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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%85-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="সৃষ্টিশীল অ-কল্পকাহিনী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সৃষ্টিশীল অ-কল্পকাহিনী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="غیرداستانی خلاق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غیرداستانی خلاق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/175px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/263px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/350px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">heroic epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">Lacuna</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/15px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/23px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/30px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Creative nonfiction</b> (also known as <b>literary nonfiction</b>, <b>narrative nonfiction</b>, <b>literary journalism</b> or <b>verfabula</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives. Creative nonfiction contrasts with other non-fiction, such as <a href="/wiki/Academic_writing" title="Academic writing">academic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Technical_writing" title="Technical writing">technical writing</a> or journalism, which are also rooted in accurate fact though not written to entertain based on prose style. Many writers view creative nonfiction as overlapping with the essay. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_and_definition">Characteristics and definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_nonfiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics and definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a text to be considered creative nonfiction, it must be factually accurate, and written with attention to <a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">literary style</a> and technique. <a href="/wiki/Lee_Gutkind" title="Lee Gutkind">Lee Gutkind</a>, founder of the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Creative_Nonfiction_(magazine)" title="Creative Nonfiction (magazine)">Creative Nonfiction</a></i>, writes, "Ultimately, the primary goal of the creative nonfiction writer is to communicate information, just like a reporter, but to shape it in a way that reads like fiction."<sup id="cite_ref-gutkindxi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gutkindxi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forms within this genre include memoir, diary, <a href="/wiki/Travel_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel writing">travel writing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_writing" title="Food writing">food writing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literary_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary journalism">literary journalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">personal essays</a>, and other hybridized essays, as well as some biography and autobiography. Critic Chris Anderson claims that the genre can be understood best by splitting it into two subcategories—the personal essay and the journalistic essay—but the genre is currently defined by its lack of established conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-andersonix_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andersonix-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literary critic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Lounsberry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Lounsberry (page does not exist)">Barbara Lounsberry</a> in her book, <i>The Art of Fact</i>, suggests four constitutive characteristics of the genre: the first is "Documentable subject matter chosen from the real world as opposed to 'invented' from the writer's mind".<sup id="cite_ref-Louxiii_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louxiii-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this, she means that the topics and events discussed in the text verifiably exist in the natural world. The second characteristic is "Exhaustive research",<sup id="cite_ref-Louxiii_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louxiii-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which she claims allows writers "novel perspectives on their subjects" and "also permits them to establish the credibility of their narratives through verifiable references in their texts".<sup id="cite_ref-Louxiii-xiv_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louxiii-xiv-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third characteristic that Lounsberry claims is crucial in defining the genre is "The scene". She stresses the importance of describing and revivifying the context of events in contrast to the typical journalistic style of objective reportage.<sup id="cite_ref-Louxiv-xv_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louxiv-xv-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth and final feature she suggests is "Fine writing: a literary prose style". "Verifiable subject matter and exhaustive research guarantee the nonfiction side of literary nonfiction; the narrative form and structure disclose the writer's artistry; and finally, its polished language reveals that the goal all along has been literature."<sup id="cite_ref-Louxv_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louxv-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essayist and critic <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Lopate" title="Phillip Lopate">Phillip Lopate</a> describes 'reflection' as a necessary element of the genre, offering the advice that the best literary nonfiction "captures the mind at work".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Creative nonfiction may be structured like traditional fiction narratives, as is true of <a href="/wiki/Fenton_Johnson" title="Fenton Johnson">Fenton Johnson</a>'s story of love and loss, <i>Geography of the Heart</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Virginia Holman's <i>Rescuing <a href="/wiki/Patty_Hearst" title="Patty Hearst">Patty Hearst</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When book-length works of creative nonfiction follow a story-like arc, they are sometimes called <i>narrative nonfiction</i>. Other books, such as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Levitin" title="Daniel Levitin">Daniel Levitin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Your_Brain_on_Music" title="This Is Your Brain on Music">This Is Your Brain on Music</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_in_Six_Songs" title="The World in Six Songs">The World in Six Songs</a></i>, use elements of narrative momentum, rhythm, and poetry to convey a literary quality. Creative nonfiction often escapes traditional boundaries of narrative altogether, as happens in the bittersweet banter of <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Ginzburg" title="Natalia Ginzburg">Natalia Ginzburg</a>'s essay, "He and I", in <a href="/wiki/John_McPhee" title="John McPhee">John McPhee</a>'s hypnotic tour of Atlantic City, <i>In Search of Marvin Gardens</i>, and in <a href="/wiki/Ander_Monson" title="Ander Monson">Ander Monson</a>'s playful, experimental essays in <i>Neck-Deep and Other Predicaments</i>. </p><p>Creative nonfiction writers have embraced new ways of forming their texts—including online technologies—because the genre leads itself to grand experimentation. Dozens of new journals have sprung up—both in print and online—that feature creative nonfiction prominently in their offerings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics_and_accuracy"><span class="anchor" id="Ethics"></span>Ethics and accuracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_nonfiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethics and accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writers of creative or narrative non-fiction often discuss the level, and limits, of creative invention in their works and the limitations of memory to justify the approaches they have taken to relating true events. Melanie McGrath, whose book <i>Silvertown</i>, an account of her grandmother's life, is "written in a novelist's idiom",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writes in the follow-up, <i>Hopping</i>, that the known facts of her stories are "the canvas on to which I have embroidered. Some of the facts have slipped through the holes—we no longer know them nor have any means of verifying them—and in these cases I have reimagined scenes or reconstructed events in a way I believe reflects the essence of the scene or the event in the minds and hearts of the people who lived through it. ... To my mind this literary tinkering does not alter the more profound truth of the story."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept of fact vs. fiction is elaborated upon in Brenda Miller and Suzanne Paola's book <i>Tell It Slant</i>. Nuala Calvi, authors of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sugar_Girls" title="The Sugar Girls">The Sugar Girls</a></i>, a novelistic story based on interviews with former sugar-factory workers, make a similar point: "Although we have tried to remain faithful to what our interviewees have told us, at a distance of over half a century many memories are understandably incomplete, and where necessary we have used our own research, and our imaginations, to fill in the gaps. ... However, the essence of the stories related here is true, as they were told to us by those who experienced them at first hand."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, there have been several well-publicized incidents of memoir writers who exaggerated or fabricated certain facts in their work.<sup id="cite_ref-creativenonfiction38_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creativenonfiction38-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li>In 1998, Swiss writer and journalist Daniel Ganzfried revealed that <a href="/wiki/Binjamin_Wilkomirski" class="mw-redirect" title="Binjamin Wilkomirski">Binjamin Wilkomirski</a>'s memoir <i>Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood</i>, detailing his experiences as a child survivor of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, contained factual inaccuracies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/James_Frey" title="James Frey">James Frey</a> controversy hit in 2006, when <i><a href="/wiki/The_Smoking_Gun" title="The Smoking Gun">The Smoking Gun</a></i> website revealed that Frey's memoir, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Million_Little_Pieces" title="A Million Little Pieces">A Million Little Pieces</a></i>, contained experiences that turned out to be fabrications.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2008, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> featured an article about the memoirist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Seltzer" title="Margaret Seltzer">Margaret Seltzer</a>, whose pen name is Margaret B. Jones. Her publisher, <a href="/wiki/Riverhead_Books" title="Riverhead Books">Riverhead Books</a>, canceled the publication of Seltzer's book, <i>Love and Consequences</i>, when it was revealed that Seltzer's story of her alleged experiences growing up as a half-white, half-Native American <a href="/wiki/Foster_child" class="mw-redirect" title="Foster child">foster child</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bloods" title="Bloods">Bloods</a> gang member in <a href="/wiki/South_Central_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="South Central Los Angeles">South Central Los Angeles</a> were fictitious.</li></ul> <p>Although there have been instances of traditional and literary journalists falsifying their stories, the ethics applied to creative nonfiction are the same as those that apply to journalism. The truth is meant to be upheld, just told in a literary fashion. Essayist <a href="/wiki/John_D%27Agata" title="John D'Agata">John D'Agata</a> explores the issue in his 2012 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lifespan_of_a_Fact" title="The Lifespan of a Fact">The Lifespan of a Fact</a></i>. It examines the relationship between truth and accuracy, and whether it is appropriate for a writer to substitute one for the other. He and fact-checker Jim Fingal have an intense debate about the boundaries of creative nonfiction, or "literary nonfiction". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_criticism">Literary criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_nonfiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literary criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is very little published <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> of creative nonfiction works, despite the fact that the genre is often published in respected publications such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper's">Harper's</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A handful of the most widely recognized writers in the genre such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Robert Caro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_Talese" title="Gay Talese">Gay Talese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mitchell_(writer)" title="Joseph Mitchell (writer)">Joseph Mitchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McPhee" title="John McPhee">John McPhee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Didion" title="Joan Didion">Joan Didion</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Perkins_(author)" title="John Perkins (author)">John Perkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Kapu%C5%9Bci%C5%84ski" title="Ryszard Kapuściński">Ryszard Kapuściński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Garner" title="Helen Garner">Helen Garner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> have seen some criticism on their more prominent works. "Critics to date, however, have tended to focus on only one or two of each writer's works, to illustrate particular critical point."<sup id="cite_ref-Louxvi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louxvi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These analyses of a few key pieces are <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">hardly in-depth or as comprehensive as the criticism and analyses of their fictional contemporaries</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. As the popularity of the genre continues to expand, many nonfiction authors and a handful of literary critics are calling for more extensive literary analysis of the genre. The genre of the personal <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a> is periodically subject to predictions of its demise.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If, these four features delimit an important art form of our time, a discourse grounded in fact but artful in execution that might be called literary nonfiction, what is needed is serious critical attention of all kinds to this work: formal criticism (both <a href="/wiki/Russian_formalism" title="Russian formalism">Russian formalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a>), historical, biographical, cultural, <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deconstructionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deconstructionist">deconstructionist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reader-response_criticism" title="Reader-response criticism">reader-response criticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> (criticism).<sup id="cite_ref-Louxvi_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louxvi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Barbara Lounsberry, <i>The Art of Fact</i></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nonfiction is no longer the bastard child, the second class citizen; literature is no longer reified, mystified, unavailable. This is the contribution that poststructuralist theory has to make to an understanding of literary nonfiction, since poststructuralist theorists are primarily concerned with how we make meaning and secure authority for claims in meaning of language.<sup id="cite_ref-andersonxix-x_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andersonxix-x-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chris Anderson, <i>Literary Nonfiction: Theory, Criticism, Pedagogy</i></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_nonfiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction novel">Nonfiction novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_%C3%A0_clef" title="Roman à clef">Roman à clef</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_nonfiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asnotedin.com/?action=attribute&id=t5922">"Verfabula"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verfabula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasnotedin.com%2F%3Faction%3Dattribute%26id%3Dt5922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gutkindxi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gutkindxi_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGutkind,_Lee2007" class="citation book cs1">Gutkind, Lee (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bestcreativenonf0000unse_e5u5/page/"><i>The Best Creative Nonfiction, Vol. 1</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bestcreativenonf0000unse_e5u5/page/">xi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33003-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33003-8"><bdi>978-0-393-33003-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+Creative+Nonfiction%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33003-8&rft.au=Gutkind%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbestcreativenonf0000unse_e5u5%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andersonix-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andersonix_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Chris1989" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Chris (1989). <i>Literary nonfiction: theory, criticism, pedagogy</i>. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-1405-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-1405-3"><bdi>0-8093-1405-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+nonfiction%3A+theory%2C+criticism%2C+pedagogy&rft.place=Carbondale&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8093-1405-3&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louxiii-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louxiii_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louxiii_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLounsberry,_Barbara1990" class="citation book cs1">Lounsberry, Barbara (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artoffact00barb/page/"><i>The art of fact: contemporary artists of nonfiction</i></a>. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artoffact00barb/page/">xiii</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26893-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26893-2"><bdi>0-313-26893-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+fact%3A+contemporary+artists+of+nonfiction&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-313-26893-2&rft.au=Lounsberry%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartoffact00barb%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louxiii-xiv-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Louxiii-xiv_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lounsberry, page xiii-xiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louxiv-xv-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Louxiv-xv_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lounsberry, page xiv-xv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louxv-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Louxv_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lounsberry, page xv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Knight, Lania (2008-05-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pw.org/content/interview_creative_nonfiction_writer_phillip_lopate">"An Interview with Creative Nonfiction Writer Phillip Lopate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Poets_%26_Writers" title="Poets & Writers">Poets & Writers</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poets+%26+Writers&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Creative+Nonfiction+Writer+Phillip+Lopate&rft.date=2008-05-16&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Lania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pw.org%2Fcontent%2Finterview_creative_nonfiction_writer_phillip_lopate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Fenton1997" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Fenton (1 June 1997). <i>Geography of the Heart</i>. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671009830" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671009830"><bdi>978-0671009830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+the+Heart&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1997-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0671009830&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Fenton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolman,_Virginia2003" class="citation book cs1">Holman, Virginia (February 25, 2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rescuingpattyhea00holm"><i>Rescuing Patty Hearst: Memories From a Decade Gone Mad</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743222853" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743222853"><bdi>978-0743222853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rescuing+Patty+Hearst%3A+Memories+From+a+Decade+Gone+Mad&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2003-02-25&rft.isbn=978-0743222853&rft.au=Holman%2C+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frescuingpattyhea00holm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKay,_Sinclair2002" class="citation web cs1">McKay, Sinclair (28 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/historybookreviews/3576587/Life-is-sweets.html">"Life is Sweets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Life+is+Sweets&rft.date=2002-04-28&rft.au=McKay%2C+Sinclair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fhistorybookreviews%2F3576587%2FLife-is-sweets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2009" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Melanie (2009). <i>Hopping</i>. 4th Estate. pp. <span class="nowrap">xiv–</span>xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-722365-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-722365-7"><bdi>978-0-00-722365-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hopping&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exiv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exv&rft.pub=4th+Estate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-00-722365-7&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrett_and_Calvi2012" class="citation book cs1">Barrett and Calvi, Duncan and Nuala (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sugargirlstaleso0000barr/page/337"><i>The Sugar Girls</i></a>. Collins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sugargirlstaleso0000barr/page/337">337–338</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-744847-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-744847-0"><bdi>978-0-00-744847-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sugar+Girls&rft.pages=337-338&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-00-744847-0&rft.aulast=Barrett+and+Calvi&rft.aufirst=Duncan+and+Nuala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsugargirlstaleso0000barr%2Fpage%2F337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-creativenonfiction38-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-creativenonfiction38_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Creative Nonfiction, Issue. 38, Spring 2010". <i>Creative Nonfiction</i>: <span class="nowrap">7–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1070-0714">1070-0714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creative+Nonfiction&rft.atitle=Creative+Nonfiction%2C+Issue.+38%2C+Spring+2010&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.issn=1070-0714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ganzfried,_translated_from_the_German_by_Katherine_Quimby_Johnson" class="citation news cs1">Daniel Ganzfried, translated from the German by Katherine Quimby Johnson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stopbadtherapy.com/experts/fragments/ganzfried.shtml">"Die Geliehene Holocaust-Biographie (The Purloined Holocaust Biography)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Weltwoche" title="Die Weltwoche">Die Weltwoche</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Weltwoche&rft.atitle=Die+Geliehene+Holocaust-Biographie+%28The+Purloined+Holocaust+Biography%29&rft.au=Daniel+Ganzfried%2C+translated+from+the+German+by+Katherine+Quimby+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stopbadtherapy.com%2Fexperts%2Ffragments%2Fganzfried.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWyatt2006" class="citation news cs1">Wyatt, Edward (2006-01-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/10/books/10frey.html">"Best-Selling Memoir Draws Scrutiny"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Best-Selling+Memoir+Draws+Scrutiny&rft.date=2006-01-10&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F01%2F10%2Fbooks%2F10frey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGutkind,_Lee1997" class="citation book cs1">Gutkind, Lee (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofcreativenon00gutk/page/8"><i>The Art of Creative Nonfiction: Writing and Selling the Literature of Reality</i></a>. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofcreativenon00gutk/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-11356-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-11356-5"><bdi>0-471-11356-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Creative+Nonfiction%3A+Writing+and+Selling+the+Literature+of+Reality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-471-11356-5&rft.au=Gutkind%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofcreativenon00gutk%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louxvi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louxvi_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louxvi_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lounsberry, page xvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/jia-tolentino/the-personal-essay-boom-is-over">"The Personal Essay Book is Over: 18 May 2017"</a>. <i>New Yorker</i>. 18 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Personal+Essay+Book+is+Over%3A+18+May+2017&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fjia-tolentino%2Fthe-personal-essay-boom-is-over&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andersonxix-x-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andersonxix-x_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Chris1989" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Chris (1989). <i>Literary Nonfiction: Theory, Criticism, Pedagogy</i>. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. <span class="nowrap">xix–</span>x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-1405-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-1405-3"><bdi>0-8093-1405-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Nonfiction%3A+Theory%2C+Criticism%2C+Pedagogy&rft.place=Carbondale&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exix-%3C%2Fspan%3Ex&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8093-1405-3&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_nonfiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small>In ascending chronological order of publication (oldest first)</small> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_E._L.Wolfe,_Tom1975" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, E. L.; <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe, Tom</a> (1975). <i>The New Journalism</i>. London: Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-24315-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-24315-2"><bdi>0-330-24315-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Journalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-330-24315-2&rft.au=Johnson%2C+E.+L.&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGutkind,_Lee1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Gutkind" title="Lee Gutkind">Gutkind, Lee</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofcreativenon00gutk"><i>The Art of Creative Nonfiction: Writing and Selling the Literature of Reality</i></a>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-11356-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-11356-5"><bdi>0-471-11356-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Creative+Nonfiction%3A+Writing+and+Selling+the+Literature+of+Reality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-471-11356-5&rft.au=Gutkind%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofcreativenon00gutk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCheney,_Theodore_A._Rees2001" class="citation book cs1">Cheney, Theodore A. Rees (2001). <i>Writing Creative Nonfiction: Fiction Techniques for Crafting Great Nonfiction</i>. Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580082297" title="Special:BookSources/978-1580082297"><bdi>978-1580082297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Creative+Nonfiction%3A+Fiction+Techniques+for+Crafting+Great+Nonfiction&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Ten+Speed+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1580082297&rft.au=Cheney%2C+Theodore+A.+Rees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForche,_CarolynGerard,_Philip2001" class="citation book cs1">Forche, Carolyn; Gerard, Philip, eds. (2001). <i>Writing Creative Nonfiction: Instruction and Insights from Teachers of the Associated Writing Programs</i>. Cincinnati: Writer's Digest Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884910-50-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-884910-50-5"><bdi>1-884910-50-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Creative+Nonfiction%3A+Instruction+and+Insights+from+Teachers+of+the+Associated+Writing+Programs&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pub=Writer%27s+Digest+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-884910-50-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDillard,_AnnieGutkind,_Lee2005" class="citation book cs1">Dillard, Annie; <a href="/wiki/Lee_Gutkind" title="Lee Gutkind">Gutkind, Lee</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infactbestofcrea00leeg"><i>In Fact: The Best of Creative Nonfiction</i></a></span>. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32665-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32665-9"><bdi>0-393-32665-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Fact%3A+The+Best+of+Creative+Nonfiction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-393-32665-9&rft.au=Dillard%2C+Annie&rft.au=Gutkind%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfactbestofcrea00leeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGutkind,_Lee2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Gutkind" title="Lee Gutkind">Gutkind, Lee</a>, ed. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keepitrealeveryt0000unse"><i>Keep It Real: Everything You Need to Know About Researching and Writing Creative Nonfiction</i></a></span>. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06561-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06561-9"><bdi>978-0-393-06561-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keep+It+Real%3A+Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+Researching+and+Writing+Creative+Nonfiction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06561-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeepitrealeveryt0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGutkind2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Gutkind" title="Lee Gutkind">Gutkind, Lee</a> (2024). <i>The Fine Art of Literary Fist-Fighting: How a Bunch of Rabble-Rousers, Outsiders, and Ne'er-Do-Wells Concocted Creative Nonfiction</i>. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25115-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25115-9"><bdi>978-0-300-25115-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1375544357">1375544357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fine+Art+of+Literary+Fist-Fighting%3A+How+a+Bunch+of+Rabble-Rousers%2C+Outsiders%2C+and+Ne%27er-Do-Wells+Concocted+Creative+Nonfiction&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1375544357&rft.isbn=978-0-300-25115-9&rft.aulast=Gutkind&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreative+nonfiction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_nonfiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creativenonfiction.org"><i>Creative Nonfiction</i></a>—A magazine and resource devoted to the creative nonfiction genre</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hippocampusmagazine.com"><i>Hippocampus Magazine</i></a>—An online magazine focusing solely on creative nonfiction, founded in 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riverteethjournal.com"><i>River Teeth</i></a>—A journal of nonfiction narrative</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msupress.org/journals/fourth-genre/"><i>Fourth Genre: Explorations in Nonfiction</i></a>—"A journal devoted to publishing notable, innovative work in nonfiction"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shadowboxmagazine.org/"><i>Shadowbox Magazine</i></a>—A biannual journal of creative nonfiction</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pw.org/">Poets & Writers</a>—A nonprofit literary organization serving poets, fiction and creative nonfiction writers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021181800/http://www.thecharlestaylorprize.ca/">Charles Taylor Prize for Literary Non-Fiction (Canada)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ozcrowncrystal.com/beautifultruths.htm">Creative Nonfiction resources for Australian writers</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054155/http://www.ozcrowncrystal.com/beautifultruths.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220041937/http://prescott.edu/faculty_staff/faculty/jclingan/documents/CreativeNonfiction1101.doc">Creative Nonfiction Bibliography</a>—Joan Clingan, <a href="/wiki/Prescott_College" title="Prescott College">Prescott College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativenonfiction.libsyn.com/"><i>PodLit</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708135947/http://creativenonfiction.libsyn.com/">Archived</a> 2011-07-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)—Creative nonfiction podcast</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanities.uci.edu/litjourn/">UC Irvine Literary Journalism Degree Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101013010011/http://www.usm.maine.edu/stonecoastmfa/faculty/nonfiction.html">Stonecoast Main MFA in Creative (Non-fiction) Writing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1966journal.org"><i>1966: A Journal of Creative Nonfiction</i></a>—A literary magazine devoted to the creative nonfiction genre</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hippocampusmagazine.com/resources/">Resources for CNF Writers</a>—A list of resources for creative nonfiction writers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio/video_links"><span id="Audio.2Fvideo_links"></span>Audio/video links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creative_nonfiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Audio/video links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060106195952/http://www.creativenonfiction.org/thejournal/sound/gutkind/cnfis/cnfis1.ram">Audio C-SPAN – Interview with Lee Gutkind</a> gives a definition of the genre</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060106201549/http://www.creativenonfiction.org/thejournal/sound/gutkind/cnfexamples/cnfexamples.ram">Audio C-SPAN – Interview with Lee Gutkind</a> gives examples of authors who write in the genre</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrative321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrative" title="Template:Narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrative" title="Template talk:Narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrative321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">Character arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_flaw" title="Character flaw">Character flaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidant" title="Confidant">Confidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_series" title="Template:Works series">Series of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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