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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Regnal year">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522Regnal%2Byear%2522">"Regnal year"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522Regnal%2Byear%2522%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522Regnal%2Byear%2522%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522Regnal%2Byear%2522%2B-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q%3D%2522Regnal%2Byear%2522">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query%3D%2522Regnal%2Byear%2522%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>A <b>regnal year</b> is a year of the reign of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarch">sovereign</a>, from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">regnum</i></span> meaning kingdom, rule. Regnal years considered the date as an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordinal_number_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinal number (linguistics)">ordinal</a>, not a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cardinal_number_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal number (linguistics)">cardinal number</a>. For example, a monarch could have a first year of rule, a second year of rule, a third year of rule, and so on, but not a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Year_zero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Year zero">zeroth year</a> of rule.</p> <p>Applying this ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">epoch</a> system to modern calculations of time, which include zero, is what led to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millennium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Debate_over_millennium_celebrations" title="Millennium">debate over when the third millennium began</a>. Regnal years are "finite era names", contrary to "infinite era names" such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anno_Domini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anno Domini">Christian era</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_imperial_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanese imperial year">Jimmu era</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Korean_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean calendar"><i>Juche</i> era</a>, and so on.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_use"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early use</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sinosphere_era_names"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Sinosphere era names</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chinese"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Chinese</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Japanese"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Japanese</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Korean"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Korean</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vietnamese"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Vietnamese</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Indosphere"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Indosphere</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#India"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Odisha"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Odisha</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Commonwealth_realms"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Commonwealth realms</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Similar_practices"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Similar practices</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Republic_of_China"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Republic of China</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Early_use">Early use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_chronology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian chronology</a> </div> <p>In ancient times, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendar">calendars</a> were counted in terms of the number of years of the reign of the current <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarch">monarch</a>. Reckoning long periods of time required a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King list">king list</a>. The oldest such reckoning is preserved in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sumerian_king_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian king list">Sumerian king list</a>. Ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_chronology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian chronology</a> was also dated using regnal years. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a> also operated with regnal years following the reform of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ardashir_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> in the 3rd century.</p> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canon_of_Kings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a> is a list that dates the reigns of various Babylonian, Persian, Macedonian, Egyptian, and Roman monarchs, that was used by ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronomer">astronomers</a> as a way to date astronomical phenomena. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberian_Catalogue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberian Catalogue">Liberian Catalogue</a> is a similar list of popes of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>, that was used to date early events in the religion's history.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sinosphere_era_names">Sinosphere era names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sinosphere era names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_era_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese era name">Chinese era name</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_era_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean era name">Korean era name</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_era_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanese era name">Japanese era name</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese era name</a> </div> <p>Regnal years were generally used for year marking in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">Chinese cultural sphere</a> before the advent of era names. In China, the continuous use of era names began in 140 BC, during the rule of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-First1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-First1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-First2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-First2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to that, years were usually marked as regnal years of the monarch.</p> <p>Since 140 BC, era names served as titles for the purpose of numbering and identifying years. Era names were used for over two millennia by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor of China">Chinese emperors</a> and are still used in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Japan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Japan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lanfang_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a> era, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of Formosa">Republic of Formosa</a> era and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of China calendar">Republic of China calendar</a> are systems adapted from the traditional era name system, but they are not effectively era names. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Confucius_era&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Confucius era (page does not exist)">Confucius era</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25AD%2594%25E5%25AD%2590%25E7%25B4%2580%25E5%25B9%25B4" class="extiw" title="zh:孔子紀年">zh</a>]</span> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juche_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juche calendar"><i>Juche</i> era</a> are based on the year of birth of the thinker or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eternal_President_of_the_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal President of the Republic">eternal president</a>, respectively. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Huangdi_era&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Huangdi era (page does not exist)">Huangdi era</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25BB%2583%25E5%25B8%259D%25E7%25B4%2580%25E5%2585%2583" class="extiw" title="zh:黃帝紀元">zh</a>]</span>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dangun_era&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dangun era (page does not exist)">Dangun era</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25AA%2580%25E5%2590%259B%25E7%25B4%2580%25E5%2585%2583" class="extiw" title="zh:檀君紀元">zh</a>]</span> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C5%8Dki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōki">kōki</a> were counted in terms of the number of years of the reign of the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarch">monarch</a>.</p> <p>As a result of Chinese cultural influence, other polities in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">Sinosphere</a>—<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_era_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean era name">Korea</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnam</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_era_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanese era name">Japan</a>, and Ryukyu—also adopted the concept of era name.<sup id="cite_ref-First2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-First2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Japan_3-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Japan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinosphere_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sinosphere-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Abolished era names may be reused, for example as a means of claiming or denying political legitimacy. An example of this is, that when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yongle_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> usurped the throne from his nephew he dated the year of his accession as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">洪武三十五年</span></span>, the 35th year of his father, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a>'s reign, i.e. 1402. Hongwu had in fact died in 1398, and the short reign of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jianwen_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jianwen Emperor">Jianwen Emperor</a>, who ruled between 1398 and 1402 was written out of the official record. However, they would sometimes still be used. <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">景初四年</span></span> (240) was used on Japanese <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze_mirrors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze mirrors">bronze mirrors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">廣德四年</span></span> (766) and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">建中八年</span></span> (787) were used in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Regions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> tomb and a document.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuchlug?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuchlug">Kuchlug</a> did not change the era name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ming_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> fell, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseon">Joseon dynasty</a> still used <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chongzhen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chongzhen">Chongzhen</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a> still used <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhu_Youlang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhu Youlang">Yongli</a> regnal years,<sup id="cite_ref-Ming_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ming-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus denying the legitimacy of the Qing dynasty, and showing continued allegiance to the Ming regime.</p> <p>The short lived <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xi_Dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Dynasty">Daxi Kingdom</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%25A5%25BF" class="extiw" title="zh:大西">zh</a>]</span>, post <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhang_Xianzhong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhang Xianzhong">Zhang Xianzhong</a>, used the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_calendar_correspondence_table?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese calendar correspondence table">Ganzhi calendar</a> without era names. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overseas_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a> used Longfei (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">龍飛</span></span>) or Tianyun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天運</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Chinese" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a> </div> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_era_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese era name">Chinese era names</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">年號</span></span>, <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">niánhào</i></span>) were used since 140 BC. Until 1367 AD several were used during each emperor's reign. From 1368 AD until 1912 AD only one era name was used by each emperor, who was posthumously known by his era name, which meant that the era name became equivalent to a regnal year. The tradition of Chinese era names survives in the Republic of China's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minguo_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a>, with <i>Minguo</i>, the Chinese for Republic, taking the place of the era name.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Japanese" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a> </div> <p>The official Japanese system or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gengō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">元号</span></span>)</span> numbers years from the accession of the current <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor</a>, regarding the calendar year during which the accession occurred as the first year. The system was in use sporadically from 645 and continuously from 701. Until 1867 several era names were used during each emperor's reign. From 1868, the "one reign, one era name" system was introduced, meaning only one has been used by each emperor. each emperor has been known posthumously by his era name.</p> <p>The current emperor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naruhito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a> succeeded to the throne on 1 May 2019, after his father <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akihito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> abdicated the throne, citing age and poor health.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCJ_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBCJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of his era is <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reiwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiwa">Reiwa</a></i></span>, which was formally announced by the Government of Japan a month before Naruhito succeeded the throne, on 1 April 2019. Therefore, 1 May 2019 is considered the beginning of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Reiwa</i></span> 1.</p> <p>The former emperor, Akihito, succeeded the throne on 7 January 1989 on the death of his father <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hirohito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hirohito">Emperor Shōwa</a>, with the name <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heisei_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisei period">Heisei</a> decreed as the name of his regnal era by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a>. Thus the year 1989 corresponds to Heisei 1<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">平成元年</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Heisei gannen</i></span>, or "first year")</span>.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Era names of Modern Japan (from 1868 CE) </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Gregorian year</th> <th>Era name</th> <th>Era name (Kanji)</th> <th>Emperor</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1868 CE</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meiji_(era)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji</a></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">明治</span></span></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Meiji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji</a> (Mutsuhito)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1912 CE</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taish%C5%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō">Taishō</a></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大正</span></span></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō</a> (Yoshihito)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1926 CE</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1926%E2%80%931989)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa (1926–1989)">Shōwa</a></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">昭和</span></span></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hirohito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hirohito">Shōwa</a> (Hirohito)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1989 CE</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heisei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisei">Heisei</a></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">平成</span></span></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akihito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akihito">Akihito</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2019 CE</td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reiwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiwa">Reiwa</a></i></span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">令和</span></span></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naruhito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Korean">Korean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Korean" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a> </div> <p>The use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_era_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean era name">era names</a> was common throughout the various historical states that occupied the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean peninsula">Korean peninsula</a>. Korean endemic eras were used from 391 to 1274 and from 1894 to 1910. During the later years of the Joseon dynasty, years were also numbered from the founding of that dynasty in 1392. From 1952 until 1961, years were numbered in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dangun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dangun">Dangi</a> in South Korea, counting from the legendary founding of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gojoseon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> in 2333 BC.</p> <p>During the Joseon dynasty, Korea used Chinese era names (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">yeonho</i></span>) as a demonstration of its respect and loyalty to the Ming and Qing dynasties of China.<sup id="cite_ref-Ming_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ming-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the Ming dynasty was replaced by Qing, Koreans continued to use the Ming era names, using the era name of the last Ming emperor, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chongzhen Emperor">Chongzhen Emperor</a>, after his death in 1644,<sup id="cite_ref-Ming_7-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ming-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued to do so for nearly 200 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, this was done mostly privately, because of the pressure exerted by the Qing government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>The tradition of Korean era names survives in the North Korean <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juche_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juche calendar"><i>Juche</i> calendar</a>, with <i>Juche</i> year 1 being 1912, the year of the birth of Kim Il-sung.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vietnamese">Vietnamese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Vietnamese" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese calendar</a> </div> <p>The use of era names in Vietnamese history started in the middle of the 6th century CE, when independent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">Vietnamese dynasties</a> started to proclaim their own era names.<sup id="cite_ref-First2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-First2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinosphere_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sinosphere-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Japan_3-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Japan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The titles were adopted in historical Vietnam for the purpose of year identification and numbering. It continued until 1945, when the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> came to an end.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Indosphere">Indosphere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Indosphere" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: India" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Odisha">Odisha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Odisha" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anka_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anka year">Anka year</a> </div> <p>The Anka year (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odia_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odia language">Odia</a>: <span lang="or">ଅଙ୍କ</span> <span title="Odia-language romanization"><i lang="or-Latn">Aṅka</i></span>) system is a unique regnal year system instituted by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga</a> kings for dating their reigns. It has a number of features that mark the regnal year differently from the actual duration of the year elapsed during the reign. The system still survives today and is used in the Odia panjis to mark the titular regnal year of the King of Puri, Gajapati Maharaja <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dibyasingha_Deba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dibyasingha Deba">Dibyasingha Deba</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puri_Estate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puri Estate">Puri Estate</a>, whose title carries the legacy of historical ruling monarchs of Odisha. It is also known as the Odisha style of dating.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Features:</p> <ul> <li>The Anka system always starts on the Odia fiscal new year called Sunia which falls on the 12th day of the bright fortnight of the month Bhadra (August-September) known as Bhādra Sukḷa Dwādasi. If the king accedes the throne for a few days before this date, then the first year of his reign would then just be a few days long.</li> <li>Coins were minted on the date of the new year and hence the first coins were given the Anka year 2, the number 1 was not used.</li> <li>All years ending in 6 were skipped. As in the Anka year 5 was followed by Anka year 7, Anka year 15 was followed by Anka year 17 and so on.</li> <li>All years ending in 0 were also skipped, except for the Anka year 10.</li> </ul> <p>Hence no Anka years exist for 1, 6, 16, 20, 26, 30, 36, 40, 46, 50, 56 and so on.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Timeline of actual Regnal year and Anka year (shown till regnal year 30) </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Regnal year</th> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td>12</td> <td>13</td> <td>14</td> <td>15</td> <td>16</td> <td>17</td> <td>18</td> <td>19</td> <td>20</td> <td>21</td> <td>22</td> <td>23</td> <td>24</td> <td>25</td> <td>26</td> <td>27</td> <td>28</td> <td>29</td> <td>30</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Anka year</th> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td>12</td> <td>13</td> <td>14</td> <td>15</td> <td>17</td> <td>18</td> <td>19</td> <td>21</td> <td>22</td> <td>23</td> <td>24</td> <td>25</td> <td>27</td> <td>28</td> <td>29</td> <td>31</td> <td>32</td> <td>33</td> <td>34</td> <td>35</td> <td>37</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Regnal & Anka year of Gajapati king of Puri<br> (titular reign since 7 July 1970) </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Gregorian year</th> <th>Regnal year</th> <th>Odia year</th> <th>Anka year</th> </tr> <tr> <td>2022 CE</td> <td>52</td> <td><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">୧୪୩୦ ଉତ୍କଳାବ୍ଦ</span></span><br><span title="Odia-language romanization"><i lang="or-Latn">1430 Utkaḷābda</i></span></td> <td><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">୬୫ ଅଙ୍କ</span></span><br><span title="Odia-language romanization"><i lang="or-Latn">65 Aṅka</i></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Commonwealth_realms">Commonwealth realms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Commonwealth realms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_monarchs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Regnal years of English monarchs">Regnal years of English monarchs</a> </div> <p>Regnal years continue to see limited use in some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_realms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth realms">Commonwealth realms</a>. The present conventions for regnal years in the Commonwealth realms originate with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>, which used regnal years to date its public documents. The start of a new regnal era in the English regnal dating system originally began on the date of the monarch's coronation. However, the system was changed in 1307 to begin on the date the monarch succeeds to the throne, beginning with the ascension of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward II">Edward II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britreg_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britreg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The regnal years used throughout the Commonwealth realms are identical to one another, as they share the same <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Order_of_succession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Order of succession">line of succession</a>. The present monarch, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, became the sovereign on 8 September 2022, after the death of his mother <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elizabeth_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>. Thus, 8 September 2022 is considered the beginning of the first regnal year for Charles III; with the last day of each regnal year being 7 September.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (March 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Gregorian calendar</th> <th>Regnal year</th> </tr> <tr> <td>6 February 2022 CE to 8 September 2022 CE</td> <td>71 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elizabeth_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>8 September 2022 CE to 7 September 2023 CE</td> <td>1 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>8 September 2023 CE to 7 September 2024 CE</td> <td>2 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The regnal dating system is used in the numbering system for all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Acts of Parliament of Canada">Acts of the Parliament of Canada</a>. All Acts are given an individual chapter number, assigned by its numeric order of when it received <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_assent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a>, along with the regnal year, and the name of the reigning <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarch_of_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch of Canada">Monarch of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of regnal years in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legal_citation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legal citation">legal citations</a> is acceptable in Canadian legal practices, although usage of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregorian_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> is more common.<sup id="cite_ref-hoc_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hoc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The regnal year was used throughout the legislative sessional volumes of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Legislative Assembly of Ontario</a>, until it was replaced by the calendar year in 1949. However, the regnal year continues to be used on the title pages of the legislature's sessional volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-hoc_16-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hoc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The use of regnal years in the United Kingdom originated in England, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a>. The regnal dating system was used to date documents of parliamentary sessions until 1963, when it began to date its documents using the Gregorian calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-britreg_14-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britreg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change to the Gregorian calendar was legislated under the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_Numbering_and_Citation_Act_1962?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acts of Parliament Numbering and Citation Act 1962">Acts of Parliament Numbering and Citation Act 1962</a></i>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Similar_practices">Similar practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Similar practices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Republic_of_China">Republic of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Republic of China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of China calendar">Republic of China calendar</a> </div> <p>The calendar uses 1912, the year of the establishment of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (ROC), as the first year.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wilkinson2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the system is not an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_era_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese era name">era name</a> or a regnal year, the ROC calendar traces its roots to the historical Chinese system of era names. The ROC calendar was officially used on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainland_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> until 1949, and is still officially used by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of China on Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a> today.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>While not strictly a regnal year, time in the United States of America can be derived from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (July 4, 1776). For example, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a> is dated as signed in "the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth," and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of the United States">Presidential</a> proclamations will often be ended "IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this [ordinal] day of [month], in the year of our Lord [year], and of the Independence of the United States of America the [year]." 2024 is the 249th year of the Independence of the United States of America on and after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Independence Day (United States)">July 4</a> of that year. Time is also sometimes reckoned in terms (and sessions, if necessary) of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>; e.g. House of Representatives Bill 2 of the 112th Congress is dated "112th CONGRESS, 1st Session".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regnal_year&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-First1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-First1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLü2003" class="citation book cs1">Lü, Zongli (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZvYvAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dera%2Bname%2Bnian%2Bhao%2Borigin"><i>Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265–618</i></a>. Peter Lang. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783906769561?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9783906769561"><bdi>9783906769561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+of+the+words%3A+Chen+prophecy+in+Chinese+politics%2C+AD+265%E2%80%93618&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9783906769561&rft.aulast=L%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Zongli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvYvAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dera%2Bname%2Bnian%2Bhao%2Borigin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-First2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-First2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-First2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-First2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSogner2001" class="citation book cs1">Sogner, Sølvi (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D7nsWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dera%2Bname%2Bchina%2BKorea%2BJapan%2Bvietnam%2Bmaking%2Bsense%2Bof%2Bglobal%2Bhistory"><i>Making Sense of Global History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume</i></a>. Universitetsforlaget. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788215001067?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9788215001067"><bdi>9788215001067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+Global+History%3A+The+19th+International+Congress+of+the+Historical+Sciences%2C+Oslo+2000%2C+Commemorative+Volume&rft.pub=Universitetsforlaget&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788215001067&rft.aulast=Sogner&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8lvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7nsWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dera%2Bname%2Bchina%2BKorea%2BJapan%2Bvietnam%2Bmaking%2Bsense%2Bof%2Bglobal%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Japan-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Japan_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Japan_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Japan_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Ancient-tradition-carries-forward-with-Japan-s-new-era">"Ancient tradition carries forward with Japan's new era"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+tradition+carries+forward+with+Japan%27s+new+era&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FSpotlight%2FJapan-s-Reiwa-era%2FAncient-tradition-carries-forward-with-Japan-s-new-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sinosphere-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sinosphere_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sinosphere_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJølstadLunde2000" class="citation book cs1">Jølstad, Anders; Lunde, Marianne (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0ervAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dera%2Bname%2Bchina%2BKorea%2BJapan%2Bvietnam"><i>International Congress of Historical Sciences</i></a>. Vol. 19. University of Oslo. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788299561419?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9788299561419"><bdi>9788299561419</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Congress+of+Historical+Sciences&rft.pub=University+of+Oslo&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788299561419&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8lstad&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Lunde%2C+Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ervAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dera%2Bname%2Bchina%2BKorea%2BJapan%2Bvietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609031917/http://www.zj-jtest.com/chrbwhtsh/rbwh4-1.htm"><bdi lang="zh">王勇著</bdi></a> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.zj-jtest.com/chrbwhtsh/rbwh4-1.htm">the original</a> on 9 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%8B%E5%8B%87%E8%91%97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zj-jtest.com%2Fchrbwhtsh%2Frbwh4-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507205737/http://military.china.com/zh_cn/history4/62/20050323/12189172_1.html"><bdi lang="zh">长河落日圆——详议安史之乱[中](2)</bdi></a> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://military.china.com/zh_cn/history4/62/20050323/12189172_1.html">the original</a> on 7 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%B3%E8%90%BD%E6%97%A5%E5%9C%86%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%AF%A6%E8%AE%AE%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1%26%2391%3B%E4%B8%AD%26%2393%3B%282%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitary.china.com%2Fzh_cn%2Fhistory4%2F62%2F20050323%2F12189172_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ming-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ming_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ming_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ming_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201235232/http://www.eurasianhistory.com/data/articles/a02/1836.html"><bdi lang="zh">17、18世纪朝鲜使用中国年号问题</bdi></a> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.eurasianhistory.com/data/articles/a02/1836.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=17%E3%80%8118%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasianhistory.com%2Fdata%2Farticles%2Fa02%2F1836.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719013634/http://www.xiao-en.org/cultural/magazine.asp?cat%3D34%26loc%3Dzh%26id%3D1192"><bdi lang="zh">馬來西亞華人殯葬業的演變與挑戰中國長沙民政學院殯儀系主辦《現代殯葬教育十年慶典研討會》論文（上）</bdi></a> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.xiao-en.org/cultural/magazine.asp?cat%3D34%26loc%3Dzh%26id%3D1192">the original</a> on 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%AE%AF%E8%91%AC%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A%E8%88%87%E6%8C%91%E6%88%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%95%B7%E6%B2%99%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E6%AE%AF%E5%84%80%E7%B3%BB%E4%B8%BB%E8%BE%A6%E3%80%8A%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%AE%AF%E8%91%AC%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%85%B6%E5%85%B8%E7%A0%94%E8%A8%8E%E6%9C%83%E3%80%8B%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xiao-en.org%2Fcultural%2Fmagazine.asp%3Fcat%3D34%26loc%3Dzh%26id%3D1192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-BBCJ-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBCJ_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48020703">"Emperor Akihito: Japanese monarch declares historic abdication"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. British Broadcasting Corporation. 30 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Emperor+Akihito%3A+Japanese+monarch+declares+historic+abdication&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-48020703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2003" class="citation cs2">Griffiths, Arlo (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43382061">"The Orissa Manuscripts of the Paippalāda Saṃhitā"</a>, <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i>, <b>153</b> (2), Harrassowitz Verlag: 338, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43382061">43382061</a>, <q>The Dating system found in the Manuscripts</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Morgenl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=The+Orissa+Manuscripts+of+the+Paippal%C4%81da+Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81&rft.volume=153&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=338&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43382061%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Arlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43382061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanda2008" class="citation cs2">Panda, Shishir Kumar (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147183">"Gajapati Kingship and the Cult of Jagannatha: A Study on the Chhamu Chitaus (Royal Letters)"</a>, <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>, <b>69</b>, Indian History Congress: 226, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147183">44147183</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Gajapati+Kingship+and+the+Cult+of+Jagannatha%3A+A+Study+on+the+Chhamu+Chitaus+%28Royal+Letters%29&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=226&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44147183%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Panda&rft.aufirst=Shishir+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44147183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankaj_Tandon2012" class="citation cs2">Pankaj Tandon (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/2771794"><i>Tentative Attributions of some Gold Fanams of the Eastern Gangas</i></a>, BU<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tentative+Attributions+of+some+Gold+Fanams+of+the+Eastern+Gangas&rft.pub=BU&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Pankaj+Tandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2771794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankaj_Tandon2018" class="citation cs2">Pankaj Tandon (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/32275350"><i>Coins of the Eastern Gangas ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga</i></a>, BU<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coins+of+the+Eastern+Gangas+ruler+Anantavarman+Chodaganga&rft.pub=BU&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Pankaj+Tandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32275350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-britreg-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-britreg_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-britreg_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold-Baker2015" class="citation book cs1">Arnold-Baker, Charles (2015). <i>The Companion to British History</i>. Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3174-0039-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3174-0039-4"><bdi>978-1-3174-0039-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+to+British+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-3174-0039-4&rft.aulast=Arnold-Baker&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2016" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Olga B. (2016). <i>Canadian Official Publications: Guides to Official Publications</i>. Elsevier. p. 117. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-5523-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-5523-4"><bdi>978-1-4831-5523-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Official+Publications%3A+Guides+to+Official+Publications&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4831-5523-4&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Olga+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-hoc-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hoc_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hoc_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaherty1981" class="citation book cs1">Flaherty, David H. (1981). <i>Essays in the History of Canadian Law, Volume 1</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4875-9697-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-4875-9697-9"><bdi>1-4875-9697-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+the+History+of+Canadian+Law%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=1-4875-9697-9&rft.aulast=Flaherty&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson2000-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Wilkinson2000_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndymion_Wilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Endymion Wilkinson (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DERnrQq0bsPYC%26pg%3DPA185"><i>Chinese History: A Manual</i></a>. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 184–185. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4"><bdi>978-0-674-00249-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+Manual&rft.pages=184-185&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ+Asia+Center&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00249-4&rft.au=Endymion+Wilkinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERnrQq0bsPYC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+year" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regnal_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611202814/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d112:h.r.2:">"112 H.R. 2"</a>. 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