CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>var gtm4wp_datalayer_name="dataLayer";var dataLayer=dataLayer||[];</script> <title>Innovation and Research | UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences</title> <meta name="description" content="Recognizing the potential of technology to revolutionize global health outcomes, IGHS consistently integrates innovative technologies into its research" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/innovation-and-research/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Innovation and Research | UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Recognizing the potential of technology to revolutionize global health outcomes, IGHS consistently integrates innovative technologies into its research" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/innovation-and-research/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/GlobalHealthAtUCSF/" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-07T17:02:44+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/innovation-research.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="512" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="293" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@IGHSatUCSF" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="1 minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":["WebPage","MedicalWebPage"],"@id":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/innovation-and-research/","url":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/innovation-and-research/","name":"Innovation and Research | UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/innovation-and-research/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/innovation-and-research/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/innovation-research.jpg","datePublished":"2023-09-26T21:25:35+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-07T17:02:44+00:00","description":"Recognizing the potential of technology to revolutionize global health outcomes, IGHS consistently integrates innovative technologies into its research","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/innovation-and-research/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/innovation-and-research/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/innovation-and-research/#primaryimage","url":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/innovation-research.jpg","contentUrl":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/innovation-research.jpg","width":512,"height":293,"caption":"Woman researcher working in a lab"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/innovation-and-research/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Our Work","item":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Areas of Expertise","item":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Innovation and Research"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/#website","url":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/","name":"UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/#organization"},"alternateName":"UCSF IGHS","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/#organization","name":"UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences","alternateName":"UCSF IGHS","url":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/ighs-navy-logo.svg","contentUrl":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/ighs-navy-logo.svg","width":430,"height":133,"caption":"UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences"},"image":{"@id":"https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/GlobalHealthAtUCSF/","https://twitter.com/IGHSatUCSF","https://www.instagram.com/IGHSatUCSF/","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnPZ_6m590SMAozac0b8VZg","https://www.linkedin.com/company/ucsf-institute-for-global-health-sciences"]}]}</script> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences » Feed" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences » Comments Feed" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/comments/feed/" /> <script data-phast-original-type="text/javascript" type="text/phast">window._wpemojiSettings={"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.4.3"}}; !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);</script> <style id="wp-emoji-styles-inline-css">img.wp-smiley,img.emoji{display:inline !important;border:none !important;box-shadow:none !important;height:1em !important;width:1em !important;margin:0 0.07em !important;vertical-align:-0.1em !important;background:none !important;padding:0 !important;}</style> <style data-phast-original-src="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.4.3" data-phast-params='{"ref":"r7aetpO1VIE"}'>@charset "UTF-8";:where(.wp-block-button__link){border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none}.wp-block-button[style*=text-decoration] .wp-block-button__link{text-decoration:inherit}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color),.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color){color:currentColor}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-background),.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background){background-color:transparent;background-image:none}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:where(.has-border-color){border-width:initial}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-width:medium}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-width:medium}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-width:medium}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-width:medium}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:where([style*=border-style]){border-width:initial}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:where([style*=border-top-style]){border-top-width:medium}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:where([style*=border-right-style]){border-right-width:medium}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:where([style*=border-bottom-style]){border-bottom-width:medium}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:where([style*=border-left-style]){border-left-width:medium}.wp-block-buttons:not(.is-content-justification-space-between,.is-content-justification-right,.is-content-justification-left,.is-content-justification-center) .wp-block-button.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:100%}.wp-block-buttons[style*=text-decoration] .wp-block-button,.wp-block-buttons[style*=text-decoration] .wp-block-button__link{text-decoration:inherit}.wp-block-calendar table:where(:not(.has-text-color)){color:#40464d}.wp-block-calendar table:where(:not(.has-text-color)) td,.wp-block-calendar table:where(:not(.has-text-color)) th{border-color:#ddd}:where(.wp-block-calendar table:not(.has-background) th){background:#ddd}.wp-block-columns{align-items:normal!important;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap!important}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-columns{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}}@media (max-width:781px){.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:100%!important}}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:0;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column[style*=flex-basis]{flex-grow:0}}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile>.wp-block-column[style*=flex-basis]{flex-grow:0}:where(.wp-block-columns){margin-bottom:1.75em}:where(.wp-block-columns.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-column{flex-grow:1;min-width:0;overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.wp-block-post-comments .comment-form input:not([type=submit]):not([type=checkbox]),.wp-block-post-comments .comment-form textarea{box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:100%}.wp-block-post-comments .comment-reply-title :where(small){font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium,smaller);margin-left:.5em}.wp-block-post-comments input:not([type=submit]),.wp-block-post-comments textarea{border:1px solid #949494;font-family:inherit;font-size:1em}.wp-block-post-comments input:not([type=submit]):not([type=checkbox]),.wp-block-post-comments textarea{padding:calc(.667em + 2px)}:where(.wp-block-post-comments input[type=submit]){border:none}.wp-block-comments-pagination .wp-block-comments-pagination-previous-arrow:not(.is-arrow-chevron){transform:scaleX(1)}.wp-block-comments-pagination .wp-block-comments-pagination-next-arrow:not(.is-arrow-chevron){transform:scaleX(1)}.wp-block-cover .has-background-dim:not([class*=-background-color]),.wp-block-cover-image .has-background-dim:not([class*=-background-color]),.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim:not([class*=-background-color]),.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim:not([class*=-background-color]){background-color:#000}.wp-block-cover .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover-image .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover-image .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim:not(.has-background-gradient):before,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim:not(.has-background-gradient):before{bottom:0;left:0;opacity:.5;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;z-index:1}.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-10 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-10 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-10:not(.has-background-gradient):before,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-10 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-10 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-10:not(.has-background-gradient):before{opacity:.1}.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-20 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-20 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-20:not(.has-background-gradient):before,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-20 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-20 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-20:not(.has-background-gradient):before{opacity:.2}.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-30 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-30 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-30:not(.has-background-gradient):before,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-30 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-30 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-30:not(.has-background-gradient):before{opacity:.3}.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-40 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-40 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-40:not(.has-background-gradient):before,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-40 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-40 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-40:not(.has-background-gradient):before{opacity:.4}.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-50 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-50 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-50:not(.has-background-gradient):before,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-50 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-50 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-50:not(.has-background-gradient):before{opacity:.5}.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-60 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-60 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-60:not(.has-background-gradient):before,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-60 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-60 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-60:not(.has-background-gradient):before{opacity:.6}.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-70 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-70 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-70:not(.has-background-gradient):before,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-70 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-70 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-70:not(.has-background-gradient):before{opacity:.7}.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-80 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-80 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-80:not(.has-background-gradient):before,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-80 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-80 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-80:not(.has-background-gradient):before{opacity:.8}.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-90 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-90 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-90:not(.has-background-gradient):before,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-90 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-90 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-90:not(.has-background-gradient):before{opacity:.9}.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-100 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-100 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover-image.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-100:not(.has-background-gradient):before,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-100 .wp-block-cover__background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-100 .wp-block-cover__gradient-background,.wp-block-cover.has-background-dim.has-background-dim-100:not(.has-background-gradient):before{opacity:1}@supports (position:sticky){}.wp-block-cover h1:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-block-cover h2:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-block-cover h3:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-block-cover h4:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-block-cover h5:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-block-cover h6:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-block-cover p:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-block-cover-image h1:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-block-cover-image h2:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-block-cover-image h3:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-block-cover-image h4:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-block-cover-image h5:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-block-cover-image h6:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-block-cover-image p:where(:not(.has-text-color)){color:inherit}@supports (-webkit-touch-callout:inherit){}:where(.wp-block-cover-image:not(.has-text-color)),:where(.wp-block-cover:not(.has-text-color)){color:#fff}:where(.wp-block-cover-image.is-light:not(.has-text-color)),:where(.wp-block-cover.is-light:not(.has-text-color)){color:#000}.wp-block-embed.alignleft,.wp-block-embed.alignright,.wp-block[data-align=left]>[data-type="core/embed"],.wp-block[data-align=right]>[data-type="core/embed"]{max-width:360px;width:100%}.wp-block-embed.alignleft .wp-block-embed__wrapper,.wp-block-embed.alignright .wp-block-embed__wrapper,.wp-block[data-align=left]>[data-type="core/embed"] .wp-block-embed__wrapper,.wp-block[data-align=right]>[data-type="core/embed"] .wp-block-embed__wrapper{min-width:280px}.wp-block-file:not(.wp-element-button){font-size:.8em}:where(.wp-block-file){margin-bottom:1.5em}:where(.wp-block-file__button){border-radius:2em;display:inline-block;padding:.5em 1em}:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):active,:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):focus,:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):hover,:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):visited{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images){display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style-type:none;margin:0;padding:0}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-grow:1;justify-content:center;margin:0 1em 1em 0;position:relative;width:calc(50% - 1em)}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(2n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(2n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(2n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(2n){margin-right:0}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image figure,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item figure,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image figure,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item figure{align-items:flex-end;display:flex;height:100%;justify-content:flex-start;margin:0}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image img,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item img,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image img,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item img{display:block;height:auto;max-width:100%;width:auto}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image figcaption,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item figcaption,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image figcaption,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item figcaption{background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(0,0,0,.7),rgba(0,0,0,.3) 70%,transparent);bottom:0;box-sizing:border-box;color:#fff;font-size:.8em;margin:0;max-height:100%;overflow:auto;padding:3em .77em .7em;position:absolute;text-align:center;width:100%;z-index:2}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image figcaption img,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item figcaption img,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image figcaption img,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item figcaption img{display:inline}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) figcaption,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) figcaption{flex-grow:1}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-image a,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-image img,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-item a,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-item img,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-image a,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-image img,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-item a,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-item img{flex:1;height:100%;object-fit:cover;width:100%}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-item{margin-right:0;width:100%}@media (min-width:600px){.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-item{margin-right:1em;width:calc(33.33333% - .66667em)}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-item{margin-right:1em;width:calc(25% - .75em)}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-item{margin-right:1em;width:calc(20% - .8em)}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-item{margin-right:1em;width:calc(16.66667% - .83333em)}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-item{margin-right:1em;width:calc(14.28571% - .85714em)}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-item{margin-right:1em;width:calc(12.5% - .875em)}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(1n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(1n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-2 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(2n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-2 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(2n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(3n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(3n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(4n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(4n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(5n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(5n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(6n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(6n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(7n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(7n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(8n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(8n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(1n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(1n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-2 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(2n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-2 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(2n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(3n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(3n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(4n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(4n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(5n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(5n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(6n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(6n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(7n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(7n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(8n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(8n){margin-right:0}}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image:last-child,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item:last-child,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image:last-child,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item:last-child{margin-right:0}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).alignleft,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).alignright,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).alignleft,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).alignright{max-width:420px;width:100%}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).aligncenter .blocks-gallery-item figure,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).aligncenter .blocks-gallery-item figure{justify-content:center}.wp-block-gallery:not(.is-cropped) .blocks-gallery-item{align-self:flex-start}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){margin:0;width:calc(50% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap,16px)/2)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:not(.is-cropped) figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){margin-bottom:auto;margin-top:0}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.is-cropped figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){align-self:inherit}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.is-cropped figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image)>a,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.is-cropped figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image)>div:not(.components-drop-zone){display:flex}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.is-cropped figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image) a,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.is-cropped figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image) img{flex:1 0 0%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;width:100%}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.columns-1 figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:100%}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.columns-3 figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(33.33333% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap,16px)*.66667)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.columns-4 figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(25% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap,16px)*.75)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.columns-5 figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(20% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap,16px)*.8)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.columns-6 figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(16.66667% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap,16px)*.83333)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.columns-7 figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(14.28571% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap,16px)*.85714)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.columns-8 figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(12.5% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap,16px)*.875)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.columns-default figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(33.33% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap,16px)*.66667)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.columns-default figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image):first-child:nth-last-child(2),.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.columns-default figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image):first-child:nth-last-child(2)~figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(50% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap,16px)*.5)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.columns-default figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image):first-child:last-child{width:100%}}h1.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h1.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h2.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h2.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h3.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h3.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h4.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h4.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h5.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h5.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h6.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h6.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]){rotate:180deg}.wp-block-image[style*=border-radius] img,.wp-block-image[style*=border-radius]>a{border-radius:inherit}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)) or (-webkit-mask-image:none){}.wp-block-image :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}.wp-block-image :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus,.wp-lightbox-container button:hover,.wp-lightbox-container button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background-color:rgba(90,90,90,.25);border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button:focus,.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button:hover,.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background:none;border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.hideanimationenabled:not(.active){animation:turn-off-visibility .35s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.hideanimationenabled:not(.active) img{animation:turn-off-visibility .25s both}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.hideanimationenabled:not(.active){animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.hideanimationenabled:not(.active) .lightbox-image-container{animation:lightbox-zoom-out .4s}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.hideanimationenabled:not(.active) .lightbox-image-container img{animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.hideanimationenabled:not(.active) .scrim{animation:turn-off-visibility .4s forwards}}@keyframes turn-on-visibility{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}@keyframes turn-off-visibility{0%{opacity:1;visibility:visible}99%{opacity:0;visibility:visible}to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-in{0%{transform:translate(calc(-50vw + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale))}to{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1)}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-out{0%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1);visibility:visible}99%{visibility:visible}to{transform:translate(calc(-50vw + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale));visibility:hidden}}:where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([style*=line-height] .wp-block-latest-comments__comment)){line-height:1.1}:where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([style*=line-height] .wp-block-latest-comments__comment-excerpt p)){line-height:1.8}.has-dates :where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([style*=line-height])),.has-excerpts :where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([style*=line-height])){line-height:1.5}.wp-block-latest-comments[class*=-font-size] a,.wp-block-latest-comments[style*=font-size] a{font-size:inherit}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-2 li:nth-child(2n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-3 li:nth-child(3n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-4 li:nth-child(4n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-5 li:nth-child(5n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-6 li:nth-child(6n){margin-right:0}}ol,ul{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-navigation:where(:not([class*=has-text-decoration])) a{text-decoration:none}.wp-block-navigation:where(:not([class*=has-text-decoration])) a:active,.wp-block-navigation:where(:not([class*=has-text-decoration])) a:focus{text-decoration:none}.wp-block-navigation .has-child:not(.open-on-click):hover>.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{height:auto;min-width:200px;opacity:1;overflow:visible;visibility:visible;width:auto}.wp-block-navigation .has-child:not(.open-on-click):not(.open-on-hover-click):focus-within>.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{height:auto;min-width:200px;opacity:1;overflow:visible;visibility:visible;width:auto}.wp-block-navigation .has-child .wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle[aria-expanded=true]~.wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{height:auto;min-width:200px;opacity:1;overflow:visible;visibility:visible;width:auto}:where(.wp-block-navigation.has-background .wp-block-navigation-item a:not(.wp-element-button)),:where(.wp-block-navigation.has-background .wp-block-navigation-submenu a:not(.wp-element-button)){padding:.5em 1em}:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-item a:not(.wp-element-button)),:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-submenu a:not(.wp-element-button)),:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-submenu button.wp-block-navigation-item__content),:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-pages-list__item button.wp-block-navigation-item__content){padding:.5em 1em}.wp-block-navigation:not(.has-background) .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.15)}.wp-block-navigation:not(.has-text-color) .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container{color:#000}@keyframes overlay-menu__fade-in-animation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(.5em)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container :where(.wp-block-navigation-item a){color:inherit}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container:not(.is-menu-open.is-menu-open){background-color:inherit!important;color:inherit!important}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container:not(.hidden-by-default):not(.is-menu-open){background-color:inherit;display:block;position:relative;width:100%;z-index:auto}.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container:not(.hidden-by-default):not(.is-menu-open) .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close{display:none}}.wp-block-navigation:not(.has-background) .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open{background-color:#fff}.wp-block-navigation:not(.has-text-color) .wp-block-navigation__responsive-container.is-menu-open{color:#000}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open:not(.always-shown){display:none}}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;line-height:.68;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}body.rtl .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:none;margin-left:.1em}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}p.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode:vertical-lr"],p.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode:vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg}.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=font-weight] :where(.comment-reply-title){font-weight:inherit}.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=font-family] :where(.comment-reply-title){font-family:inherit}.wp-block-post-comments-form[class*=-font-size] :where(.comment-reply-title),.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=font-size] :where(.comment-reply-title){font-size:inherit}.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=line-height] :where(.comment-reply-title){line-height:inherit}.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=font-style] :where(.comment-reply-title){font-style:inherit}.wp-block-post-comments-form[style*=letter-spacing] :where(.comment-reply-title){letter-spacing:inherit}.wp-block-post-comments-form input[type=submit]{box-shadow:none;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;overflow-wrap:break-word;text-align:center}.wp-block-post-comments-form input:not([type=submit]),.wp-block-post-comments-form textarea{border:1px solid #949494;font-family:inherit;font-size:1em}.wp-block-post-comments-form input:not([type=submit]):not([type=checkbox]),.wp-block-post-comments-form textarea{padding:calc(.667em + 2px)}.wp-block-post-comments-form .comment-form input:not([type=submit]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=hidden]),.wp-block-post-comments-form .comment-form textarea{box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:100%}.wp-block-post-comments-form .comment-reply-title :where(small){font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium,smaller);margin-left:.5em}:where(.wp-block-post-excerpt){margin-bottom:var(--wp--style--block-gap);margin-top:var(--wp--style--block-gap)}.wp-block-post-featured-image:where(.alignleft,.alignright){width:100%}.wp-block-post-navigation-link .wp-block-post-navigation-link__arrow-previous:not(.is-arrow-chevron){transform:scaleX(1)}.wp-block-post-navigation-link .wp-block-post-navigation-link__arrow-next:not(.is-arrow-chevron){transform:scaleX(1)}.wp-block-post-navigation-link.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode:vertical-lr"],.wp-block-post-navigation-link.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode:vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg}:where(.wp-block-preformatted.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(.wp-block-pullquote){margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-query-pagination .wp-block-query-pagination-previous-arrow:not(.is-arrow-chevron){transform:scaleX(1)}.wp-block-query-pagination .wp-block-query-pagination-next-arrow:not(.is-arrow-chevron){transform:scaleX(1)}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)),.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)){margin-bottom:1em;padding:0 1em}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) p,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) p{font-size:1.5em;font-style:italic;line-height:1.6}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) cite,.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) footer,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) cite,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) footer{font-size:1.125em;text-align:right}.wp-block-read-more:not([style*=text-decoration]),.wp-block-read-more:not([style*=text-decoration]):active,.wp-block-read-more:not([style*=text-decoration]):focus{text-decoration:none}:where(.wp-block-search__button){border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px 10px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper){border:1px solid #949494;box-sizing:border-box;padding:4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input{border:none;border-radius:0;padding:0 4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input:focus{outline:none}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) :where(.wp-block-search__button){padding:4px 8px}.wp-block[data-align=right] .wp-block-search__button-behavior-expand .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{float:right}.wp-block-social-links .wp-social-link span:not(.screen-reader-text){font-size:.65em;margin-left:.5em;margin-right:.5em}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link{background-color:#f0f0f0;color:#444}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-amazon{background-color:#f90;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-bandcamp{background-color:#1ea0c3;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-behance{background-color:#0757fe;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-codepen{background-color:#1e1f26;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-deviantart{background-color:#02e49b;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-dribbble{background-color:#e94c89;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-dropbox{background-color:#4280ff;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-etsy{background-color:#f45800;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-facebook{background-color:#1778f2;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-fivehundredpx{background-color:#000;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-flickr{background-color:#0461dd;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-foursquare{background-color:#e65678;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-github{background-color:#24292d;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-goodreads{background-color:#eceadd;color:#382110}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-google{background-color:#ea4434;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-instagram{background-color:#f00075;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-lastfm{background-color:#e21b24;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-linkedin{background-color:#0d66c2;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-mastodon{background-color:#3288d4;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-medium{background-color:#02ab6c;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-meetup{background-color:#f6405f;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-patreon{background-color:#ff424d;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-pinterest{background-color:#e60122;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-pocket{background-color:#ef4155;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-reddit{background-color:#ff4500;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-skype{background-color:#0478d7;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-snapchat{stroke:#000;background-color:#fefc00;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-soundcloud{background-color:#ff5600;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-spotify{background-color:#1bd760;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-telegram{background-color:#2aabee;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-threads,.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-tiktok{background-color:#000;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-tumblr{background-color:#011835;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-twitch{background-color:#6440a4;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-twitter{background-color:#1da1f2;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-vimeo{background-color:#1eb7ea;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-vk{background-color:#4680c2;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-wordpress{background-color:#3499cd;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-whatsapp{background-color:#25d366;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-x{background-color:#000;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-yelp{background-color:#d32422;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.is-style-logos-only) .wp-social-link-youtube{background-color:red;color:#fff}.wp-block-social-links:not(.has-icon-color):not(.has-icon-background-color) .wp-social-link-snapchat .wp-block-social-link-label{color:#000}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#f0f0f0}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-light-gray-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#f3f4f5}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-pale-green-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#e9fbe5}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-pale-blue-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#e7f5fe}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-pale-pink-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#fcf0ef}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color] tr:first-child,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color] tr:first-child td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color] tr:first-child th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color]>*,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color]>* td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color]>* th{border-top-color:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color] tr:not(:first-child){border-top-color:currentColor}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-right-color] td:last-child,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-right-color] th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-right-color] tr,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-right-color]>*{border-right-color:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color] tr:last-child,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color] tr:last-child td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color] tr:last-child th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color]>*,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color]>* td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color]>* th{border-bottom-color:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color] tr:not(:last-child){border-bottom-color:currentColor}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-left-color] td:first-child,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-left-color] th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-left-color] tr,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-left-color]>*{border-left-color:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style] td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style] th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style] tr,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style]>*{border-style:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width] td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width] th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width] tr,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width]>*{border-style:inherit;border-width:inherit}:where(.wp-block-term-description){margin-bottom:var(--wp--style--block-gap);margin-top:var(--wp--style--block-gap)}:where(pre.wp-block-verse){font-family:inherit}@supports (position:sticky){}.entry-content{counter-reset:footnotes}a[data-fn].fn{counter-increment:footnotes;display:inline-flex;font-size:smaller;text-decoration:none;text-indent:-9999999px;vertical-align:super}a[data-fn].fn:after{content:"[" counter(footnotes) "]";float:left;text-indent:0}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.screen-reader-text{clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);word-wrap:normal!important;border:0;-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}.screen-reader-text:focus{clip:auto!important;background-color:#ddd;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}}</style> <style id="safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css">.safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%}</style> <style id="global-styles-inline-css">body{--wp--preset--color--black:#000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray:#abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white:#FFFFFF;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink:#f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red:#cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange:#ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber:#fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan:#7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan:#00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue:#8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue:#0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple:#9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--d-1:#00483A;--wp--preset--color--cta:#006BE9;--wp--preset--color--d-2:#007242;--wp--preset--color--a-1-navy:#052049;--wp--preset--color--c-1:#0E5258;--wp--preset--color--a-2:#0F388A;--wp--preset--color--c-2:#14828C;--wp--preset--color--c-3-teal:#16A0AC;--wp--preset--color--b-3-blue:#178CCB;--wp--preset--color--f-1:#2E2872;--wp--preset--color--d-3-green:#32A03E;--wp--preset--color--f-2:#443E8C;--wp--preset--color--g-1:#461850;--wp--preset--color--i-3-blue-gray:#506380;--wp--preset--color--h-1:#561038;--wp--preset--color--c-4:#60D0DA;--wp--preset--color--g-2:#6C247C;--wp--preset--color--f-3-purple:#6C62D0;--wp--preset--color--h-2:#821A56;--wp--preset--color--e-3-chartreuse:#84C234;--wp--preset--color--f-4-yosemite:#8A8CE3;--wp--preset--color--g-3-violet:#A238BA;--wp--preset--color--e-4-point-reyes:#B4DC55;--wp--preset--color--b-5:#B8E6FA;--wp--preset--color--h-3-magenta:#C42882;--wp--preset--color--n-3-red:#E61048;--wp--preset--color--m-3-orange:#FA6E1E;--wp--preset--color--l-3-yellow:#FEB80A;--wp--preset--color--transparent:transparent;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium:18px;--wp--preset--font-size--large:24px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large:42px;--wp--preset--font-size--extra-small:14px;--wp--preset--font-size--extra-large:40px;--wp--preset--font-family--serif:'Granjon LT W01 Roman','Garamond','Times New Roman',sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--sans-serif:'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--monospace:Monaco,Consolas,'Andale Mono','DejaVu Sans Mono',monospace;--wp--preset--spacing--20:0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30:0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40:1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50:1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60:2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70:3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80:5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural:6px 6px 9px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep:12px 12px 50px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp:6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined:6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255,255,255,1),6px 6px rgba(0,0,0,1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp:6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,1);--wp--custom--h-spacing:2.375rem;--wp--custom--v-spacing:1.25rem;}.wp-block-heading{--wp--preset--font-size--h-4:24px;--wp--preset--font-size--h-3:28px;--wp--preset--font-size--h-2:32px;--wp--preset--font-size--h-1:40px;}body{margin:0;--wp--style--global--content-size:700px;--wp--style--global--wide-size:1100px;}.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft{float:left;margin-right:2em;}.wp-site-blocks > .alignright{float:right;margin-left:2em;}.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter{justify-content:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}:where(.wp-site-blocks) > *{margin-block-start:var(--wp--custom--v-spacing);margin-block-end:0;}:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child:first-child{margin-block-start:0;}:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child:last-child{margin-block-end:0;}body{--wp--style--block-gap:var(--wp--custom--v-spacing);}:where(body .is-layout-flow) > :first-child:first-child{margin-block-start:0;}:where(body .is-layout-flow) > :last-child:last-child{margin-block-end:0;}:where(body .is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start:var(--wp--custom--v-spacing);margin-block-end:0;}:where(body .is-layout-constrained) > :first-child:first-child{margin-block-start:0;}:where(body .is-layout-constrained) > :last-child:last-child{margin-block-end:0;}:where(body .is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start:var(--wp--custom--v-spacing);margin-block-end:0;}:where(body .is-layout-flex){gap:var(--wp--custom--v-spacing);}:where(body .is-layout-grid){gap:var(--wp--custom--v-spacing);}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float:left;margin-inline-start:0;margin-inline-end:2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float:right;margin-inline-start:2em;margin-inline-end:0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float:left;margin-inline-start:0;margin-inline-end:2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float:right;margin-inline-start:2em;margin-inline-end:0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width:var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display:flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin:0;}body .is-layout-grid{display:grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin:0;}body{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--background);color:var(--wp--preset--color--foreground);font-family:var(--wp--preset--font-family--system);font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium);line-height:1.75;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--foreground);text-decoration:underline;}.wp-element-button,.wp-block-button__link{background-color:#32373c;border-width:0;color:#fff;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;padding:calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none;}.has-black-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-d-1-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--d-1) !important;}.has-cta-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--cta) !important;}.has-d-2-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--d-2) !important;}.has-a-1-navy-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--a-1-navy) !important;}.has-c-1-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--c-1) !important;}.has-a-2-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--a-2) !important;}.has-c-2-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--c-2) !important;}.has-c-3-teal-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--c-3-teal) !important;}.has-b-3-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--b-3-blue) !important;}.has-f-1-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--f-1) !important;}.has-d-3-green-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--d-3-green) !important;}.has-f-2-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--f-2) !important;}.has-g-1-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--g-1) !important;}.has-i-3-blue-gray-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--i-3-blue-gray) !important;}.has-h-1-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--h-1) !important;}.has-c-4-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--c-4) !important;}.has-g-2-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--g-2) !important;}.has-f-3-purple-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--f-3-purple) !important;}.has-h-2-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--h-2) !important;}.has-e-3-chartreuse-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--e-3-chartreuse) !important;}.has-f-4-yosemite-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--f-4-yosemite) !important;}.has-g-3-violet-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--g-3-violet) !important;}.has-e-4-point-reyes-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--e-4-point-reyes) !important;}.has-b-5-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--b-5) !important;}.has-h-3-magenta-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--h-3-magenta) !important;}.has-n-3-red-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--n-3-red) !important;}.has-m-3-orange-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--m-3-orange) !important;}.has-l-3-yellow-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--l-3-yellow) !important;}.has-transparent-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--transparent) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-d-1-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--d-1) !important;}.has-cta-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cta) !important;}.has-d-2-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--d-2) !important;}.has-a-1-navy-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--a-1-navy) !important;}.has-c-1-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--c-1) !important;}.has-a-2-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--a-2) !important;}.has-c-2-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--c-2) !important;}.has-c-3-teal-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--c-3-teal) !important;}.has-b-3-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--b-3-blue) !important;}.has-f-1-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--f-1) !important;}.has-d-3-green-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--d-3-green) !important;}.has-f-2-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--f-2) !important;}.has-g-1-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--g-1) !important;}.has-i-3-blue-gray-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--i-3-blue-gray) !important;}.has-h-1-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--h-1) !important;}.has-c-4-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--c-4) !important;}.has-g-2-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--g-2) !important;}.has-f-3-purple-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--f-3-purple) !important;}.has-h-2-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--h-2) !important;}.has-e-3-chartreuse-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--e-3-chartreuse) !important;}.has-f-4-yosemite-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--f-4-yosemite) !important;}.has-g-3-violet-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--g-3-violet) !important;}.has-e-4-point-reyes-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--e-4-point-reyes) !important;}.has-b-5-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--b-5) !important;}.has-h-3-magenta-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--h-3-magenta) !important;}.has-n-3-red-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--n-3-red) !important;}.has-m-3-orange-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--m-3-orange) !important;}.has-l-3-yellow-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--l-3-yellow) !important;}.has-transparent-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--transparent) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-d-1-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--d-1) !important;}.has-cta-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cta) !important;}.has-d-2-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--d-2) !important;}.has-a-1-navy-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--a-1-navy) !important;}.has-c-1-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--c-1) !important;}.has-a-2-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--a-2) !important;}.has-c-2-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--c-2) !important;}.has-c-3-teal-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--c-3-teal) !important;}.has-b-3-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--b-3-blue) !important;}.has-f-1-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--f-1) !important;}.has-d-3-green-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--d-3-green) !important;}.has-f-2-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--f-2) !important;}.has-g-1-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--g-1) !important;}.has-i-3-blue-gray-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--i-3-blue-gray) !important;}.has-h-1-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--h-1) !important;}.has-c-4-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--c-4) !important;}.has-g-2-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--g-2) !important;}.has-f-3-purple-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--f-3-purple) !important;}.has-h-2-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--h-2) !important;}.has-e-3-chartreuse-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--e-3-chartreuse) !important;}.has-f-4-yosemite-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--f-4-yosemite) !important;}.has-g-3-violet-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--g-3-violet) !important;}.has-e-4-point-reyes-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--e-4-point-reyes) !important;}.has-b-5-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--b-5) !important;}.has-h-3-magenta-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--h-3-magenta) !important;}.has-n-3-red-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--n-3-red) !important;}.has-m-3-orange-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--m-3-orange) !important;}.has-l-3-yellow-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--l-3-yellow) !important;}.has-transparent-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--transparent) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-extra-small-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--extra-small) !important;}.has-extra-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--extra-large) !important;}.has-serif-font-family{font-family:var(--wp--preset--font-family--serif) !important;}.has-sans-serif-font-family{font-family:var(--wp--preset--font-family--sans-serif) !important;}.has-monospace-font-family{font-family:var(--wp--preset--font-family--monospace) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-h-4-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-4) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-h-3-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-3) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-h-2-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-2) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-h-1-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-1) !important;}.wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:inherit;}.wp-block-pullquote{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.6;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--secondary);border-radius:4px;border-width:2px;border-style:solid;color:var(--wp--preset--color--foreground);font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--small);padding-top:0.3rem;padding-right:1rem;padding-bottom:0.3rem;padding-left:1rem;}.wp-block-code{color:var(--wp--preset--color--foreground);}.wp-block-post-navigation-link{margin-top:calc(var(--wp--custom--v-spacing) * 3);margin-bottom:var(--wp--custom--v-spacing);}.wp-block-query-pagination{margin-top:calc(var(--wp--custom--v-spacing) * 3) !important;}.wp-block-post-author{color:var(--wp--preset--color--primary);font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--extra-small);}.wp-block-post-author a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--primary);}.wp-block-post-date{color:var(--wp--preset--color--primary);font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--extra-small);}.wp-block-post-date a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--primary);}.wp-block-post-terms{color:var(--wp--preset--color--primary);font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--extra-small);}.wp-block-post-terms a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--primary);}.wp-block-latest-comments{padding-left:0px;}</style> <style data-phast-ie-fallback-url="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=EB+Garamond&display=swap">@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:'EB Garamond';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ebgaramond/v30/SlGDmQSNjdsmc35JDF1K5E55YMjF_7DPuGi-6_RkCY9_S6w.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C8A,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F;}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:'EB Garamond';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ebgaramond/v30/SlGDmQSNjdsmc35JDF1K5E55YMjF_7DPuGi-6_RkAI9_S6w.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116;}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:'EB Garamond';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ebgaramond/v30/SlGDmQSNjdsmc35JDF1K5E55YMjF_7DPuGi-6_RkCI9_S6w.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+1F00-1FFF;}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:'EB Garamond';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ebgaramond/v30/SlGDmQSNjdsmc35JDF1K5E55YMjF_7DPuGi-6_RkB49_S6w.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0370-0377,U+037A-037F,U+0384-038A,U+038C,U+038E-03A1,U+03A3-03FF;}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:'EB Garamond';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ebgaramond/v30/SlGDmQSNjdsmc35JDF1K5E55YMjF_7DPuGi-6_RkC49_S6w.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB;}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:'EB Garamond';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ebgaramond/v30/SlGDmQSNjdsmc35JDF1K5E55YMjF_7DPuGi-6_RkCo9_S6w.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF;}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:'EB Garamond';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ebgaramond/v30/SlGDmQSNjdsmc35JDF1K5E55YMjF_7DPuGi-6_RkBI9_.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD;}</style><style data-phast-original-src="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/theme.70daae4c9473242a40ec.css?ver=1.0.0" data-phast-params='{"ref":"t7-zQpHtZBU"}'>@charset "UTF-8";*,:after,:before{box-sizing:border-box}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){:root{scroll-behavior:smooth}}body{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color:var(--bs-body-bg);color:#212529;color:var(--bs-body-color);font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,Segoe UI,Roboto,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Helvetica Neue,Liberation Sans,Arial,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji;font-family:var(--bs-body-font-family);font-size:1rem;font-size:var(--bs-body-font-size);font-weight:400;font-weight:var(--bs-body-font-weight);line-height:1.5;line-height:var(--bs-body-line-height);text-align:var(--bs-body-text-align)}hr{border-top:1px solid;border-top:var(--bs-border-width) solid;color:inherit;margin:1rem 0;opacity:.25}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{color:inherit;color:var(--bs-heading-color);font-weight:500;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:.5rem;margin-top:0}h1{font-size:calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h1{font-size:2.5rem}}h2{font-size:calc(1.325rem + .9vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h2{font-size:2rem}}h3{font-size:calc(1.3rem + .6vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h3{font-size:1.75rem}}h4{font-size:calc(1.275rem + .3vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h4{font-size:1.5rem}}h5{font-size:1.25rem}h6{font-size:1rem}p{margin-bottom:1rem;margin-top:0}abbr[title]{cursor:help;-webkit-text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-decoration-skip-ink:none}address{font-style:normal;line-height:inherit;margin-bottom:1rem}ol,ul{padding-left:2rem}dl,ol,ul{margin-bottom:1rem;margin-top:0}ol ol,ol ul,ul ol,ul ul{margin-bottom:0}dd{margin-bottom:.5rem;margin-left:0}blockquote{margin:0 0 1rem}small{font-size:.875em}mark{background-color:#fff3cd;background-color:var(--bs-highlight-bg);padding:.1875em}sub,sup{font-size:.75em}a{color:#0d6efd;color:rgba(var(--bs-link-color-rgb),var(--bs-link-opacity,1));-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline}a:hover{--bs-link-color-rgb:var(--bs-link-hover-color-rgb)}a:not([href]):not([class]),a:not([href]):not([class]):hover{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,Liberation Mono,Courier New,monospace;font-family:var(--bs-font-monospace);font-size:1em}pre{display:block;font-size:.875em;margin-bottom:1rem;margin-top:0}pre code{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;word-break:normal}code{word-wrap:break-word;color:#d63384;color:var(--bs-code-color);font-size:.875em}a>code{color:inherit}kbd{background-color:#212529;background-color:var(--bs-body-color);border-radius:.25rem;color:#fff;color:var(--bs-body-bg);font-size:.875em;padding:.1875rem .375rem}kbd kbd{font-size:1em;padding:0}figure{margin:0 0 1rem}img,svg{vertical-align:middle}table{border-collapse:collapse;caption-side:bottom}caption{color:rgba(33,37,41,.75);color:var(--bs-secondary-color);padding-bottom:.5rem;padding-top:.5rem;text-align:left}th{text-align:inherit;text-align:-webkit-match-parent}tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,tr{border:0 solid;border-color:inherit}label{display:inline-block}button{border-radius:0}button:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:0}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}[role=button]{cursor:pointer}select{word-wrap:normal}select:disabled{opacity:1}[list]:not([type=date]):not([type=datetime-local]):not([type=month]):not([type=week]):not([type=time])::-webkit-calendar-picker-indicator{display:none!important}[type=button]:not(:disabled),[type=reset]:not(:disabled),[type=submit]:not(:disabled),button:not(:disabled){cursor:pointer}::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}textarea{resize:vertical}fieldset{border:0;margin:0;min-width:0;padding:0}legend{float:left;font-size:calc(1.275rem + .3vw);line-height:inherit;margin-bottom:.5rem;width:100%}@media (min-width:1200px){legend{font-size:1.5rem}}legend+*{clear:left}::-webkit-datetime-edit-day-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-fields-wrapper,::-webkit-datetime-edit-hour-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-minute,::-webkit-datetime-edit-month-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-text,::-webkit-datetime-edit-year-field{padding:0}::-webkit-inner-spin-button{height:auto}::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper{padding:0}::file-selector-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}output{display:inline-block}iframe{border:0}summary{cursor:pointer}[hidden]{display:none!important}.list-inline-item:not(:last-child){margin-right:.5rem}.container{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:.75rem;padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-right:.75rem;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);width:100%}@media (min-width:576px){.container{max-width:540px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{max-width:720px}}@media (min-width:992px){.container{max-width:960px}}@media (min-width:1200px){.container{max-width:1140px}}@media (min-width:1400px){.container{max-width:1320px}}:root{--bs-breakpoint-xs:0;--bs-breakpoint-sm:576px;--bs-breakpoint-md:768px;--bs-breakpoint-lg:992px;--bs-breakpoint-xl:1200px;--bs-breakpoint-xxl:1400px}.row{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-left:-.75rem;margin-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5);margin-right:-.75rem;margin-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5);margin-top:0;margin-top:calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1)}.row>*{flex-shrink:0;margin-top:var(--bs-gutter-y);max-width:100%;padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);width:100%}.col-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}@media (min-width:768px){.col-md-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-md-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}}.table>:not(caption)>*>*{background-color:var(--bs-table-bg);border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-width:var(--bs-border-width);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 9999px var(--bs-table-bg-state,var(--bs-table-bg-type,var(--bs-table-accent-bg)));color:var(--bs-table-color-state,var(--bs-table-color-type,var(--bs-table-color)));padding:.5rem}.table-sm>:not(caption)>*>*{padding:.25rem}.table-bordered>:not(caption)>*{border-width:1px 0;border-width:var(--bs-border-width) 0}.table-bordered>:not(caption)>*>*{border-width:0 1px;border-width:0 var(--bs-border-width)}.table-borderless>:not(caption)>*>*{border-bottom-width:0}.table-borderless>:not(:first-child){border-top-width:0}.table-striped-columns>:not(caption)>tr>:nth-child(2n),.table-striped>tbody>tr:nth-of-type(odd)>*{--bs-table-color-type:var(--bs-table-striped-color);--bs-table-bg-type:var(--bs-table-striped-bg)}@media (max-width:575.98px){}@media (max-width:767.98px){}@media (max-width:991.98px){}@media (max-width:1199.98px){}@media (max-width:1399.98px){}.form-control[type=file]{overflow:hidden}.form-control[type=file]:not(:disabled):not([readonly]){cursor:pointer}.form-control:hover:not(:disabled):not([readonly])::file-selector-button{background-color:#e9ecef;background-color:var(--bs-secondary-bg)}.form-control-color:not(:disabled):not([readonly]){cursor:pointer}.form-select[multiple],.form-select[size]:not([size="1"]){background-image:none;padding-right:.75rem}[data-bs-theme=dark] .form-select{--bs-form-select-bg-img:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16'%3E%3Cpath fill='none' stroke='%23dee2e6' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='2' d='m2 5 6 6 6-6'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.form-check-input[type=checkbox]{border-radius:.25em}.form-check-input[type=radio]{border-radius:50%}.form-check-input:checked[type=checkbox]{--bs-form-check-bg-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 20 20'%3E%3Cpath fill='none' stroke='%23fff' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='3' d='m6 10 3 3 6-6'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.form-check-input:checked[type=radio]{--bs-form-check-bg-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='-4 -4 8 8'%3E%3Ccircle r='2' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.form-check-input[type=checkbox]:indeterminate{--bs-form-check-bg-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 20 20'%3E%3Cpath fill='none' stroke='%23fff' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='3' d='M6 10h8'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-color:#0d6efd;border-color:#0d6efd}[data-bs-theme=dark] .form-switch .form-check-input:not(:checked):not(:focus){--bs-form-switch-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='-4 -4 8 8'%3E%3Ccircle r='3' fill='rgba(255,255,255,0.25)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.form-floating>.form-control-plaintext:not(:-moz-placeholder-shown),.form-floating>.form-control:not(:-moz-placeholder-shown){padding-bottom:.625rem;padding-top:1.625rem}.form-floating>.form-control-plaintext:focus,.form-floating>.form-control-plaintext:not(:placeholder-shown),.form-floating>.form-control:focus,.form-floating>.form-control:not(:placeholder-shown){padding-bottom:.625rem;padding-top:1.625rem}.form-floating>.form-control:not(:-moz-placeholder-shown)~label{color:rgba(33,37,41,.65);color:rgba(var(--bs-body-color-rgb),.65);transform:scale(.85) translateY(-.5rem) translateX(.15rem)}.form-floating>.form-control-plaintext~label,.form-floating>.form-control:focus~label,.form-floating>.form-control:not(:placeholder-shown)~label,.form-floating>.form-select~label{color:rgba(33,37,41,.65);color:rgba(var(--bs-body-color-rgb),.65);transform:scale(.85) translateY(-.5rem) translateX(.15rem)}.form-floating>.form-control:not(:-moz-placeholder-shown)~label:after{background-color:#fff;background-color:var(--bs-body-bg);border-radius:.375rem;border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius);bottom:1rem;content:"";height:1.5em;left:.375rem;position:absolute;right:.375rem;top:1rem;z-index:-1}.form-floating>.form-control-plaintext~label:after,.form-floating>.form-control:focus~label:after,.form-floating>.form-control:not(:placeholder-shown)~label:after,.form-floating>.form-select~label:after{background-color:#fff;background-color:var(--bs-body-bg);border-radius:.375rem;border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius);bottom:1rem;content:"";height:1.5em;left:.375rem;position:absolute;right:.375rem;top:1rem;z-index:-1}.input-group.has-validation>.dropdown-toggle:nth-last-child(n+4),.input-group.has-validation>.form-floating:nth-last-child(n+3)>.form-control,.input-group.has-validation>.form-floating:nth-last-child(n+3)>.form-select,.input-group.has-validation>:nth-last-child(n+3):not(.dropdown-toggle):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.form-floating),.input-group:not(.has-validation)>.dropdown-toggle:nth-last-child(n+3),.input-group:not(.has-validation)>.form-floating:not(:last-child)>.form-control,.input-group:not(.has-validation)>.form-floating:not(:last-child)>.form-select,.input-group:not(.has-validation)>:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.form-floating){border-bottom-right-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0}.input-group>:not(:first-child):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.valid-tooltip):not(.valid-feedback):not(.invalid-tooltip):not(.invalid-feedback){border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-top-left-radius:0;margin-left:-1px;margin-left:calc(var(--bs-border-width)*-1)}.input-group>.form-floating:not(:first-child)>.form-control,.input-group>.form-floating:not(:first-child)>.form-select{border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-top-left-radius:0}.form-select.is-valid:not([multiple]):not([size]),.form-select.is-valid:not([multiple])[size="1"],.was-validated .form-select:valid:not([multiple]):not([size]),.was-validated .form-select:valid:not([multiple])[size="1"]{--bs-form-select-bg-icon:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 8 8'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23198754' d='M2.3 6.73.6 4.53c-.4-1.04.46-1.4 1.1-.8l1.1 1.4 3.4-3.8c.6-.63 1.6-.27 1.2.7l-4 4.6c-.43.5-.8.4-1.1.1z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-position:right .75rem center,center right 2.25rem;background-size:16px 12px,calc(.75em + .375rem) calc(.75em + .375rem);padding-right:4.125rem}.input-group>.form-control:not(:focus).is-valid,.input-group>.form-floating:not(:focus-within).is-valid,.input-group>.form-select:not(:focus).is-valid,.was-validated .input-group>.form-control:not(:focus):valid,.was-validated .input-group>.form-floating:not(:focus-within):valid,.was-validated .input-group>.form-select:not(:focus):valid{z-index:3}.form-select.is-invalid:not([multiple]):not([size]),.form-select.is-invalid:not([multiple])[size="1"],.was-validated .form-select:invalid:not([multiple]):not([size]),.was-validated .form-select:invalid:not([multiple])[size="1"]{--bs-form-select-bg-icon:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='12' height='12' fill='none' stroke='%23dc3545'%3E%3Ccircle cx='6' cy='6' r='4.5'/%3E%3Cpath stroke-linejoin='round' d='M5.8 3.6h.4L6 6.5z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='6' cy='8.2' r='.6' fill='%23dc3545' stroke='none'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-position:right .75rem center,center right 2.25rem;background-size:16px 12px,calc(.75em + .375rem) calc(.75em + .375rem);padding-right:4.125rem}.input-group>.form-control:not(:focus).is-invalid,.input-group>.form-floating:not(:focus-within).is-invalid,.input-group>.form-select:not(:focus).is-invalid,.was-validated .input-group>.form-control:not(:focus):invalid,.was-validated .input-group>.form-floating:not(:focus-within):invalid,.was-validated .input-group>.form-select:not(:focus):invalid{z-index:4}.btn-check:checked+.btn,.btn.active,.btn.show,.btn:first-child:active,:not(.btn-check)+.btn:active{background-color:var(--bs-btn-active-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-active-border-color);color:var(--bs-btn-active-color)}.btn-check:checked+.btn:focus-visible,.btn.active:focus-visible,.btn.show:focus-visible,.btn:first-child:active:focus-visible,:not(.btn-check)+.btn:active:focus-visible{box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.fade{transition:opacity .15s linear}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.fade{transition:none}}.fade:not(.show){opacity:0}.collapse:not(.show){display:none}.dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{left:0;margin-top:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer);top:100%}.dropdown-menu-start[data-bs-popper]{left:0;right:auto}.dropdown-menu-end[data-bs-popper]{left:auto;right:0}@media (min-width:576px){.dropdown-menu-sm-start[data-bs-popper]{left:0;right:auto}.dropdown-menu-sm-end[data-bs-popper]{left:auto;right:0}}@media (min-width:768px){.dropdown-menu-md-start[data-bs-popper]{left:0;right:auto}.dropdown-menu-md-end[data-bs-popper]{left:auto;right:0}}@media (min-width:992px){.dropdown-menu-lg-start[data-bs-popper]{left:0;right:auto}.dropdown-menu-lg-end[data-bs-popper]{left:auto;right:0}}@media (min-width:1200px){.dropdown-menu-xl-start[data-bs-popper]{left:0;right:auto}.dropdown-menu-xl-end[data-bs-popper]{left:auto;right:0}}@media (min-width:1400px){.dropdown-menu-xxl-start[data-bs-popper]{left:0;right:auto}.dropdown-menu-xxl-end[data-bs-popper]{left:auto;right:0}}.dropup .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{bottom:100%;margin-bottom:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer);margin-top:0;top:auto}.dropend .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{left:100%;margin-left:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer);margin-top:0;right:auto;top:0}.dropstart .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{left:auto;margin-right:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer);margin-top:0;right:100%;top:0}.btn-group>.btn-group:not(:first-child),.btn-group>:not(.btn-check:first-child)+.btn{margin-left:-1px;margin-left:calc(var(--bs-border-width)*-1)}.btn-group>.btn-group:not(:last-child)>.btn,.btn-group>.btn.dropdown-toggle-split:first-child,.btn-group>.btn:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle){border-bottom-right-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0}.btn-group>.btn-group:not(:first-child)>.btn,.btn-group>.btn:nth-child(n+3),.btn-group>:not(.btn-check)+.btn{border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-top-left-radius:0}.btn-group-vertical>.btn-group:not(:first-child),.btn-group-vertical>.btn:not(:first-child){margin-top:-1px;margin-top:calc(var(--bs-border-width)*-1)}.btn-group-vertical>.btn-group:not(:last-child)>.btn,.btn-group-vertical>.btn:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle){border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}.btn-group-vertical>.btn-group:not(:first-child)>.btn,.btn-group-vertical>.btn~.btn{border-top-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0}@media (min-width:576px){.card-group>.card:not(:last-child){border-bottom-right-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0}.card-group>.card:not(:last-child) .card-header,.card-group>.card:not(:last-child) .card-img-top{border-top-right-radius:0}.card-group>.card:not(:last-child) .card-footer,.card-group>.card:not(:last-child) .card-img-bottom{border-bottom-right-radius:0}.card-group>.card:not(:first-child){border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-top-left-radius:0}.card-group>.card:not(:first-child) .card-header,.card-group>.card:not(:first-child) .card-img-top{border-top-left-radius:0}.card-group>.card:not(:first-child) .card-footer,.card-group>.card:not(:first-child) .card-img-bottom{border-bottom-left-radius:0}}.accordion{--bs-accordion-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-accordion-bg:var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-accordion-transition:color 0.15s ease-in-out,background-color 0.15s ease-in-out,border-color 0.15s ease-in-out,box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out,border-radius 0.15s ease;--bs-accordion-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-accordion-border-width:var(--bs-border-width);--bs-accordion-border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius:calc(var(--bs-border-radius) - var(--bs-border-width));--bs-accordion-btn-padding-x:1.25rem;--bs-accordion-btn-padding-y:1rem;--bs-accordion-btn-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-accordion-btn-bg:var(--bs-accordion-bg);--bs-accordion-btn-icon:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23212529' viewBox='0 0 16 16'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width:1.25rem;--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transform:rotate(-180deg);--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transition:transform 0.2s ease-in-out;--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23052c65' viewBox='0 0 16 16'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--bs-accordion-btn-focus-border-color:#86b7fe;--bs-accordion-btn-focus-box-shadow:0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(13,110,253,.25);--bs-accordion-body-padding-x:1.25rem;--bs-accordion-body-padding-y:1rem;--bs-accordion-active-color:var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-accordion-active-bg:var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle)}.accordion-button{align-items:center;background-color:var(--bs-accordion-btn-bg);border:0;border-radius:0;color:var(--bs-accordion-btn-color);display:flex;font-size:1rem;overflow-anchor:none;padding:var(--bs-accordion-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-accordion-btn-padding-x);position:relative;text-align:left;transition:var(--bs-accordion-transition);width:100%}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.accordion-button{transition:none}}.accordion-button:not(.collapsed){background-color:var(--bs-accordion-active-bg);box-shadow:inset 0 calc(var(--bs-accordion-border-width)*-1) 0 var(--bs-accordion-border-color);color:var(--bs-accordion-active-color)}.accordion-button:not(.collapsed):after{background-image:var(--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon);transform:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transform)}.accordion-button:after{background-image:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);content:"";flex-shrink:0;height:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);margin-left:auto;transition:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transition);width:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width)}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.accordion-button:after{transition:none}}.accordion-button:hover{z-index:2}.accordion-button:focus{border-color:var(--bs-accordion-btn-focus-border-color);box-shadow:var(--bs-accordion-btn-focus-box-shadow);outline:0;z-index:3}.accordion-header{margin-bottom:0}.accordion-item{background-color:var(--bs-accordion-bg);border:var(--bs-accordion-border-width) solid var(--bs-accordion-border-color);color:var(--bs-accordion-color)}.accordion-item:first-of-type{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-accordion-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-accordion-border-radius)}.accordion-item:first-of-type .accordion-button{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius)}.accordion-item:not(:first-of-type){border-top:0}.accordion-item:last-of-type{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-accordion-border-radius);border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-accordion-border-radius)}.accordion-item:last-of-type .accordion-button.collapsed{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius);border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius)}.accordion-item:last-of-type .accordion-collapse{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-accordion-border-radius);border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-accordion-border-radius)}.accordion-body{padding:var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-y) var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-x)}.accordion-flush .accordion-collapse{border-width:0}.accordion-flush .accordion-item{border-left:0;border-radius:0;border-right:0}.accordion-flush .accordion-item:first-child{border-top:0}.accordion-flush .accordion-item:last-child{border-bottom:0}.accordion-flush .accordion-item .accordion-button,.accordion-flush .accordion-item .accordion-button.collapsed{border-radius:0}[data-bs-theme=dark] .accordion-button:after{--bs-accordion-btn-icon:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%236ea8fe' viewBox='0 0 16 16'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%236ea8fe' viewBox='0 0 16 16'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.page-item:not(:first-child) .page-link{margin-left:-1px;margin-left:calc(var(--bs-border-width)*-1)}@keyframes progress-bar-stripes{0%{background-position-x:1rem}}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius)}@media (min-width:576px){.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius)}}@media (min-width:768px){.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius)}}@media (min-width:992px){.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius)}}@media (min-width:1200px){.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius)}}@media (min-width:1400px){.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius)}}.btn-close-white,[data-bs-theme=dark] .btn-close{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}.toast:not(.show){display:none}.toast-container>:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--bs-toast-spacing)}.modal{--bs-modal-zindex:1055;--bs-modal-width:500px;--bs-modal-padding:1rem;--bs-modal-margin:0.5rem;--bs-modal-color:;--bs-modal-bg:var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-modal-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-modal-border-width:var(--bs-border-width);--bs-modal-border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg);--bs-modal-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0,0,0,.075);--bs-modal-inner-border-radius:calc(var(--bs-border-radius-lg) - var(--bs-border-width));--bs-modal-header-padding-x:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding-y:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding:1rem 1rem;--bs-modal-header-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-header-border-width:var(--bs-border-width);--bs-modal-title-line-height:1.5;--bs-modal-footer-gap:0.5rem;--bs-modal-footer-bg:;--bs-modal-footer-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-footer-border-width:var(--bs-border-width);display:none;height:100%;left:0;outline:0;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;position:fixed;top:0;width:100%;z-index:1055;z-index:var(--bs-modal-zindex)}.modal-dialog{margin:var(--bs-modal-margin);pointer-events:none;position:relative;width:auto}.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transform:translateY(-50px);transition:transform .3s ease-out}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transition:none}}.modal-dialog-centered{align-items:center;display:flex;min-height:calc(100% - var(--bs-modal-margin)*2)}.modal-content{background-clip:padding-box;background-color:var(--bs-modal-bg);border:var(--bs-modal-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-modal-border-radius);color:var(--bs-modal-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;outline:0;pointer-events:auto;position:relative;width:100%}.modal-body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-modal-padding);position:relative}@media (min-width:576px){.modal{--bs-modal-margin:1.75rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow:0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0,0,0,.15)}.modal-dialog{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:var(--bs-modal-width)}}@media (max-width:575.98px){}@media (max-width:767.98px){}@media (max-width:991.98px){}@media (max-width:1199.98px){}@media (max-width:1399.98px){}.bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=top] .tooltip-arrow,.bs-tooltip-top .tooltip-arrow{bottom:calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height)*-1)}.bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=top] .tooltip-arrow:before,.bs-tooltip-top .tooltip-arrow:before{border-top-color:var(--bs-tooltip-bg);border-width:var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height) calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width)*.5) 0;top:-1px}.bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=right] .tooltip-arrow,.bs-tooltip-end .tooltip-arrow{height:var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width);left:calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height)*-1);width:var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height)}.bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=right] .tooltip-arrow:before,.bs-tooltip-end .tooltip-arrow:before{border-right-color:var(--bs-tooltip-bg);border-width:calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width)*.5) var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height) calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width)*.5) 0;right:-1px}.bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .tooltip-arrow,.bs-tooltip-bottom .tooltip-arrow{top:calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height)*-1)}.bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .tooltip-arrow:before,.bs-tooltip-bottom .tooltip-arrow:before{border-bottom-color:var(--bs-tooltip-bg);border-width:0 calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width)*.5) var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height);bottom:-1px}.bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=left] .tooltip-arrow,.bs-tooltip-start .tooltip-arrow{height:var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width);right:calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height)*-1);width:var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height)}.bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=left] .tooltip-arrow:before,.bs-tooltip-start .tooltip-arrow:before{border-left-color:var(--bs-tooltip-bg);border-width:calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width)*.5) 0 calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width)*.5) var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height);left:-1px}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=top]>.popover-arrow,.bs-popover-top>.popover-arrow{bottom:calc((var(--bs-popover-arrow-height))*-1 - var(--bs-popover-border-width))}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=top]>.popover-arrow:after,.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=top]>.popover-arrow:before,.bs-popover-top>.popover-arrow:after,.bs-popover-top>.popover-arrow:before{border-width:var(--bs-popover-arrow-height) calc(var(--bs-popover-arrow-width)*.5) 0}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=top]>.popover-arrow:before,.bs-popover-top>.popover-arrow:before{border-top-color:var(--bs-popover-arrow-border);bottom:0}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=top]>.popover-arrow:after,.bs-popover-top>.popover-arrow:after{border-top-color:var(--bs-popover-bg);bottom:var(--bs-popover-border-width)}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=right]>.popover-arrow,.bs-popover-end>.popover-arrow{height:var(--bs-popover-arrow-width);left:calc((var(--bs-popover-arrow-height))*-1 - var(--bs-popover-border-width));width:var(--bs-popover-arrow-height)}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=right]>.popover-arrow:after,.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=right]>.popover-arrow:before,.bs-popover-end>.popover-arrow:after,.bs-popover-end>.popover-arrow:before{border-width:calc(var(--bs-popover-arrow-width)*.5) var(--bs-popover-arrow-height) calc(var(--bs-popover-arrow-width)*.5) 0}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=right]>.popover-arrow:before,.bs-popover-end>.popover-arrow:before{border-right-color:var(--bs-popover-arrow-border);left:0}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=right]>.popover-arrow:after,.bs-popover-end>.popover-arrow:after{border-right-color:var(--bs-popover-bg);left:var(--bs-popover-border-width)}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom]>.popover-arrow,.bs-popover-bottom>.popover-arrow{top:calc((var(--bs-popover-arrow-height))*-1 - var(--bs-popover-border-width))}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom]>.popover-arrow:after,.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom]>.popover-arrow:before,.bs-popover-bottom>.popover-arrow:after,.bs-popover-bottom>.popover-arrow:before{border-width:0 calc(var(--bs-popover-arrow-width)*.5) var(--bs-popover-arrow-height)}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom]>.popover-arrow:before,.bs-popover-bottom>.popover-arrow:before{border-bottom-color:var(--bs-popover-arrow-border);top:0}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom]>.popover-arrow:after,.bs-popover-bottom>.popover-arrow:after{border-bottom-color:var(--bs-popover-bg);top:var(--bs-popover-border-width)}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .popover-header:before,.bs-popover-bottom .popover-header:before{border-bottom:var(--bs-popover-border-width) solid var(--bs-popover-header-bg);content:"";display:block;left:50%;margin-left:calc(var(--bs-popover-arrow-width)*-.5);position:absolute;top:0;width:var(--bs-popover-arrow-width)}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=left]>.popover-arrow,.bs-popover-start>.popover-arrow{height:var(--bs-popover-arrow-width);right:calc((var(--bs-popover-arrow-height))*-1 - var(--bs-popover-border-width));width:var(--bs-popover-arrow-height)}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=left]>.popover-arrow:after,.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=left]>.popover-arrow:before,.bs-popover-start>.popover-arrow:after,.bs-popover-start>.popover-arrow:before{border-width:calc(var(--bs-popover-arrow-width)*.5) 0 calc(var(--bs-popover-arrow-width)*.5) var(--bs-popover-arrow-height)}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=left]>.popover-arrow:before,.bs-popover-start>.popover-arrow:before{border-left-color:var(--bs-popover-arrow-border);right:0}.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=left]>.popover-arrow:after,.bs-popover-start>.popover-arrow:after{border-left-color:var(--bs-popover-bg);right:var(--bs-popover-border-width)}.active.carousel-item-end,.carousel-item-next:not(.carousel-item-start){transform:translateX(100%)}.active.carousel-item-start,.carousel-item-prev:not(.carousel-item-end){transform:translateX(-100%)}.carousel-indicators [data-bs-target]{background-clip:padding-box;background-color:#fff;border:0;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;border-top:10px solid transparent;box-sizing:content-box;cursor:pointer;flex:0 1 auto;height:3px;margin-left:3px;margin-right:3px;opacity:.5;padding:0;text-indent:-999px;transition:opacity .6s ease;width:30px}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.carousel-indicators [data-bs-target]{transition:none}}.carousel-dark .carousel-indicators [data-bs-target]{background-color:#000}[data-bs-theme=dark] .carousel .carousel-control-next-icon,[data-bs-theme=dark] .carousel .carousel-control-prev-icon,[data-bs-theme=dark].carousel .carousel-control-next-icon,[data-bs-theme=dark].carousel .carousel-control-prev-icon{filter:invert(1) grayscale(100)}[data-bs-theme=dark] .carousel .carousel-indicators [data-bs-target],[data-bs-theme=dark].carousel .carousel-indicators [data-bs-target]{background-color:#000}[data-bs-theme=dark] .carousel .carousel-caption,[data-bs-theme=dark].carousel .carousel-caption{color:#000}@keyframes spinner-border{to{transform:rotate(1turn)}}@keyframes spinner-grow{0%{transform:scale(0)}50%{opacity:1;transform:none}}@media (max-width:575.98px){}@media (max-width:575.98px) and (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){}@media (max-width:575.98px){.offcanvas-sm.show:not(.hiding),.offcanvas-sm.showing{transform:none}}@media (max-width:767.98px){}@media (max-width:767.98px) and (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){}@media (max-width:767.98px){.offcanvas-md.show:not(.hiding),.offcanvas-md.showing{transform:none}}@media (max-width:991.98px){}@media (max-width:991.98px) and (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){}@media (max-width:991.98px){.offcanvas-lg.show:not(.hiding),.offcanvas-lg.showing{transform:none}}@media (max-width:1199.98px){}@media (max-width:1199.98px) and (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){}@media (max-width:1199.98px){.offcanvas-xl.show:not(.hiding),.offcanvas-xl.showing{transform:none}}@media (max-width:1399.98px){}@media (max-width:1399.98px) and (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){}@media (max-width:1399.98px){.offcanvas-xxl.show:not(.hiding),.offcanvas-xxl.showing{transform:none}}.offcanvas.show:not(.hiding),.offcanvas.showing{transform:none}@keyframes placeholder-glow{50%{opacity:.2}}@keyframes placeholder-wave{to{-webkit-mask-position:-200% 0;mask-position:-200% 0}}[dir=rtl] .slick-slide{float:right}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:slick;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/fonts/slick.eot);src:url(https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/fonts/slick.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/fonts/slick.woff) format("woff"),url(https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/fonts/slick.ttf) format("truetype"),url(https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/fonts/slick.svg#slick) format("svg")}[dir=rtl] .slick-prev{left:auto;right:-25px}[dir=rtl] .slick-prev:before{content:"→"}[dir=rtl] .slick-next{left:-25px;right:auto}[dir=rtl] .slick-next:before{content:"←"}:root{--white:#fff;--black:#000;--grey-dark:#525860;--grey:#b4b9bf;--grey-light:#f2f3f4;--grey-blue:#506380;--grey-blue-light:#4089c6;--navy:#052049;--blue:#0069e0;--blue-dark:#1b3785;--blue-light:#178ccb;--blue-extra-light:#e2f4fc;--blue-medium:#0f388a;--blue-dark:#1a3785;--teal:#058488;--teal-lighter:#14828c;--green:#6ea400;--green-dark:#3c808a;--orange:#f26d04;--purple:#642b78}.container{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 auto;max-width:1400px;padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;width:100%}@media screen and (min-width:480px){.container{padding-left:calc(4.04412vw + .58824px);padding-right:calc(4.04412vw + .58824px)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){.container{padding-left:42px;padding-right:42px}}:root,[data-bs-theme=light]{--bs-blue:#0d6efd;--bs-indigo:#6610f2;--bs-purple:#6f42c1;--bs-pink:#d63384;--bs-red:#dc3545;--bs-orange:#fd7e14;--bs-yellow:#ffc107;--bs-green:#198754;--bs-teal:#20c997;--bs-cyan:#0dcaf0;--bs-black:#000;--bs-white:#fff;--bs-gray:#6c757d;--bs-gray-dark:#343a40;--bs-gray-100:#f8f9fa;--bs-gray-200:#e9ecef;--bs-gray-300:#dee2e6;--bs-gray-400:#ced4da;--bs-gray-500:#adb5bd;--bs-gray-600:#6c757d;--bs-gray-700:#495057;--bs-gray-800:#343a40;--bs-gray-900:#212529;--bs-primary:#0d6efd;--bs-secondary:#6c757d;--bs-success:#198754;--bs-info:#0dcaf0;--bs-warning:#ffc107;--bs-danger:#dc3545;--bs-light:#f8f9fa;--bs-dark:#212529;--bs-primary-rgb:13,110,253;--bs-secondary-rgb:108,117,125;--bs-success-rgb:25,135,84;--bs-info-rgb:13,202,240;--bs-warning-rgb:255,193,7;--bs-danger-rgb:220,53,69;--bs-light-rgb:248,249,250;--bs-dark-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-primary-text-emphasis:#052c65;--bs-secondary-text-emphasis:#2b2f32;--bs-success-text-emphasis:#0a3622;--bs-info-text-emphasis:#055160;--bs-warning-text-emphasis:#664d03;--bs-danger-text-emphasis:#58151c;--bs-light-text-emphasis:#495057;--bs-dark-text-emphasis:#495057;--bs-primary-bg-subtle:#cfe2ff;--bs-secondary-bg-subtle:#e2e3e5;--bs-success-bg-subtle:#d1e7dd;--bs-info-bg-subtle:#cff4fc;--bs-warning-bg-subtle:#fff3cd;--bs-danger-bg-subtle:#f8d7da;--bs-light-bg-subtle:#fcfcfd;--bs-dark-bg-subtle:#ced4da;--bs-primary-border-subtle:#9ec5fe;--bs-secondary-border-subtle:#c4c8cb;--bs-success-border-subtle:#a3cfbb;--bs-info-border-subtle:#9eeaf9;--bs-warning-border-subtle:#ffe69c;--bs-danger-border-subtle:#f1aeb5;--bs-light-border-subtle:#e9ecef;--bs-dark-border-subtle:#adb5bd;--bs-white-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-black-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-font-sans-serif:system-ui,-apple-system,Segoe UI,Roboto,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Noto Sans,sans-serif,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Noto Sans","Liberation Sans",Arial,sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Color Emoji";--bs-font-monospace:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,"Liberation Mono","Courier New",monospace;--bs-gradient:linear-gradient(180deg,hsla(0,0%,100%,.15),hsla(0,0%,100%,0));--bs-body-font-family:var(--bs-font-sans-serif);--bs-body-font-size:1rem;--bs-body-font-weight:400;--bs-body-line-height:1.5;--bs-body-color:#212529;--bs-body-color-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-body-bg:#fff;--bs-body-bg-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-emphasis-color:#000;--bs-emphasis-color-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-secondary-color:rgba(33,37,41,.75);--bs-secondary-color-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-secondary-bg:#e9ecef;--bs-secondary-bg-rgb:233,236,239;--bs-tertiary-color:rgba(33,37,41,.5);--bs-tertiary-color-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-tertiary-bg:#f8f9fa;--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb:248,249,250;--bs-heading-color:inherit;--bs-link-color:#0d6efd;--bs-link-color-rgb:13,110,253;--bs-link-decoration:underline;--bs-link-hover-color:#0a58ca;--bs-link-hover-color-rgb:10,88,202;--bs-code-color:#d63384;--bs-highlight-bg:#fff3cd;--bs-border-width:1px;--bs-border-style:solid;--bs-border-color:#dee2e6;--bs-border-color-translucent:rgba(0,0,0,.175);--bs-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-border-radius-sm:0.25rem;--bs-border-radius-lg:0.5rem;--bs-border-radius-xl:1rem;--bs-border-radius-xxl:2rem;--bs-border-radius-2xl:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl);--bs-border-radius-pill:50rem;--bs-box-shadow:0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0,0,0,.15);--bs-box-shadow-sm:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0,0,0,.075);--bs-box-shadow-lg:0 1rem 3rem rgba(0,0,0,.175);--bs-box-shadow-inset:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.075);--bs-focus-ring-width:0.25rem;--bs-focus-ring-opacity:0.25;--bs-focus-ring-color:rgba(13,110,253,.25);--bs-form-valid-color:#198754;--bs-form-valid-border-color:#198754;--bs-form-invalid-color:#dc3545;--bs-form-invalid-border-color:#dc3545}[data-bs-theme=dark]{--bs-body-color:#dee2e6;--bs-body-color-rgb:222,226,230;--bs-body-bg:#212529;--bs-body-bg-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-emphasis-color:#fff;--bs-emphasis-color-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-secondary-color:rgba(222,226,230,.75);--bs-secondary-color-rgb:222,226,230;--bs-secondary-bg:#343a40;--bs-secondary-bg-rgb:52,58,64;--bs-tertiary-color:rgba(222,226,230,.5);--bs-tertiary-color-rgb:222,226,230;--bs-tertiary-bg:#2b3035;--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb:43,48,53;--bs-primary-text-emphasis:#6ea8fe;--bs-secondary-text-emphasis:#a7acb1;--bs-success-text-emphasis:#75b798;--bs-info-text-emphasis:#6edff6;--bs-warning-text-emphasis:#ffda6a;--bs-danger-text-emphasis:#ea868f;--bs-light-text-emphasis:#f8f9fa;--bs-dark-text-emphasis:#dee2e6;--bs-primary-bg-subtle:#031633;--bs-secondary-bg-subtle:#161719;--bs-success-bg-subtle:#051b11;--bs-info-bg-subtle:#032830;--bs-warning-bg-subtle:#332701;--bs-danger-bg-subtle:#2c0b0e;--bs-light-bg-subtle:#343a40;--bs-dark-bg-subtle:#1a1d20;--bs-primary-border-subtle:#084298;--bs-secondary-border-subtle:#41464b;--bs-success-border-subtle:#0f5132;--bs-info-border-subtle:#087990;--bs-warning-border-subtle:#997404;--bs-danger-border-subtle:#842029;--bs-light-border-subtle:#495057;--bs-dark-border-subtle:#343a40;--bs-heading-color:inherit;--bs-link-color:#6ea8fe;--bs-link-hover-color:#8bb9fe;--bs-link-color-rgb:110,168,254;--bs-link-hover-color-rgb:139,185,254;--bs-code-color:#e685b5;--bs-border-color:#495057;--bs-border-color-translucent:hsla(0,0%,100%,.15);--bs-form-valid-color:#75b798;--bs-form-valid-border-color:#75b798;--bs-form-invalid-color:#ea868f;--bs-form-invalid-border-color:#ea868f;color-scheme:dark}.visually-hidden,.visually-hidden-focusable:not(:focus):not(:focus-within){clip:rect(0,0,0,0)!important;border:0!important;height:1px!important;margin:-1px!important;overflow:hidden!important;padding:0!important;white-space:nowrap!important;width:1px!important}.visually-hidden-focusable:not(:focus):not(:focus-within):not(caption),.visually-hidden:not(caption){position:absolute!important}.align-items-center{align-items:center!important}.navbar-dark,.navbar[data-bs-theme=dark]{--bs-navbar-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.55);--bs-navbar-hover-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.75);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.25);--bs-navbar-active-color:#fff;--bs-navbar-brand-color:#fff;--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:#fff;--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.1)}.navbar-dark,.navbar[data-bs-theme=dark],[data-bs-theme=dark] .navbar-toggler-icon{--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3E%3Cpath stroke='rgba(255,255,255,0.55)' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;line-height:1.15}body{margin:0}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}hr{box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible}pre{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em}a{background-color:transparent}abbr[title]{border-bottom:0;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}code,kbd,samp{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em}small{font-size:80%}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}sub{bottom:-.25em}sup{top:-.5em}img{border-style:none}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button,input{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=reset],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=button]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=reset]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=submit]::-moz-focus-inner,button::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}[type=button]:-moz-focusring,[type=reset]:-moz-focusring,[type=submit]:-moz-focusring,button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}fieldset{padding:.35em .75em .625em}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal}progress{vertical-align:baseline}textarea{overflow:auto}[type=checkbox],[type=radio]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}details{display:block}summary{display:list-item}[hidden],template{display:none}html{box-sizing:border-box}:after,:before{box-sizing:inherit}body{background-color:#fff;background-color:var(--white)}hr{background-color:#ccc;border:0;height:1px;margin-bottom:1.5em}img{height:auto}figure{margin:1em 0}ol,ul{line-height:1.5;margin:0 0 1.5em}ol li,ul li{margin:10px 0}ul{list-style:disc}ol{list-style:decimal}li>ol,li>ul{margin-bottom:0;margin-left:1.5em}dt{font-weight:700}dd{margin:0 1.5em 1.5em}table{margin:0 0 1.5em;width:100%}[type=button],[type=reset],[type=submit],button{background:#0069e0;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid #0069e0;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:3px;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-size:.75;line-height:1;padding:.6em 1em .4em}[type=button]:active,[type=button]:focus,[type=button]:hover,[type=reset]:active,[type=reset]:focus,[type=reset]:hover,[type=submit]:active,[type=submit]:focus,[type=submit]:hover,button:active,button:focus,button:hover{border-color:#0069e0;border-color:var(--blue)}[type=button]:focus,[type=reset]:focus,[type=submit]:focus,button:focus{outline:1px dotted!important}input[type=color],input[type=date],input[type=datetime-local],input[type=datetime],input[type=email],input[type=month],input[type=number],input[type=password],input[type=range],input[type=search],input[type=tel],input[type=text],input[type=time],input[type=url],input[type=week]{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:3px;color:#000;color:var(--black);padding:3px}input[type=color]:focus,input[type=date]:focus,input[type=datetime-local]:focus,input[type=datetime]:focus,input[type=email]:focus,input[type=month]:focus,input[type=number]:focus,input[type=password]:focus,input[type=range]:focus,input[type=search]:focus,input[type=tel]:focus,input[type=text]:focus,input[type=time]:focus,input[type=url]:focus,input[type=week]:focus{color:#111}select,textarea{border:1px solid #ccc}textarea{border-radius:3px;color:#666;padding:3px;width:100%}textarea:focus{color:#111}.nf-form-content input:not([type=submit]){color:#000!important;color:var(--black)!important}form .ctct-form-button,form .nf-form-content button,form .nf-form-content input[type=button],form .nf-form-content input[type=submit]{background-color:#0069e0!important;background-color:var(--blue)!important;border:2px solid #0069e0!important;border:2px solid var(--blue)!important;display:inline-block!important;font-weight:700!important;height:50px!important;padding:15px 35px!important;width:auto!important}form .ctct-form-button:focus,form .ctct-form-button:hover,form .nf-form-content button:focus,form .nf-form-content button:hover,form .nf-form-content input[type=button]:focus,form .nf-form-content input[type=button]:hover,form .nf-form-content input[type=submit]:focus,form .nf-form-content input[type=submit]:hover{background-color:#fff!important;background-color:var(--white)!important;color:#0069e0!important;color:var(--blue)!important}body,html{overflow-x:hidden}body{background-color:#f2f3f4;background-color:var(--grey-light)}.site-header{background:#fff;background:var(--white)}.site{position:relative}.wp-caption img[class*=wp-image-]{display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}embed,iframe,object{max-width:100%}.custom-logo-link{display:inline-block;padding:1rem 0 .625rem}.custom-logo-link img{height:auto;width:11.5625rem}img{max-width:100%}.screen-reader-text{word-wrap:normal!important;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);border:0;-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px}.screen-reader-text:focus{clip:auto!important;background-color:#fff;background-color:var(--white);border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.6);-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;color:#21759b;display:block;font-size:.875;font-weight:700;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}#content[tabindex="-1"]:focus{outline:0}.entry-content:after:after,.entry-content:before:after,.site-content:after:after,.site-content:before:after,.site-footer:after:after,.site-footer:before:after,.site-header:after:after,.site-header:before:after{clear:both;content:"";display:block}.entry-content:after,.site-content:after,.site-footer:after,.site-header:after{clear:both}p{margin-bottom:1.5em}b{font-weight:700}u{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline}cite,dfn,em,i{font-style:italic}blockquote{margin:0 1.5em}address{margin:0 0 1.5em}pre{background:#eee;font-family:Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin-bottom:1.6em;max-width:100%;overflow:auto;padding:1.6em}code,kbd,pre,tt,var{font-size:.9375}abbr,acronym{border-bottom:1px dotted #666;cursor:help}ins,mark{background:#fff9c0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}big,lead{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:400}small{font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400}body,button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{color:#000;color:var(--black);font-family:Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{clear:both;font-weight:300;line-height:1.5;margin:0 0 1rem}h1{font-size:2.5rem;font-weight:700}h2{font-size:2rem}h3{font-size:1.75rem}h4{font-size:1.5rem}h5{font-size:1.25rem}h6{font-size:1rem}.block--accordion{padding-bottom:3.75rem}@media (min-width:920px){.block--accordion{padding-bottom:5rem}}.block--accordion .accordion-flush .accordion-item .accordion-button,.block--accordion .accordion-flush .accordion-item .accordion-button.collapsed{border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px}.block--accordion .accordion-button{background:#fff;background:var(--white);border:1px solid #f2f3f4;border:1px solid var(--grey-light);border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;color:#0069e0;color:var(--blue);font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;padding:.8125rem 1.4375rem;position:relative;text-align:left;width:100%}.block--accordion .accordion-button span{display:inline-flex;padding-right:20px}.block--accordion .accordion-button:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%236ea8fe' viewBox='0 0 16 16'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");color:#1a3785;color:var(--blue-dark)}.block--accordion .accordion-button:not(.collapsed){background:#e2f4fc;background:var(--blue-extra-light);color:#1a3785;color:var(--blue-dark)}.block--accordion .accordion-button:not(.collapsed):after{transform:rotate(180deg)}.block--accordion .accordion-collapse{border:1px solid transparent;height:0}.block--accordion .accordion-body{color:#000;color:var(--black);padding:.75rem 1.25rem}.block--accordion .accordion-body li,.block--accordion .accordion-body p{color:#000;color:var(--black);font-size:1rem}.block--accordion .accordion-body li{color:#000;color:var(--black);margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}.block--accordion .accordion-item{background:#fff;background:var(--white);border:0}.block--accordion .accordion-item .accordion-header{margin:0}.block--accordion .accordion-item+.accordion-item .accordion-button{border-top:0}.block{position:relative}.is-layout-flex.wp-block-columns{gap:40px}.block--cta .block__content a:not(.btn){font-weight:700;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline}.block--cta .block__content a:not(.btn):focus,.block--cta .block__content a:not(.btn):hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}.basic-hero{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-end;left:50%;overflow:hidden;padding:8.125rem 0 1.875rem;position:relative;text-align:center;transform:translateX(-50%);width:100vw}@media (min-width:920px){.basic-hero{padding:10.625rem 0 2.5rem;text-align:left}}.page-parent:not(.page-child) .basic-hero{aspect-ratio:1.86/1;max-height:750px}.basic-hero .container{position:relative;z-index:2}.basic-hero .container h1{background-color:#0f388a;background-color:var(--blue-medium);color:#fff;color:var(--white);display:inline-block;font-size:2.125rem;margin:0;padding:.1875rem 1rem}@media (min-width:920px){.basic-hero .container h1{font-size:2.5rem}}.basic-hero .background-image img{height:100%;left:0;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:center;object-position:center;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.block--newsletter nf-fields-wrap nf-field input[type=submit]{border-radius:0;font-weight:700;padding:15px 35px;width:100%}@media (min-width:920px){.block--newsletter nf-fields-wrap nf-field input[type=submit]{width:auto}}@media (max-width:575.98px){}@media (max-width:991.98px){}.cta-modal__modal-inner form input[type=submit]{background-color:#000;background-color:var(--black);border:2px solid #000;border:2px solid var(--black);border-radius:2px;color:#fff;color:var(--white);display:inline-block;font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;margin:2.1875rem 0;padding:9px 30px 8px;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.cta-modal__modal-inner form input[type=submit]{transition:none}}.cta-modal__modal-inner form input[type=submit]:focus,.cta-modal__modal-inner form input[type=submit]:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#000;color:var(--black);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}.block--grouping-nav ul li:not(.button){list-style-type:none;padding:0}.block--grouping-nav ul li:not(.button):first-child{border-top:2px solid #0069e0;border-top:2px solid var(--blue)}.block--grouping-nav ul li:not(.button) a{border-bottom:2px solid #0069e0;border-bottom:2px solid var(--blue);color:#6610f2;display:block;font-weight:600!important;line-height:1.5;padding:15px 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.block--grouping-nav ul li:not(.button) a{transition:none}}.block--grouping-nav ul li:not(.button) a:focus,.block--grouping-nav ul li:not(.button) a:hover{background-color:rgba(13,110,253,.1);color:#6610f2;font-weight:600!important;padding:15px}.block--grouping-nav ul li:not(.button) a.active{background-color:#0069e0;background-color:var(--blue);color:#fff;color:var(--white);font-weight:600!important;padding:15px}.block--grouping-nav ul li:not(.button).active a{background-color:#0069e0;background-color:var(--blue);color:#fff;color:var(--white);font-weight:600!important;padding:15px}.block--cards-featured .cards--post .card:not(:first-child) .card__content{border-bottom:1px solid #b4b9bf;border-bottom:1px solid var(--grey);display:flex;flex-direction:column-reverse;margin:0 0 1.25rem 1.125rem;padding:0 0 1.875rem}.block--cards-featured .cards--post .card:not(:first-child) .card__title{margin-top:0;max-width:82%}.block--cards-featured .cards--post .card:not(:first-child) .card__title a{font-weight:700}.block--cards-featured .cards--post .card:not(:first-child) .card__meta{justify-content:flex-start}.block--cards-featured .cards--post .card:not(:first-child) .card__meta .card__label{font-weight:400;text-transform:none}.block--cards-featured .cards--post .card:not(:first-child) .square{display:none}.block--cards-featured .cards--post .card:not(:first-child) .btn--link{align-items:center;bottom:50%;display:flex;font-size:0;height:2.5rem;justify-content:center;margin:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;right:0;width:2.5rem}.block--cards-featured .cards--post .card:not(:first-child) .btn--link:hover{background-color:#0069e0;background-color:var(--blue)}.block--cards-featured .cards--post .card:not(:first-child) .btn--link:hover:after{background-image:url(https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/../static/images/arrow-right-white.svg)}.block--cards-featured .cards--post .card.has-category:not(:first-child) .card__date:before{content:"•";display:inline-block;margin-right:.625rem;position:relative}.site-info{align-items:center;border-top:1px solid #506380;border-top:1px solid var(--grey-blue);display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:.875rem;gap:20px;margin:2.5rem 0 0;padding:1.25rem 0 0;width:100%}@media (min-width:920px){.site-info{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between}}.site-info .footer-copyright{opacity:.8}a{font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}a,a:active,a:focus,a:hover{color:#0069e0;color:var(--blue)}a:active,a:focus,a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline}a:focus{outline:thin dotted}a:active,a:hover{outline:0}.entry-content p a:not(.btn),.entry-content ul:not(.link__list) a{font-weight:700}:focus{outline:thin dotted}.nav-with-search{display:flex}.main-navigation{clear:both;display:block;width:100%}.main-navigation ul{display:none;list-style:none;margin:0;padding-left:0}@media (min-width:783px){.main-navigation ul{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end}}.main-navigation ul ul{display:block}@media (min-width:783px){.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:#fff;background-color:var(--white);box-shadow:0 8px 16px 0 rgba(23,15,73,.03),0 10px 14px 0 rgba(74,58,255,.01);float:left;left:-999em;position:absolute;top:calc(100% + 3px);z-index:99999}}.main-navigation ul ul ul.sub-menu{box-shadow:none;left:auto;padding-top:0;position:relative;right:auto}.main-navigation ul ul ul.sub-menu li a{font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;padding-left:2.1875rem}@media (min-width:783px){.main-navigation ul ul ul.sub-menu li a{padding-left:.3125rem}}.main-navigation ul ul a{font-size:1rem;padding-left:20px}@media (min-width:783px){.main-navigation ul ul a{padding-left:10px;width:230px}}.main-navigation ul li{margin:0;position:relative}@media (min-width:783px){.main-navigation ul li{border-bottom:3px solid transparent;margin:0 12px}.main-navigation ul li.current-menu-item,.main-navigation ul li.current-page-ancestor,.main-navigation ul li:focus,.main-navigation ul li:hover{border-bottom:3px solid #0069e0;border-bottom:3px solid var(--blue)}}.main-navigation ul li:hover>ul{left:auto;right:0}.main-navigation ul li a:focus,.main-navigation ul li a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}@media (min-width:783px){.main-navigation ul li a{align-items:center;display:flex;height:4.6875rem}.main-navigation ul li.menu-item-has-children{margin:0 12px}}.main-navigation ul .sub-menu{padding:0 1.25rem .9375rem .625rem}@media (min-width:783px){.main-navigation ul .sub-menu{padding:2.625rem 1.25rem .9375rem}}.main-navigation ul .sub-menu li{border-bottom:0;margin:0}.main-navigation ul .sub-menu li:hover{border-bottom:0}.main-navigation ul .sub-menu li a{font-weight:500;height:auto}.main-navigation ul .sub-menu li a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline}.main-navigation ul a{color:#052049;color:var(--navy);display:block;font-weight:500;padding:10px 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}@media (min-width:783px){.main-navigation ul a{padding:10px 0}}.main-navigation ul a:focus,.main-navigation ul a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline}.main-navigation .menu-close{display:none}.main-navigation .menu-toggle{background-color:transparent;border:0;display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-top:0;padding:5px 10px 10px}@media (min-width:783px){.main-navigation .menu-toggle{display:none}}.site-footer{background-color:#052049;background-color:var(--navy);color:#fff;color:var(--white);font-size:.875rem;padding-bottom:40px;padding-top:80px}.site-footer p{margin-bottom:0}.site-footer .container{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:40px}@media (min-width:920px){.site-footer .container{display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap}}@media (min-width:1250px){.site-footer .container{gap:60px}}.site-footer .footer-logo{display:block;margin-bottom:18px;max-height:57px}.site-footer .footer-logo img{height:57px;max-width:none;width:auto}.site-footer .footercol--1{flex-basis:100%}@media (min-width:920px){.site-footer .footercol--1{flex-basis:17.75rem}}.site-footer .footercol--2{flex-grow:1}.site-footer .footercol--3{flex-basis:100%}@media (min-width:920px){.site-footer .footercol--3{flex-basis:22.5rem}}.site-footer .footer-contacts-header,.site-footer h2{font-size:.75rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1.6px;margin-bottom:.75rem;text-transform:uppercase}.site-footer ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.site-footer a:not(.footer-logo){color:#fff;color:var(--white);opacity:.9}.site-footer a:not(.footer-logo):hover{opacity:1}.site-footer .footer-menu{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:30px}@media (min-width:1250px){.site-footer .footer-menu{gap:100px}}.site-footer .footer-menu .footer-menu-wrap{flex-basis:100%}@media (min-width:920px){.site-footer .footer-menu .footer-menu-wrap{flex-basis:auto;max-width:270px}}.site-footer .footer-social-icons{align-items:center;margin-bottom:2.5rem;margin-left:0}.site-footer .footer-social-icons p{flex-basis:auto;padding-right:1.25rem}@media (min-width:920px){.site-footer .footer-contacts{display:flex;gap:2.5rem}}.site-footer .footer-contacts p{margin:0 0 .625rem}.menu-top-utility{background-color:#052049;background-color:var(--navy);color:#fff;color:var(--white);display:flex;width:100%}@media (min-width:783px){.menu-top-utility{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}.menu-top-utility-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-direction:row;justify-content:space-between;min-height:2.5rem}.menu-top-utility-container .top-utility-text{font-family:Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:.59375rem 0}.menu-top-utility-container .top-utility-text a{color:#fff;color:var(--white)}.menu-top-utility-container .top-utility-text a:focus,.menu-top-utility-container .top-utility-text a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline}.menu-top-utility-container .top-utility-menu{align-items:center;display:none;flex-direction:row}@media (min-width:920px){.menu-top-utility-container .top-utility-menu{display:flex}}.secondary-navigation{align-items:center;background:#fff;background:var(--white);display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:1.25rem;min-height:3.375rem;padding:1.125rem 0;position:relative}@media (min-width:920px){.secondary-navigation{min-height:4.375rem;padding:0}}.secondary-navigation:after{background:#fff;background:var(--white);box-shadow:0 4px 20px 0 hsla(0,4%,71%,.25);content:"";height:100%;left:-100vw;position:absolute;top:0;width:200vw;z-index:-1}.secondary-navigation ul{display:flex;flex-direction:column;font-size:1.125rem;gap:1.25rem;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}@media (min-width:920px){.secondary-navigation ul{flex-direction:row;gap:2.875rem}}.secondary-navigation ul li{margin:0}.secondary-navigation ul li a{color:#052049;color:var(--navy);padding:.625rem 0}@media (min-width:920px){.secondary-navigation ul li a{padding:1.4375rem 0}}.secondary-navigation ul li a:focus,.secondary-navigation ul li a:hover{border-bottom:2px solid #0069e0;border-bottom:2px solid var(--blue);color:#0069e0;color:var(--blue);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}.secondary-navigation ul li.current_page_ancestor a,.secondary-navigation ul li.current_page_item a{border-bottom:2px solid #0069e0;border-bottom:2px solid var(--blue);color:#0069e0;color:var(--blue);font-weight:700}.secondary-navigation .expand-collapse{align-items:center;background:transparent;border:0;display:flex;font-size:.75rem;padding:.75rem .375rem;position:absolute;right:-.375rem;top:.375rem}@media (min-width:920px){.secondary-navigation .expand-collapse{display:none}}.secondary-navigation .expand-collapse .expand-nav{display:none}.secondary-navigation .expand-collapse svg{margin-left:.75rem;transform:rotate(180deg)}.secondary-navigation .expand-collapse.collapsed .expand-nav{display:block}.secondary-navigation .expand-collapse.collapsed .collapse-nav{display:none}.secondary-navigation .expand-collapse.collapsed svg{transform:rotate(0deg)}.footer-social-icons{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin:0 0 0 2.625rem;position:relative;z-index:1}.footer-social-icons p{flex-basis:100%;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:0}.footer-social-icons a{background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:24px;border-bottom:2px solid transparent;display:block;height:1.75rem;padding:20px 10px;position:relative;transition:all .2s ease-in-out;width:1.75rem}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.footer-social-icons a{transition:none}}.footer-social-icons a:last-child{margin-right:0}.footer-social-icons a:focus,.footer-social-icons a:hover{border-color:#fff;border-color:var(--white)}.footer-social-icons a:focus{outline:thin dotted}.footer-social-icons .icon--instagram{background-image:url(https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/../static/images/instagram.svg)}.footer-social-icons .icon--facebook{background-image:url(https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/../static/images/facebook.svg);background-size:auto 24px}.footer-social-icons .icon--twitter{background-image:url(https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/../static/images/twitter.svg)}.footer-social-icons .icon--linkedin{background-image:url(https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/../static/images/linkedin.svg)}.footer-social-icons .icon--youtube{background-image:url(https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/../static/images/youtube.svg)}.page{margin:0}.updated:not(.published){display:none}#search-modal .search-modal__close{background:transparent;border:0;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;height:20px;padding:0;position:absolute;right:1rem;top:1rem;width:20px;z-index:1}#search-modal .search-modal__close:after{background-image:url(https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/../static/images/menu-close.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;content:"";display:inline-block;height:20px;width:20px}#search-modal .searchform{display:flex;justify-content:center;margin:3rem 0 1rem;width:100%}#search-modal .searchform__input{background-color:#fff;background-color:var(--white);border:0;border-bottom-left-radius:50px;border-bottom-right-radius:0;border-top-left-radius:50px;border-top-right-radius:0;max-width:700px;padding:10px 50px 10px 20px;width:100%}#search-modal .searchform__button{background-color:#fff;background-color:var(--white);border:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:50%;border-top-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:50%;display:block;height:2.8125rem;margin-left:-1px;position:relative;transition:all .2s ease-in-out;width:2.8125rem}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){#search-modal .searchform__button{transition:none}}#search-modal .searchform__button:before{background-image:url(https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/../static/images/mag-glass-black.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;bottom:.375rem;content:"";height:1.875rem;left:.4375rem;position:absolute;width:1.875rem}#search-modal .searchform__button:focus,#search-modal .searchform__button:hover{background-color:#000;background-color:var(--black);box-shadow:none}#search-modal .searchform__button:focus:before,#search-modal .searchform__button:hover:before{background-image:url(https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/css/../static/images/mag-glass.svg)}.toc .item--link{color:#052049;color:var(--navy);display:block;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:1rem}.toc .item--link:hover{color:#0069e0;color:var(--blue);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline}.toc .widget-title{align-items:center;color:#052049;color:var(--navy);display:flex;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;gap:.8125rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem;text-transform:uppercase}.toc .widget-title:after{background-color:#052049;background-color:var(--navy);content:"";display:block;height:1px;position:relative;width:3.75rem}.toc ul{list-style:none;margin-bottom:2.5rem;padding:0}.toc li:first-child .widget-title{margin-top:0}[v-cloak] .show-only-while-app-is-loading{display:block}[v-cloak] .hide-while-app-is-loading{display:none}.ighs-ap-dir .form-group label:not(.form-control){display:block}.ighs-ap-dir .form-check-input[type=checkbox]{border:1px solid}.ighs-ap-dir #people-table tr:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #9ba6b6}.ighs-ap-dir [type=button]{background-color:transparent;line-height:1.5;padding:.375rem .75rem}aside{display:none}@media (min-width:920px){aside{display:block;width:18.625rem}}aside .wp-block-heading{color:#052049;color:var(--navy);font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:300}</style> <script data-phast-original-src="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" data-phast-params='{"ref":"N5hMRQnAYJI"}' data-phast-original-type="text/javascript" type="text/phast" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script data-phast-original-src="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" data-phast-params='{"ref":"xDHfZiIvyPA"}' data-phast-original-type="text/javascript" type="text/phast" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/1825" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.4.3" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/?p=1825' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu%2Four-work%2Fareas-of-expertise%2Finnovation-and-research%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu%2Four-work%2Fareas-of-expertise%2Finnovation-and-research%2F&format=xml" /> <script type="text/javascript" data-phast-no-defer="">console.log("%cOptimized with %cPhastPress%c %s\nhttps:\/\/wordpress.org\/plugins\/phastpress\/","font-family:helvetica,sans-serif","font-family:helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:bold","font-family:helvetica,sans-serif","3.6")</script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer type="text/javascript">var dataLayer_content={"pagePostType":"page","pagePostType2":"single-page","pagePostAuthor":"geoff"};dataLayer.push(dataLayer_content);</script> <script data-cfasync="false">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WWL4WDXS');</script> <script data-cfasync="false">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-THD4698');</script> <link rel="icon" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/favicon-3.jpg" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/favicon-3.jpg" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/favicon-3.jpg" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/favicon-3.jpg" /> <style id="wp-custom-css">.ctct-form-embed.form_5 .ctct-form-defaults{background-color:inherit !important;}div.ctct-form-embed div.ctct-form-defaults h2.ctct-form-header{color:inherit;font:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-weight:300 !important;font-size:34px !important;line-height:1.235 !important;color:#6C247C !important;}div.ctct-form-embed form.ctct-form-custom .ctct-form-required::before{content:"\2217" !important;}form .ctct-form-button{color:#fff !important;}.below-home-hero + .block--cards{margin-top:3.3125rem;}@media (min-width:920px){.block--popular-topics__links{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);flex-wrap:unset;flex-basis:unset;}.block--popular-topics__links .btn{width:100%;}}.card--event .card__date .day{font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125em;font-weight:700;}.block--highlight .bg{background-position:top left;}@media (min-width:783px){.block--highlight .bg{background-position:50%;}}.block--resources .block--resources__icon{height:auto;}.block--resources article:last-child .block--resources__icon{margin-bottom:0;}.pagination .nav-links{flex-wrap:wrap;}.page-id-6142 .block--newsletter .block__right{height:20rem;}.page-id-6142 .block--newsletter{padding:0;margin:0;}.page-id-6142 .block--newsletter .block__left{background-color:var(--white);}.page-id-6142 .block--newsletter .bg{background-position:25%;}.toc .active--link{color:var(--blue);}.custom-logo-link{padding:1.3125em 0;}.main-navigation .nav-menu{padding:0;}.main-navigation.toggled{top:8.75rem;}.h4,.h4--mimic,h4{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:500;}@media (min-width:783px){.main-navigation ul li.current-menu-item,.main-navigation ul li.current-menu-parent,.main-navigation ul li.current-page-ancestor,.main-navigation ul li:focus,.main-navigation ul li:hover{border-bottom:6px solid #0069e0;border-bottom:6px solid var(--blue);}}@media (min-width:783px){.main-navigation ul a{padding:10px 0 4px;}}@media (min-width:783px){.main-navigation ul ul{top:calc(100% + 6px);}}@media (min-width:783px){.main-navigation ul li{border-bottom:6px solid transparent;}}@media (min-width:783px){.main-navigation ul li a{height:6.25rem;}}.main-navigation ul .sub-menu li{border-bottom:0;margin:0;}h2.wp-block-heading,.block--stylized-cols h2,.block--cards h2.block__title{font-size:34px;line-height:1.235;color:#6C247C;}h3.wp-block-heading{font-size:26px;line-height:1.423;}p.has-large-font-size{line-height:1.375;}.block--accordion .accordion-button{color:#6C247C;line-height:1.5;}.block--accordion{padding-bottom:1.5em;}.wp-block-quote{margin-bottom:2.5rem;}.wp-block-quote cite{padding-left:1.5rem;display:block;}figcaption{color:#6C247C;font-weight:500;}.floatleft > img{margin-right:1.5em;}.floatright > img{margin-left:1.5em;}.block--programs__content .btn{text-align:initial;}iframe{margin:0 0 1.5rem;}.entry-content ol:not(.link__list) a{font-weight:700;}.is-layout-flex.wp-block-columns{gap:60px;}.block--programs article .block--programs__content .h2,.block--programs article .block--programs__content h2{line-height:1.2;}.block--highlight .block__content ul li{padding-left:0;}@media (min-width:920px){.secondary-navigation{margin-bottom:3.125rem;}.page-id-1458 .secondary-navigation{margin-bottom:1.25rem;}}.capstones-schedule td:first-of-type{width:18ch;}#map{height:40rem;}.btn.btn--link{font-weight:500;}@media (min-width:783px){.block--newsletter .block__left{flex-basis:50%;margin-right:0;}}@media (min-width:783px){.block--newsletter .block__right{flex-basis:50%;}}.card--page .card__content{grid-template-rows:calc((37px * 2) + 38px) auto auto;}@media (min-width:576px){.card--page .card__content{grid-template-rows:calc((37px * 4) + 38px) auto auto;}}@media (min-width:783px){.card--page .card__content{grid-template-rows:calc((37px * 2) + 38px) auto auto;}}.card--page .card__meta{padding:0;}.card--page .card__title{align-self:flex-end;margin-bottom:1.5rem;}.card--page h3.card__title,.card--page .card__title > a{font-size:26px;line-height:37px;line-height:1.423;}.card--page .btn{margin-bottom:1.5rem;}.btn.btn--default{margin-bottom:1.5rem;}.block--programs article{align-items:normal;}</style> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-1825 page-child parent-pageid-48 wp-custom-logo"> <div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header"> <div class="menu-top-utility"> <div class="container"> <div class="menu-top-utility-container"> <div class="top-utility-text"> University of California San Francisco </div> <div class="top-utility-menu"> <div class="footer-social-icons"> <a href="https://twitter.com/IGHSatUCSF" target="_blank" class="icon--twitter" rel="noopener nofollow" > <span class="screen-reader-text">Open twitter in a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/GlobalHealthAtUCSF/" target="_blank" class="icon--facebook" rel="noopener nofollow" > <span class="screen-reader-text">Open facebook in a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/IGHSatUCSF/" target="_blank" class="icon--instagram" rel="noopener nofollow" > <span class="screen-reader-text">Open instagram in a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnPZ_6m590SMAozac0b8VZg" target="_blank" class="icon--youtube" rel="noopener nofollow" > <span class="screen-reader-text">Open youtube in a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ucsf-institute-for-global-health-sciences" target="_blank" class="icon--linkedin" rel="noopener nofollow" > <span class="screen-reader-text">Open linkedin in a new window</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="row align-items-center"> <div class="col-7 col-md-3"> <div class="site-branding"> <a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img loading="lazy" width="430" height="133" src="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/ighs-navy-logo.svg" class="custom-logo" alt="UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-5 col-md-9 align-items-center nav-with-search"> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" aria-label="Main"> <button class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Menu"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Menu</span> <svg class="burger" width="30" height="20" viewBox="0 0 30 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <rect width="30" height="4" fill="black"/> <rect y="8" width="30" height="4" fill="black"/> <rect y="16" width="30" height="4" fill="black"/> </svg> <svg class="menu-close" width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <rect x="3.80664" y="1" width="30" height="4" transform="rotate(45 3.80664 1)" fill="#333333"/> <rect x="0.979492" y="22" width="30" height="4" transform="rotate(-45 0.979492 22)" fill="#333333"/> </svg> </button> <ul id="primary-menu" class="navmenu"><li id="menu-item-69" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-69"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/education/">Education</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-73" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-73"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/education/masters/">Master’s</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-72"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/education/phd/">PhD</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1933" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1933"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/education/global-reach/">Global REACH</a></li> <li id="menu-item-70" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-70"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/education/training-programs/">Training Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6989" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6989"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/education/global-scholars/">Global Scholars</a></li> <li id="menu-item-74" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-74"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/education/alumni/">Alumni</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-75" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-75"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/">Our Work</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-79" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor menu-item-79"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/">Areas of Expertise</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1863" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1863"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/health-challenges/">Health Challenges</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5790" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5790"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/our-impact/">Our Impact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/where-we-work/">Where We Work</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1860" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1860"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/get-involved/">Get Involved</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1861" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1861"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/get-involved/news/">News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2498" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2498"><a href="/events">Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3214" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3214"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/get-involved/grand-rounds/">Grand Rounds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1862" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1862"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/get-involved/affiliate-program/">Join the Affiliate Program</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1934" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1934"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/get-involved/support-our-work/">Support Our Work</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6158"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/get-involved/subscribe/">Subscribe</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1931" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1931"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/resources/">Resources</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1932" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1932"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/resources/publications/">Publications</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5310" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5310"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/resources/tools/">Tools</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5311" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5311"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/resources/ucsf-resources/">UCSF Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5312" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5312"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/resources/video-courses/">Video Courses</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1461" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1461"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/">About Us</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2049" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2049"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/our-centers/">Our Centers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2697" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2697"><a href="/people">Our People</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1866" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1866"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/our-history/">Our History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1865" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1865"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/diversity-equity-and-inclusion/">Diversity, Equity and Inclusion</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1864" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1864"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4852" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4852"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="content" class="site-content container"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-1825" class="post-1825 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry page_category-area-of-expertise"> <header class="entry-header basic-hero"> <div class="container"> <h1>Innovation and Research</h1> </div> <div class="background-image"> <img src="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F10%2FOurWork.jpg&cacheMarker=1697067207-487095&token=29487da5df74f8ca" srcset="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F10%2FOurWork.jpg&cacheMarker=1697067207-487095&token=29487da5df74f8ca 1650w, https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F10%2FOurWork-300x50.jpg&cacheMarker=1697067207-19534&token=08b72daa1f537a78 300w, https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F10%2FOurWork-1024x171.jpg&cacheMarker=1697067208-72096&token=34b0338f74c73aef 1024w, https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F10%2FOurWork-768x128.jpg&cacheMarker=1697067208-47501&token=074145f3d98d74e1 768w, https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F10%2FOurWork-1536x257.jpg&cacheMarker=1697067208-132213&token=f6cbca7a51c75722 1536w" loading="lazy" width="1650" height="276" class="attachment-full size-full" alt decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 1650px) 100vw, 1650px" /> </div> </header> <nav class="secondary-navigation" aria-label="Secondary navigation"> <button class="expand-collapse" id="expand-collapse" aria-controls="secondary-navigation" aria-expanded="true"> <span class="collapse-nav">Collapse</span> <span class="expand-nav">Expand</span> <svg width="12" height="8" viewBox="0 0 12 8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 0.994797L6 5.9948L1.25 0.994797" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"/> </svg> </button> <ul id="secondary-navigation" aria-expanded="true"><li class="page_item page-item-48 page_item_has_children current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/">Areas of Expertise</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-1831 page_item_has_children"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/health-challenges/">Health Challenges</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-55"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/where-we-work/">Where We Work</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-50"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/our-impact/">Our Impact</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="content-sidebar-wrap"> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:25%"> <nav class="toc" aria-label="Table of Contents"> <ul> <li><h3 class="widget-title">Areas of Expertise</h3></li> <li><a class="item item--link" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/clinical-excellence-and-training/">Clinical Excellence and Training</a></li> <li><a class="item item--link" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/data-and-informatics/">Data and Informatics</a></li> <li><a class="item item--link" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/innovation-and-research/">Innovation and Research</a></li> <li><a class="item item--link" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/policy-advocacy-and-diplomacy/">Policy, Advocacy and Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a class="item item--link" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/strengthening-health-systems/">Strengthening Health Systems</a></li> <li><a class="item item--link" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/workforce-development/">Workforce Development</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:50%"> <p>Recognizing the potential of technology to revolutionize global health outcomes, IGHS consistently integrates innovative technologies into its research projects. This includes harnessing modern data analysis tools, utilizing mobile technologies for health interventions, and exploring digital solutions to streamline health service delivery. IGHS’s approach focuses on implementation science to ensure that health interventions aren’t just theoretical but practical, effective and scalable in real-world settings. IGHS aims to deliver tangible solutions to pressing global health challenges by melding implementation science with technological innovations.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Projects</h2> <div class="block block--accordion " id="block-block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <div class="block__accordions"> <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="#accordion_block-block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <div class="accordion-item"> <p class="accordion-header" id="heading1block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse1block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapse1block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <span>CHESA Perioperative Health Equity Fellowship</span> </button> </p> <div id="collapse1block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="heading1block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" data-bs-parent="#accordion_block-block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <div class="accordion-body"> <p>The <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="CHESA" data-wsc-lang="en_US" data-wsc-id="lr5klnlit9l84wqus">CHESA</span> Fellowship is a one-year, part-time, <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="non-ACGME" data-wsc-lang="en_US" data-wsc-id="lr5klnlha2g4t1eph">non-ACGME</span> fellowship for individuals committed to building careers focused on advancing health equity in perioperative care. The program leverages UCSF resources and expertise to foster the next generation of global surgery and anesthesia leaders who use research, education and advocacy to address disparities in perioperative care.</p> <p><strong>Country of activity</strong><br /> The program is administered in the United States. Fellows are from Haiti, Liberia, Nigeria, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Jordan, Romania, and the United States.</p> <p><strong>IGHS Center</strong><br /> <a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/our-centers/center-for-health-equity-in-surgery-and-anesthesia/" data-cke-saved-href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/our-centers/center-for-health-equity-in-surgery-and-anesthesia/">Center for Health Equity in Surgery and Anesthesia</a></p> <p><strong>Contact</strong><br /> <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Doruk" data-wsc-lang="en_US" data-wsc-id="lr5klnocf5gj0t8qg">Doruk</span> <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Ozgediz" data-wsc-lang="en_US" data-wsc-id="lr5klnocg32mxooa2">Ozgediz</span>, MD, <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="MSc" data-wsc-lang="en_US" data-wsc-id="lr5klnobvucyhtidk">MSc</span> <a href="mailto:doruk.ozgediz@ucsf.edu" data-cke-saved-href="mailto:doruk.ozgediz@ucsf.edu">doruk.ozgediz@ucsf.edu</a><br /> Lia Jacobson, MD <a href="mailto:lia.jacobson@ucsf.edu" data-cke-saved-href="mailto:lia.jacobson@ucsf.edu">lia.jacobson@ucsf.edu</a><br /> Sriranjani Padmanabhan, MD <a href="mailto:sriranjani.padmanabhan@ucsf.edu" data-cke-saved-href="mailto:sriranjani.padmanabhan@ucsf.edu">sriranjani.padmanabhan@ucsf.edu</a></p> <p><strong>More information</strong><br /> <a href="https://globalsurgery.org/fellowships/the-chesa-fellowship/" data-cke-saved-href="https://globalsurgery.org/fellowships/the-chesa-fellowship/">The <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="CHESA" data-wsc-lang="en_US" data-wsc-id="lr5klnwaalg2k7zz1">CHESA</span> Fellowship</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <p class="accordion-header" id="heading2block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse2block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapse2block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <span>Collective for Resilient Societies and Technology (CREST) Initiative</span> </button> </p> <div id="collapse2block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="heading2block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" data-bs-parent="#accordion_block-block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <div class="accordion-body"> <p>The CREST Initiative aims to be a beacon of interdisciplinary research, education and outreach in pioneering initiatives that harness technology to fortify societies against present and future adversities, such as pandemics and human-caused disasters.</p> <p><strong>Country of activity</strong><br /> United States</p> <p><strong>Partners</strong><br /> Positive and Adverse Childhood Experiences (PACEs) Connection, Resilient Collective</p> <p><strong>Funders</strong><br /> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Science Foundation, UCSF Resource Allocation Program</p> <p><strong>IGHS Center</strong><br /> <a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/our-centers/center-for-pandemic-preparedness-and-response/" data-cke-saved-href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/our-centers/center-for-pandemic-preparedness-and-response/">Center for Pandemic Preparedness and Response</a></p> <p><strong>Contact</strong><br /> Mohsen Malekinejad, MD, DrPH <a href="mailto:mmalekinejad@ucsf.edu" data-cke-saved-href="mailto:mmalekinejad@ucsf.edu">mmalekinejad@ucsf.edu</a></p> <p><strong>More information</strong><br /> <a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/data-and-informatics/collective-for-resilient-societies-and-technology-crest-initiative/" data-cke-saved-href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/data-and-informatics/collective-for-resilient-societies-and-technology-crest-initiative/">Collective for Resilient Societies and Technology (CREST) Initiative</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <p class="accordion-header" id="heading3block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse3block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapse3block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <span>Combating Unequal Treatment in Healthcare Through Virtual Awareness and Training in Empathy (CULTIVATE</span> </button> </p> <div id="collapse3block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="heading3block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" data-bs-parent="#accordion_block-block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <div class="accordion-body"> <p>CULTIVATE uses virtual reality (VR) to deliver diversity, equity, and inclusion training to health care providers. This project aims to understand if changes in medical education enhanced by VR will improve health access, quality of care, and health outcomes of individuals who are Black, Indigenous, and People of Color.</p> <p><strong>Country of activity</strong><br /> United States</p> <p><strong>Funder</strong><br /> Genentech</p> <p><strong>IGHS Center</strong><br /> <a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/our-centers/center-for-pandemic-preparedness-and-response/">Center for Pandemic Preparedness and Response</a></p> <p><strong>Contact</strong><br /> Nova Wilson, MPH <a href="mailto:nova.wilson@ucsf.edu">nova.wilson@ucsf.edu</a></p> <p><strong>More information</strong><br /> <a href="https://pandemic.ucsf.edu/cultivate">CULTIVATE</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <p class="accordion-header" id="heading4block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse4block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapse4block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <span>Community-based trials of drugs and vector control interventions to reduce malaria transmission</span> </button> </p> <div id="collapse4block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="heading4block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" data-bs-parent="#accordion_block-block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <div class="accordion-body"> <p>The Malaria Elimination Initiative leads two randomized controlled trials to reduce malaria transmission. CHILD (Child Health and Infection with Low Density) Malaria in Tanzania assesses the health and socioeconomic impacts of testing and treating low-density malaria infections among children. FLAME (FocaL Mass Drug Administration for Vivax Malaria Elimination) in Peru evaluates the efficacy of focal mass drug administration in reducing malaria transmission.</p> <p><strong>Countries of activity</strong><br /> Tanzania, Peru</p> <p><strong>Partners</strong><br /> Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Ifakara Health Institute, PATH, Stanford University, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute</p> <p><strong>Funders</strong><br /> National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</p> <p><strong>IGHS Center</strong><br /> <a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/our-centers/center-for-global-infectious-and-parasitic-diseases/">Center for Global Infectious and Parasitic Diseases</a></p> <p><strong>Contact</strong><br /> Sylvia Jebiwott, MPH <a href="mailto:sylvia.jebiwott@ucsf.edu">sylvia.jebiwott@ucsf.edu</a><br /> Sydney Fine, MPH <a href="mailto:sydney.fine@ucsf.edu">sydney.fine@ucsf.edu</a></p> <p><strong>More information<br /> </strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05690841?term=focal%20mass%20drug%20administration%20for%20vivax%20malaria&rank=1">FocaL Mass Drug Administration for Vivax Malaria Elimination (FLAME)</a>, <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05567016?term=CHILD%20(Child%20Health%20and%20Infection%20with%20Low%20Density)%20&rank=1">CHILD (Child Health and Infection With Low Density) Malaria</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <p class="accordion-header" id="heading5block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse5block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapse5block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <span>Drugs and diagnostics</span> </button> </p> <div id="collapse5block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="heading5block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" data-bs-parent="#accordion_block-block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <div class="accordion-body"> <p>Accurate diagnosis of malaria is critical for appropriate patient management and population-level surveillance. While standard diagnostics such as microscopy and rapid diagnostic testing (RDTs) are generally considered to have reliable accuracy, the changing epidemiology of malaria in low-transmission settings presents new challenges. Specifically, a higher proportion of infections in these settings is below the reliable detection limit of RDTs and microscopy. The Malaria Elimination Initiative uses research to assess the effectiveness of existing diagnostics in low transmission settings and the factors that influence the accuracy of these tests when used for passive and active case detection for surveillance.</p> <p><strong>Countries of activity</strong><br /> Tanzania, Peru</p> <p><strong>Partners</strong><br /> Ifakara Health Institute, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Stanford University, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, PATH</p> <p><strong>Funders</strong><br /> National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</p> <p><strong>IGHS Center</strong><br /> <a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/our-centers/center-for-global-infectious-and-parasitic-diseases/">Center for Global Infectious and Parasitic Diseases</a></p> <p><strong>Contact</strong><br /> Michelle Hsiang, MD <a href="mailto:michelle.hsiang@ucsf.edu">michelle.hsiang@ucsf.edu</a><br /> Sylvia Jebiwott, MPH <a href="mailto:sylvia.jebiwott@ucsf.edu">sylvia.jebiwott@ucsf.edu</a><br /> Sydney Fine, MPH <a href="mailto:sydney.fine@ucsf.edu">sydney.fine@ucsf.edu</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <p class="accordion-header" id="heading6block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse6block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapse6block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <span>Open Oximetry Project</span> </button> </p> <div id="collapse6block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="heading6block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" data-bs-parent="#accordion_block-block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <div class="accordion-body"> <p>The Open Oximetry Project improves access to safe pulse oximeters worldwide by sharing data and creating new standards and technologies for oximeter validation that better account for skin color. The project brings together a diverse community of oximetry experts, including engineers, academic researchers, clinicians, community members, manufacturers, and regulatory bodies, to partner to tackle these issues.</p> <p><strong>Country of activity</strong><br /> United States</p> <p><strong>Partners</strong><br /> The UCSF Hypoxia Lab</p> <p><strong>Funders</strong><br /> The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, PATH with funding from Unitaid, Patrick J. McGovern Foundation, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, USAID-STAR Sustaining Technical and Analytic Resources (STAR) Project, The UCSF Hypoxia Lab</p> <p><strong>IGHS Center</strong><br /> <a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/our-centers/center-for-health-equity-in-surgery-and-anesthesia/">Center for Health Equity in Surgery and Anesthesia</a></p> <p><strong>Contact</strong><br /> Michael Lipnick, MD <a href="mailto:michael.lipnick@ucsf.edu">michael.lipnick@ucsf.edu</a></p> <p><strong>More information</strong><br /> <a href="https://openoximetry.org/">Open Oximetry</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <p class="accordion-header" id="heading7block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse7block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapse7block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <span>Pacific Southwest Center for Emergency Public Health</span> </button> </p> <div id="collapse7block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="heading7block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" data-bs-parent="#accordion_block-block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <div class="accordion-body"> <p>The Pacific Southwest Center for Emergency Public Health collaborates with local, state and tribal health departments across California, Arizona, Nevada, Hawaii and U.S.-affiliated Pacific territories to strengthen our region’s capacity to prepare for and respond to public health threats.</p> <p><strong>Country of activity</strong><br /> United States</p> <p><strong>Partners</strong></p> <ul> <li>University of California, Los Angeles</li> <li>Public Health Institute</li> <li>University Hawaiʻi at Mānoa</li> <li>University of Nevada, Reno</li> </ul> <p><strong>Funder</strong><br /> U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</p> <p><strong>IGHS Center</strong><br /> <a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/our-centers/center-for-global-strategic-information-and-public-health-practice/">Center for Global Strategic Information and Public Health Practice</a></p> <p><strong>Contact</strong><br /> Karen Horn, MBA, MPH <a href="mailto:Karen.White@ucsf.edu">Karen.White@ucsf.edu</a></p> <p><strong>More information</strong><br /> <a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/our-centers/center-for-global-strategic-information-and-public-health-practice/pacific-southwest-center-for-emergency-public-health/">Pacific Southwest Center for Emergency Public Health</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <p class="accordion-header" id="heading8block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse8block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapse8block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <span>Vector Control</span> </button> </p> <div id="collapse8block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="heading8block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20" data-bs-parent="#accordion_block-block_f4e1374ec326e7c7bcf4b20845a30c20"> <div class="accordion-body"> <p>Despite significant progress in the fight against malaria, 239,000 cases were reported in the Greater Mekong Subregion in 2019, with most cases reported in Cambodia. Multidrug-resistant malaria remains a threat to regional elimination goals and global health security, and mobile and migrant populations, including forest-goers and forest rangers, remain at the highest risk for malaria. Moreover, many malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in the region bite and rest outdoors, yet the availability of effective protection against outdoor-biting mosquitoes is severely limited. One vector control project, Project BITE, is assessing the entomological protective efficacy, as well as the acceptability, durability, and cost, of a curated forest pack of bite prevention tools compared to the standard of care among high-risk forest rangers and forest-going populations in Cambodia, following evaluations of the same tools through semi-field studies in Thailand. Ultimately, Project BITE aims to inform the scale-up of effective outdoor bite prevention tools across Cambodia, the Greater Mekong Subregion, and the Asia Pacific region to support near-term malaria elimination goals.</p> <p><strong>Countries of activity</strong><br /> Thailand, Cambodia</p> <p><strong>Partners</strong><br /> University of Notre Dame, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences in Thailand, Kasetsart University in Thailand, Cambodia’s National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control</p> <p><strong>Funder</strong><br /> Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade through the Innovative Vector Control Consortium</p> <p><strong>IGHS Center</strong><br /> <a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/our-centers/center-for-global-infectious-and-parasitic-diseases/">Center for Global Infectious and Parasitic Diseases</a></p> <p><strong>Contact</strong><br /> Elodie Vajda <a href="mailto:elodie.vajda@ucsf.edu">elodie.vajda@ucsf.edu</a></p> <p><strong>More information</strong><br /> <a href="https://www.shrinkingthemalariamap.org/our-work/vector-control/research/project-bite">Project BITE</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:25%"></div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </main> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="footercol footercol--1"> <a class="footer-logo" href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu"> <img src="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F09%2FScreenshot-2023-08-31-at-3.39.25-PM.png&cacheMarker=1695136469-80618&token=3d26582a7786e0ff" srcset="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F09%2FScreenshot-2023-08-31-at-3.39.25-PM.png&cacheMarker=1695136469-80618&token=3d26582a7786e0ff 722w, https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F09%2FScreenshot-2023-08-31-at-3.39.25-PM-300x99.png&cacheMarker=1695136469-20373&token=c53f7ace403480b0 300w" width="722" height="238" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="UCSF Institute for Global Sciences" decoding="async" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px" /> </a> <div class="footer-address"> <p>UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences<br /> Mission Hall, Box 1224<br /> 550 16th Street, Third Floor<br /> San Francisco, CA 94158</p> </div> </div> <div class="footercol footercol--2"> <nav class="footer-menu" aria-label="Footer Quicklinks"> <div class="footer-menu-wrap"> <h2>Popular</h2> <ul id="menu-popular" class="footer-nav"><li id="menu-item-2037" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2037"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/about-us/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2038" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2038"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/education/">Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2039" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2039"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/get-involved/news/">News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2040" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2040"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/get-involved/affiliate-program/">Join the Affiliate Program</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2041" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2041"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/get-involved/support-our-work/">Support Our Work</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-menu-wrap"> <h2>Areas of Expertise</h2> <ul id="menu-areas-of-expertise" class="footer-nav"><li id="menu-item-1969" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1969"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/clinical-excellence-and-training/">Clinical Excellence and Training</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1970" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1970"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/data-and-informatics/">Data and Informatics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1971" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-1825 current_page_item menu-item-1971"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/innovation-and-research/" aria-current="page">Innovation and Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1972" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1972"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/policy-advocacy-and-diplomacy/">Policy, Advocacy and Diplomacy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1973" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1973"><a href="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/our-work/areas-of-expertise/strengthening-health-systems/">Strengthening Health Systems</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="footercol footercol--3"> <div class="footer-social-icons"> <p class="social__title">Follow Us</p> <a href="https://twitter.com/IGHSatUCSF" target="_blank" class="icon--twitter" rel="noopener nofollow" > <span class="screen-reader-text">Open twitter in a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/GlobalHealthAtUCSF/" target="_blank" class="icon--facebook" rel="noopener nofollow" > <span class="screen-reader-text">Open facebook in a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/IGHSatUCSF/" target="_blank" class="icon--instagram" rel="noopener nofollow" > <span class="screen-reader-text">Open instagram in a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnPZ_6m590SMAozac0b8VZg" target="_blank" class="icon--youtube" rel="noopener nofollow" > <span class="screen-reader-text">Open youtube in a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ucsf-institute-for-global-health-sciences" target="_blank" class="icon--linkedin" rel="noopener nofollow" > <span class="screen-reader-text">Open linkedin in a new window</span> </a> </div> <div class="footer-contacts"> <p class="footer-contacts-header">Contacts</p> <div class="contact-info"> <p class="tel"><a href="tel:415-476-5494">Call us at 415-476-5494</a></p> <p class="email"><a href="mailto:communications@globalhealth.ucsf.edu">communications@globalhealth.ucsf.edu</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="site-info"> <div class="footer-copyright"> <div>© 2024 The Regents of The University of California</div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="search-modal" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered"> <div class="modal-content"> <button type="button" class="search-modal__close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> <div class="modal-body"> <form method="get" class="searchform" action="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu" role="search"> <input aria-label="Search field" class="searchform__input" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Type a word or phrase"> <button class="searchform__button" type="submit" role="button" aria-label="Submit"><span class="screen-reader-text">Search the site.</span></button> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script data-phast-original-type="text/javascript" type="text/phast">(function(){var sz=document.createElement('script');sz.type='text/javascript';sz.async=true;sz.src='//siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_8343.js';var s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(sz,s);})();</script> <style id="core-block-supports-inline-css">.wp-container-core-columns-layout-1.wp-container-core-columns-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;}</style> <script data-phast-original-src="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/js/vendor.f6c38d4a0bbae5a4b243.js?ver=1.0.0" data-phast-params='{"ref":"XxRfKkd1uEc"}' data-phast-original-type="text/javascript" type="text/phast" id="kanopi-pack-vendor-js"></script> <script data-phast-original-src="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/js/runtime.bf7791cd35eecd45138e.js?ver=1.0.0" data-phast-params='{"ref":"O6n0SYoYAZ8"}' data-phast-original-type="text/javascript" type="text/phast" id="kanopi-pack-runtime-js"></script> <script data-phast-original-src="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/dist/js/legacy.cf9782f5101f2e1e5392.js?ver=1.0.0" data-phast-params='{"ref":"Omp88udnb2Q"}' data-phast-original-type="text/javascript" type="text/phast" id="kanopi-pack-legacy-js"></script> <script data-phast-original-src="https://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/wp-content/themes/custom/ucsf/assets/src/js/ighs/menu-active-links.js?ver=6.4.3" data-phast-params='{"ref":"J5oJj8HPfp0"}' data-phast-original-type="text/javascript" type="text/phast" data-phast-defer id="menu-active-links-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/phast">var _ctct_m = "4bc208f16f390fe4726e11d0a67cc221";</script> <script type="text/phast" id="signupScript" src="//static.ctctcdn.com/js/signup-form-widget/current/signup-form-widget.min.js" async defer></script> <script data-phast-compiled-js-names="ScriptsProxyService/rewrite-function.js,CSSInlining/ie-fallback.js,CSSInlining/inlined-css-retriever.js,ScriptsDeferring/scripts-loader.js,ScriptsDeferring/rewrite.js">(function phastScripts(phast){phast.scripts=[(function(){phast.config=JSON.parse(atob(phast.config));while(phast.scripts.length){phast.scripts.shift()()} }),(function(){(function(a,b){typeof exports==="object"&&typeof module!=="undefined"?module.exports=b():typeof define==="function"&&define.amd?define(b):a.ES6Promise=b()})(phast,function(){"use strict";function c(ia){var ja=typeof ia;return ia!==null&&(ja==="object"||ja==="function")}function d(ka){return typeof ka==="function"}var e=void 0;if(Array.isArray){e=Array.isArray}else{e=function(la){return Object.prototype.toString.call(la)==="[object Array]"}}var f=e;var g=0;var h=void 0;var i=void 0;var j=function ma(na,oa){w[g]=na;w[g+1]=oa;g+=2;if(g===2){if(i){i(x)}else{z()}}};function k(pa){i=pa}function l(qa){j=qa}var m=typeof window!=="undefined"?window:undefined;var n=m||{};var o=n.MutationObserver||n.WebKitMutationObserver;var p=typeof self==="undefined"&&typeof process!=="undefined"&&{}.toString.call(process)==="[object process]";var q=typeof Uint8ClampedArray!=="undefined"&&typeof importScripts!=="undefined"&&typeof MessageChannel!=="undefined";function r(){return function(){return process.nextTick(x)}}function s(){if(typeof h!=="undefined"){return function(){h(x)}}return v()}function t(){var ra=0;var sa=new o(x);var ta=document.createTextNode("");sa.observe(ta,{characterData:true});return function(){ta.data=ra=++ra%2}}function u(){var ua=new MessageChannel;ua.port1.onmessage=x;return function(){return ua.port2.postMessage(0)}}function v(){var va=setTimeout;return function(){return va(x,1)}}var w=new Array(1e3);function x(){for(var wa=0;wa<g;wa+=2){var xa=w[wa];var ya=w[wa+1];xa(ya);w[wa]=undefined;w[wa+1]=undefined}g=0}function y(){try{var za=Function("return this")().require("vertx");h=za.runOnLoop||za.runOnContext;return s()}catch(Aa){return v()}}var z=void 0;if(p){z=r()}else if(o){z=t()}else if(q){z=u()}else if(m===undefined&&typeof require==="function"){z=y()}else{z=v()}function A(Ba,Ca){var Da=this;var Ea=new this.constructor(D);if(Ea[C]===undefined){$(Ea)}var Fa=Da._state;if(Fa){var Ga=arguments[Fa-1];j(function(){return W(Fa,Ea,Ga,Da._result)})}else{T(Da,Ea,Ba,Ca)}return Ea}function B(Ha){var Ia=this;if(Ha&&typeof Ha==="object"&&Ha.constructor===Ia){return Ha}var Ja=new Ia(D);P(Ja,Ha);return Ja}var C=Math.random().toString(36).substring(2);function D(){}var E=void 0;var F=1;var G=2;var H={error:null};function I(){return new TypeError("You cannot resolve a promise with itself")}function J(){return new TypeError("A promises callback cannot return that same promise.")}function K(Ka){try{return Ka.then}catch(La){H.error=La;return H}}function L(Ma,Na,Oa,Pa){try{Ma.call(Na,Oa,Pa)}catch(Qa){return Qa}}function M(Ra,Sa,Ta){j(function(Ua){var Va=false;var Wa=L(Ta,Sa,function(Xa){if(Va){return}Va=true;if(Sa!==Xa){P(Ua,Xa)}else{R(Ua,Xa)}},function(Ya){if(Va){return}Va=true;S(Ua,Ya)},"Settle: "+(Ua._label||" unknown promise"));if(!Va&&Wa){Va=true;S(Ua,Wa)}},Ra)}function N(Za,$a){if($a._state===F){R(Za,$a._result)}else if($a._state===G){S(Za,$a._result)}else{T($a,undefined,function(_a){return P(Za,_a)},function(a0){return S(Za,a0)})}}function O(b0,c0,d0){if(c0.constructor===b0.constructor&&d0===A&&c0.constructor.resolve===B){N(b0,c0)}else{if(d0===H){S(b0,H.error);H.error=null}else if(d0===undefined){R(b0,c0)}else if(d(d0)){M(b0,c0,d0)}else{R(b0,c0)}}}function P(e0,f0){if(e0===f0){S(e0,I())}else if(c(f0)){O(e0,f0,K(f0))}else{R(e0,f0)}}function Q(g0){if(g0._onerror){g0._onerror(g0._result)}U(g0)}function R(h0,i0){if(h0._state!==E){return}h0._result=i0;h0._state=F;if(h0._subscribers.length!==0){j(U,h0)}}function S(j0,k0){if(j0._state!==E){return}j0._state=G;j0._result=k0;j(Q,j0)}function T(l0,m0,n0,o0){var p0=l0._subscribers;var q0=p0.length;l0._onerror=null;p0[q0]=m0;p0[q0+F]=n0;p0[q0+G]=o0;if(q0===0&&l0._state){j(U,l0)}}function U(r0){var s0=r0._subscribers;var t0=r0._state;if(s0.length===0){return}var u0=void 0,v0=void 0,w0=r0._result;for(var x0=0;x0<s0.length;x0+=3){u0=s0[x0];v0=s0[x0+t0];if(u0){W(t0,u0,v0,w0)}else{v0(w0)}}r0._subscribers.length=0}function V(y0,z0){try{return y0(z0)}catch(A0){H.error=A0;return H}}function W(B0,C0,D0,E0){var F0=d(D0),G0=void 0,H0=void 0,I0=void 0,J0=void 0;if(F0){G0=V(D0,E0);if(G0===H){J0=true;H0=G0.error;G0.error=null}else{I0=true}if(C0===G0){S(C0,J());return}}else{G0=E0;I0=true}if(C0._state!==E){}else if(F0&&I0){P(C0,G0)}else if(J0){S(C0,H0)}else if(B0===F){R(C0,G0)}else if(B0===G){S(C0,G0)}}function X(K0,L0){try{L0(function M0(N0){P(K0,N0)},function O0(P0){S(K0,P0)})}catch(Q0){S(K0,Q0)}}var Y=0;function Z(){return Y++}function $(R0){R0[C]=Y++;R0._state=undefined;R0._result=undefined;R0._subscribers=[]}function _(){return new Error("Array Methods must be provided an Array")}var aa=function(){function S0(T0,U0){this._instanceConstructor=T0;this.promise=new T0(D);if(!this.promise[C]){$(this.promise)}if(f(U0)){this.length=U0.length;this._remaining=U0.length;this._result=new Array(this.length);if(this.length===0){R(this.promise,this._result)}else{this.length=this.length||0;this._enumerate(U0);if(this._remaining===0){R(this.promise,this._result)}}}else{S(this.promise,_())}}S0.prototype._enumerate=function V0(W0){for(var X0=0;this._state===E&&X0<W0.length;X0++){this._eachEntry(W0[X0],X0)}};S0.prototype._eachEntry=function Y0(Z0,$0){var _0=this._instanceConstructor;var ab=_0.resolve;if(ab===B){var bb=K(Z0);if(bb===A&&Z0._state!==E){this._settledAt(Z0._state,$0,Z0._result)}else if(typeof bb!=="function"){this._remaining--;this._result[$0]=Z0}else if(_0===ga){var cb=new _0(D);O(cb,Z0,bb);this._willSettleAt(cb,$0)}else{this._willSettleAt(new _0(function(db){return db(Z0)}),$0)}}else{this._willSettleAt(ab(Z0),$0)}};S0.prototype._settledAt=function eb(fb,gb,hb){var ib=this.promise;if(ib._state===E){this._remaining--;if(fb===G){S(ib,hb)}else{this._result[gb]=hb}}if(this._remaining===0){R(ib,this._result)}};S0.prototype._willSettleAt=function jb(kb,lb){var mb=this;T(kb,undefined,function(nb){return mb._settledAt(F,lb,nb)},function(ob){return mb._settledAt(G,lb,ob)})};return S0}();function ba(pb){return new aa(this,pb).promise}function ca(qb){var rb=this;if(!f(qb)){return new rb(function(sb,tb){return tb(new TypeError("You must pass an array to race."))})}else{return new rb(function(ub,vb){var wb=qb.length;for(var xb=0;xb<wb;xb++){rb.resolve(qb[xb]).then(ub,vb)}})}}function da(yb){var zb=this;var Ab=new zb(D);S(Ab,yb);return Ab}function ea(){throw new TypeError("You must pass a resolver function as the first argument to the promise constructor")}function fa(){throw new TypeError("Failed to construct 'Promise': Please use the 'new' operator, this object constructor cannot be called as a function.")}var ga=function(){function Bb(Cb){this[C]=Z();this._result=this._state=undefined;this._subscribers=[];if(D!==Cb){typeof Cb!=="function"&&ea();this instanceof Bb?X(this,Cb):fa()}}Bb.prototype.catch=function Db(Eb){return this.then(null,Eb)};Bb.prototype.finally=function Fb(Gb){var Hb=this;var Ib=Hb.constructor;return Hb.then(function(Jb){return Ib.resolve(Gb()).then(function(){return Jb})},function(Kb){return Ib.resolve(Gb()).then(function(){throw Kb})})};return Bb}();ga.prototype.then=A;ga.all=ba;ga.race=ca;ga.resolve=B;ga.reject=da;ga._setScheduler=k;ga._setAsap=l;ga._asap=j;function ha(){var Lb=void 0;if(typeof global!=="undefined"){Lb=global}else if(typeof self!=="undefined"){Lb=self}else{try{Lb=Function("return this")()}catch(Ob){throw new Error("polyfill failed because global object is unavailable in this environment")}}var Mb=Lb.Promise;if(Mb){var Nb=null;try{Nb=Object.prototype.toString.call(Mb.resolve())}catch(Pb){}if(Nb==="[object Promise]"&&!Mb.cast){return}}Lb.Promise=ga}ga.polyfill=ha;ga.Promise=ga;return ga}); }),(function(){function murmurhash3_32_gc(a,b){var c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l;c=a.length&3;d=a.length-c;e=b;g=3432918353;i=461845907;l=0;while(l<d){k=a.charCodeAt(l)&255|(a.charCodeAt(++l)&255)<<8|(a.charCodeAt(++l)&255)<<16|(a.charCodeAt(++l)&255)<<24;++l;k=(k&65535)*g+(((k>>>16)*g&65535)<<16)&4294967295;k=k<<15|k>>>17;k=(k&65535)*i+(((k>>>16)*i&65535)<<16)&4294967295;e^=k;e=e<<13|e>>>19;f=(e&65535)*5+(((e>>>16)*5&65535)<<16)&4294967295;e=(f&65535)+27492+(((f>>>16)+58964&65535)<<16)}k=0;switch(c){case 3:k^=(a.charCodeAt(l+2)&255)<<16;case 2:k^=(a.charCodeAt(l+1)&255)<<8;case 1:k^=a.charCodeAt(l)&255;k=(k&65535)*g+(((k>>>16)*g&65535)<<16)&4294967295;k=k<<15|k>>>17;k=(k&65535)*i+(((k>>>16)*i&65535)<<16)&4294967295;e^=k}e^=a.length;e^=e>>>16;e=(e&65535)*2246822507+(((e>>>16)*2246822507&65535)<<16)&4294967295;e^=e>>>13;e=(e&65535)*3266489909+(((e>>>16)*3266489909&65535)<<16)&4294967295;e^=e>>>16;return e>>>0}phast.hash=murmurhash3_32_gc; }),(function(){phast.buildServiceUrl=function(a,b){if(a.pathInfo){return appendPathInfo(a.serviceUrl,buildQuery(b))}else{return appendQueryString(a.serviceUrl,buildQuery(b))}};function buildQuery(c){if(typeof c==="string"){return c}var d=[];for(var e in c){if(c.hasOwnProperty(e)){d.push(encodeURIComponent(e)+"="+encodeURIComponent(c[e]))}}return d.join("&")}function appendPathInfo(f,g){var h=btoa(g).replace(/=/g,"").replace(/\//g,"_").replace(/\+/g,"-");var i=j(h+".q.js");return f.replace(/\?.*$/,"").replace(/\/__p__\.js$/,"")+"/"+i;function j(l){return k(k(l).match(/[\s\S]{1,255}/g).join("/"))}function k(m){return m.split("").reverse().join("")}}function appendQueryString(n,o){var p=n.indexOf("?")>-1?"&":"?";return n+p+o} }),(function(){var Promise=phast.ES6Promise.Promise;phast.ResourceLoader=function(a,b){this.get=function(c){return b.get(c).then(function(d){if(typeof d!=="string"){throw new Error("response should be string")}return d}).catch(function(){var e=a.get(c);e.then(function(f){b.set(c,f)});return e})}};phast.ResourceLoader.RequestParams={};phast.ResourceLoader.RequestParams.FaultyParams={};phast.ResourceLoader.RequestParams.fromString=function(g){try{return JSON.parse(g)}catch(h){return phast.ResourceLoader.RequestParams.FaultyParams}};phast.ResourceLoader.BundlerServiceClient=function(i,j,k){var l=phast.ResourceLoader.BundlerServiceClient.RequestsPack;var m=l.PackItem;var n;this.get=function(q){if(q===phast.ResourceLoader.RequestParams.FaultyParams){return Promise.reject(new Error("Parameters did not parse as JSON"))}return new Promise(function(r,s){if(n===undefined){n=new l(j)}n.add(new m({success:r,error:s},q));setTimeout(o);if(n.toQuery().length>4500){console.log("[Phast] Resource loader: Pack got too big; flushing early...");o()}})};function o(){if(n===undefined){return}var t=n;n=undefined;p(t)}function p(u){var v=phast.buildServiceUrl({serviceUrl:i,pathInfo:k},"service=bundler&"+u.toQuery());var w=function(){console.error("[Phast] Request to bundler failed with status",y.status);console.log("URL:",v);u.handleError()};var x=function(){if(y.status>=200&&y.status<300){u.handleResponse(y.responseText)}else{u.handleError()}};var y=new XMLHttpRequest;y.open("GET",v);y.addEventListener("error",w);y.addEventListener("abort",w);y.addEventListener("load",x);y.send()}};phast.ResourceLoader.BundlerServiceClient.RequestsPack=function(z){var A={};this.getLength=function(){var F=0;for(var G in A){F++}return F};this.add=function(H){var I;if(H.params.token){I="token="+H.params.token}else if(H.params.ref){I="ref="+H.params.ref}else{I=""}if(!A[I]){A[I]={params:H.params,requests:[H.request]}}else{A[I].requests.push(H.request)}};this.toQuery=function(){var J=[],K=[],L="";B().forEach(function(M){var N,O;for(var P in A[M].params){if(P==="cacheMarker"){K.push(A[M].params.cacheMarker);continue}N=z[P]?z[P]:P;if(P==="strip-imports"){O=encodeURIComponent(N)}else if(P==="src"){O=encodeURIComponent(N)+"="+encodeURIComponent(C(A[M].params.src,L));L=A[M].params.src}else{O=encodeURIComponent(N)+"="+encodeURIComponent(A[M].params[P])}J.push(O)}});if(K.length>0){J.unshift("c="+phast.hash(K.join("|"),23045))}return E(J.join("&"))};function B(){return Object.keys(A).sort(function(R,S){return Q(R,S)?1:Q(S,R)?-1:0});function Q(T,U){if(typeof A[T].params.src!=="undefined"&&typeof A[U].params.src!=="undefined"){return A[T].params.src>A[U].params.src}return T>U}}function C(V,W){var X=0,Y=Math.pow(36,2)-1;while(X<W.length&&V[X]===W[X]){X++}X=Math.min(X,Y);return D(X)+""+V.substr(X)}function D(Z){var $=["0","1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h","i","j","k","l","m","n","o","p","q","r","s","t","u","v","w","x","y","z"];var _=Z%36;var aa=Math.floor((Z-_)/36);return $[aa]+$[_]}function E(ba){if(!/(^|&)s=/.test(ba)){return ba}return ba.replace(/(%..)|([A-M])|([N-Z])/gi,function(ca,da,ea,fa){if(da){return ca}return String.fromCharCode(ca.charCodeAt(0)+(ea?13:-13))})}this.handleResponse=function(ga){try{var ha=JSON.parse(ga)}catch(ja){this.handleError();return}var ia=B();if(ha.length!==ia.length){console.error("[Phast] Requested",ia.length,"items from bundler, but got",ha.length,"response(s)");this.handleError();return}ha.forEach(function(ka,la){if(ka.status===200){A[ia[la]].requests.forEach(function(ma){ma.success(ka.content)})}else{A[ia[la]].requests.forEach(function(na){na.error(new Error("Got from bundler: "+JSON.stringify(ka)))})}})}.bind(this);this.handleError=function(){for(var oa in A){A[oa].requests.forEach(function(pa){pa.error()})}}};phast.ResourceLoader.BundlerServiceClient.RequestsPack.PackItem=function(qa,ra){this.request=qa;this.params=ra};phast.ResourceLoader.IndexedDBStorage=function(sa){var ta=phast.ResourceLoader.IndexedDBStorage;var ua=ta.logPrefix;var va=ta.requestToPromise;var wa;Ba();this.get=function(Ca){return xa("readonly").then(function(Da){return va(Da.get(Ca)).catch(ya("reading from store"))})};this.store=function(Ea){return xa("readwrite").then(function(Fa){return va(Fa.put(Ea)).catch(ya("writing to store"))})};this.clear=function(){return xa("readwrite").then(function(Ga){return va(Ga.clear())})};this.iterateOnAll=function(Ha){return xa("readonly").then(function(Ia){return za(Ha,Ia.openCursor()).catch(ya("iterating on all"))})};function xa(Ja){return wa.get().then(function(Ka){try{return Ka.transaction(sa.storeName,Ja).objectStore(sa.storeName)}catch(La){console.error(ua,"Could not open store; recreating database:",La);Aa();throw La}})}function ya(Ma){return function(Na){console.error(ua,"Error "+Ma+":",Na);Aa();throw Na}}function za(Oa,Pa){return new Promise(function(Qa,Ra){Pa.onsuccess=function(Sa){var Ta=Sa.target.result;if(Ta){Oa(Ta.value);Ta.continue()}else{Qa()}};Pa.onerror=Ra})}function Aa(){var Ua=wa.dropDB().then(Ba);wa={get:function(){return Promise.reject(new Error("Database is being dropped and recreated"))},dropDB:function(){return Ua}}}function Ba(){wa=new phast.ResourceLoader.IndexedDBStorage.Connection(sa)}};phast.ResourceLoader.IndexedDBStorage.logPrefix="[Phast] Resource loader:";phast.ResourceLoader.IndexedDBStorage.requestToPromise=function(Va){return new Promise(function(Wa,Xa){Va.onsuccess=function(){Wa(Va.result)};Va.onerror=function(){Xa(Va.error)}})};phast.ResourceLoader.IndexedDBStorage.ConnectionParams=function(){this.dbName="phastResourcesCache";this.dbVersion=1;this.storeName="resources"};phast.ResourceLoader.IndexedDBStorage.StoredResource=function(Ya,Za){this.token=Ya;this.content=Za};phast.ResourceLoader.IndexedDBStorage.Connection=function($a){var _a=phast.ResourceLoader.IndexedDBStorage.logPrefix;var a0=phast.ResourceLoader.IndexedDBStorage.requestToPromise;var b0;this.get=c0;this.dropDB=d0;function c0(){if(!b0){b0=e0($a)}return b0}function d0(){return c0().then(function(g0){console.error(_a,"Dropping DB");g0.close();b0=null;return a0(window.indexedDB.deleteDatabase($a.dbName))})}function e0(h0){if(typeof window.indexedDB==="undefined"){return Promise.reject(new Error("IndexedDB is not available"))}var i0=window.indexedDB.open(h0.dbName,h0.dbVersion);i0.onupgradeneeded=function(){f0(i0.result,h0)};return a0(i0).then(function(j0){j0.onversionchange=function(){console.debug(_a,"Closing DB");j0.close();if(b0){b0=null}};return j0}).catch(function(k0){console.log(_a,"IndexedDB cache is not available. This is usually due to using private browsing mode.");throw k0})}function f0(l0,m0){l0.createObjectStore(m0.storeName,{keyPath:"token"})}};phast.ResourceLoader.StorageCache=function(n0,o0){var p0=phast.ResourceLoader.IndexedDBStorage.StoredResource;this.get=function(x0){return s0(r0(x0))};this.set=function(y0,z0){return t0(r0(y0),z0,false)};var q0=null;function r0(A0){return JSON.stringify(A0)}function s0(B0){return o0.get(B0).then(function(C0){if(C0){return Promise.resolve(C0.content)}return Promise.resolve()})}function t0(D0,E0,F0){return w0().then(function(G0){var H0=E0.length+G0;if(H0>n0.maxStorageSize){return F0||E0.length>n0.maxStorageSize?Promise.reject(new Error("Storage quota will be exceeded")):u0(D0,E0)}q0=H0;var I0=new p0(D0,E0);return o0.store(I0)})}function u0(J0,K0){return v0().then(function(){return t0(J0,K0,true)})}function v0(){return o0.clear().then(function(){q0=0})}function w0(){if(q0!==null){return Promise.resolve(q0)}var L0=0;return o0.iterateOnAll(function(M0){L0+=M0.content.length}).then(function(){q0=L0;return Promise.resolve(q0)})}};phast.ResourceLoader.StorageCache.StorageCacheParams=function(){this.maxStorageSize=4.5*1024*1024};phast.ResourceLoader.BlackholeCache=function(){this.get=function(){return Promise.reject()};this.set=function(){return Promise.reject()}};phast.ResourceLoader.make=function(N0,O0,P0){var Q0=S0();var R0=new phast.ResourceLoader.BundlerServiceClient(N0,O0,P0);return new phast.ResourceLoader(R0,Q0);function S0(){var T0=window.navigator.userAgent;if(/safari/i.test(T0)&&!/chrome|android/i.test(T0)){console.log("[Phast] Not using IndexedDB cache on Safari");return new phast.ResourceLoader.BlackholeCache}else{var U0=new phast.ResourceLoader.IndexedDBStorage.ConnectionParams;var V0=new phast.ResourceLoader.IndexedDBStorage(U0);var W0=new phast.ResourceLoader.StorageCache.StorageCacheParams;return new phast.ResourceLoader.StorageCache(W0,V0)}}}; }),(function(){var Promise=phast.ES6Promise;phast.ResourceLoader.instance=phast.ResourceLoader.make(phast.config.resourcesLoader.serviceUrl,phast.config.resourcesLoader.shortParamsMappings,phast.config.resourcesLoader.pathInfo);phast.forEachSelectedElement=function(a,b){Array.prototype.forEach.call(window.document.querySelectorAll(a),b)};phast.once=function(c){var d=false;return function(){if(!d){d=true;c.apply(this,Array.prototype.slice(arguments))}}};phast.on=function(e,f){return new Promise(function(g){e.addEventListener(f,g)})};phast.wait=function(h){return new Promise(function(i){setTimeout(i,h)})};phast.on(document,"DOMContentLoaded").then(function(){var j,k;function l(n){return n&&n.nodeType===8&&/^\s*\[Phast\]/.test(n.textContent)}function m(o){while(o){if(l(o)){return o}o=o.nextSibling}return false}k=m(document.documentElement.nextSibling);if(k===false){k=m(document.body.firstChild)}if(k){j=k.textContent.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g,"").split("\n");console.groupCollapsed(j.shift());console.log(j.join("\n"));console.groupEnd()}});phast.on(document,"DOMContentLoaded").then(function(){var p=performance.timing;var q=[];q.push(["Downloading phases:"]);q.push([" Look up hostname in DNS + %s ms",t(p.domainLookupEnd-p.fetchStart)]);q.push([" Establish connection + %s ms",t(p.connectEnd-p.domainLookupEnd)]);q.push([" Send request + %s ms",t(p.requestStart-p.connectEnd)]);q.push([" Receive first byte + %s ms",t(p.responseStart-p.requestStart)]);q.push([" Download page + %s ms",t(p.responseEnd-p.responseStart)]);q.push([""]);q.push(["Totals:"]);q.push([" Time to first byte %s ms",t(p.responseStart-p.fetchStart)]);q.push([" (since request start) %s ms",t(p.responseStart-p.requestStart)]);q.push([" Total request time %s ms",t(p.responseEnd-p.fetchStart)]);q.push([" (since request start) %s ms",t(p.responseEnd-p.requestStart)]);q.push([" "]);var r=[];var s=[];q.forEach(function(u){r.push(u.shift());s=s.concat(u)});console.groupCollapsed("[Phast] Client-side performance metrics");console.log.apply(console,[r.join("\n")].concat(s));console.groupEnd();function t(v){v=""+v;while(v.length<4){v=" "+v}return v}}); }),(function(){var config=phast.config["script-proxy-service"];var urlPattern=/^(https?:)?\/\//;var typePattern=/^\s*(application|text)\/(x-)?(java|ecma|j|live)script/i;var cacheMarker=Math.floor((new Date).getTime()/1e3/config.urlRefreshTime);var whitelist=compileWhitelistPatterns(config.whitelist);phast.scripts.push(function(){overrideDOMMethod("appendChild");overrideDOMMethod("insertBefore")});function compileWhitelistPatterns(a){var b=/^(.)(.*)\1([a-z]*)$/i;var c=[];a.forEach(function(d){var e=b.exec(d);if(!e){window.console&&window.console.log("Phast: Not a pattern:",d);return}try{c.push(new RegExp(e[2],e[3]))}catch(f){window.console&&window.console.log("Phast: Failed to compile pattern:",d)}});return c}function checkWhitelist(g){for(var h=0;h<whitelist.length;h++){if(whitelist[h].exec(g)){return true}}return false}function overrideDOMMethod(i){var j=Element.prototype[i];var k=function(){var l=processNode(arguments[0]);var m=j.apply(this,arguments);l();return m};Element.prototype[i]=k;window.addEventListener("load",function(){if(Element.prototype[i]===k){delete Element.prototype[i]}})}function processNode(n){if(!n||n.nodeType!==Node.ELEMENT_NODE||n.tagName!=="SCRIPT"||!urlPattern.test(n.src)||n.type&&!typePattern.test(n.type)||n.src.substr(0,config.serviceUrl.length)===config.serviceUrl||!checkWhitelist(n.src)){return function(){}}var o=n.src;n.src=phast.buildServiceUrl(config,{service:"scripts",src:o,cacheMarker:cacheMarker});n.setAttribute("data-phast-rewritten","");return function(){n.src=o}} }),(function(){(function(){var a=function(){if(!("FontFace"in window)){return false}var b=new FontFace("t",'url( "data:font/woff2;base64,d09GMgABAAAAAADwAAoAAAAAAiQAAACoAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABmAALAogOAE2AiQDBgsGAAQgBSAHIBuDAciO1EZ3I/mL5/+5/rfPnTt9/9Qa8H4cUUZxaRbh36LiKJoVh61XGzw6ufkpoeZBW4KphwFYIJGHB4LAY4hby++gW+6N1EN94I49v86yCpUdYgqeZrOWN34CMQg2tAmthdli0eePIwAKNIIRS4AGZFzdX9lbBUAQlm//f262/61o8PlYO/D1/X4FrWFFgdCQD9DpGJSxmFyjOAGUU4P0qigcNb82GAAA" ) format( "woff2" )',{});b.load()["catch"](function(){});return b.status=="loading"||b.status=="loaded"}();if(a){return}console.log("[Phast] Browser does not support WOFF2, falling back to original stylesheets");Array.prototype.forEach.call(document.querySelectorAll("style[data-phast-ie-fallback-url]"),function(c){var d=document.createElement("link");if(c.hasAttribute("media")){d.setAttribute("media",c.getAttribute("media"))}d.setAttribute("rel","stylesheet");d.setAttribute("href",c.getAttribute("data-phast-ie-fallback-url"));c.parentNode.insertBefore(d,c);c.parentNode.removeChild(c)});Array.prototype.forEach.call(document.querySelectorAll("style[data-phast-nested-inlined]"),function(e){e.parentNode.removeChild(e)})})(); }),(function(){phast.stylesLoading=0;var resourceLoader=phast.ResourceLoader.instance;phast.forEachSelectedElement("style[data-phast-params]",function(a){var b=a.getAttribute("data-phast-params");var c=phast.ResourceLoader.RequestParams.fromString(b);phast.stylesLoading++;resourceLoader.get(c).then(function(d){a.textContent=d;a.removeAttribute("data-phast-params")}).catch(function(e){console.warn("[Phast] Failed to load CSS",c,e);var f=a.getAttribute("data-phast-original-src");if(!f){console.error("[Phast] No data-phast-original-src on <style>!",a);return}console.info("[Phast] Falling back to <link> element for",f);var g=document.createElement("link");g.href=f;g.media=a.media;g.rel="stylesheet";g.addEventListener("load",function(){if(a.parentNode){a.parentNode.removeChild(a)}});a.parentNode.insertBefore(g,a.nextSibling)}).finally(function(){phast.stylesLoading--;if(phast.stylesLoading===0&&phast.onStylesLoaded){phast.onStylesLoaded()}})});(function(){var h=[];phast.forEachSelectedElement("style[data-phast-original-id]",function(i){var j=i.getAttribute("data-phast-original-id");if(h[j]){return}h[j]=true;console.warn("[Phast] The style element with id",j,"has been split into multiple style tags due to @import statements and the id attribute has been removed. Normally, this does not cause any issues.")})})(); }),(function(){var Promise=phast.ES6Promise;var hasCurrentScript=!!document.currentScript;phast.ScriptsLoader={};phast.ScriptsLoader.getScriptsInExecutionOrder=function(a,b){var c=Array.prototype.slice.call(a.querySelectorAll('script[type="text/phast"]')).filter(g);var d=[],e=[];for(var f=0;f<c.length;f++){if(getSrc(c[f])!==undefined&&isDefer(c[f])){e.push(c[f])}else{d.push(c[f])}}return d.concat(e).map(function(j){return b.makeScriptFromElement(j)});function g(k){try{var l=phast.config.scriptsLoader.csp}catch(m){return true}if(l.nonce==null){return true}if(k.nonce===l.nonce){return true}try{h(l,k)}catch(n){console.error("Could not send CSP report due to error:",n)}if(l.reportOnly){console.warn("Script with missing or invalid nonce would not be executed (but report-only mode is enabled):",k);return true}console.warn("Script with missing or invalid nonce will not be executed:",k);return false}function h(o,p){var q={"blocked-uri":getSrc(p),disposition:o.reportOnly?"report":"enforce","document-uri":location.href,referrer:a.referrer,"script-sample":i(p),implementation:"phast"};try{p.dispatchEvent(new SecurityPolicyViolationEvent("securitypolicyviolation",{blockedURI:q["blocked-uri"],disposition:q["disposition"],documentURI:q["document-uri"],effectiveDirective:"script-src-elem",originalPolicy:"phast",referrer:q["referrer"],sample:q["script-sample"],statusCode:200,violatedDirective:"script-src-elem"}))}catch(s){console.error("[Phast] Could not dispatch securitypolicyviolation event",s)}if(!o.reportUri){return}var r={"csp-report":q};fetch(o.reportUri,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/csp-report"},credentials:"same-origin",redirect:"error",keepalive:true,body:JSON.stringify(r)})}function i(t){if(!t.hasAttribute("src")){return t.textContent.substr(0,40)}}};phast.ScriptsLoader.executeScripts=function(u){var v=u.map(function(x){return x.init()});var w=Promise.resolve();u.forEach(function(y){w=phast.ScriptsLoader.chainScript(w,y)});return w.then(function(){return Promise.all(v).catch(function(){})})};phast.ScriptsLoader.chainScript=function(z,A){var B;try{if(A.describe){B=A.describe()}else{B="unknown script"}}catch(C){B="script.describe() failed"}return z.then(function(){var D=A.execute();D.then(function(){console.debug("✓",B)});return D}).catch(function(E){console.error("✘",B);if(E){console.log(E)}})};var insertBefore=window.Element.prototype.insertBefore;phast.ScriptsLoader.Utilities=function(F){this._document=F;var G=0;function H(R){return new Promise(function(S){var T="PhastCompleteScript"+ ++G;var U=I(R);var V=I(T+"()");window[T]=W;F.body.appendChild(U);F.body.appendChild(V);function W(){S();F.body.removeChild(U);F.body.removeChild(V);delete window[T]}})}function I(X){var Y=F.createElement("script");Y.textContent=X;Y.nonce=phast.config.scriptsLoader.csp.nonce;return Y}function J(Z){var $=F.createElement(Z.nodeName);Array.prototype.forEach.call(Z.attributes,function(_){$.setAttribute(_.nodeName,_.nodeValue)});return $}function K(aa){aa.removeAttribute("data-phast-params");var ba={};Array.prototype.map.call(aa.attributes,function(ca){return ca.nodeName}).map(function(da){var ea=da.match(/^data-phast-original-(.*)/i);if(ea){ba[ea[1].toLowerCase()]=aa.getAttribute(da);aa.removeAttribute(da)}});Object.keys(ba).sort().map(function(fa){aa.setAttribute(fa,ba[fa])});if(!("type"in ba)){aa.removeAttribute("type")}}function L(ga,ha){return new Promise(function(ia,ja){var ka=ha.getAttribute("src");ha.addEventListener("load",ia);ha.addEventListener("error",ja);ha.removeAttribute("src");insertBefore.call(ga.parentNode,ha,ga);ga.parentNode.removeChild(ga);if(ka){ha.setAttribute("src",ka)}})}function M(la,ma){return O(la,function(){return P(la,function(){return H(ma)})})}function N(na,oa){return O(oa,function(){return L(na,oa)})}function O(pa,qa){var ra=pa.nextElementSibling;var sa=Promise.resolve();var ta;if(isAsync(pa)){ta="async"}else if(isDefer(pa)){ta="defer"}F.write=function(xa){if(ta){console.warn("document.write call from "+ta+" script ignored");return}ua(xa)};F.writeln=function(ya){if(ta){console.warn("document.writeln call from "+ta+" script ignored");return}ua(ya+"\n")};function ua(za){var Aa=F.createElement("div");Aa.innerHTML=za;var Ba=va(Aa);if(ra&&ra.parentNode!==pa.parentNode){ra=pa.nextElementSibling}while(Aa.firstChild){pa.parentNode.insertBefore(Aa.firstChild,ra)}Ba.map(wa)}function va(Ca){return Array.prototype.slice.call(Ca.getElementsByTagName("script")).filter(function(Da){var Ea=Da.getAttribute("type");return!Ea||/^(text|application)\/javascript(;|$)/i.test(Ea)})}function wa(Fa){var Ga=new phast.ScriptsLoader.Scripts.Factory(F);var Ha=Ga.makeScriptFromElement(Fa);sa=phast.ScriptsLoader.chainScript(sa,Ha)}return qa().then(function(){return sa}).finally(function(){delete F.write;delete F.writeln})}function P(Ia,Ja){if(hasCurrentScript){try{Object.defineProperty(F,"currentScript",{configurable:true,get:function(){return Ia}})}catch(Ka){console.error("[Phast] Unable to override document.currentScript on this browser: ",Ka)}}return Ja().finally(function(){if(hasCurrentScript){delete F.currentScript}})}function Q(La){var Ma=F.createElement("link");Ma.setAttribute("rel","preload");Ma.setAttribute("as","script");Ma.setAttribute("href",La);F.head.appendChild(Ma)}this.executeString=H;this.copyElement=J;this.restoreOriginals=K;this.replaceElement=L;this.writeProtectAndExecuteString=M;this.writeProtectAndReplaceElement=N;this.addPreload=Q};phast.ScriptsLoader.Scripts={};phast.ScriptsLoader.Scripts.InlineScript=function(Na,Oa){this._utils=Na;this._element=Oa;this.init=function(){return Promise.resolve()};this.execute=function(){var Pa=Oa.textContent.replace(/^\s*