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src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3734045/1340162/34161926/s200_marcia.esparza.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://jjay-cuny.academia.edu/MarciaEsparza">Marcia Esparza</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">John Jay College of Criminal Justice</p></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57887011" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tunisia"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" 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data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-63ee2f86-e905-4faf-a9b6-5ceffe96f309"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-63ee2f86-e905-4faf-a9b6-5ceffe96f309"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57887011" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["International Relations"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-866d68ff-e485-449e-b35a-6ce20e5c6921"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-866d68ff-e485-449e-b35a-6ce20e5c6921"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by David Painter</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="102336278"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/102336278/Ecology_Ontology_and_Fossil_Fuels"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ecology, Ontology, and Fossil Fuels" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/102336278/Ecology_Ontology_and_Fossil_Fuels">Ecology, Ontology, and Fossil Fuels</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Reviews in American History</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">On May 10, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant and Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II opened the Ce...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">On May 10, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant and Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II opened the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia by starting the Corliss steam engine, which powered and illuminated the exhibits.1 The giant engine served as a symbol of the nation’s industrial progress and power, but the coal-burning furnaces that produced the steam that powered the engine were hidden from view in a building behind the main hall. Environmental historian and cultural critic Bob Johnson begins his study with this story to illustrate how American culture has suppressed the dirty reality behind the fossil fuels that have made U.S. power and prosperity possible. While fossil fuels have been central to modern life in the United States, awareness of their social and ecological costs has been hidden, he argues, like the furnaces that powered the Corliss engine.2 One reason the majority of Americans have been able to ignore the dirty realities behind fossil fuel production is that the sites of production—coal and oil fields and electricity generating plants—are often far removed from main population centers. Coal and oil fields and areas adjacent to power stations became “sacrifice zones,” where local land, labor, and the environment suffered so that the larger population might benefit from the energy they produced. While this is true of production, consumption of fossil fuels has also had a tremendous environmental impact—globally, nationally, and locally—an issue Johnson could have explored in greater depth. Coal miners were not always invisible. Johnson notes that, at the peak, there were almost 750,000 coal miners in the United States, and coal accounted for around three quarters of U.S. energy consumption (pp. 79, 169). Unfortunately, he does not examine the impact of collective action by coal miners on the</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102336278"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102336278"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102336278; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102336278]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102336278]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102336278; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102336278']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102336278]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102336278,"title":"Ecology, Ontology, and Fossil Fuels","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102336278/Ecology_Ontology_and_Fossil_Fuels","owner_id":57887011,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57887011,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Painter","page_name":"DavidPainter6","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-12-10T09:13:40.443-08:00","display_name":"David Painter","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidPainter6"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="83962424"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/83962424/2_Energy_and_the_End_of_the_Evil_Empire"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 2. 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Energy and the End of the Evil Empire","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83962424/2_Energy_and_the_End_of_the_Evil_Empire","owner_id":57887011,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57887011,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Painter","page_name":"DavidPainter6","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-12-10T09:13:40.443-08:00","display_name":"David Painter","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidPainter6"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="75151848"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/75151848/From_Linkage_to_Economic_Warfare_Energy_Soviet_American_Relations_and_the_End_of_the_Cold_War"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of From Linkage to Economic Warfare: Energy, Soviet–American Relations, and the End of the Cold War" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/75151848/From_Linkage_to_Economic_Warfare_Energy_Soviet_American_Relations_and_the_End_of_the_Cold_War">From Linkage to Economic Warfare: Energy, Soviet–American Relations, and the End of the Cold War</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The policy of detente during the late 1960s and early 1970s opened up new prospects for Western–U...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The policy of detente during the late 1960s and early 1970s opened up new prospects for Western–USSR cooperation, namely in the area of energy. US companies were at the forefront in exploring large investment options in the case of West Siberian gas. These projects failed, however, due to strong US domestic political opposition and a general worsening of US–USSR relations in the second half of the 1970s. Instead, military buildup and economic containment, including sanctions on pipeline technology, were to become the driving policies during the Reagan era, aiming at a weakening of the Soviet Union’s potential. In vain did Washington seek to obstruct the Europeans from building up their energy partnership with Moscow. The Soviet economy had already experienced first economic turbulences in the early 1980s, but when the price of oil fell in the mid-1980s, the country’s foreign currency reserves dwindled and the crisis worsened. When the Soviet Union eventually broke up in 1991, the so...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="75151848"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="75151848"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75151848; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75151848]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75151848]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75151848; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='75151848']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=75151848]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":75151848,"title":"From Linkage to Economic Warfare: Energy, Soviet–American Relations, and the End of the Cold War","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75151848/From_Linkage_to_Economic_Warfare_Energy_Soviet_American_Relations_and_the_End_of_the_Cold_War","owner_id":57887011,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57887011,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Painter","page_name":"DavidPainter6","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-12-10T09:13:40.443-08:00","display_name":"David Painter","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidPainter6"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="68902834"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/68902834/Oil_and_geopolitics_the_oil_crises_of_the_1970s_and_the_Cold_War"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Oil and geopolitics: the oil crises of the 1970s and the Cold War" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79209689/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/68902834/Oil_and_geopolitics_the_oil_crises_of_the_1970s_and_the_Cold_War">Oil and geopolitics: the oil crises of the 1970s and the Cold War</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">»Öl und Geopolitik. Die Ölkrisen der 1970er Jahre und der Kalte Krieg«. Examination of the geopol...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">»Öl und Geopolitik. Die Ölkrisen der 1970er Jahre und der Kalte Krieg«. Examination of the geopolitics of oil in the 1970s provides important insights into the nature and dynamics of the Cold War. Possession of ample domestic oil supplies and the ability to ensure access to foreign oil reserves were significant elements in the power position of the United States in its Cold War competition with the Soviet Union. U.S. oil production peaked in 1970, however, making the United States increasingly dependent on oil imports and ending its ability to provide oil to its allies during supply interruptions. At the same time, economic nationalism and war and revolution in the Middle East led to disruptions in supply and sharp increases in oil prices in 1973-74 and again in 1978-80. In contrast, the Soviet Union overtook the United States as the world's leading oil producer in the 1970s, and the windfall from higher oil prices helped support Soviet military and economic power and involvement in the Third World. The oil crises raised questions about the ability of the United States to ensure access to Middle East oil, heightened concerns about the dangers of Western dependence on Third World resources, and fed fears that the Soviet Union was winning the Cold War. Although the oil crises of 1970s initially harmed the United States and its allies and contributed to the demise of détente, they also set in motion changes that led to the end of the Cold War.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="41b24fb7a239fb4ca0923ac3e6ccf6fe" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79209689,"asset_id":68902834,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79209689/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="68902834"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="68902834"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68902834; 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By Simon Pirani (London, Pluto Press, 2018) 255 pp. $99.00 cloth $27.00 paper" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66992370/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/48315006/Burning_Up_A_Global_History_of_Fossil_Fuel_Consumption_By_Simon_Pirani_London_Pluto_Press_2018_255_pp_99_00_cloth_27_00_paper">Burning Up: A Global History of Fossil Fuel Consumption. By Simon Pirani (London, Pluto Press, 2018) 255 pp. $99.00 cloth $27.00 paper</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of Interdisciplinary History</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this fresh, provocative, and profound book, LeCain presents a cogent explication of neo-materi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this fresh, provocative, and profound book, LeCain presents a cogent explication of neo-materialist history, an approach that regards all organic and inorganic things as historical actors. He first offers his own neomaterialist theory and then shows us what it looks like in practice. Arguing against anthropocentric thinking that sets humans apart from or against nature, LeCain asserts that a dynamic, creative, powerful material environment of nonliving elements and other organisms has "helped to create humans and their thoughts, ideas, culture and history" (11). LeCain opens by considering the Human Microbiome Project's findings that much of the human body consists of independent bacteria, microbes, and viruses in constant interaction with the surrounding environment, leading some scholars to suggest that humans are not unitary beings but a collection of organisms that resemble a coral reef. He develops these and other findings to contend that humans are "thoroughly and entirely natural" (17), embedded in the environment with embodied minds. The next chapter explores the roots of the opposing concept of the immaterial mind and human exceptionalism. LeCain examines how materialism has been problematical in the past, explains how neo-materialism differs from Marxian determinism as well as, importantly, biological, environmental, and technological determinism, and critiques the abstractions of modernist and postmodernist thought. He reviews the work of environmental historians, historians of technology, animal historians, anthropologists, evolutionary biologists, philosophers, and others in the humanities, sciences, and social sciences. The third chapter provides what he considers the key concepts for this methodology-the centrality of the natural environment, the power of things, the proper place of culture, and the rejection of anthropocentrism. In the following three chapters, LeCain sets neo-materialist history in motion by means of three impressive case studies. He examines cattle ranching and copper mining in Montana, and sericulture and copper mining in Japan, considering along the way geology, grass, biochemistry, the physiology of human touch, the molecular structure of silk, the Silk Road, the biochemistry of arctic cod and spiders, the chemistry of copper pollution, and the deep co-evolutionary history of cattle, silkworms, and humans. The third chapter in this group intertwines these two histories as he discusses the material worlds from which Japanese and American industrial societies emerged so that they became "copper people" (272). LeCain demonstrates how neo-materialist methodology reinterprets historical events and problems. It is also a demanding interdisciplinary methodology, as LeCain ranges through a wide array of topics and draws on many disciplines.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2ed5ef8bae2e47058a5fadef40e3224c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66992370,"asset_id":48315006,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66992370/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="48315006"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48315006"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48315006; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48315006]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48315006]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48315006; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='48315006']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2ed5ef8bae2e47058a5fadef40e3224c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=48315006]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":48315006,"title":"Burning Up: A Global History of Fossil Fuel Consumption. 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RandallUnited States Foreign Oil Policy Since World War I: For Profits and Security, by Stephen J. Randall. Second Edition. McGill-Queen’s Native and Northern Series. Montreal and Kingston, McGill-Queen’s ..." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/48315003/United_States_Foreign_Oil_Policy_Since_World_War_I_For_Profits_and_Security_by_Stephen_J_RandallUnited_States_Foreign_Oil_Policy_Since_World_War_I_For_Profits_and_Security_by_Stephen_J_Randall_Second_Edition_McGill_Queen_s_Native_and_Northern_Series_Montreal_and_Kingston_McGill_Queen_s_">United States Foreign Oil Policy Since World War I: For Profits and Security, by Stephen J. RandallUnited States Foreign Oil Policy Since World War I: For Profits and Security, by Stephen J. Randall. Second Edition. McGill-Queen’s Native and Northern Series. Montreal and Kingston, McGill-Queen’s ...</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Canadian Journal of History</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="48315003"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48315003"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48315003; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48315003]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48315003]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48315003; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='48315003']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=48315003]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":48315003,"title":"United States Foreign Oil Policy Since World War I: For Profits and Security, by Stephen J. 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Pearson" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/48315001/In_the_Name_of_Oil_Anglo_American_Relations_in_the_Middle_East_1950_1958_By_Ivan_G_Pearson">In the Name of Oil: Anglo‐American Relations in the Middle East, 1950–1958 – By Ivan G. Pearson</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 00210862 2012 618018</span><span>, Feb 28, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... In the Name of Oil: Anglo-American Relations in the Middle East, 19501958 By Ivan G. Pears...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... In the Name of Oil: Anglo-American Relations in the Middle East, 19501958 By Ivan G. Pearson.Seth Frantzman PhD. Article first published online: 1 MAY 2012. ... More content like this. Find more content: like this article. 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Central European Treaty Organization, the successor to the Baghdad Pact CIA Central Intellige...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... Central European Treaty Organization, the successor to the Baghdad Pact CIA Central Intelligence Agency DRVN ... 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48314977]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48314977]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48314977; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='48314977']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=48314977]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":48314977,"title":"The Search for a Synthesis: Economic Diplomacy in the Cold War","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48314977/The_Search_for_a_Synthesis_Economic_Diplomacy_in_the_Cold_War","owner_id":57887011,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57887011,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Painter","page_name":"DavidPainter6","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-12-10T09:13:40.443-08:00","display_name":"David Painter","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidPainter6"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="48314975"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/48314975/Americas_Cold_War_The_Politics_of_Insecurity_by_Campbell_Craig_and_Fredrik_Logevall"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of America's Cold War: The Politics of Insecurity by Campbell Craig and Fredrik Logevall" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/48314975/Americas_Cold_War_The_Politics_of_Insecurity_by_Campbell_Craig_and_Fredrik_Logevall">America's Cold War: The Politics of Insecurity by Campbell Craig and Fredrik Logevall</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Political Science Quarterly</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="48314975"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48314975"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48314975; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48314975]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48314975]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48314975; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='48314975']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=48314975]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":48314975,"title":"America's Cold War: The Politics of Insecurity by Campbell Craig and Fredrik Logevall","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48314975/Americas_Cold_War_The_Politics_of_Insecurity_by_Campbell_Craig_and_Fredrik_Logevall","owner_id":57887011,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57887011,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Painter","page_name":"DavidPainter6","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-12-10T09:13:40.443-08:00","display_name":"David Painter","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidPainter6"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="11204229" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="102336278"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/102336278/Ecology_Ontology_and_Fossil_Fuels"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ecology, Ontology, and Fossil Fuels" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/102336278/Ecology_Ontology_and_Fossil_Fuels">Ecology, Ontology, and Fossil Fuels</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Reviews in American History</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">On May 10, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant and Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II opened the Ce...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">On May 10, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant and Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II opened the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia by starting the Corliss steam engine, which powered and illuminated the exhibits.1 The giant engine served as a symbol of the nation’s industrial progress and power, but the coal-burning furnaces that produced the steam that powered the engine were hidden from view in a building behind the main hall. Environmental historian and cultural critic Bob Johnson begins his study with this story to illustrate how American culture has suppressed the dirty reality behind the fossil fuels that have made U.S. power and prosperity possible. While fossil fuels have been central to modern life in the United States, awareness of their social and ecological costs has been hidden, he argues, like the furnaces that powered the Corliss engine.2 One reason the majority of Americans have been able to ignore the dirty realities behind fossil fuel production is that the sites of production—coal and oil fields and electricity generating plants—are often far removed from main population centers. Coal and oil fields and areas adjacent to power stations became “sacrifice zones,” where local land, labor, and the environment suffered so that the larger population might benefit from the energy they produced. While this is true of production, consumption of fossil fuels has also had a tremendous environmental impact—globally, nationally, and locally—an issue Johnson could have explored in greater depth. Coal miners were not always invisible. Johnson notes that, at the peak, there were almost 750,000 coal miners in the United States, and coal accounted for around three quarters of U.S. energy consumption (pp. 79, 169). Unfortunately, he does not examine the impact of collective action by coal miners on the</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102336278"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102336278"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102336278; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102336278]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102336278]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102336278; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102336278']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102336278]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102336278,"title":"Ecology, Ontology, and Fossil Fuels","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102336278/Ecology_Ontology_and_Fossil_Fuels","owner_id":57887011,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57887011,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Painter","page_name":"DavidPainter6","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-12-10T09:13:40.443-08:00","display_name":"David Painter","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidPainter6"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="83962424"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/83962424/2_Energy_and_the_End_of_the_Evil_Empire"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 2. Energy and the End of the Evil Empire" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/83962424/2_Energy_and_the_End_of_the_Evil_Empire">2. Energy and the End of the Evil Empire</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Reagan Moment</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="83962424"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="83962424"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83962424; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83962424]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83962424]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83962424; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='83962424']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=83962424]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":83962424,"title":"2. Energy and the End of the Evil Empire","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83962424/2_Energy_and_the_End_of_the_Evil_Empire","owner_id":57887011,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57887011,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Painter","page_name":"DavidPainter6","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-12-10T09:13:40.443-08:00","display_name":"David Painter","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidPainter6"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="75151848"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/75151848/From_Linkage_to_Economic_Warfare_Energy_Soviet_American_Relations_and_the_End_of_the_Cold_War"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of From Linkage to Economic Warfare: Energy, Soviet–American Relations, and the End of the Cold War" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/75151848/From_Linkage_to_Economic_Warfare_Energy_Soviet_American_Relations_and_the_End_of_the_Cold_War">From Linkage to Economic Warfare: Energy, Soviet–American Relations, and the End of the Cold War</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The policy of detente during the late 1960s and early 1970s opened up new prospects for Western–U...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The policy of detente during the late 1960s and early 1970s opened up new prospects for Western–USSR cooperation, namely in the area of energy. US companies were at the forefront in exploring large investment options in the case of West Siberian gas. These projects failed, however, due to strong US domestic political opposition and a general worsening of US–USSR relations in the second half of the 1970s. Instead, military buildup and economic containment, including sanctions on pipeline technology, were to become the driving policies during the Reagan era, aiming at a weakening of the Soviet Union’s potential. In vain did Washington seek to obstruct the Europeans from building up their energy partnership with Moscow. The Soviet economy had already experienced first economic turbulences in the early 1980s, but when the price of oil fell in the mid-1980s, the country’s foreign currency reserves dwindled and the crisis worsened. When the Soviet Union eventually broke up in 1991, the so...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="75151848"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="75151848"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75151848; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75151848]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75151848]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75151848; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='75151848']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=75151848]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":75151848,"title":"From Linkage to Economic Warfare: Energy, Soviet–American Relations, and the End of the Cold War","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75151848/From_Linkage_to_Economic_Warfare_Energy_Soviet_American_Relations_and_the_End_of_the_Cold_War","owner_id":57887011,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57887011,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Painter","page_name":"DavidPainter6","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-12-10T09:13:40.443-08:00","display_name":"David Painter","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidPainter6"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="68902834"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/68902834/Oil_and_geopolitics_the_oil_crises_of_the_1970s_and_the_Cold_War"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Oil and geopolitics: the oil crises of the 1970s and the Cold War" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79209689/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/68902834/Oil_and_geopolitics_the_oil_crises_of_the_1970s_and_the_Cold_War">Oil and geopolitics: the oil crises of the 1970s and the Cold War</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">»Öl und Geopolitik. Die Ölkrisen der 1970er Jahre und der Kalte Krieg«. Examination of the geopol...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">»Öl und Geopolitik. Die Ölkrisen der 1970er Jahre und der Kalte Krieg«. Examination of the geopolitics of oil in the 1970s provides important insights into the nature and dynamics of the Cold War. Possession of ample domestic oil supplies and the ability to ensure access to foreign oil reserves were significant elements in the power position of the United States in its Cold War competition with the Soviet Union. U.S. oil production peaked in 1970, however, making the United States increasingly dependent on oil imports and ending its ability to provide oil to its allies during supply interruptions. At the same time, economic nationalism and war and revolution in the Middle East led to disruptions in supply and sharp increases in oil prices in 1973-74 and again in 1978-80. In contrast, the Soviet Union overtook the United States as the world's leading oil producer in the 1970s, and the windfall from higher oil prices helped support Soviet military and economic power and involvement in the Third World. The oil crises raised questions about the ability of the United States to ensure access to Middle East oil, heightened concerns about the dangers of Western dependence on Third World resources, and fed fears that the Soviet Union was winning the Cold War. Although the oil crises of 1970s initially harmed the United States and its allies and contributed to the demise of détente, they also set in motion changes that led to the end of the Cold War.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="41b24fb7a239fb4ca0923ac3e6ccf6fe" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79209689,"asset_id":68902834,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79209689/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="68902834"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="68902834"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68902834; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="48315010"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/48315010/Overthrowing_Mosaddeq"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Overthrowing Mosaddeq" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/48315010/Overthrowing_Mosaddeq">Overthrowing Mosaddeq</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Diplomatic History</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="48315010"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48315010"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48315010; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48315010]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48315010]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48315010; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='48315010']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=48315010]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":48315010,"title":"Overthrowing Mosaddeq","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48315010/Overthrowing_Mosaddeq","owner_id":57887011,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":57887011,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Painter","page_name":"DavidPainter6","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-12-10T09:13:40.443-08:00","display_name":"David Painter","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidPainter6"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="48315006"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/48315006/Burning_Up_A_Global_History_of_Fossil_Fuel_Consumption_By_Simon_Pirani_London_Pluto_Press_2018_255_pp_99_00_cloth_27_00_paper"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Burning Up: A Global History of Fossil Fuel Consumption. By Simon Pirani (London, Pluto Press, 2018) 255 pp. $99.00 cloth $27.00 paper" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66992370/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/48315006/Burning_Up_A_Global_History_of_Fossil_Fuel_Consumption_By_Simon_Pirani_London_Pluto_Press_2018_255_pp_99_00_cloth_27_00_paper">Burning Up: A Global History of Fossil Fuel Consumption. By Simon Pirani (London, Pluto Press, 2018) 255 pp. $99.00 cloth $27.00 paper</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of Interdisciplinary History</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this fresh, provocative, and profound book, LeCain presents a cogent explication of neo-materi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this fresh, provocative, and profound book, LeCain presents a cogent explication of neo-materialist history, an approach that regards all organic and inorganic things as historical actors. He first offers his own neomaterialist theory and then shows us what it looks like in practice. Arguing against anthropocentric thinking that sets humans apart from or against nature, LeCain asserts that a dynamic, creative, powerful material environment of nonliving elements and other organisms has "helped to create humans and their thoughts, ideas, culture and history" (11). LeCain opens by considering the Human Microbiome Project's findings that much of the human body consists of independent bacteria, microbes, and viruses in constant interaction with the surrounding environment, leading some scholars to suggest that humans are not unitary beings but a collection of organisms that resemble a coral reef. He develops these and other findings to contend that humans are "thoroughly and entirely natural" (17), embedded in the environment with embodied minds. The next chapter explores the roots of the opposing concept of the immaterial mind and human exceptionalism. LeCain examines how materialism has been problematical in the past, explains how neo-materialism differs from Marxian determinism as well as, importantly, biological, environmental, and technological determinism, and critiques the abstractions of modernist and postmodernist thought. He reviews the work of environmental historians, historians of technology, animal historians, anthropologists, evolutionary biologists, philosophers, and others in the humanities, sciences, and social sciences. The third chapter provides what he considers the key concepts for this methodology-the centrality of the natural environment, the power of things, the proper place of culture, and the rejection of anthropocentrism. In the following three chapters, LeCain sets neo-materialist history in motion by means of three impressive case studies. He examines cattle ranching and copper mining in Montana, and sericulture and copper mining in Japan, considering along the way geology, grass, biochemistry, the physiology of human touch, the molecular structure of silk, the Silk Road, the biochemistry of arctic cod and spiders, the chemistry of copper pollution, and the deep co-evolutionary history of cattle, silkworms, and humans. The third chapter in this group intertwines these two histories as he discusses the material worlds from which Japanese and American industrial societies emerged so that they became "copper people" (272). LeCain demonstrates how neo-materialist methodology reinterprets historical events and problems. It is also a demanding interdisciplinary methodology, as LeCain ranges through a wide array of topics and draws on many disciplines.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2ed5ef8bae2e47058a5fadef40e3224c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66992370,"asset_id":48315006,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66992370/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="48315006"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48315006"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48315006; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48315006]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48315006]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48315006; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='48315006']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2ed5ef8bae2e47058a5fadef40e3224c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=48315006]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":48315006,"title":"Burning Up: A Global History of Fossil Fuel Consumption. 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