft.aulast=Charlton&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helms_Exhorts_Tobacco-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helms_Exhorts_Tobacco_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helms_Exhorts_Tobacco_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helms_Exhorts_Tobacco_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinsky1981" class="citation news cs1">Pinsky, Mark I. (March 21, 1981). "Helms Exhorts Tobacco Bloc to Fight Budget Cuts". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Helms+Exhorts+Tobacco+Bloc+to+Fight+Budget+Cuts&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1981-03-21&rft.aulast=Pinsky&rft.aufirst=Mark+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Link (2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-Snider_Helms_Hunt_1985-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Snider_Helms_Hunt_1985_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_D._Snider1985" class="citation book cs1">William D. Snider (1985). Helms and Hunt: the North Carolina Senate Race, 1984. University of North Carolina Press. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807841327" title="Special:BookSources/9780807841327"><bdi>9780807841327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helms+and+Hunt%3A+the+North+Carolina+Senate+Race%2C+1984&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780807841327&rft.au=William+D.+Snider&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Link (2008) pp 39, 50, 196, 284, 373 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131004532/http://www.unctv.org/content/biocon/jessehelms">"Jesse Helms"</a>, University of North Carolina TV, Biographical Conversations, Research Triangle Park, NC, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unctv.org/content/biocon/jessehelms">the original</a> on January 31, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+North+Carolina+TV&rft.atitle=Jesse+Helms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unctv.org%2Fcontent%2Fbiocon%2Fjessehelms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> William A. Link, Righteous Warrior: Jesse Helms and the Rise of Modern Conservatism (2008) p. 557 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Bruce Frohnen, American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006) p. 379 </li> <li id="cite_note-Link_2008_ch_1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Link_2008_ch_1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Link_2008_ch_1_9-1">b</a> Link (2008) ch 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-Helms3-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helms3_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helms3_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helms3_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms2005" class="citation book cs1">Helms, Jesse (2005). Here's where I Stand: A Memoir. Random House. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0375508844" title="Special:BookSources/978-0375508844"><bdi>978-0375508844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here%27s+where+I+Stand%3A+A+Memoir&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0375508844&rft.aulast=Helms&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms2005" class="citation book cs1">Helms, Jesse (2005). Here's where I Stand: A Memoir. 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August 5, 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=HELMS+DECLARES+OFFICIALS+HARASS+HIM&rft.date=1986-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F08%2F05%2Fus%2Fhelms-declares-officials-harass-him.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/12/us/helms-says-intelligence-agencies-may-have-spied-on-him-in-chile.html">"Helms Says Intelligence Agencies May Have Spied on Him in Chile"</a>. The New York Times. August 12, 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Helms+Says+Intelligence+Agencies+May+Have+Spied+on+Him+in+Chile&rft.date=1986-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F08%2F12%2Fus%2Fhelms-says-intelligence-agencies-may-have-spied-on-him-in-chile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-link-398-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-link-398_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-link-398_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-link-398_231-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-link-398_231-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-link-398_231-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-link-398_231-5">f</a> Link (2008) pp. 397–398 </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Report Rips U.S. Efforts For MIAs". <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. May 24, 1991. p. 14A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Post-Dispatch&rft.atitle=Report+Rips+U.S.+Efforts+For+MIAs&rft.pages=14A&rft.date=1991-05-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt010892-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt010892_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt010892_233-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10616F63E590C7B8CDDA80894DA494D81">"Panel's Top G.O.P. Staff Is Dismissed by Helms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. January 8, 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Panel%27s+Top+G.O.P.+Staff+Is+Dismissed+by+Helms&rft.date=1992-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF10616F63E590C7B8CDDA80894DA494D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Link (2008) pp. 400–401 </li> <li id="cite_note-ttn92-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ttn92_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ttn92_235-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ttn92_235-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nTAaAAAAIBAJ&pg=5725,4193942&dq=helms+letter+yeltsin&hl=en">"Helms aides react to reports of POWs in former Soviet Union"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times-News_(Hendersonville,_North_Carolina)" title="Times-News (Hendersonville, North Carolina)">Times-News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. June 20, 1992. p. 8A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times-News&rft.atitle=Helms+aides+react+to+reports+of+POWs+in+former+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=8A&rft.date=1992-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DnTAaAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5725%2C4193942%26dq%3Dhelms%2Bletter%2Byeltsin%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-AIDS-law-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIDS-law_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIDS-law_236-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeri1992" class="citation book cs1">Teri, Allan H. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aidslawbasicguid0000terl/page/78">AIDS and the Law: A Basic Guide for the Nonlawyer</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aidslawbasicguid0000terl/page/78">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56032-218-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56032-218-7"><bdi>1-56032-218-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AIDS+and+the+Law%3A+A+Basic+Guide+for+the+Nonlawyer&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-56032-218-7&rft.aulast=Teri&rft.aufirst=Allan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faidslawbasicguid0000terl%2Fpage%2F78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Looking-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Looking_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenfeldDiane_Christine_Raymond1993" class="citation book cs1">Blumenfeld, Warren J.; Diane Christine Raymond (1993). Looking at Gay and Lesbian Life. Beacon Press. pp. 335–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-7923-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-7923-5"><bdi>0-8070-7923-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+at+Gay+and+Lesbian+Life&rft.pages=335-6&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8070-7923-5&rft.aulast=Blumenfeld&rft.aufirst=Warren+J.&rft.au=Diane+Christine+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/TRAVEL/01/04/us.hiv.visa/index.html">"U.S. lifts restriction on visas to HIV-positive foreigners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. January 5, 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+lifts+restriction+on+visas+to+HIV-positive+foreigners&rft.date=2010-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FTRAVEL%2F01%2F04%2Fus.hiv.visa%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontopoli2009" class="citation news cs1">Montopoli, Brian (October 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122061606/https://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/10/30/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry5462425.shtml">"Obama Lifts Travel Ban for HIV-Positive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/10/30/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry5462425.shtml">the original</a> on January 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Obama+Lifts+Travel+Ban+for+HIV-Positive&rft.date=2009-10-30&rft.aulast=Montopoli&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fblogs%2F2009%2F10%2F30%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticalhotsheet%2Fentry5462425.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTObit-240"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTObit_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2000" class="citation news cs1">Holmes, Steven A. (July 5, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/05/us/politics/00helms.html?hp">"Jesse Helms Dies at 86; Conservative Force in the Senate"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jesse+Helms+Dies+at+86%3B+Conservative+Force+in+the+Senate&rft.date=2000-07-05&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F07%2F05%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F00helms.html%3Fhp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoden2007" class="citation news cs1">Noden, Rondi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=cedar_ethics_online">"Is AIDS God's Judgment Against Homosexuality?: An Argument from Natural Law"</a>. Cedarville University Center for Bioethics. 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Temple University Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-905-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-905-0"><bdi>978-1-56639-905-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Identity+to+Politics%3A+The+Lesbian+and+Gay+Movements+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-905-0&rft.aulast=Rimmerman&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0BexugIsxsC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms1987" class="citation web cs1">Helms, Jesse (October 14, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/amendment/100th-congress/senate-amendment/963">"S.Amdt.963 to H.R.3058 – 100th Congress (1987–1988)"</a>. www.congress.gov. Retrieved September 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.congress.gov&rft.atitle=S.Amdt.963+to+H.R.3058+%E2%80%93+100th+Congress+%281987%E2%80%931988%29&rft.date=1987-10-14&rft.aulast=Helms&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Famendment%2F100th-congress%2Fsenate-amendment%2F963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Quoting the <a href="/wiki/States_News_Service" title="States News Service">States News Service</a> (May 17, 1988) in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNEUMAN2008" class="citation news cs1">NEUMAN, JOHANNA (July 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/news/la-me-helms5-2008jul05-story.html">"Former Sen. Jesse Helms dies at 86"</a>. Los Angeles Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Former+Sen.+Jesse+Helms+dies+at+86&rft.date=2008-07-05&rft.aulast=NEUMAN&rft.aufirst=JOHANNA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fla-me-helms5-2008jul05-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1997" class="citation news cs1">Bond, Phil Geoffrey (January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poz.com/articles/236_12435.shtml">"Life After Ryan"</a>. 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Retrieved November 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Surge+in+Cases+of+H.I.V.+Tests+U.S.+Policy+on+Needle+Exchanges&rft.date=2015-05-16&rft.au=Hulse%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F05%2F17%2Fus%2Fsurge-in-cases-of-hiv-tests-us-policy-on-needle-exchanges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClymer2002" class="citation web cs1">Clymer, Adam (March 26, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/26/us/helms-reverses-opposition-to-help-on-aids.html">"Helms Reverses Opposition to Help on AIDS"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Helms+Reverses+Opposition+to+Help+on+AIDS&rft.date=2002-03-26&rft.aulast=Clymer&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F03%2F26%2Fus%2Fhelms-reverses-opposition-to-help-on-aids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_1990_Election-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_1990_Election_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_1990_Election_248-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_1990_Election_248-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebome1990" class="citation news cs1">Applebome, Peter (November 7, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEFD81139F934A35752C1A966958260">"The 1990 Elections: Congress – North Carolina; Helms, Basking in Victory, Taunts 'Ultra-Liberal' Foes"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+1990+Elections%3A+Congress+%E2%80%93+North+Carolina%3B+Helms%2C+Basking+in+Victory%2C+Taunts+%27Ultra-Liberal%27+Foes&rft.date=1990-11-07&rft.aulast=Applebome&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C0CEFD81139F934A35752C1A966958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee_Jy_8-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_Jy_8_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_Jy_8_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_Jy_8_249-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_Jy_8_249-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2008" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Deron (July 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003125841/http://adspotlight.nationaljournal.com/2008/07/jesse_helms.php">"Ad Spotlight Classic: Jesse Helms, 1990"</a>. National Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adspotlight.nationaljournal.com/2008/07/jesse_helms.php">the original</a> on October 3, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Journal&rft.atitle=Ad+Spotlight+Classic%3A+Jesse+Helms%2C+1990&rft.date=2008-07-08&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Deron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadspotlight.nationaljournal.com%2F2008%2F07%2Fjesse_helms.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.apnews.com">[1]</a> | February 27, 1992 | Helms' Campaign Denies It Tried to Intimidate Black Voters | AP | <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.apnews.com/52589f9f339ea20d62e3c217fdecae1e">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410193217/https://www.apnews.com/52589f9f339ea20d62e3c217fdecae1e">Archived</a> April 10, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://apps.washingtonpost.com">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114130145/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/">Archived</a> November 14, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> | The Department of Justice makes case against 1990 Helms campaign and North Carolina GOP | washingtonpost.com © 1996–2019 The Washington Post | <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/politics/the-department-of-justice-makes-case-against-1990-helms-campaign-and-north-carolina-gop/3323/">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228210707/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/politics/the-department-of-justice-makes-case-against-1990-helms-campaign-and-north-carolina-gop/3323/">Archived</a> December 28, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com">[5]</a> | November 2, 1990 | THE 1990 CAMPAIGN; Democrats Accuse G.O.P. of Voter Intimidation in Two States | AP | <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/02/us/the-1990-campaign-democrats-accuse-gop-of-voter-intimidation-in-two-states.html">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres1990" class="citation news cs1">Ayres, B. Drummond Jr. (November 6, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/06/us/the-1990-campaign-judge-assails-gop-mailing-in-carolina.html">"The 1990 Campaign; Judge Assails G.O.P. Mailing in Carolina"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+1990+Campaign%3B+Judge+Assails+G.O.P.+Mailing+in+Carolina&rft.date=1990-11-06&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=B.+Drummond+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F11%2F06%2Fus%2Fthe-1990-campaign-judge-assails-gop-mailing-in-carolina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Helms's 'Hands' anti-<a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> campaign ad on YouTube, item KIyewCdXMzk </li> <li id="cite_note-Sex_in_Adverti-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_in_Adverti_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_in_Adverti_255-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichertJacqueline_Lambiase2002" class="citation book cs1">Reichert, Tom; Jacqueline Lambiase (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZivAGEvtpDcC">Sex in Advertising: Perspectives on the Erotic Appeal</a>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4118-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4118-3"><bdi>978-0-8058-4118-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+in+Advertising%3A+Perspectives+on+the+Erotic+Appeal&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-4118-3&rft.aulast=Reichert&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Jacqueline+Lambiase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZivAGEvtpDcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Age_of_Propaganda-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Age_of_Propaganda_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Age_of_Propaganda_256-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratkanisElliot_Aronson2001" class="citation book cs1">Pratkanis, Anthony; Elliot Aronson (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9LsuMoEtSV4C">Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7403-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7403-1"><bdi>978-0-8050-7403-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+Propaganda%3A+The+Everyday+Use+and+Abuse+of+Persuasion&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7403-1&rft.aulast=Pratkanis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Elliot+Aronson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9LsuMoEtSV4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornwell_7_Jy-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornwell_7_Jy_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornwell_7_Jy_257-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell2008" class="citation news cs1">Cornwell, Rupert (July 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/jesse-helms-powerful-republican-senator-who-championed-rightwing-causes-during-three-decades-in-congress-861290.html">"Jesse Helms: Powerful Republican senator who championed right-wing causes during three decades in Congress"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/jesse-helms-powerful-republican-senator-who-championed-rightwing-causes-during-three-decades-in-congress-861290.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Jesse+Helms%3A+Powerful+Republican+senator+who+championed+right-wing+causes+during+three+decades+in+Congress&rft.date=2008-07-07&rft.aulast=Cornwell&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fjesse-helms-powerful-republican-senator-who-championed-rightwing-causes-during-three-decades-in-congress-861290.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_Mommy_War-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the_Mommy_War_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_Mommy_War_258-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeskowitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Peskowitz, Miriam (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBsKhHpjl5oC">The Truth Behind the Mommy Wars: Who Decides what Makes a Good Mother?</a>. Seal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58005-129-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58005-129-3"><bdi>978-1-58005-129-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+Behind+the+Mommy+Wars%3A+Who+Decides+what+Makes+a+Good+Mother%3F&rft.pub=Seal+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58005-129-3&rft.aulast=Peskowitz&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBsKhHpjl5oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1996" class="citation news cs1">Wells, Robert Marshall (April 30, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100223212311/http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/states/NC/CQ.news.shtml">"Bounced by Helms, Consultant Rebounds"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/states/NC/CQ.news.shtml">the original</a> on February 23, 2010. Retrieved July 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bounced+by+Helms%2C+Consultant+Rebounds&rft.date=1996-04-30&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Robert+Marshall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cgi.cnn.com%2FALLPOLITICS%2F1996%2Fstates%2FNC%2FCQ.news.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_260-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/31/us/an-underdog-forces-helms-into-a-surprisingly-tight-race.html">"An Underdog Forces Helms Into a Surprisingly Tight Race"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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Retrieved March 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Underdog+Forces+Helms+Into+a+Surprisingly+Tight+Race&rft.date=1990-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F10%2F31%2Fus%2Fan-underdog-forces-helms-into-a-surprisingly-tight-race.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Reno, Robert (September 14, 1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/1993/09/14/a-nation-of-ninnies/">A Nation of Ninnies</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/08/02/Senate-creates-POW-MIA-panel/7728681105600/">"Senate creates POW-MIA panel"</a>. UPI. August 2, 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Senate+creates+POW-MIA+panel&rft.date=1991-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1991%2F08%2F02%2FSenate-creates-POW-MIA-panel%2F7728681105600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1991-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1991_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1991_263-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1991_263-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1991" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Richard L. (August 5, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/05/us/cranston-censure-urged-by-counsel.html">"CRANSTON CENSURE URGED BY COUNSEL"</a>. 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Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469634586" title="Special:BookSources/9781469634586">9781469634586</a>. pp. 241–268; here: p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2008" class="citation web cs1">Woodward, Whitney (July 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2008/07/05/controversial-helms-stood-by-his-beliefs/27757170007/">"Controversial Helms stood by his beliefs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813033333/https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2008/07/05/controversial-helms-stood-by-his-beliefs/27757170007/">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2023 – via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuscalossa_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuscalossa News (page does not exist)">Tuscalossa News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Controversial+Helms+stood+by+his+beliefs&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2008-07-05&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuscaloosanews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2008%2F07%2F05%2Fcontroversial-helms-stood-by-his-beliefs%2F27757170007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/us/voting-rights-bill-passes-a-key-test.html">"Voting Rights Bill Passes A Key Test"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3554-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3554-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-3554-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+is+a+Conservative%3A+Religion%2C+Politics%2C+and+Morality+in+Contemporary+America&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3554-1&rft.aulast=Heineman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodisconservativ0000hein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longley_DRC-332"><a href="#cite_ref-Longley_DRC_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongleyJeremy_D._MayerMichael_SchallerJohn_W._Sloan2007" class="citation book cs1">Longley, Kyle; Jeremy D. Mayer; Michael Schaller; John W. Sloan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HdvlNzSjgTIC">Deconstructing Reagan: Conservative Mythology and America's Fortieth President</a>. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1591-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1591-6"><bdi>978-0-7656-1591-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deconstructing+Reagan%3A+Conservative+Mythology+and+America%27s+Fortieth+President&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1591-6&rft.aulast=Longley&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft.au=Jeremy+D.+Mayer&rft.au=Michael+Schaller&rft.au=John+W.+Sloan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHdvlNzSjgTIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michaels_TLW_14_Jy-333">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michaels_TLW_14_Jy_333-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michaels_TLW_14_Jy_333-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michaels_TLW_14_Jy_333-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michaels_TLW_14_Jy_333-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2008" class="citation web cs1">Michaels, Cash (July 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101128112037/http://louisianaweekly.com/news.php?viewStory=200">"The racial legacy of Jesse Helms"</a>. The Louisiana Weekly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louisianaweekly.com/news.php?viewStory=200">the original</a> on November 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Louisiana+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+racial+legacy+of+Jesse+Helms&rft.date=2008-07-17&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Cash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.louisianaweekly.com%2Fnews.php%3FviewStory%3D200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickham_USA_8_Jy-334"><a href="#cite_ref-Wickham_USA_8_Jy_334-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickham2008" class="citation news cs1">Wickham, DeWayne (July 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080802025535/http://blogs.usatoday.com/oped/2008/07/helms-subtly-ca.html">"Helms Subtly Carried Torch of White Supremacy"</a>. USA Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.usatoday.com/oped/2008/07/helms-subtly-ca.html#more">the original</a> on August 2, 2008. Retrieved July 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Helms+Subtly+Carried+Torch+of+White+Supremacy&rft.date=2008-07-08&rft.aulast=Wickham&rft.aufirst=DeWayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.usatoday.com%2Foped%2F2008%2F07%2Fhelms-subtly-ca.html%23more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson_OM-335"><a href="#cite_ref-Dyson_OM_335-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dyson, Michael Eric (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/openmikereflecti0000dyso">Open Mike: Reflections on Philosophy, Race, Sex, Culture and Religion</a>. 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LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3100-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3100-8"><bdi>978-0-8071-3100-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gather+at+the+River%3A+Notes+from+the+Post-millennial+South&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-3100-8&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE15SdQQFnJwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curry_OM-337"><a href="#cite_ref-Curry_OM_337-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurryCornel_West1996" class="citation book cs1">Curry, George E.; Cornel West (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2xSlM895ewC">The Affirmative Action Debate</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-47963-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-47963-8"><bdi>978-0-201-47963-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Affirmative+Action+Debate&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-201-47963-8&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft.au=Cornel+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2xSlM895ewC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn85042324/2005-06-16/ed-1/seq-2">"Helms apologetic on AIDS, not segregation"</a>. Winston-Salem Chronicle. Associated Press. June 16, 2005. pp. A2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Winston-Salem+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Helms+apologetic+on+AIDS%2C+not+segregation&rft.pages=A2&rft.date=2005-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewspapers.digitalnc.org%2Flccn%2Fsn85042324%2F2005-06-16%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> Link (2007), pp. 379–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> Chicago Sun-Times, August 5, 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickham,_DeWayne2008" class="citation news cs1">Wickham, DeWayne (July 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080802025535/http://blogs.usatoday.com/oped/2008/07/helms-subtly-ca.html">"Helms subtly carried torch of white supremacy"</a>. USA Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.usatoday.com/oped/2008/07/helms-subtly-ca.html">the original</a> on August 2, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Helms+subtly+carried+torch+of+white+supremacy&rft.date=2008-07-08&rft.au=Wickham%2C+DeWayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.usatoday.com%2Foped%2F2008%2F07%2Fhelms-subtly-ca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briscoe_DV_14_Jy-342">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Briscoe_DV_14_Jy_342-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briscoe_DV_14_Jy_342-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriscoe2008" class="citation web cs1">Briscoe, Ben (July 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120033809/http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=glbt&sc2=news&sc3=&id=77327">"LGBT rights step forward as 'Old Guard' leader passes away"</a>. Dallas Voice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=glbt&sc2=news&sc3=&id=77327">the original</a> on January 20, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dallas+Voice&rft.atitle=LGBT+rights+step+forward+as+%27Old+Guard%27+leader+passes+away&rft.date=2008-07-14&rft.aulast=Briscoe&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edgeboston.com%2Findex.php%3Fch%3Dnews%26sc%3Dglbt%26sc2%3Dnews%26sc3%3D%26id%3D77327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes_TWSJ_5_Jy-343">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_TWSJ_5_Jy_343-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_TWSJ_5_Jy_343-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation news cs1">Holmes, Elizabeth (July 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121521859205329713">"Jesse Helms (1921–2008): Ex-Senator Served North Carolina for Three Decades"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Jesse+Helms+%281921%E2%80%932008%29%3A+Ex-Senator+Served+North+Carolina+for+Three+Decades&rft.date=2008-07-05&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB121521859205329713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> Jesse Helms, "Tax-Paid Obscenity." Nova Law Review 14 (1989): 317. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/novalr14&div=35&id=&page=">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Week_18_Jy-345">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Week_18_Jy_345-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Week_18_Jy_345-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003124045/http://theweekdaily.com/article/index/87141/3/3/Jesse_Helms">"Jesse Helms: The Far-right Senator Who Refused To Compromise"</a>. The Week. July 18, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theweekdaily.com/article/index/87141/3/3/Jesse_Helms">the original</a> on October 3, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Jesse+Helms%3A+The+Far-right+Senator+Who+Refused+To+Compromise&rft.date=2008-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheweekdaily.com%2Farticle%2Findex%2F87141%2F3%2F3%2FJesse_Helms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Najafi_TWB_17_June-346"><a href="#cite_ref-Najafi_TWB_17_June_346-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajafi2005" class="citation web cs1">Najafi, Yusef (June 17, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washblade.com/2005/6-17/news/national/helms.cfm">"Helms regrets AIDS stance: Former senator 'wrong' on AIDS funding because families hurt"</a>. The Washington Blade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726083329/http://www.washblade.com/2005/6-17/news/national/helms.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved July 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Blade&rft.atitle=Helms+regrets+AIDS+stance%3A+Former+senator+%27wrong%27+on+AIDS+funding+because+families+hurt&rft.date=2005-06-17&rft.aulast=Najafi&rft.aufirst=Yusef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washblade.com%2F2005%2F6-17%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fhelms.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610091817/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-08-04/news/9301270900_1_judge-ginsburg-high-court-appointment-senate-judiciary-committee">"Ginsburg To Join High Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. August 4, 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-08-04/news/9301270900_1_judge-ginsburg-high-court-appointment-senate-judiciary-committee">the original</a> on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ginsburg+To+Join+High+Court&rft.date=1993-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.sun-sentinel.com%2F1993-08-04%2Fnews%2F9301270900_1_judge-ginsburg-high-court-appointment-senate-judiciary-committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaffer2014" class="citation news cs1">Shaffer, Josh (November 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/wake-county/article10117976.html">"Wake County Clerk of Superior Court: Knox wins narrow victory"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wake+County+Clerk+of+Superior+Court%3A+Knox+wins+narrow+victory&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft.aulast=Shaffer&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsobserver.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fcounties%2Fwake-county%2Farticle10117976.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Right_Hand_of_God-349">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Right_Hand_of_God_349-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Right_Hand_of_God_349-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Right_Hand_of_God_349-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Right_Hand_of_God_349-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Right_Hand_of_God_349-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Right_Hand_of_God_349-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillory1995" class="citation journal cs1">Guillory, Ferrel (January 27, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090102202429/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1252/is_n2_v122/ai_16233117">"The right hand of God: Jesse Helms's political theology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commonweal_(magazine)" title="Commonweal (magazine)">Commonweal</a>. 122 (2): 4–6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1252/is_n2_v122/ai_16233117/">the original</a> on January 2, 2009. Retrieved July 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commonweal&rft.atitle=The+right+hand+of+God%3A+Jesse+Helms%27s+political+theology&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=4-6&rft.date=1995-01-27&rft.aulast=Guillory&rft.aufirst=Ferrel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1252%2Fis_n2_v122%2Fai_16233117%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph_July_6,_2008-350">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_July_6,_2008_350-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_July_6,_2008_350-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_July_6,_2008_350-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_July_6,_2008_350-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/2247518/Jesse-Helms.html">"Jesse Helms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. July 6, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/2247518/Jesse-Helms.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jesse+Helms&rft.date=2008-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F2247518%2FJesse-Helms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicker1982" class="citation news cs1">Wicker, Tom (June 22, 1982). "The Baptist Switch". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Baptist+Switch&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1982-06-22&rft.aulast=Wicker&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1982" class="citation news cs1">Hunter, Marjorie (January 6, 1982). "Not So Vital Statistics on Mr. Helms". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Not+So+Vital+Statistics+on+Mr.+Helms&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1982-01-06&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUtterStorey,_John_Woodrow2001" class="citation book cs1">Utter, Glenn H.; Storey, John Woodrow (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousrightre00utte_0/page/16">The Religious Right: a Reference Handbook</a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousrightre00utte_0/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-212-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-212-7"><bdi>978-1-57607-212-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Right%3A+a+Reference+Handbook&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-212-7&rft.aulast=Utter&rft.aufirst=Glenn+H.&rft.au=Storey%2C+John+Woodrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousrightre00utte_0%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch2008" class="citation news cs1">Welch, Bill (July 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-07-04-helms-obit_N.htm">"Former Sen. Jesse Helms dies at 86"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved July 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Former+Sen.+Jesse+Helms+dies+at+86&rft.date=2008-07-04&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2008-07-04-helms-obit_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roc-taiwan.org/us_en/post/342.html">"Republic of China honors Senator Jesse Helms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Economic_and_Cultural_Representative_Office_in_the_United_States" title="Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States">Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States</a>. November 12, 2002. Retrieved April 3, 2020. <q>On behalf of Republic of China (ROC) President Chen Shui-bian, Representative <a href="/wiki/Chen_Chien-jen" title="Chen Chien-jen">C. J. (Chien-Jen) Chen</a>, the ROC's chief representative in the United States, presented Senator Jesse Helms (R-NC) with the Order of Propitious Clouds with Grand Cordon October 24 at the senator's office in recognition of his contributions to promoting friendly relations between Taiwan and the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Economic+and+Cultural+Representative+Office+in+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Republic+of+China+honors+Senator+Jesse+Helms&rft.date=2002-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roc-taiwan.org%2Fus_en%2Fpost%2F342.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeEloise_VaughnNicole_BrodeurAllan_Gurganus2001" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Patsy; Eloise Vaughn; Nicole Brodeur; Allan Gurganus (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nD8EAAAACAAJ">Keep Singing: Two Mothers, Two Sons, and Their Fight Against Jesse Helms</a>. Alyson Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55583-572-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55583-572-4"><bdi>1-55583-572-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keep+Singing%3A+Two+Mothers%2C+Two+Sons%2C+and+Their+Fight+Against+Jesse+Helms&rft.pub=Alyson+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55583-572-4&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Patsy&rft.au=Eloise+Vaughn&rft.au=Nicole+Brodeur&rft.au=Allan+Gurganus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnD8EAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurgurson1986" class="citation book cs1">Furgurson, Ernest B. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hardrightriseof00furg">Hard Right: The Rise of Jesse Helms</a>. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02325-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02325-7"><bdi>0-393-02325-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hard+Right%3A+The+Rise+of+Jesse+Helms&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-393-02325-7&rft.aulast=Furgurson&rft.aufirst=Ernest+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhardrightriseof00furg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1987" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Alan Howard (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AP4MAAAACAAJ">Government and the Arts: Debates Over Federal Support of the Arts in America from George Washington to Jesse Helms</a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-0674-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-0674-1"><bdi>0-7618-0674-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+and+the+Arts%3A+Debates+Over+Federal+Support+of+the+Arts+in+America+from+George+Washington+to+Jesse+Helms&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-7618-0674-1&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Alan+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAP4MAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jesse_Helms" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms" class="extiw" title="q:Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressH000463" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000463">"Jesse Helms (id: H000463)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Jesse+Helms+%28id%3A+H000463%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DH000463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesse+Helms" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jessehelmscenter.org/">Jesse Helms Center</a> which hosts <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223153904/http://www.jessehelmscenter.org/jessehelms/editorials.asp">Articles About Senator Helms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122222230/http://www.liberty.edu/academics/government/index.cfm?PID=169">Liberty University's Helms School of Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/263979392">Senator No: Jesse Helms</a>—UNC-TV biographical documentary by independent filmmaker John Wilson</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0124/menu.html">Oral History Interview with Jesse Helms</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/">Oral Histories of the American South</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS121848">Memorial Addresses and Other Tributes Held in the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States Together with a Memorial Service in Honor of Jesse Helms, Late a Senator from North Carolina: One Hundred Tenth Congress, Second Session</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1767">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/jesse-helms">FBI Records: The Vault – Jesse Helms</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">John Shallcross</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 2</a>) <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1972 United States Senate election in North Carolina">1972</a>, <a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1978 United States Senate election in North Carolina">1978</a>, <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1984 United States Senate election in North Carolina">1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1990 United States Senate election in North Carolina">1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1996 United States Senate election in North Carolina">1996</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/B._Everett_Jordan" title="B. Everett Jordan">B. Everett Jordan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from North Carolina">U.S. Senator (Class 2) from North Carolina</a> 1973–2003 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Ervin" title="Sam Ervin">Sam Ervin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burren_Morgan" title="Robert Burren Morgan">Robert Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Porter_East" title="John Porter East">John P. East</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Broyhill" class="mw-redirect" title="James Thomas Broyhill">James Broyhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanford" title="Terry Sanford">Terry Sanford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauch_Faircloth" title="Lauch Faircloth">Lauch Faircloth</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Senate Agriculture Committee</a> 1977–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dee_Huddleston" title="Walter Dee Huddleston">Walter Dee Huddleston</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Talmadge" title="Herman Talmadge">Herman Talmadge</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Senate Agriculture Committee</a> 1981–1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Zorinsky" title="Edward Zorinsky">Edward Zorinsky</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Senate Agriculture Committee</a> 1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Richard Lugar</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> 1987–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Claiborne Pell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Claiborne Pell</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> 1995–2001, 2001 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Joe Biden</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> 2001, 2001–2003 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Richard Lugar</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesse_Helms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesse_Helms" title="Template:Jesse Helms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesse_Helms" title="Template talk:Jesse Helms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesse_Helms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesse Helms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesse_Helms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jesse Helms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_North_Carolina" title="Monroe, North Carolina">Monroe, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingate_University" title="Wingate University">Wingate University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_News_%26_Observer" title="The News & Observer">The News & Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Broadcasting_Company" title="Capitol Broadcasting Company">Capitol Broadcasting Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh_City_Council" title="Raleigh City Council">Raleigh City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms_Center" title="Jesse Helms Center">Jesse Helms Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Jesse_Helms" title="Electoral history of Jesse Helms">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1972 United States Senate election in North Carolina">Senate 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">Presidential primaries 1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1978 United States Senate election in North Carolina">Senate 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">Presidential primaries 1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1984 United States Senate election in North Carolina">Senate 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1990 United States Senate election in North Carolina">Senate 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1996 United States Senate election in North Carolina">Senate 1996</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helms%E2%80%93Burton_Act" title="Helms–Burton Act">Helms–Burton Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congressional_Club" title="National Congressional Club">National Congressional Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hands_(advertisement)" title="Hands (advertisement)">Hands (advertisement)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesse_Helms" title="Category:Jesse Helms">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" title="Template:United States senators from North Carolina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" title="Template talk:United States senators from North Carolina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from North Carolina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from North Carolina">United States senators from North Carolina</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnston" title="Samuel Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Martin" title="Alexander Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Franklin" title="Jesse Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Turner_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="James Turner (North Carolina politician)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Stokes" title="Montfort Stokes">Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Branch" title="John Branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Brown" title="Bedford Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Settle_Reid" title="David Settle Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bragg" title="Thomas Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Carter_Abbott" title="Joseph Carter Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_W._Ransom" title="Matt W. Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Butler" title="Marion Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._M._Simmons" title="F. M. Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bailey" title="Josiah Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Umstead" title="William B. Umstead">Umstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Melville_Broughton" title="J. Melville Broughton">Broughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Porter_Graham" title="Frank Porter Graham">F. P. Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Smith" title="Willis Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_Lennon" title="Alton Lennon">Lennon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Kerr_Scott" title="W. Kerr Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Everett_Jordan" title="B. Everett Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Hagan" title="Kay Hagan">Hagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">Tillis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hawkins" title="Benjamin Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Bloodworth" title="Timothy Bloodworth">Bloodworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stone_(politician)" title="David Stone (politician)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Franklin" title="Jesse Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stone_(politician)" title="David Stone (politician)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Locke_Jr." title="Francis Locke Jr.">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell_Jr." title="James Iredell Jr.">Iredell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Strange_(American_politician)" title="Robert Strange (American politician)">Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">W. A. Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Haywood_Jr." title="William Henry Haywood Jr.">Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Badger" title="George Edmund Badger">Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Biggs" title="Asa Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Clingman" title="Thomas L. Clingman">Clingman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pool" title="John Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Summerfield_Merrimon" title="Augustus Summerfield Merrimon">Merrimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Vance" title="Zebulon Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Jarvis" title="Thomas J. Jarvis">Jarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeter_C._Pritchard" title="Jeter C. Pritchard">Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_S._Overman" title="Lee S. Overman">Overman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_A._Morrison" title="Cameron A. Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Reynolds" title="Robert R. Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_R._Hoey" title="Clyde R. Hoey">Hoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ervin" title="Sam Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burren_Morgan" title="Robert Burren Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Porter_East" title="John Porter East">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Broyhill" title="Jim Broyhill">Broyhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanford" title="Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauch_Faircloth" title="Lauch Faircloth">Faircloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burr" title="Richard Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Budd" title="Ted Budd">Budd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(Louisiana_politician)" title="James Brown (Louisiana politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">R. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Archer" title="William S. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)" title="William Allen (governor)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Hannegan" title="Edward A. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Foote" title="Henry S. Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Eaton" title="William W. Eaton">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Morgan" title="John T. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushman_K._Davis" title="Cushman K. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_O._Bacon" title="Augustus O. Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Stone" title="William J. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">Borah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Pittman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wiley" title="Alexander Wiley">Wiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Green" title="Theodore F. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">Fulbright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Pell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Menendez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Corker" title="Bob Corker">Corker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Risch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Menendez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Cardin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#default;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Agriculture_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Agriculture chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Agriculture_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Agriculture chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Agriculture_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Agriculture chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture (1829–1857; 1863–1881)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Marks_(politician)" title="William Marks (politician)">Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_(Vermont_politician)" title="Horatio Seymour (Vermont politician)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Brown" title="Bedford Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Page_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="John Page (New Hampshire politician)">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Smith_(politician)" title="Perry Smith (politician)">P. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Mouton" title="Alexandre Mouton">Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Linn" title="Lewis F. Linn">Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Upham" title="William Upham">Upham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sturgeon" title="Daniel Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Soul%C3%A9" title="Pierre Soulé">Soulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Allen_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Philip Allen (Rhode Island politician)">Allen</a></li> <li>(abolished 1857–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_P._Morton" title="Oliver P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Theodore_Frelinghuysen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Paddock" title="Algernon Paddock">Paddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Johnston" title="John W. Johnston">Johnston</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/135px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture and Forestry (1884–1977)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Miller" title="Warner Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Palmer" title="Thomas W. Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Paddock" title="Algernon Paddock">Paddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Z._George" title="James Z. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Hansbrough" title="Henry C. Hansbrough">Hansbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_P._Dolliver" title="Jonathan P. Dolliver">Dolliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Warren" title="Francis E. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Burnham" title="Henry E. Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gore" title="Thomas Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asle_Gronna" title="Asle Gronna">Gronna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">E. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Thomas" title="Elmer Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Capper" title="Arthur Capper">Capper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Thomas" title="Elmer Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Ellender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Aiken" title="George Aiken">Aiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Ellender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Talmadge" title="Herman Talmadge">Talmadge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry (1977–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Talmadge" title="Herman Talmadge">Talmadge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Harkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Harkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thad_Cochran" title="Thad Cochran">Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxby_Chambliss" title="Saxby Chambliss">Chambliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Harkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Lincoln" title="Blanche Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Roberts" title="Pat Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503426#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503426#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503426#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118836137">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82209512">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0003868&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007306941805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000463">US Congress</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569124">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f484tp">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&oldid=1255178278">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Helms&oldid=1255178278</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jesse_Helms" title="Category:Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1921_births" title="Category:1921 births">1921 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2008_deaths" title="Category:2008 deaths">2008 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_North_Carolina_politicians" title="Category:20th-century North Carolina politicians">20th-century North Carolina politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_far-right_politicians" title="Category:20th-century American far-right politicians">20th-century American far-right politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_memoirists" title="Category:20th-century American memoirists">20th-century American memoirists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:21st-century American male writers">21st-century American male writers</a></li><li><a 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Template:Sfn"," 4.02% 108.052 1 Template:Jesse_Helms_series"," 3.86% 103.953 1 Template:Sidebar"," 3.75% 101.001 24 Template:Cite_web"," 3.72% 100.098 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.732","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13477358,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAli1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlvarez1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApple1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApplebome1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArthur_Jones1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshford1981\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFAshford1982\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAshford1983\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFAshford1984\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFAyres1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyres1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatten2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerke1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinyon1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumenfeldDiane_Christine_Raymond1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBond1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorstelmann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinkley1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriscoe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrockell,_Gillian2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroder2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrogan1980\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrogan1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrogan1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronstein2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrozan1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurke1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlton1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlton1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian1986\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChristiansen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkeEloise_VaughnNicole_BrodeurAllan_Gurganus2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCline1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClinton1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClinton1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCloud\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClymer1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFClymer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornwell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosgrave1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrittenden1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCross1981\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFCrossette1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowther2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurryCornel_West1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDale1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Witt1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDewar1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorning1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowd1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrehle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrescherDavid_Espo2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliston2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmery1976\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFErlanger1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrum2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurgurson1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatesAnthony_Appiah1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGizzi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillory1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGwertzman1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGwertzman1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallow2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHastedtEksterowicz,_Anthony_J.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHechinger1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeineman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelms1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelms2005\"] = 8,\n [\"CITEREFHelms2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHovey1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulse,_Carl2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter1972\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHunter1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurt2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaacsonMcGeary,_JohannaNelan,_Bruce_W.1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJason_Sokol2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJessica_Reaves1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoe1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1978\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKing1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKinzer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehigh1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiangChaloupka,_Frank_J.Ierulli,_Kathryn2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLink2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongleyJeremy_D._MayerMichael_SchallerJohn_W._Sloan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowenfeld1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuebke2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadden1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaralee_Schwartz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarquis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaupin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayerSchlossberg,_Kenneth1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDougal1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelissa_McEwan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontopoli2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNEUMAN2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNajafi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoden2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrnstein1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParachini1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPear1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeskowitz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinsky1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratkanisElliot_Aronson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaines1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaines1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRange1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRasky1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReichertJacqueline_Lambiase2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReston1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReston1979\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFReston1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRimer1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRimmerman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1979\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1982\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFRosellini1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafire1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafire1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuels1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSciolino1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeelye1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaffer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenon1999\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFShirley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilk1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1979\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1981\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSoler_Torrijos2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._OngeTorralba,_Mike2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStout1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeri1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolchin1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolchin1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolchin1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrbinaKirkpatrick,_David_D.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUtterStorey,_John_Woodrow2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogl1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogl1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogl1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinraub1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWicker1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWicker1980\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWicker1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWickham,_DeWayne2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWickham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_D._Snider1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Onis1981\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'-\"] = 1,\n [\"'s\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 242,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 23,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"CongBio\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism US\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Helms, Jesse\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 5,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesse Helms\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesse Helms series\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 8,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 8,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 8,\n [\"SenAgricultureCommitteeChairmen\"] = 1,\n [\"SenForeignRelationsCommitteeChairmen\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"USCongRec\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenNC\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","21.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","13.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","10.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.1"],["(for generator) \u003Cmw.lua:684\u003E","80","4.8"],["type","60","3.6"],["\u003Cmw.language.lua:89\u003E","40","2.4"],["name_checks \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1551\u003E","40","2.4"],["ipairs","40","2.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","2.4"],["[others]","500","29.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bxzm6","timestamp":"20241124053114","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Jesse Helms","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesse_Helms","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q503426","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q503426","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-24T22:34:20Z","dateModified":"2024-11-03T15:32:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/31\/JesseHelms_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"American politician (1921\u20132008)"}</script> </body> </html>