CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91e9e4738ef4c61e',cH: 'SDpDfo7iGz8_nHImym3PBbshR4PnSA9XAmjQZXo9TvA-1741683950-1.2.1.1-93x_P_XP6h.i1EVzao.UyCSCIXAFfPxNazgkisaUfhqoA4viIirj2.5QE5axRirp',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=range%20contraction&__cf_chl_tk=EdLMJILBMfQ_NawvtNK4h256ApeMNgwW7D21OcUno4o-1741683950-1.0.1.1-jxvNwE6k90dbb1YBpY7wbBZgDlvE9h.AIIoz5McC7jg",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741683950',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=range%20contraction&__cf_chl_f_tk=EdLMJILBMfQ_NawvtNK4h256ApeMNgwW7D21OcUno4o-1741683950-1.0.1.1-jxvNwE6k90dbb1YBpY7wbBZgDlvE9h.AIIoz5McC7jg",md: "iy13J7hCZejupuqSdSTfBA40ithNzfElajVSKljHlIs-1741683950-1.2.1.1-e1kOKeJCXLt6S_Xfoc5_9EYtVgYKCM_tnTNUf.4nEb_EKJFZra1EwRbQhrAJxVyrKQ1Et1Q6wHjDZ0Efi5eccTK66HG85ieZRGx4W81ZgkHzq7g0SoIDFYvgjj9DmF3cLhkeDGUcGyLD.LDcdW9fRCUyqV_zukdcNfvfgDVI3c7ZErzMT5.SkssUwfhqwfknSlqr0ikQrOnzmnfbwc_NcMRk8nOdHRDgtWeW86VEO9dV12U4XuoWTdayOzAPWG_CXKes12sN6nPgLkRHpNyaFQf4zzvfctWLw7sPzyipfkkAy.PnGo9Lndi1V5niLZ_23LocVz6GFMC5j6YA6BOicnutksljKJmnwbsahumcZcJquKUWUSglADygEjIOf2iunnRed8pwFzMLLNXM6Nij9ZM3EegZtWC30KBOBn2149ho4dpwOJ7fO61OKAhbn3rMCi51m0qyJUlh5QuY6n.I0WVdLeSaAcA86TnD4fyKvF_OvliXaOdnV8RIO7JXx6IzEv0vnq84s6AKcZ_B02KVw.cVwUTMrDI75WCqFrQv8cFxUpJNptbVVZp45D4K30GNkxWg79z2kq9MdySSHCYpTe.6Rq8419HzEGazixIdVX1Yff_vS.z4nas7CHAoQnK7oZR_m64.eJjXJhx9L5AhdTMgWcYTtWyKkr5UDUan7G2l0.EewlUEJ52iqHNpmcPdGKmUgbYZjG9Jp3Rbi4N8YSMQBfmrWB2I5JcmsqobJdNFVXxTePwpZQsjzWQ.4PNKrWy0I03qF3ugYFyDRGiVE6B3JNG9T7n9vasq4Jlb1bjDiqbL2Kxp945ScRn3oI2xPGnGgyX1kWNXgTzrQuWcZeVjgNn3LxCoHcE_oFS15HUv55mbNvzFmnmKgKWoWvsaCefb0YRo.XXGO0vGxnMs9A5p26_19uj6u.AwKaOkfkPDqogOcBHep5dh3YO7qa4HjVUZUjKTLzNOlvfU9rAQaLQnSR7BeKKeBzD7KDOFIIvxPQStyQ8.MmwWwRwtV0aeP1Tx1H4FSeyj4aWEr5YufJyCnkuRddNHiH6lzR3196R27d_dsLTgiy9ifocZqF2EenBKEj051.Kf1v_9PyDrQJ0Mxdz5YkvMOghk2YvCQ50wE.Fp0RDxNIwO.zeYLIU9xUdGdU0lK7IJky6jpJ.HD4QbQsbkgLuizGp450e6tC2LUt8pRC3rEOykoasNzaqUo1fHx8jcjF.TJjGWAm0lFWjM4KkFXPav9j8W9a0aeLTeUZsTBJNrM7JxrfBXLP_bDWBtKhiMRlsk7kRxDTqrmA",mdrd: "Wf8oplpSQ1QontP9F_5p29xJ.ncanFllBrVTNk3v6Kg-1741683950-1.2.1.1-uWXfeqmxtPUv_MpEFU7rE3Jpq1KWbnlhyudjd.sXitRKEutSYwkJb.wd.JKSeU7DgS5QMmoeaU5.sptAwY1pFkiCb56uZi1ZF42vw4CCryaTkKeZhXUSWDpBMcKE79o0ydf5o00kCh8LEgKp45OohFFHuz1A_8zvU90oPaOq8eyWEvSNfJpnjqgyPwi8n9Pm200koBBF3GSbu_eXL.ynMjD..zerqjpmtmVZz5AiL9SDc5OqM5YTJHr_4KRwwQ9HMHno.ZbVMkTDXurbe8aXZgYAOp5Pe8u4K_mf0ecPY3sTdvdO4GifcgxC.ZJBmMFm.oUr7q9FwJ1Dnocwc0cx3Zr9f35PTtdIpCEckmKN9eX7nTnRSBohPTRdNBnJz2S8n7FT6QA88KLsKU2dAhqeM0bYiQnCv4FIIc6eNjjPUQIImD6xtQRupt_BGkHvsfoWSd.oYJ2RQe8py6vxCNwh0wg8rX7nIsmXOttwUEOyYcyCl8rfXEEiVZZCn69KZIJUaZEMTsfVKXIKXrc.wbCkV1pXokmo0pyymHQPVjbSzFbwD7XB0oDCubEsH9TOkcUyOZSUy3nT70FxqRgu4oabeW44v.z88GKWHnQ5C3nHORIYoDy.FqvJLJim2Z33jGs7AqWZusOl1YjIvY9iO6Mig1Yywg72Vs_t9e6.uQw9xy0uyWMVsaMuZ3XHibTLkef6QJii3yqnajLvG5QC_uPMEyWXTe6R_XmQwJPryYkwhzf2IweTcGudp4Tk7WPnRXyrzJU55AhAzFDaaDVbJA.C7Rqyh7cTxOmEC1_dwUJeuFmAtHlZSyHmB7oS_53TLiyaClbLO.ZS8NY6xCFXcBAg1uvCOlOa.D7tDnOcr3T5vbeQpCMiR7S.YPL0rwPUPtHIFmMsdslGJ8uHc3iNrFs.oiws0Ka80H2eIS8U_O90D9He.36imHsqLH04jB834olzaIknkI.QyF03Zkc8Dbuvr1yD2BGgxfD2APSBGofAVArQDUCVkpXASwUXKJJmeyzuG.zNwuKCkNZWXakuZ_R4Z7waJxkPBxOOi4OhS5dNWlR6TEAvw81ssnKwNMt9sFgsP_T50wf1hQT6w_tU63QMa3k7Z7mYPjqlJciUoVjeroluVwU3K7Ny692nlMiNmdoIGorw9q4cyPsj7wkeYiaSUlP98uvAvlrCszKZh75I8KjT1AJDqDRk.dJLAMxRuBDNTSXzHHw_d4BFgAjfSTVvjeeNASV5cTQXAgYfte10mWlvymW7NfQFJE.CZcuvjJsW35067Zd2Br9WjLtIzzZ4hySVvRBJqQoEuf7tApDJ1WSDYNMEaQu6aYlHdh5sfofV05rafdLbnEyX7gtz4CFB8V.0whq.WTlN4mKnZyBbjTKFGKgcVPwRLfgweiW06Sk_JxjYYVvexn0k9prA_Tf7bs15BskUkIxT0x0djLp1lSXaAnCLsIPsNaKiXM7CwbdmknLAm2CWaq1WzBfxH5bY.cE12m18dskpIZXZInBmemsjzea15YdZzDA_kbL_CEGxkXC6eA3cMdh1lkePUoXCC52OOMK3Eji2G7WdFK7Be3cTl52r_FYbcYylL5rYoYj.1eYC38dMkpK5ky6t057ojdDBRMjsCJBLVBONunK37fJgg_8a4F5zLOUs.gJ9KTnvVNHgfkPTfPIpI6vWmKZmIHjeE93UgSi2JhJaoPlm9fkHuuvaspYOwybWRs9_tPgmYYG5PvKMRWifUkICBGj17C9_EbYGBTJZdiQldpYUiEIbms0YsW4QNhHiuji2OkF9w.TB._bMSnF9CaDVcw1sqmDakcg0yWq2p3zWICyEorXr8JerlYFcg2eCJ9YU2JeD7ZXVmTsJOQIs_2rWue7SmMZ6S1MorPehPAI_8kJT4VftXIjqvAHia1vvgqqyMw.UCH_LsP0ZKDgBb7p7RSkk4GQvwoPms1wNKADNINb4QwkJNbEnoppv6thDNcufO5Re"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91e9e4738ef4c61e';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=range%20contraction&__cf_chl_rt_tk=EdLMJILBMfQ_NawvtNK4h256ApeMNgwW7D21OcUno4o-1741683950-1.0.1.1-jxvNwE6k90dbb1YBpY7wbBZgDlvE9h.AIIoz5McC7jg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>