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id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IEEE_link_aggregation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IEEE_link_aggregation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>IEEE link aggregation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-IEEE_link_aggregation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle IEEE link aggregation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-IEEE_link_aggregation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standardization_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Standardization process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-802.3ad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#802.3ad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>802.3ad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-802.3ad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-802.1AX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#802.1AX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>802.1AX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-802.1AX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Link Aggregation Control Protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages_over_static_configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_over_static_configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Advantages over static configuration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_over_static_configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practical_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practical_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Practical notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practical_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietary_link_aggregation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietary_link_aggregation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proprietary link aggregation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietary_link_aggregation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linux_drivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux_drivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Linux drivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux_drivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Network_backbone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_backbone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Network backbone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_backbone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_frames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_frames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Order of frames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_frames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_on_network_interface_cards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_on_network_interface_cards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Use on network interface cards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_on_network_interface_cards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microsoft_Windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microsoft_Windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Microsoft Windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microsoft_Windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linux_and_UNIX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux_and_UNIX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Linux and UNIX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux_and_UNIX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtualization_platforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtualization_platforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Virtualization platforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtualization_platforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limitations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single_switch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_switch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Single switch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_switch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same_link_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same_link_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Same link speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same_link_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethernet_aggregation_mismatch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethernet_aggregation_mismatch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Ethernet aggregation mismatch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethernet_aggregation_mismatch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethernet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethernet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ethernet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethernet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Modems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DSL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DSL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>DSL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DSL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DOCSIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DOCSIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>DOCSIS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DOCSIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadband" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadband"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Broadband</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadband-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wi-Fi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wi-Fi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Wi-Fi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wi-Fi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7" title="تجميع الروابط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجميع الروابط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Link aggregation" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregace_linek" title="Agregace linek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Agregace linek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Aggregation" title="Link Aggregation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Link Aggregation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5rgu%C3%BChenduste_agregeerimine" title="Võrguühenduste agregeerimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Võrguühenduste agregeerimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregaci%C3%B3n_de_enlaces" title="Agregación de enlaces – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agregación de enlaces" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="تجمیع ارتباط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تجمیع ارتباط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gation_de_liens" title="Agrégation de liens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Agrégation de liens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%81%ED%81%AC_%EC%95%A0%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EA%B2%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="링크 애그리게이션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="링크 애그리게이션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Link aggregation" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Aggregation" title="Link Aggregation – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Link Aggregation" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai%C5%A1u_apvieno%C5%A1ana" title="Saišu apvienošana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saišu apvienošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Link aggregation" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="リンクアグリゲーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リンクアグリゲーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregacja_%C5%82%C4%85czy" title="Agregacja łączy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Agregacja łączy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_bonding" title="Ethernet bonding – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ethernet bonding" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Агрегирование каналов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Агрегирование каналов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkkien_yhdist%C3%A4minen" title="Linkkien yhdistäminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linkkien yhdistäminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Агрегація каналів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Агрегація каналів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%BE%E8%B7%AF%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88" title="链路聚合 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="链路聚合" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q352072#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Aggregation Control Protocol">Link Aggregation Control Protocol</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Using multiple network connections in parallel to increase capacity and reliability</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"IEEE 802.3ad" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ad" title="IEEE 802.1ad">IEEE 802.1ad</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Link_Aggregation1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Link_Aggregation1.svg/333px-Link_Aggregation1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="333" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Link_Aggregation1.svg/500px-Link_Aggregation1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Link_Aggregation1.svg/666px-Link_Aggregation1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Link aggregation between a switch and a server</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">computer networking</a>, <b>link aggregation</b> is the combining (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aggregation" class="extiw" title="wikt:aggregation">aggregating</a>) of multiple network connections in parallel by any of several methods. Link aggregation increases total <a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a> beyond what a single connection could sustain, and provides <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">redundancy</a> where all but one of the physical links may fail without losing connectivity. A <b>link aggregation group</b> (<b>LAG</b>) is the combined collection of physical ports. </p><p>Other umbrella terms used to describe the concept include <b>trunking</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Guijarro_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guijarro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>bundling</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cisco_802.3ad_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cisco_802.3ad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>bonding</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Guijarro_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guijarro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>channeling</b><sup id="cite_ref-Cisco_Nexus_5000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cisco_Nexus_5000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>teaming</b>. </p><p>Implementation may follow vendor-independent standards such as <a href="/wiki/Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Aggregation Control Protocol">Link Aggregation Control Protocol</a> (LACP) for <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, defined in <a href="#802.1AX">IEEE 802.1AX</a> or the previous <a href="#802.3ad">IEEE 802.3ad</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_protocol" title="Proprietary protocol">proprietary protocols</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivation">Motivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Motivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Link aggregation increases the bandwidth and resilience of <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> connections. </p><p>Bandwidth requirements do not scale linearly. Ethernet bandwidths historically have increased tenfold each generation: 10 <a href="/wiki/Megabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabit">megabit</a>/s, 100 Mbit/s, 1000 Mbit/s, 10,000 Mbit/s. If one started to bump into bandwidth ceilings, then the only option was to move to the next generation, which could be cost prohibitive. An alternative solution, introduced by many of the network manufacturers in the early 1990s, is to use link aggregation to combine two physical Ethernet links into one logical link. Most of these early solutions required manual configuration and identical equipment on both sides of the connection.<sup id="cite_ref-firstieeemeeting_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstieeemeeting-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three <a href="/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">single points of failure</a> inherent to a typical port-cable-port connection, in either a computer-to-switch or a switch-to-switch configuration: the cable itself or either of the ports the cable is plugged into can fail. Multiple logical connections can be made, but many of the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">higher level protocols</a> were not designed to <a href="/wiki/Fail_over" class="mw-redirect" title="Fail over">fail over</a> completely seamlessly. Combining multiple physical connections into one logical connection using link aggregation provides more resilient communications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Network_architect" class="mw-redirect" title="Network architect">Network architects</a> can implement aggregation at any of the lowest three layers of the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>. Examples of aggregation at layer 1 (<a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a>) include <a href="/wiki/Power_line_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Power line communication">power line</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">IEEE 1901</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">wireless</a> (e.g. IEEE 802.11) network devices that combine multiple frequency bands. OSI layer 2 (<a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_frame" title="Ethernet frame">Ethernet frame</a> in LANs or <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol#Multiclass_PPP" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">multi-link PPP</a> in WANs, Ethernet <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</a>) aggregation typically occurs across switch ports, which can be either physical ports or virtual ones managed by an operating system. Aggregation at layer 3 (<a href="/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">network layer</a>) in the OSI model can use <a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling#Data_packet_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">round-robin scheduling</a>, hash values computed from fields in the packet header, or a combination of these two methods. </p><p>Regardless of the layer on which aggregation occurs, it is possible to balance the network load across all links. However, in order to avoid <a href="/wiki/Out-of-order_delivery" title="Out-of-order delivery">out-of-order delivery</a>, not all implementations take advantage of this. Most methods provide <a href="/wiki/Failover" title="Failover">failover</a> as well. </p><p>Combining can either occur such that multiple interfaces share one logical address (i.e. IP) or one physical address (i.e. MAC address), or it allows each interface to have its own address. The former requires that both ends of a link use the same aggregation method, but has performance advantages over the latter. </p><p>Channel bonding is differentiated from <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a> in that load balancing divides traffic between network interfaces on per <a href="/wiki/Network_socket" title="Network socket">network socket</a> (layer 4) basis, while channel bonding implies a division of traffic between physical interfaces at a lower level, either per packet (layer 3) or a data link (layer 2) basis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IEEE_link_aggregation">IEEE link aggregation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: IEEE link aggregation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardization_process">Standardization process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Standardization process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the mid-1990s, most network switch manufacturers had included aggregation capability as a proprietary extension to increase bandwidth between their switches. Each manufacturer developed its own method, which led to compatibility problems. The <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a> working group took up a study group to create an interoperable <a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">link layer</a> standard (i.e. encompassing the physical and data-link layers both) in a November 1997 meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-firstieeemeeting_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstieeemeeting-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group quickly agreed to include an automatic configuration feature which would add in redundancy as well. This became known as <a href="/wiki/Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Aggregation Control Protocol">Link Aggregation Control Protocol</a> (LACP). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="802.3ad">802.3ad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 802.3ad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2000<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, most gigabit channel-bonding schemes used the IEEE standard of link aggregation which was formerly clause 43 of the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a> standard added in March 2000 by the IEEE 802.3ad task force.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee802.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee802.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly every network equipment manufacturer quickly adopted this joint standard over their proprietary standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="802.1AX">802.1AX</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 802.1AX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 802.3 maintenance task force report for the 9th revision project in November 2006 noted that certain 802.1 layers (such as <a href="/wiki/802.1X" class="mw-redirect" title="802.1X">802.1X</a> security) were positioned in the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_stack" title="Protocol stack">protocol stack</a> below link aggregation which was defined as an <a href="/wiki/802.3" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3">802.3</a> sublayer.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To resolve this discrepancy, the 802.3ax (802.1AX) task force was formed,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in the formal transfer of the protocol to the 802.1 group with the publication of IEEE 802.1AX-2008 on 3 November 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol">Link Aggregation Control Protocol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Link Aggregation Control Protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the IEEE Ethernet standards, the Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) provides a method to control the bundling of several physical links together to form a single logical link. LACP allows a network device to negotiate an automatic bundling of links by sending LACP packets to their peer, a directly connected device that also implements LACP. </p><p>LACP Features and practical examples </p> <ol><li>Maximum number of bundled ports allowed in the port channel: Valid values are usually from 1 to 8.</li> <li>LACP packets are sent with multicast group MAC address <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>01:80:C2:00:00:02</i></span></span></li> <li>During LACP detection period <ul><li>LACP packets are transmitted every second</li> <li>Keep-alive mechanism for link member: (slow = 30s, fast=1s)</li></ul></li> <li>Selectable load-balancing mode is available in some implementations<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>LACP mode : <ul><li>Active: Enables LACP unconditionally.</li> <li>Passive: Enables LACP only when an LACP device is detected.</li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advantages_over_static_configuration">Advantages over static configuration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advantages over static configuration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Failover occurs automatically: When a link has an intermediate failure, for example in a <a href="/wiki/Media_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Media converter">media converter</a> between the devices, a peer system may not perceive any connectivity problems. With static link aggregation, the peer would continue sending traffic down the link causing the connection to fail.</li> <li>Dynamic configuration: The device can confirm that the configuration at the other end can handle link aggregation. With static link aggregation, a cabling or configuration mistake could go undetected and cause undesirable network behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Practical_notes">Practical notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Practical notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LACP works by sending frames (LACPDUs) down all links that have the protocol enabled. If it finds a device on the other end of a link that also has LACP enabled, that device will independently send frames along the same links in the opposite direction enabling the two units to detect multiple links between themselves and then combine them into a single logical link. LACP can be configured in one of two modes: active or passive. In active mode, LACPDUs are sent 1 per second along the configured links. In passive mode, LACPDUs are not sent until one is received from the other side, a speak-when-spoken-to protocol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietary_link_aggregation">Proprietary link aggregation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Proprietary link aggregation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the IEEE link aggregation substandards, there are a number of proprietary aggregation schemes including Cisco's <a href="/wiki/EtherChannel" title="EtherChannel">EtherChannel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Aggregation_Protocol" title="Port Aggregation Protocol">Port Aggregation Protocol</a>, Juniper's Aggregated Ethernet, AVAYA's <a href="/wiki/Multi-link_trunking" title="Multi-link trunking">Multi-Link Trunking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Split_Multi-Link_Trunking" class="mw-redirect" title="Split Multi-Link Trunking">Split Multi-Link Trunking</a>, <a href="/wiki/R-SMLT" class="mw-redirect" title="R-SMLT">Routed Split Multi-Link Trunking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Split_Multi-Link_Trunking" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed Split Multi-Link Trunking">Distributed Split Multi-Link Trunking</a>, ZTE's Smartgroup, Huawei's Eth-Trunk, and <a href="/wiki/Connectify" title="Connectify">Connectify</a>'s Speedify.<sup id="cite_ref-fiercewirelessspeedify_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiercewirelessspeedify-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most high-end network devices support some form of link aggregation. Software-based implementations – such as the <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">*BSD</a> <i>lagg</i> package, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> <i>bonding</i> driver, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> <i>dladm aggr</i>, etc. – exist for many operating systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linux_drivers">Linux drivers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Linux drivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Linux <i>bonding</i> driver<sup id="cite_ref-lbond_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbond-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides a method for aggregating multiple <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network interface controllers</a> (NICs) into a single logical bonded interface of two or more so-called <i>(NIC) slaves</i>. The majority of modern <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a> come with a <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> which has the Linux bonding driver integrated as a <a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">loadable kernel module</a> and the <i>ifenslave</i> (if = [network] interface) <a href="/wiki/User-level" class="mw-redirect" title="User-level">user-level</a> control program pre-installed. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Becker" title="Donald Becker">Donald Becker</a> programmed the original Linux bonding driver. It came into use with the <a href="/wiki/Beowulf_cluster" title="Beowulf cluster">Beowulf cluster</a> patches for the <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> kernel 2.0. </p><p>Modes for the Linux bonding driver<sup id="cite_ref-lbond_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbond-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (network interface aggregation modes) are supplied as parameters to the kernel bonding module at load time. They may be given as command-line arguments to the <i>insmod</i> or <i>modprobe</i> commands, but are usually specified in a Linux distribution-specific configuration file. The behavior of the single logical bonded interface depends upon its specified bonding driver mode. The default parameter is balance-rr. </p> <dl><dt>Round-robin (balance-rr)</dt> <dd>Transmit alternate <a href="/wiki/Network_packet" title="Network packet">network packets</a> in sequential order from the first available NIC slave through the last. This mode provides <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">fault tolerance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mode can cause congestion control issues due to the packet reordering it can introduce.<sup id="cite_ref-Linux_Ethernet_Bonding_Driver_HOWTO_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linux_Ethernet_Bonding_Driver_HOWTO-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Active-backup (active-backup)</dt> <dd>Only one NIC slave in the bond is active. A different slave becomes active if, and only if, the active slave fails. The single logical bonded interface's <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</a> is externally visible on only one <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">NIC</a> (port) to simplify forwarding in the <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">network switch</a>. This mode provides fault tolerance.</dd> <dt>XOR (balance-xor)</dt> <dd>Transmit network packets based on a hash of the packet's source and destination. The default algorithm only considers MAC addresses (<i>layer2</i>). Newer versions allow selection of additional policies based on IP addresses (<i>layer2+3</i>) and TCP/UDP port numbers (<i>layer3+4</i>). This selects the same NIC slave for each destination MAC address, IP address, or IP address and port combination, respectively. Single connections will have guaranteed <i>in order</i> packet delivery and will transmit at the speed of a single NIC.<sup id="cite_ref-Linux_Ethernet_Bonding_Driver_HOWTO_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linux_Ethernet_Bonding_Driver_HOWTO-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mode provides load balancing and fault tolerance.</dd> <dt>Broadcast (broadcast)</dt> <dd>Transmit network packets on all slave network interfaces. This mode provides fault tolerance.</dd> <dt>IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link aggregation (802.3ad, LACP)</dt> <dd>Creates aggregation groups that share the same speed and duplex settings. Utilizes all slave network interfaces in the active aggregator group according to the 802.3ad specification. This mode is similar to the XOR mode above and supports the same balancing policies. The link is set up dynamically between two LACP-supporting peers.</dd> <dt>Adaptive transmit load balancing (balance-tlb)</dt> <dd>Linux bonding driver mode that does not require any special network-switch support. The outgoing network packet traffic is distributed according to the current load (computed relative to the speed) on each network interface slave. Incoming traffic is received by one currently designated slave network interface. If this receiving slave fails, another slave takes over the MAC address of the failed receiving slave.</dd> <dt>Adaptive load balancing (balance-alb)</dt> <dd>includes <i>balance-tlb</i> plus <i>receive load balancing</i> (rlb) for IPv4 traffic and does not require any special network switch support. The receive load balancing is achieved by <a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a> negotiation. The bonding driver intercepts the ARP Replies sent by the local system on their way out and overwrites the source hardware address with the unique hardware address of one of the NIC slaves in the single logical bonded interface such that different network-peers use different MAC addresses for their network packet traffic.</dd></dl> <p>The Linux Team driver<sup id="cite_ref-lteam_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lteam-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides an alternative to bonding driver. The main difference is that Team driver kernel part contains only essential code and the rest of the code (link validation, LACP implementation, decision making, etc.) is run in <a href="/wiki/Userspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Userspace">userspace</a> as a part of <i>teamd</i> daemon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_backbone">Network backbone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Network backbone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Link aggregation offers an inexpensive way to set up a high-capacity <a href="/wiki/Backbone_network" title="Backbone network">backbone network</a> that transfers multiple times more data than any single port or device can deliver. Link aggregation also allows the network's backbone speed to grow incrementally as demand on the network increases, without having to replace everything and deploy new hardware. </p><p>Most backbone installations install more cabling or fiber optic pairs than is initially necessary. This is done because labor costs are higher than the cost of the cable, and running extra cable reduces future labor costs if networking needs change. Link aggregation can allow the use of these extra cables to increase backbone speeds for little or no extra cost if ports are available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_frames">Order of frames</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Order of frames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When balancing traffic, network administrators often wish to avoid reordering Ethernet frames. For example, TCP suffers additional overhead when dealing with out-of-order packets. This goal is approximated by sending all frames associated with a particular session across the same link. Common implementations use L2 or L3 hashes (i.e. based on the MAC or the IP addresses), ensuring that the same flow is always sent via the same physical link.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RFC_7424_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC_7424-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, this may not provide even distribution across the links in the trunk when only a single or very few pairs of hosts communicate with each other, i.e. when the hashes provide too little variation. It effectively limits the client bandwidth in aggregate.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC_7424_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC_7424-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the extreme, one link is fully loaded while the others are completely idle and aggregate bandwidth is limited to this single member's maximum bandwidth. For this reason, an even load balancing and full utilization of all trunked links is almost never reached in real-life implementations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_on_network_interface_cards">Use on network interface cards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Use on network interface cards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NICs trunked together can also provide network links beyond the throughput of any one single NIC. For example, this allows a central file server to establish an aggregate 2-gigabit connection using two 1-gigabit NICs teamed together. Note the data signaling rate will still be 1 Gbit/s, which can be misleading depending on methodologies used to test throughput after link aggregation is employed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microsoft_Windows">Microsoft Windows</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Microsoft Windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> Server 2012 supports link aggregation natively. Previous Windows Server versions relied on manufacturer support of the feature within their <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device driver</a> software. <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, for example, released Advanced Networking Services (ANS) to bond Intel Fast Ethernet and Gigabit cards.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> supports teaming with their Nvidia Network Access Manager/Firewall Tool. <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a> has a teaming tool for HP-branded NICs which supports several modes of link aggregation including 802.3ad with LACP. In addition, there is a basic layer-3 aggregation<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that allows servers with multiple IP interfaces on the same network to perform load balancing, and for home users with more than one internet connection, to increase connection speed by sharing the load on all interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a> offers advanced functions via Broadcom Advanced Control Suite (BACS), via which the teaming functionality of BASP (Broadcom Advanced Server Program) is available, offering 802.3ad static LAGs, LACP, and "smart teaming" which doesn't require any configuration on the switches to work. It is possible to configure teaming with BACS with a mix of NICs from different vendors as long as at least one of them is from Broadcom and the other NICs have the required capabilities to support teaming.<sup id="cite_ref-BACS_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BACS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linux_and_UNIX">Linux and UNIX</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Linux and UNIX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> and commercial Unix distributions such as <a href="/wiki/AIX" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX">AIX</a> implement Ethernet bonding at a higher level and, as long as the NIC is supported by the kernel, can deal with NICs from different manufacturers or using different drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-lbond_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbond-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Virtualization_platforms">Virtualization platforms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Virtualization platforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Xen" title="Xen">Citrix XenServer</a> and <a href="/wiki/VMware_ESX" class="mw-redirect" title="VMware ESX">VMware ESX</a> have native support for link aggregation. XenServer offers both static LAGs as well as LACP. vSphere 5.1 (ESXi) supports both static LAGs and LACP natively with their virtual distributed switch.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a> does not offer link aggregation support from the hypervisor level, but the above-mentioned methods for teaming under Windows apply to Hyper-V. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single_switch">Single switch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Single switch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the modes <i>balance-rr</i>, <i>balance-xor</i>, <i>broadcast</i> and <i>802.3ad</i>, all physical ports in the link aggregation group must reside on the same logical switch, which, in most common scenarios, will leave a single point of failure when the physical switch to which all links are connected goes offline. The modes <i>active-backup</i>, <i>balance-tlb</i>, and <i>balance-alb</i> can also be set up with two or more switches. But after failover (like all other modes), in some cases, active sessions may fail (due to ARP problems) and have to be restarted. </p><p>However, almost all vendors have proprietary extensions that resolve some of this issue: they aggregate multiple physical switches into one logical switch. Nortel's <a href="/wiki/Split_multi-link_trunking" class="mw-redirect" title="Split multi-link trunking">split multi-link trunking</a> (SMLT) protocol allows multiple Ethernet links to be split across multiple switches in a stack, preventing any single point of failure and additionally allowing all switches to be load balanced across multiple aggregation switches from the single access stack. These devices synchronize state across an <a href="/wiki/Inter-Switch_Trunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Switch Trunk">Inter-Switch Trunk</a> (IST) such that they appear to the connecting (access) device to be a single device (switch block) and prevent any packet duplication. SMLT provides enhanced resiliency with sub-second failover and sub-second recovery for all speed trunks while operating transparently to end-devices. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Multi-chassis_link_aggregation_group" title="Multi-chassis link aggregation group">Multi-chassis link aggregation group</a> provides similar features in a vendor-nonspecific manner. To the connected device, the connection appears as a normal link aggregated trunk. The coordination between the multiple sources involved is handled in a vendor-specific manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same_link_speed">Same link speed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Same link speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most implementations, all the ports used in an aggregation consist of the same physical type, such as all copper ports (10/100/1000BASE‑T), all multi-mode fiber ports, or all single-mode fiber ports. However, all the IEEE standard requires is that each link be full duplex and all of them have an identical speed (10, 100, 1,000 or 10,000 Mbit/s). </p><p>Many switches are PHY independent, meaning that a switch could have a mixture of copper, SX, LX, LX10 or other <a href="/wiki/GBIC" class="mw-redirect" title="GBIC">GBIC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Small_Form-factor_Pluggable" title="Small Form-factor Pluggable">SFP</a> modular transceivers. While maintaining the same PHY is the usual approach, it is possible to aggregate a 1000BASE-SX fiber for one link and a 1000BASE-LX (longer, diverse path) for the second link. One path may have a longer propagation time but since most implementations keep a single traffic flow on the same physical link (using a hash of either MAC addresses, IP addresses, or IP/<a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">transport-layer port</a> combinations as index) this doesn't cause problematic <a href="/wiki/Out-of-order_delivery" title="Out-of-order delivery">out-of-order delivery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethernet_aggregation_mismatch">Ethernet aggregation mismatch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ethernet aggregation mismatch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Aggregation mismatch</i> refers to not matching the aggregation type on both ends of the link. Some switches do not implement the 802.1AX standard but support static configuration of link aggregation. Therefore, link aggregation between similarly statically configured switches may work but will fail between a statically configured switch and a device that is configured for LACP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethernet">Ethernet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ethernet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on link aggregation: <a href="/wiki/EtherChannel" title="EtherChannel">EtherChannel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-link_trunking" title="Multi-link trunking">Multi-link trunking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/802.3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ad">802.3ad</a></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> interfaces, channel bonding requires assistance from both the Ethernet <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switch</a> and the host computer's <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, which must <a href="/wiki/Multilink_striping" title="Multilink striping"><i>stripe</i> the delivery</a> of frames across the network interfaces in the same manner that I/O is striped across disks in a <a href="/wiki/Redundant_array_of_independent_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Redundant array of independent disks">RAID 0</a> array.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For this reason, some discussions of channel bonding also refer to <a href="/wiki/Redundant_Array_of_Inexpensive_Nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Redundant Array of Inexpensive Nodes">Redundant Array of Inexpensive Nodes</a> (RAIN) or to <i>redundant array of independent network interfaces</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modems">Modems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Modems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In analog modems, multiple <a href="/wiki/Dial-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up">dial-up</a> links over <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain old telephone system">POTS</a> may be bonded. Throughput over such bonded connections can come closer to the aggregate bandwidth of the bonded links than can throughput under routing schemes which simply load-balance outgoing network connections over the links. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DSL">DSL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: DSL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarly, multiple <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL lines</a> can be bonded to give higher bandwidth; in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a> is sometimes bonded to give for example 512 kbit/s upload bandwidth and 4 megabit/s download bandwidth, in areas that only have access to 2 megabit/s bandwidth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DOCSIS">DOCSIS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: DOCSIS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the DOCSIS 3.0 and 3.1 specifications for data over <a href="/wiki/Cable_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable TV">cable TV</a> systems, multiple channels may be bonded. Under DOCSIS 3.0, up to 32 downstream and 8 upstream channels may be bonded.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are typically 6 or 8 MHz wide. DOCSIS 3.1 defines more complicated arrangements involving aggregation at the level of subcarriers and larger notional channels.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadband">Broadband</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Broadband"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">Broadband</a> bonding is a type of channel bonding that refers to aggregation of multiple channels at <a href="/wiki/OSI_layers" class="mw-redirect" title="OSI layers">OSI layers</a> at level four or above. Channels bonded can be wired links such as a <a href="/wiki/T-carrier" title="T-carrier">T-1</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL line</a>. Additionally, it is possible to bond multiple <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular links</a> for an aggregated wireless bonded link. </p><p>Other bonding methodologies reside at lower OSI layers, requiring coordination with <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications companies">telecommunications companies</a> for implementation. Broadband bonding, because it is implemented at higher layers, can be done without this coordination.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercial implementations of broadband channel bonding include: </p> <ul><li>Connectify's Speedify fast bonding VPN - software app for multiple platforms: PC, Mac, iOS and Android<sup id="cite_ref-SpeedifyService_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpeedifyService-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Peplink's SpeedFusion Bonding Technology<sup id="cite_ref-PeplinkService_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeplinkService-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Viprinet's Multichannel VPN Bonding Technology<sup id="cite_ref-ViprinetService_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ViprinetService-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Synopi's Natiply Internet Bonding Technology<sup id="cite_ref-Natiply_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natiply-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ComBOX Networks multi-wan bonding as a service<sup id="cite_ref-comBOXnetworks_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comBOXnetworks-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Wi-Fi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on channel bonding: <a href="/wiki/Super_G_(wireless_networking)" title="Super G (wireless networking)">Super G (wireless networking)</a></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/802.11" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11">802.11</a> (Wi-Fi), channel bonding is used in <a href="/wiki/Super_G_(wireless_networking)" title="Super G (wireless networking)">Super G</a> technology, referred to as 108 Mbit/s. It bonds two channels of standard <a href="/wiki/802.11g" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11g">802.11g</a>, which has 54 Mbit/s <a href="/wiki/Data_signaling_rate" title="Data signaling rate">data signaling rate</a> per channel. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11n">IEEE 802.11n</a>, a mode with a channel width of 40 MHz is specified. This is not channel bonding, but a single channel with double the older 20 MHz channel width, thus using two adjacent 20 MHz bands. This allows direct doubling of the PHY data rate from a single 20 MHz channel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FlexE" title="FlexE">FlexE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_multiplexer" title="Inverse multiplexer">Inverse multiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">Spanning Tree Protocol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Guijarro-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guijarro_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guijarro_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuijarroRuben_Gaspar2008" class="citation journal cs1">Guijarro, Manuel; Ruben Gaspar; et al. 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IOP Publishing: 042015. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JPhCS.119d2015G">2008JPhCS.119d2015G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F119%2F4%2F042015">10.1088/1742-6596/119/4/042015</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2009</span>. <q>Network bonding (also known as port trunking) consists of aggregating multiple network interfaces into a single logical bonded interface that correspond to a single IP address.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=Experience+and+Lessons+learnt+from+running+High+Availability+Databases+on+Network+Attached+Storage&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=042015&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F119%2F4%2F042015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JPhCS.119d2015G&rft.aulast=Guijarro&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft.au=Ruben+Gaspar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iop.org%2FEJ%2Farticle%2F1742-6596%2F119%2F4%2F042015%2Fjpconf8_119_042015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+aggregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cisco_802.3ad-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cisco_802.3ad_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/12_2sb/feature/guide/sbcelacp.html">"IEEE 802.3ad Link Bundling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>. 27 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419100517/http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/12_2sb/feature/guide/sbcelacp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>It has been concluded between 802.1 and 802.3 that future development of Link Aggregation would be more appropriate as an 802.1 standard</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+802.3ax+%28IEEE+P802.1AX%29+Link+Aggregation+Project+Authorization+Request+%28approved%29&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2007-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fboard%2Fnes%2Fprojects%2F802-1AX.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+aggregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130807055327/http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/802.1AX-2008.html">"IEEE SA - 802.1AX-2008 - IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks--Link Aggregation"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2013</span>. <q>Channel bonding, sometimes also called redundant array of independent network interfaces (RAIN), is an arrangement in which two or more network interfaces on a host computer are combined for redundancy or increased throughput.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network+Dictionary&rft.series=ITPro+collection&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Javvin+Technologies+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781602670006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOn_Hh23IXDUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+aggregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.cablelabs.com/specification/CM-SP-PHYv3.0">DOCSIS 3.0 Physical Interface Specification</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.cablelabs.com/specification/CM-SP-PHYv3.1">DOCSIS 3.1 Physical Interface Specification</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120707084446/http://engineeringbook.net/articles/broadband-bonding-offers-high-speed-alternative/">"Broadband bonding offers high-speed alternative"</a>. engineeringbook.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://engineeringbook.net/articles/broadband-bonding-offers-high-speed-alternative/">the original</a> on 7 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broadband+bonding+offers+high-speed+alternative&rft.pub=engineeringbook.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fengineeringbook.net%2Farticles%2Fbroadband-bonding-offers-high-speed-alternative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+aggregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpeedifyService-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SpeedifyService_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speedify.com">Connectify's Speedify Service</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeplinkService-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PeplinkService_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peplink.com/technology/speedfusion-bonding-technology/">Peplink's SpeedFusion Bonding Technology </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ViprinetService-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ViprinetService_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viprinet.com/en/technology/viprinet-principle">Viprinet's Multichannel VPN Bonding Technology </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Natiply-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Natiply_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synopi.com/natiply/">Synopi's Natiply Internet Bonding Technology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comBOXnetworks-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-comBOXnetworks_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.combox-networks.com">comBOX multi-wan services Broadband bonding</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_aggregation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 5.4: Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100215175056/http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.1AX-2008.pdf"><i>IEEE Std 802.1AX-2008 IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks — Link Aggregation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE Standards Association</a>. 3 November 2008. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2008.4668665">10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4668665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-5794-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-5794-8"><bdi>978-0-7381-5794-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.1AX-2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5.4%3A+Link+Aggregation+Control+Protocol+%28LACP%29&rft.btitle=IEEE+Std+802.1AX-2008+IEEE+Standard+for+Local+and+Metropolitan+Area+Networks+%E2%80%94+Link+Aggregation&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=IEEE+Standards+Association&rft.date=2008-11-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2008.4668665&rft.isbn=978-0-7381-5794-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fgetieee802%2Fdownload%2F802.1AX-2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALink+aggregation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/ad/index.html">IEEE P802.3ad Link Aggregation Task Force</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:Interface/Bonding">Mikrotik link Aggregation / Bonding Guide</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_693" title="IEEE 693">693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">754</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-2008_revision" title="IEEE 754-2008 revision">Revision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_854-1987" title="IEEE 854-1987">854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_test_documentation" title="Software test documentation">829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurebus" title="Futurebus">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">1003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design_description" title="Software design description">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">1076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">1149.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PILOT" title="PILOT">1154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1164" title="IEEE 1164">1164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">1275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Interactive_Simulation" title="Distributed Interactive Simulation">1278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">1284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1355" title="IEEE 1355">1355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">1394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1451" title="IEEE 1451">1451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Delay_Format" title="Standard Delay Format">1497</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="High-level architecture">1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1541-2002" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1541-2002">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1547" title="IEEE 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1584" title="IEEE 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Coherent_Interface" title="Scalable Coherent Interface">1596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Library_Format" title="Advanced Library Format">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1613" title="IEEE 1613">1613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1619" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1619">1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemC" title="SystemC">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1667" title="IEEE 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1675-2008" title="IEEE 1675-2008">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1722" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1722">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1733" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1733">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Power_Format" title="Unified Power Format">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNP3" title="DNP3">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1849" title="IEEE 1849">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_Specification_Language" title="Property Specification Language">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1855" title="IEEE 1855">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DySPAN" title="DySPAN">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RuBee" title="RuBee">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Interoperability_in_Ethernet_Passive_Optical_Networks" title="Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1905" title="IEEE 1905">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_2030" title="IEEE 2030">2030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_T-Kernel" title="Micro T-Kernel">2050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">16085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">16326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802 series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_bus_network" title="Token bus network">.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.6" title="IEEE 802.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.7" title="IEEE 802.7">.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.8" title="IEEE 802.8">.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.9" title="IEEE 802.9">.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.10" title="IEEE 802.10">.10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100BaseVG" title="100BaseVG">.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_modem#IEEE_802.14" title="Cable modem">.14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">.16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX · d · e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilient_Packet_Ring" title="Resilient Packet Ring">.17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.18" title="IEEE 802.18">.18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">.20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.21" title="IEEE 802.21">.21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">.22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.24 (page does not exist)">.24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1" title="IEEE 802.1">802.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1D" title="IEEE 802.1D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P802.1p" title="IEEE P802.1p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qav" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qav">Qav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Reservation_Protocol" title="Stream Reservation Protocol">Qat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provider_Backbone_Bridge_Traffic_Engineering" title="Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering">Qay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center_bridging#IEEE_Task_Group" title="Data center bridging">Qaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qbb" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qbb">Qbb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1X" title="IEEE 802.1X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol" title="Link Layer Discovery Protocol">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ad" title="IEEE 802.1ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AE" title="IEEE 802.1AE">AE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ag" title="IEEE 802.1ag">ag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ah-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1ah-2008">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Registration_Protocol" title="Multiple Registration Protocol">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq" title="IEEE 802.1aq">aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AS" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1AS">AS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Aggregation Control Protocol">LACP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging" title="Audio Video Bridging">BA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">802.3</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">-1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3a" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3b" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3e" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3i" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3i">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3j" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3j">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3u" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3x" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.3x">x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3y" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3y">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3z" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3z">z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ab" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ab">ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ac" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ac">ac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ae" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ae">ae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3af" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3af">af</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ah" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ak" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ak">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3an" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3an">an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3aq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3aq">aq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3at" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3at">at</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3au" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3au">au</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3av" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3av">av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3az" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3az">az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ba" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ba">ba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3bt" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bt">bt</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bu" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bu">bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3by" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3by">by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bz" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bz">bz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ca (page does not exist)">ca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cb (page does not exist)">cb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cc (page does not exist)">cc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cd (page does not exist)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ce (page does not exist)">ce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cg" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cg">cg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ch" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ch">ch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ck (page does not exist)">ck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cm (page does not exist)">cm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cn (page does not exist)">cn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cp (page does not exist)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cq">cq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cr (page does not exist)">cr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cs (page does not exist)">cs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ct (page does not exist)">ct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cu (page does not exist)">cu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cv" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cv">cv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cw (page does not exist)">cw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cx (page does not exist)">cx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cy (page does not exist)">cy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cz (page does not exist)">cz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3da (page does not exist)">da</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3db&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3db (page does not exist)">db</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3dd" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3dd">dd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3de (page does not exist)">de</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3df&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3df (page does not exist)">df</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11-1997" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11-1997">-1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)" title="IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)">legacy mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999" title="IEEE 802.11a-1999">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999" title="IEEE 802.11b-1999">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11c" title="IEEE 802.11c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11d-2001" title="IEEE 802.11d-2001">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11e-2005" title="IEEE 802.11e-2005">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Access_Point_Protocol" title="Inter-Access Point Protocol">f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003" title="IEEE 802.11g-2003">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11h-2003" title="IEEE 802.11h-2003">h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11i-2004" title="IEEE 802.11i-2004">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11j-2004" title="IEEE 802.11j-2004">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11k-2008" title="IEEE 802.11k-2008">k</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009" title="IEEE 802.11n-2009">n</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 4">Wi-Fi 4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11p" title="IEEE 802.11p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11r-2008" title="IEEE 802.11r-2008">r</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11s" title="IEEE 802.11s">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11u" title="IEEE 802.11u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11v" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11v">v</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11w-2009" title="IEEE 802.11w-2009">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008" title="IEEE 802.11y-2008">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11z" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11z">z</a></li> <li>aa</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ac">ac</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 5">Wi-Fi 5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ad" title="IEEE 802.11ad">ad</a> (<a href="/wiki/WiGig" title="WiGig">WiGig</a>)</li> <li>ae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11af" title="IEEE 802.11af">af</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ai" title="IEEE 802.11ai">ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11aj" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11aj">aj</a></li> <li>ak</li> <li>aq</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ax">ax</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6" title="Wi-Fi 6">Wi-Fi 6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ay" title="IEEE 802.11ay">ay</a></li> <li>az</li> <li>ba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bb" title="IEEE 802.11bb">bb</a></li> <li>bc</li> <li>bd</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11be" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11be">be</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_7" title="Wi-Fi 7">Wi-Fi 7</a>)</li> <li>bf</li> <li>bh</li> <li>bi</li> <li>bk</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bn" title="IEEE 802.11bn">bn</a></b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wi-Fi 8 (page does not exist)">Wi-Fi 8</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">802.15</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.1" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.1">.1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.2" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.3">.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">.4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4a" title="IEEE 802.15.4a">.4a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4b (page does not exist)">.4b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4c (page does not exist)">.4c</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4d (page does not exist)">.4d</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4e (page does not exist)">.4e</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4f&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4f (page does not exist)">.4f</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4g (page does not exist)">.4g</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4z (page does not exist)">.4z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.5" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.5">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.6" title="IEEE 802.15.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.7" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.7">.7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1363" title="IEEE P1363">P1363</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1619" title="IEEE P1619">P1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta-lang" title="Rosetta-lang">P1699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Power_Adapter_for_Mobile_Devices" title="Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices">P1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">P1906.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superseded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-1985" title="IEEE 754-1985">754-1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1219" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1219">1219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">1233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_of_operations" title="Concept of operations">1362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">1364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1471" title="IEEE 1471">1471</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><i>See also</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE Standards Association</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:IEEE_standards" title="Category:IEEE standards">Category:IEEE standards</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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