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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concept_models_and_conceptual_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_models_and_conceptual_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Concept models and conceptual models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept_models_and_conceptual_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_and_scope_of_conceptual_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_and_scope_of_conceptual_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Type and scope of conceptual models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_and_scope_of_conceptual_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundamental_objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundamental_objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Fundamental objectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundamental_objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modelling_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modelling_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modelling techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modelling_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modelling techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modelling_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Data_flow_modeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_flow_modeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Data flow modeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_flow_modeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entity_relationship_modeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entity_relationship_modeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Entity relationship modeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entity_relationship_modeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Event-driven_process_chain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Event-driven_process_chain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Event-driven process chain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Event-driven_process_chain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_application_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_application_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Joint application development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_application_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place/transition_net" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place/transition_net"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Place/transition net</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place/transition_net-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_transition_modeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_transition_modeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>State transition modeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_transition_modeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique_evaluation_and_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique_evaluation_and_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Technique evaluation and selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technique_evaluation_and_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Considering_affecting_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Considering_affecting_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Considering affecting factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Considering_affecting_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Considering_affected_variables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Considering_affected_variables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Considering affected variables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Considering_affected_variables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models_in_philosophy_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models_in_philosophy_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Models in philosophy and science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Models_in_philosophy_and_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Models in philosophy and science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Models_in_philosophy_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mental_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mental model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metaphysical_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphysical_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Metaphysical models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaphysical_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conceptual_model_vs._semantics_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conceptual_model_vs._semantics_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Conceptual model vs. semantics model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conceptual_model_vs._semantics_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistemological_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemological_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Epistemological models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemological_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logical_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logical_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Logical models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logical_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematical_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Mathematical models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Scientific models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistical_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistical_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Statistical models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistical_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_political_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_political_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social and political models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_political_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social and political models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_political_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Economic models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models_in_systems_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models_in_systems_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Models in systems architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Models_in_systems_architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Models in systems architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Models_in_systems_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_process_modelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_process_modelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Business process modelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_process_modelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models_in_information_system_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models_in_information_system_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Models in information system design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Models_in_information_system_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Models in information system design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Models_in_information_system_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conceptual_models_of_human_activity_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conceptual_models_of_human_activity_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Conceptual models of human activity systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conceptual_models_of_human_activity_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logico-linguistic_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logico-linguistic_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Logico-linguistic models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logico-linguistic_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Data models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entity–relationship_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entity–relationship_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Entity–relationship model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entity–relationship_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domain_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domain_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Domain model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domain_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Conceptual model</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="نموذج مجرد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نموذج مجرد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_conceptual" title="Model conceptual – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Model conceptual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncep%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_model" title="Koncepční model – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koncepční model" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_conceptual" title="Modelo conceptual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modelo conceptual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="مدل مفهومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدل مفهومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C%EB%85%90_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95" title="개념 모형 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개념 모형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सैद्धांतिक प्रतिमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सैद्धांतिक प्रतिमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C" title="מערכת מודל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת מודל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Концепциялық модель – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Концепциялық модель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(wetenschap)" title="Model (wetenschap) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Model (wetenschap)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB" title="コンセプトモデル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンセプトモデル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelagem_conceitual" title="Modelagem conceitual – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modelagem conceitual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Концептуальная модель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Концептуальная модель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="பண்பியல் மாதிரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்பியல் மாதிரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="แบบจำลองเชิงแนวคิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบบจำลองเชิงแนวคิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavramsal_model" title="Kavramsal model – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kavramsal model" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Концептуальна модель – 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theoretical framework</div> <p>The term <b>conceptual model</b> refers to any <a href="/wiki/Model" title="Model">model</a> that is formed after a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concept#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:concept">conceptualization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Generalization" title="Generalization">generalization</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-MWCD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWCD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conceptual models are often abstractions of things in the real world, whether physical or social. <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantic</a> studies are relevant to various stages of <a href="/wiki/Process_of_concept_formation" title="Process of concept formation">concept formation</a>. Semantics is fundamentally a study of concepts, the meaning that thinking beings give to various elements of their experience. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_models_and_conceptual_models">Concept models and conceptual models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Concept models and conceptual models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The value of a conceptual model is usually directly proportional to how well it corresponds to a past, present, future, actual or potential state of affairs. A concept model (a model of a concept) is quite different because in order to be a good model it need not have this real world correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In artificial intelligence, conceptual models and <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_graphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceptual graphs">conceptual graphs</a> are used for building <a href="/wiki/Expert_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Expert systems">expert systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge-based_systems" title="Knowledge-based systems">knowledge-based systems</a>; here the analysts are concerned to represent expert opinion on what is true not their own ideas on what is true. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_and_scope_of_conceptual_models">Type and scope of conceptual models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Type and scope of conceptual models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conceptual models range in type from the more concrete, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">mental image</a> of a familiar physical object, to the formal generality and abstractness of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical models</a> which do not appear to the mind as an image. Conceptual models also range in terms of the scope of the subject matter that they are taken to represent. A model may, for instance, represent a single thing (e.g. the <i>Statue of Liberty</i>), whole classes of things (e.g. <i>the electron</i>), and even very vast domains of subject matter such as <i>the physical universe.</i> The variety and scope of conceptual models is due to the variety of purposes had by the people using them. </p><p>Conceptual modeling is the activity of formally describing some aspects of the physical and social world around us for the purposes of understanding and communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Mylopoulos_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mylopoulos-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundamental_objectives">Fundamental objectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fundamental objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VV%26A_Comparisons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/VV%26A_Comparisons.jpg/350px-VV%26A_Comparisons.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/VV%26A_Comparisons.jpg/525px-VV%26A_Comparisons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/VV%26A_Comparisons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Comparison model highlighting conceptual model role in system process</figcaption></figure> <p>A conceptual model's primary objective is to convey the fundamental principles and basic functionality of the system which it represents. Also, a conceptual model must be developed in such a way as to provide an easily understood system interpretation for the model's users. A conceptual model, when implemented properly, should satisfy four fundamental objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-Kung_and_Solveberg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kung_and_Solveberg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Enhance an individual's understanding of the representative system</li> <li>Facilitate efficient conveyance of system details between stakeholders</li> <li>Provide a point of reference for system designers to extract system specifications</li> <li>Document the system for future reference and provide a means for collaboration</li></ol> <p>The conceptual model plays an important role in the overall system development life cycle. Figure 1<sup id="cite_ref-Sokolowski_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sokolowski-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> below, depicts the role of the conceptual model in a typical system development scheme. It is clear that if the conceptual model is not fully developed, the execution of fundamental system properties may not be implemented properly, giving way to future problems or system shortfalls. These failures do occur in the industry and have been linked to; lack of user input, incomplete or unclear requirements, and changing requirements. Those weak links in the system design and development process can be traced to improper execution of the fundamental objectives of conceptual modeling. The importance of conceptual modeling is evident when such systemic failures are mitigated by thorough system development and adherence to proven development objectives/techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modelling_techniques">Modelling techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modelling techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous techniques can be applied across multiple disciplines to increase the user's understanding of the system to be modeled.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_Direct_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_Direct-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few techniques are briefly described in the following text, however, many more exist or are being developed. Some commonly used conceptual modeling techniques and methods include: <a href="/wiki/Workflow" title="Workflow">workflow</a> modeling, <a href="/wiki/Workforce_modeling" title="Workforce modeling">workforce modeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">rapid application development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-role_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-role modeling">object-role modeling</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">Unified Modeling Language</a> (UML). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_flow_modeling">Data flow modeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Data flow modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data flow modeling (DFM) is a basic conceptual modeling technique that graphically represents elements of a system. DFM is a fairly simple technique; however, like many conceptual modeling techniques, it is possible to construct higher and lower level representative diagrams. The <a href="/wiki/Data_flow_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Data flow diagram">data flow diagram</a> usually does not convey complex system details such as parallel development considerations or timing information, but rather works to bring the major system functions into context. Data flow modeling is a central technique used in systems development that utilizes the <a href="/wiki/Structured_systems_analysis_and_design_method" title="Structured systems analysis and design method">structured systems analysis and design method</a> (SSADM). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entity_relationship_modeling">Entity relationship modeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Entity relationship modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entity–relationship modeling</a> (ERM) is a conceptual modeling technique used primarily for software system representation. Entity-relationship diagrams, which are a product of executing the ERM technique, are normally used to represent <a href="/wiki/Database_model" title="Database model">database models</a> and information systems. The main components of the diagram are the entities and relationships. The entities can represent independent functions, objects, or events. The relationships are responsible for relating the entities to one another. To form a system process, the relationships are combined with the entities and any attributes needed to further describe the process. Multiple diagramming conventions exist for this technique; <a href="/wiki/IDEF1X" title="IDEF1X">IDEF1X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachman_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachman diagram">Bachman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">EXPRESS</a>, to name a few. These conventions are just different ways of viewing and organizing the data to represent different system aspects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Event-driven_process_chain">Event-driven process chain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Event-driven process chain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Event-driven_process_chain" title="Event-driven process chain">event-driven process chain</a> (EPC) is a conceptual modeling technique which is mainly used to systematically improve business process flows. Like most conceptual modeling techniques, the event driven process chain consists of entities/elements and functions that allow relationships to be developed and processed. More specifically, the EPC is made up of events which define what state a process is in or the rules by which it operates. In order to progress through events, a function/ active event must be executed. Depending on the process flow, the function has the ability to transform event states or link to other event driven process chains. Other elements exist within an EPC, all of which work together to define how and by what rules the system operates. The EPC technique can be applied to business practices such as resource planning, process improvement, and logistics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_application_development">Joint application development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Joint application development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">dynamic systems development method</a> uses a specific process called JEFFF to conceptually model a systems life cycle. JEFFF is intended to focus more on the higher level development planning that precedes a project's initialization. The JAD process calls for a series of workshops in which the participants work to identify, define, and generally map a successful project from conception to completion. This method has been found to not work well for large scale applications, however smaller applications usually report some net gain in efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Place/transition_net"><span id="Place.2Ftransition_net"></span>Place/transition net</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Place/transition net"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also known as <a href="/wiki/Petri_net" title="Petri net">Petri nets</a>, this conceptual modeling technique allows a system to be constructed with elements that can be described by direct mathematical means. The petri net, because of its nondeterministic execution properties and well defined mathematical theory, is a useful technique for modeling <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrent system behavior</a>, i.e. simultaneous process executions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_transition_modeling">State transition modeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: State transition modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>State transition modeling makes use of <a href="/wiki/State_transition_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="State transition diagram">state transition diagrams</a> to describe system behavior. These state transition diagrams use distinct states to define system behavior and changes. Most current modeling tools contain some kind of ability to represent state transition modeling. The use of state transition models can be most easily recognized as logic state diagrams and directed graphs for <a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">finite-state machines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technique_evaluation_and_selection">Technique evaluation and selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Technique evaluation and selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the conceptual modeling method can sometimes be purposefully vague to account for a broad area of use, the actual application of concept modeling can become difficult. To alleviate this issue, and shed some light on what to consider when selecting an appropriate conceptual modeling technique, the framework proposed by Gemino and Wand will be discussed in the following text. However, before evaluating the effectiveness of a conceptual modeling technique for a particular application, an important concept must be understood; Comparing conceptual models by way of specifically focusing on their graphical or top level representations is shortsighted. Gemino and Wand make a good point when arguing that the emphasis should be placed on a conceptual <a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">modeling language</a> when choosing an appropriate technique. In general, a conceptual model is developed using some form of conceptual modeling technique. That technique will utilize a conceptual modeling language that determines the rules for how the model is arrived at. Understanding the capabilities of the specific language used is inherent to properly evaluating a conceptual modeling technique, as the language reflects the techniques descriptive ability. Also, the conceptual modeling language will directly influence the depth at which the system is capable of being represented, whether it be complex or simple.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemino_and_Wand_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemino_and_Wand-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Considering_affecting_factors">Considering affecting factors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Considering affecting factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Building on some of their earlier work,<sup id="cite_ref-early_Gemino_and_Wand_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-early_Gemino_and_Wand-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gemino and Wand acknowledge some main points to consider when studying the affecting factors: the content that the conceptual model must represent, the method in which the model will be presented, the characteristics of the model's users, and the conceptual model languages specific task.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemino_and_Wand_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemino_and_Wand-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conceptual model's content should be considered in order to select a technique that would allow relevant information to be presented. The presentation method for selection purposes would focus on the technique's ability to represent the model at the intended level of depth and detail. The characteristics of the model's users or participants is an important aspect to consider. A participant's background and experience should coincide with the conceptual model's complexity, else misrepresentation of the system or misunderstanding of key system concepts could lead to problems in that system's realization. The conceptual model language task will further allow an appropriate technique to be chosen. The difference between creating a system conceptual model to convey system functionality and creating a system conceptual model to interpret that functionality could involve two completely different types of conceptual modeling languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Considering_affected_variables">Considering affected variables</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Considering affected variables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gemino and Wand go on to expand the affected variable content of their proposed framework by considering the focus of observation and the criterion for comparison.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemino_and_Wand_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemino_and_Wand-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus of observation considers whether the conceptual modeling technique will create a "new product", or whether the technique will only bring about a more intimate understanding of the system being modeled. The criterion for comparison would weigh the ability of the conceptual modeling technique to be efficient or effective. A conceptual modeling technique that allows for development of a <a href="/wiki/System_model" class="mw-redirect" title="System model">system model</a> which takes all system variables into account at a high level may make the process of understanding the system functionality more efficient, but the technique lacks the necessary information to explain the internal processes, rendering the model less effective. </p><p>When deciding which conceptual technique to use, the recommendations of Gemino and Wand can be applied in order to properly evaluate the scope of the conceptual model in question. Understanding the conceptual models scope will lead to a more informed selection of a technique that properly addresses that particular model. In summary, when deciding between modeling techniques, answering the following questions would allow one to address some important conceptual modeling considerations. </p> <ol><li>What content will the conceptual model represent?</li> <li>How will the conceptual model be presented?</li> <li>Who will be using or participating in the conceptual model?</li> <li>How will the conceptual model describe the system?</li> <li>What is the conceptual models focus of observation?</li> <li>Will the conceptual model be efficient or effective in describing the system?</li></ol> <p>Another function of the simulation conceptual model is to provide a rational and factual basis for assessment of simulation application appropriateness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models_in_philosophy_and_science">Models in philosophy and science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Models in philosophy and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_model">Mental model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mental model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">Mental model</a>, <a href="/wiki/Representation_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation (psychology)">Representation (psychology)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_model" title="Cognitive model">Cognitive model</a></div> <p>In cognitive psychology and philosophy of mind, a mental model is a representation of something in the mind,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a <a href="/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">mental model</a> may also refer to a nonphysical external model of the mind itself.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metaphysical_models">Metaphysical models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Metaphysical models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A metaphysical model is a type of conceptual model which is distinguished from other conceptual models by its proposed scope; a metaphysical model intends to represent reality in the broadest possible way.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is to say that it <a href="/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">explains</a> the answers to fundamental questions such as whether <a href="/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter (philosophy)">matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> are one or two <a href="/wiki/Physical_substance" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical substance">substances</a>; or whether or not humans have <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conceptual_model_vs._semantics_model">Conceptual model vs. semantics model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Conceptual model vs. semantics model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>. In particular, the poor English might have a lot to do with it, but it is very hard to define even the basic idea of what the difference is between conceptual and semantic modelling. An example might help.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Conceptual_model" title="Talk:Conceptual model">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Conceptual Models and semantic models have many similarities, however the way they are presented, the level of flexibility and the use are different. Conceptual models have a certain purpose in mind, hence the core semantic concepts are predefined in a so-called meta model. This enables a pragmatic modelling but reduces the flexibility, as only the predefined semantic concepts can be used. Samples are flow charts for process behaviour or organisational structure for tree behaviour. </p><p>Semantic models are more flexible and open, and therefore more difficult to model. Potentially any semantic concept can be defined, hence the modelling support is very generic. Samples are terminologies, taxonomies or ontologies. </p><p>In a concept model each concept has a unique and distinguishable graphical representation, whereas semantic concepts are by default the same. In a concept model each concept has predefined properties that can be populated, whereas semantic concepts are related to concepts that are interpreted as properties. In a concept model operational semantic can be built-in, like the processing of a sequence, whereas a semantic model needs explicit semantic definition of the sequence. </p><p>The decision if a concept model or a semantic model is used, depends therefore on the "object under survey", the intended goal, the necessary flexibility as well as how the model is interpreted. In case of human-interpretation there may be a focus on graphical concept models, in case of machine interpretation there may be the focus on semantic models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistemological_models">Epistemological models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Epistemological models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An epistemological model is a type of conceptual model whose proposed scope is the <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">known</a> and the knowable, and the <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">believed</a> and the believable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logical_models">Logical models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Logical models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, a model is a type of <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_(logic)" title="Interpretation (logic)">interpretation</a> under which a particular statement is true. Logical models can be broadly divided into ones which only attempt to represent concepts, such as mathematical models; and ones which attempt to represent physical objects, and factual relationships, among which are scientific models. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Model_theory" title="Model theory">Model theory</a> is the study of (classes of) mathematical structures such as groups, fields, graphs, or even universes of set theory, using tools from mathematical logic. A system that gives meaning to the sentences of a formal language is called a model for the language. If a model for a language moreover satisfies a particular sentence or theory (set of sentences), it is called a model of the sentence or theory. Model theory has close ties to algebra and universal algebra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_models">Mathematical models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mathematical models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">Mathematical model</a></div> <p>Mathematical models can take many forms, including but not limited to dynamical systems, statistical models, differential equations, or game theoretic models. These and other types of models can overlap, with a given model involving a variety of abstract structures. </p><p>A more comprehensive type of mathematical model<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses a linguistic version of <a href="/wiki/Category_theory" title="Category theory">category theory</a> to model a given situation. Akin to <a href="/wiki/Entity-relationship_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Entity-relationship models">entity-relationship models</a>, custom <a href="/wiki/Category_(mathematics)" title="Category (mathematics)">categories</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(mathematics)" title="Sketch (mathematics)">sketches</a> can be directly translated into <a href="/wiki/Database_schema" title="Database schema">database schemas</a>. The difference is that logic is replaced by category theory, which brings powerful theorems to bear on the subject of modeling, especially useful for translating between disparate models (as functors between categories). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_models">Scientific models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Scientific models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></div> <p>A scientific model is a simplified abstract view of a complex reality. A scientific model represents <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empirical</a> objects, phenomena, and physical processes in a <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logical</a> way. Attempts to <a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">formalize</a> the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of science">principles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empirical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical science">empirical sciences</a> use an <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_(logic)" title="Interpretation (logic)">interpretation</a> to model reality, in the same way logicians <a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_system" title="Axiomatic system">axiomatize</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_inference" title="Rule of inference">principles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>. The aim of these attempts is to construct a <a href="/wiki/Formal_system" title="Formal system">formal system</a> that will not produce theoretical consequences that are contrary to what is found in <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>. Predictions or other statements drawn from such a formal system mirror or map the real world only insofar as these scientific models are true.<sup id="cite_ref-tcarotmimanass_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcarotmimanass-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistical_models">Statistical models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Statistical models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">Statistical model</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parametric_model" title="Parametric model">Parametric model</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonparametric_statistics" title="Nonparametric statistics">Nonparametric statistics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Model_selection" title="Model selection">Model selection</a></div> <p>A statistical model is a <a href="/wiki/Probability_density_function" title="Probability density function">probability distribution function</a> proposed as generating data. In a <a href="/wiki/Parametric_model" title="Parametric model">parametric model</a>, the probability distribution function has variable parameters, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Variance" title="Variance">variance</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normal distribution</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Coefficients" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficients">coefficients</a> for the various <a href="/wiki/Exponent" class="mw-redirect" title="Exponent">exponents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent variable">independent variable</a> in <a href="/wiki/Linear_regression" title="Linear regression">linear regression</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Nonparametric_statistics" title="Nonparametric statistics">nonparametric model</a> has a distribution function without parameters, such as in <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(statistics)" title="Bootstrapping (statistics)">bootstrapping</a>, and is only loosely confined by assumptions. <a href="/wiki/Model_selection" title="Model selection">Model selection</a> is a statistical method for selecting a distribution function within a class of them; e.g., in linear regression where the dependent variable is a polynomial of the independent variable with parametric coefficients, model selection is selecting the highest exponent, and may be done with nonparametric means, such as with <a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">cross validation</a>. </p><p>In statistics there can be models of mental events as well as models of physical events. For example, a statistical model of customer behavior is a model that is conceptual (because behavior is physical), but a statistical model of customer satisfaction is a model of a concept (because satisfaction is a mental not a physical event). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_political_models">Social and political models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Social and political models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_models">Economic models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Economic models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_model" title="Economic model">Economic model</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, a model is a theoretical construct that represents economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and/or quantitative relationships between them. The economic model is a simplified framework designed to illustrate complex processes, often but not always using mathematical techniques. Frequently, economic models use structural parameters. Structural parameters are underlying parameters in a model or class of models. A model may have various parameters and those parameters may change to create various properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models_in_systems_architecture">Models in systems architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Models in systems architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/System_model" class="mw-redirect" title="System model">System model</a></div> <p>A system model is the conceptual model that describes and represents the structure, behavior, and more <a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">views</a> of a <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a>. A system model can represent <a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">multiple views</a> of a system by using two different approaches. The first one is the non-architectural approach and the second one is the architectural approach. The non-architectural approach respectively picks a model for each view. The architectural approach, also known as <a href="/wiki/System_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="System architecture">system architecture</a>, instead of picking many heterogeneous and unrelated models, will use only one integrated architectural model. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_process_modelling">Business process modelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Business process modelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Business_process_modeling" title="Business process modeling">Business process modeling</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meta-levels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meta-levels.svg/300px-Meta-levels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meta-levels.svg/450px-Meta-levels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meta-levels.svg/600px-Meta-levels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>Abstraction for business process modelling<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In business process modelling the enterprise process model is often referred to as the <i>business process model</i>. Process models are core concepts in the discipline of process engineering. Process models are: </p> <ul><li>Processes of the same nature that are classified together into a model.</li> <li>A description of a process at the type level.</li> <li>Since the process model is at the type level, a process is an instantiation of it.</li></ul> <p>The same process model is used repeatedly for the development of many applications and thus, has many instantiations. </p><p>One possible use of a process model is to prescribe how things must/should/could be done in contrast to the process itself which is really what happens. A process model is roughly an anticipation of what the process will look like. What the process shall be will be determined during actual system development.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models_in_information_system_design">Models in information system design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Models in information system design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conceptual_models_of_human_activity_systems">Conceptual models of human activity systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Conceptual models of human activity systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology" title="Soft systems methodology">Soft systems methodology</a></div> <p>Conceptual models of human activity systems are used in soft systems methodology (SSM), which is a method of systems analysis concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Problem_structuring_methods" title="Problem structuring methods">structuring of problems</a> in management. These models are models of concepts; the authors specifically state that they are not intended to represent a state of affairs in the physical world. They are also used in information <a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">requirements analysis</a> (IRA) which is a variant of SSM developed for information system design and software engineering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logico-linguistic_models">Logico-linguistic models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Logico-linguistic models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Logico-linguistic_modeling" title="Logico-linguistic modeling">Logico-linguistic modeling</a></div> <p>Logico-linguistic modeling is another variant of SSM that uses conceptual models. However, this method combines models of concepts with models of putative real world objects and events. It is a graphical representation of modal logic in which modal operators are used to distinguish statement about concepts from statements about real world objects and events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_models">Data models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Data models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entity–relationship_model"><span id="Entity.E2.80.93relationship_model"></span>Entity–relationship model</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Entity–relationship model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entity–relationship model</a></div> <p>In software engineering, an <a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">entity–relationship model</a> (ERM) is an abstract and conceptual representation of data. Entity–relationship modeling is a database modeling method, used to produce a type of conceptual schema or semantic data model of a system, often a relational database, and its requirements in a top-down fashion. Diagrams created by this process are called entity-relationship diagrams, ER diagrams, or ERDs. </p><p>Entity–relationship models have had wide application in the building of information systems intended to support activities involving objects and events in the real world. In these cases they are models that are conceptual. However, this modeling method can be used to build computer games or a family tree of the Greek Gods, in these cases it would be used to model concepts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domain_model">Domain model</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Domain model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domain_model" title="Domain model">Domain model</a></div> <p>A domain model is a type of conceptual model used to depict the structural elements and their conceptual constraints within a <a href="/wiki/Domain_(software_engineering)" title="Domain (software engineering)">domain</a> of interest (sometimes called the <i>problem domain</i>). A domain model includes the various entities, their attributes and relationships, plus the constraints governing the conceptual integrity of the structural model elements comprising that problem domain. A domain model may also include a number of conceptual views, where each view is pertinent to a particular subject area of the domain or to a particular subset of the domain model which is of interest to a stakeholder of the domain model. </p><p>Like entity–relationship models, domain models can be used to model concepts or to model real world objects and events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept mapping">Concept mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">Conceptual framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceptual model (computer science)">Conceptual model (computer science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_schema" title="Conceptual schema">Conceptual schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_system" title="Conceptual system">Conceptual system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_twin" title="Digital twin">Digital twin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Conceptual_Modeling" title="International Conference on Conceptual Modeling">International Conference on Conceptual Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_(logic)" title="Interpretation (logic)">Interpretation (logic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_system" title="Isolated system">Isolated system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">Ontology (computer science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical model">Physical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_of_concept_formation" title="Process of concept formation">Process of concept formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific modeling">Scientific modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">Theory</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MWCD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MWCD_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster" class="citation cs2">Merriam-Webster, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Kung, A. Solvberg, Activity Modeling and Behavior Modeling, In: T. Ollie, H. Sol, A. Verrjin-Stuart, Proceedings of the IFIP WG 8.1 working conference on comparative review of information systems design methodologies: improving the practice. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1986), pp. 145–71</i></a>. Portal.acm.org. July 1986. pp. 145–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444700148" title="Special:BookSources/9780444700148"><bdi>9780444700148</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Evaluating modeling techniques based on models of learning". <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>46</b> (10): 79–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F944217.944243">10.1145/944217.944243</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16377851">16377851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Evaluating+modeling+techniques+based+on+models+of+learning&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=79-84&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F944217.944243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16377851%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gemino&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Wand%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConceptual+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mental Representation:The Computational Theory of Mind, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-representation/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mental Models and Usability, Depaul University, Cognitive Psychology 404, Nov, 15, 1999, Mary Jo Davidson, Laura Dove, Julie Weltz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.lauradove.info/reports/mental%20models.htm">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518220333/http://www.lauradove.info/reports/mental%20models.htm">Archived</a> 2011-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlaterYudell2017" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Matthew H.; Yudell, Zanja, eds. 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"Modeling the Requirements Engineering Process." in: <i>3rd European-Japanese Seminar on Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases, <a href="/wiki/Budapest,_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest, Hungary">Budapest, Hungary</a></i>, June 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._Rolland" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Rolland">C. Rolland</a> and C. Thanos Pernici (1998). "A Comprehensive View of Process Engineering". In: <i>Proceedings of the 10th International Conference CAiSE'98, B. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1413</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisa, Italy">Pisa, Italy</a>, Springer, June 1998.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J. Parsons, L. Cole (2005), "What do the pictures mean? Guidelines for experimental evaluation of representation fidelity in diagrammatical conceptual modeling techniques", <i><a href="/wiki/Data_%26_Knowledge_Engineering" title="Data & Knowledge Engineering">Data & Knowledge Engineering</a></i> 55: 327–342; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.datak.2004.12.008">10.1016/j.datak.2004.12.008</a></li> <li>A. Gemino, Y. Wand (2005), "Complexity and clarity in conceptual modeling: Comparison of mandatory and optional properties", <i><a href="/wiki/Data_%26_Knowledge_Engineering" title="Data & Knowledge Engineering">Data & Knowledge Engineering</a></i> 55: 301–326; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.datak.2004.12.009">10.1016/j.datak.2004.12.009</a></li> <li>D. Batra (2005), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-130345978/conceptual-data-modeling-patterns.html">Conceptual Data Modeling Patterns</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Database_Management" title="Journal of Database Management">Journal of Database Management</a></i> 16: 84–106</li> <li>Papadimitriou, Fivos. (2010). "Conceptual Modelling of Landscape Complexity". <i>Landscape Research</i>, 35(5):563-570. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01426397.2010.504913">10.1080/01426397.2010.504913</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_model&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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