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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Screw&returntoquery=diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1200780999" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Screw&returntoquery=diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1200780999" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_screws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_screws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of screws</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_screws-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of screws subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_screws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wood_screw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_screw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wood screw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_screw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machine_screw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine_screw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Machine screw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machine_screw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hex_cap_screw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hex_cap_screw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hex cap screw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hex_cap_screw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lag_screw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lag_screw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Lag screw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lag_screw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone_screw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_screw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Bone screw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_screw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screw_heads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screw_heads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Screw heads</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Screw_heads-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Screw heads subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Screw_heads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Metric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Inch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screw_threads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screw_threads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Screw threads</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Screw_threads-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Screw threads subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Screw_threads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ISO_metric_screw_thread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISO_metric_screw_thread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>ISO metric screw thread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISO_metric_screw_thread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whitworth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whitworth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Whitworth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whitworth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Association_screw_thread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Association_screw_thread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>British Association screw thread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Association_screw_thread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unified_Thread_Standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unified_Thread_Standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Unified Thread Standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unified_Thread_Standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mechanical classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Screw: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skroef" title="Skroef – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skroef" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schraube_(Verbindungselement)" title="Schraube (Verbindungselement) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schraube (Verbindungselement)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8E%E1%8A%95" title="ብሎን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብሎን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A" title="पेच – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पेच" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%8A" title="برغي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برغي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torniello" title="Torniello – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Torniello" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torniellu" title="Torniellu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Torniellu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint" title="Vint – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vint" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="بوروم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوروم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81" title="স্ক্রু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ক্রু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4%CD%98-si" title="Lô͘-si – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô͘-si" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Винт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Винт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Шуруп – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шуруп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Шруба – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шруба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Винт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Винт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schraubn" title="Schraubn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schraubn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="གཅུ་འཛེར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཅུ་འཛེར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijak" title="Vijak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vijak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%B1s" title="Biñs – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Biñs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caragol_(enginyeria)" title="Caragol (enginyeria) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caragol (enginyeria)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrut" title="Vrut – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vrut" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgriw" title="Sgriw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sgriw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrue" title="Skrue – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skrue" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="ڤيس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤيس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schraube" title="Schraube – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schraube" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruvi" title="Kruvi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kruvi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κοχλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοχλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornillo" title="Tornillo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tornillo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cra%C5%ADbo" title="Ŝraŭbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝraŭbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torloju" title="Torloju – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Torloju" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%86" title="پیچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw" title="Screw – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Screw" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_de_fixation" title="Vis de fixation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vis de fixation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafuso" title="Parafuso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parafuso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%82%AC%EB%AA%BB" title="나사못 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나사못" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Պտուտակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պտուտակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A" title="पेंच – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेंच" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijak" title="Vijak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vijak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrubo" title="Skrubo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skrubo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornilio" title="Tornilio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tornilio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekrup" title="Sekrup – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sekrup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isibhinyi" title="Isibhinyi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isibhinyi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skr%C3%BAfa" title="Skrúfa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skrúfa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vite_(meccanica)" title="Vite (meccanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vite (meccanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="בורג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בורג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81" title="ತಿರುಪು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಿರುಪು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჭანჭიკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჭანჭიკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Бұранда – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бұранда" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogenter" title="Trogenter – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Trogenter" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafujo" title="Parafujo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Parafujo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titickasa_suola" title="Titickasa suola – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Titickasa suola" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis" title="Vis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Буроо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Буроо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavus_cochleatus" title="Clavus cochleatus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Clavus cochleatus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skr%C5%ABve" title="Skrūve – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skrūve" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrauf" title="Schrauf – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schrauf" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%BEtas" title="Varžtas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Varžtas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjroef" title="Sjroef – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjroef" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid_(mecanega)" title="Vid (mecanega) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vid (mecanega)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csavar" title="Csavar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csavar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Завртка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Завртка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF" title="പിരിയാണി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിരിയാണി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B8" title="مسمار قلاووظ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مسمار قلاووظ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skru" title="Skru – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Шураг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шураг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B0" title="ဝက်အူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝက်အူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroef_(verbinding)" title="Schroef (verbinding) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schroef (verbinding)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82" title="हिँकिं – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिँकिं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%AD%E3%81%98" title="ねじ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ねじ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Винт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Винт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrue" title="Skrue – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skrue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrue" title="Skrue – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skrue" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitz_(mecanica)" title="Vitz (mecanica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vitz (mecanica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A" title="ପେଞ୍ଚ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପେଞ୍ଚ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booltii" title="Booltii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Booltii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint" title="Vint – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vint" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9A" title="ਪੇਚ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੇਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%86" title="پیچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schruuv_(Verbinnelement)" title="Schruuv (Verbinnelement) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schruuv (Verbinnelement)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wkr%C4%99t" title="Wkręt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wkręt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafuso" title="Parafuso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parafuso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98urub" title="Șurub – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șurub" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnillu" title="Turnillu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turnillu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Винт (деталь) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Винт (деталь)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Суруук – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Суруук" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%AB" title="ඉස්කුරුප්පු ඇණ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉස්කුරුප්පු ඇණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw" title="Screw – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Screw" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrutka" title="Skrutka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skrutka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijak" title="Vijak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vijak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%86" title="پێچ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێچ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Вијак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вијак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijak" title="Vijak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vijak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruuvi" title="Ruuvi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruuvi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skruv" title="Skruv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skruv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornilyo" title="Tornilyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tornilyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF" title="திருகாணி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருகாணி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Шөреп – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шөреп" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0" title="మర – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మర" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9" title="สกรู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สกรู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87" title="Печ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Печ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Гвинт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гвинт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%86" title="پیچ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیچ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ۋىنتا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋىنتا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%90c_v%C3%ADt" title="Ốc vít – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ốc vít" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruvv" title="Kruvv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kruvv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnilyo" title="Turnilyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Turnilyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9E%BA%E4%B8%9D" title="螺丝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="螺丝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A3" title="שרויף – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שרויף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li 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data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ToggleSwitchWidget","href":"\/w\/index.php?title=Screw&diff=prev&oldid=1200780999&diff-type=inline","value":false,"title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-glow'></span><a href='/w/index.php?title=Screw&diff=prev&oldid=1200780999&diff-type=inline'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-grip'></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><table class="diff diff-type-table diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&oldid=1200779948" title="Screw">Revision as of 07:00, 30 January 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&oldid=1200779948" title="Screw">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-01-30T07:00:18Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Tiny_Particle" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Tiny Particle" data-mw-revid="1200779948"><bdi>Tiny Particle</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Tiny_Particle" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Tiny Particle">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Tiny_Particle" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Tiny Particle">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>8,187</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Attribution: Copied from <a href="/wiki/Screw_Thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw Thread">Screw Thread</a> on 30 Jan 2024. Please see that page for full attribution.</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&diff=prev&oldid=1200779948" title="Screw" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&oldid=1200780999" title="Screw">Revision as of 07:04, 30 January 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&oldid=1200780999" title="Screw">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-01-30T07:04:12Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&action=edit&undoafter=1200779948&undo=1200780999" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Tiny_Particle" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Tiny Particle" data-mw-revid="1200780999"><bdi>Tiny Particle</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Tiny_Particle" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Tiny Particle">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Tiny_Particle" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Tiny Particle">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>8,187</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><span class="comment mw-comment-none">No edit summary</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw&diff=next&oldid=1200780999" title="Screw" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>A '''screw''' is an externally [[helical thread]]ed [[fastener]] capable of being tightened or released by a [[twisting force]] ([[torque]]) to the [[screw head|head]]. Screws might be inserted into holes in assembled parts or a screw may form its own thread.<ref>{{harvnb|Oberg|Jones|Horton|Ryffel|2000|p=1492}}</ref> The most common uses of screws are to hold objects together and there are many forms for a variety of materials. </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>A '''screw''' is an externally [[helical thread]]ed [[fastener]] capable of being tightened or released by a [[twisting force]] ([[torque]]) to the [[screw head|head]]. Screws might be inserted into holes in assembled parts or a screw may form its own thread.<ref>{{harvnb|Oberg|Jones|Horton|Ryffel|2000|p=1492}}</ref> The most common uses of screws are to hold objects together and there are many forms for a variety of materials. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The screw has a ''head'' on one end that requires it to be turned with a tool. Common tools for driving screws include [[screwdriver]]s, [[wrench]]es and [[Hex key|keys]]. The head is usually larger than the body, which keeps the screw from being driven deeper than its length<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> and to provide a ''[[bearing surface]]''</del>; an exception being the ''set screw'' (aka [[grub screw]]). The cylindrical portion of the screw from the underside of the head to the tip is called the ''shank''; it may be fully or partially threaded with the distance between each thread called the ''pitch''.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1990|p=39}}.</ref><ref name="Blake 1986 p. 9">{{cite book | last=Blake | first=A. | title=What Every Engineer Should Know about Threaded Fasteners: Materials and Design | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=1986 | isbn=978-0-8493-8379-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAWznUs54uwC&pg=PA9 | access-date=2021-01-24 | page=9}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The screw has a ''head'' on one end that requires it to be turned with a tool. Common tools for driving screws include [[screwdriver]]s, [[wrench]]es and [[Hex key|keys]]. The head is usually larger than the body, which<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> provide a ''[[bearing surface]]'' and</ins> keeps the screw from being driven deeper than its length; an exception being the ''set screw'' (aka [[grub screw]]). The cylindrical portion of the screw from the underside of the head to the tip is called the ''shank''; it may be fully or partially threaded with the distance between each thread called the ''pitch''.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1990|p=39}}.</ref><ref name="Blake 1986 p. 9">{{cite book | last=Blake | first=A. | title=What Every Engineer Should Know about Threaded Fasteners: Materials and Design | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=1986 | isbn=978-0-8493-8379-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAWznUs54uwC&pg=PA9 | access-date=2021-01-24 | page=9}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Most screws are tightened by [[clockwise]] rotation, which is called a ''right-hand thread''.<ref name="McManus 2002 p. 46">{{cite book | last=McManus | first=C. | title=Right Hand, Left Hand: The Origins of Asymmetry in Brains, Bodies, Atoms and Cultures | publisher=Harvard University Press | date=2002 | isbn=978-0-674-01613-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20oza63ZuG4C&pg=PA46 | page=46}}</ref><ref name="Anderson 1983 p. 200">{{cite book | last=Anderson | first=J.G. | title=Technical Shop Mathematics | publisher=Industrial Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-8311-1145-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BabtEFxgZ2AC&pg=PA200 | page=200}}</ref> Screws with a left-hand thread are used in exceptional cases, such as where the screw will be subject to [[Clockwise#Terminology|counterclockwise]] [[torque]], which would tend to loosen a right-hand screw. For this reason, the left-side [[Bicycle pedal#Attachment|pedal of a bicycle]] has a [[left-hand thread]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_p.html#pedal | title=Bicycle Glossary: Pedal</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Most screws are tightened by [[clockwise]] rotation, which is called a ''right-hand thread''.<ref name="McManus 2002 p. 46">{{cite book | last=McManus | first=C. | title=Right Hand, Left Hand: The Origins of Asymmetry in Brains, Bodies, Atoms and Cultures | publisher=Harvard University Press | date=2002 | isbn=978-0-674-01613-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20oza63ZuG4C&pg=PA46 | page=46}}</ref><ref name="Anderson 1983 p. 200">{{cite book | last=Anderson | first=J.G. | title=Technical Shop Mathematics | publisher=Industrial Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-8311-1145-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BabtEFxgZ2AC&pg=PA200 | page=200}}</ref> Screws with a left-hand thread are used in exceptional cases, such as where the screw will be subject to [[Clockwise#Terminology|counterclockwise]] [[torque]], which would tend to loosen a right-hand screw. For this reason, the left-side [[Bicycle pedal#Attachment|pedal of a bicycle]] has a [[left-hand thread]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_p.html#pedal | title=Bicycle Glossary: Pedal</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 07:04, 30 January 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of fastener characterized by a thread wrapped around a cylinder core</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fastener. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Screw_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Screw (disambiguation)">Screw (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Screws.jpg/220px-Screws.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Screws.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>An assortment of screws, and a <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">US quarter</a> for size comparison</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_screw_with_legend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wood_screw_with_legend.svg/170px-Wood_screw_with_legend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wood_screw_with_legend.svg/255px-Wood_screw_with_legend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wood_screw_with_legend.svg/340px-Wood_screw_with_legend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>A wood screw: a) head; b) non-threaded shank; c) threaded shank; d) tip</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_Mechanical_Powers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Six_Mechanical_Powers.png/250px-Six_Mechanical_Powers.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Six_Mechanical_Powers.png/375px-Six_Mechanical_Powers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Six_Mechanical_Powers.png/500px-Six_Mechanical_Powers.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>The six <a href="/wiki/Classical_simple_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical simple machines">classical simple machines</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>screw</b> is an externally <a href="/wiki/Helical_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Helical thread">helical threaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">fastener</a> capable of being tightened or released by a <a href="/wiki/Twisting_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Twisting force">twisting force</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Screw_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw head">head</a>. Screws might be inserted into holes in assembled parts or a screw may form its own thread.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common uses of screws are to hold objects together and there are many forms for a variety of materials. </p><p>The screw has a <i>head</i> on one end that requires it to be turned with a tool. Common tools for driving screws include <a href="/wiki/Screwdriver" title="Screwdriver">screwdrivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrench" title="Wrench">wrenches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hex_key" title="Hex key">keys</a>. The head is usually larger than the body, which provide a <i><a href="/wiki/Bearing_surface" title="Bearing surface">bearing surface</a></i> and keeps the screw from being driven deeper than its length; an exception being the <i>set screw</i> (aka <a href="/wiki/Grub_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Grub screw">grub screw</a>). The cylindrical portion of the screw from the underside of the head to the tip is called the <i>shank</i>; it may be fully or partially threaded with the distance between each thread called the <i>pitch</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blake_1986_p._9_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_1986_p._9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most screws are tightened by <a href="/wiki/Clockwise" title="Clockwise">clockwise</a> rotation, which is called a <i>right-hand thread</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McManus_2002_p._46_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McManus_2002_p._46-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_1983_p._200_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_1983_p._200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Screws with a left-hand thread are used in exceptional cases, such as where the screw will be subject to <a href="/wiki/Clockwise#Terminology" title="Clockwise">counterclockwise</a> <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a>, which would tend to loosen a right-hand screw. For this reason, the left-side <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_pedal#Attachment" title="Bicycle pedal">pedal of a bicycle</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Left-hand_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-hand thread">left-hand thread</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Screw_mechanism" title="Screw mechanism">screw mechanism</a> is one of the six classical simple machines defined by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> scientists:<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica1773_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica1773-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morris_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="#Differentiation_between_bolt_and_screw">difference between a screw and a bolt</a> is that the latter is designed to be tightened or released by <a href="/wiki/Torquing" class="mw-redirect" title="Torquing">torquing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Nut_(hardware)" title="Nut (hardware)">nut</a>. </p><p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_making_machine,_1871.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Screw_making_machine%2C_1871.png/220px-Screw_making_machine%2C_1871.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Screw_making_machine%2C_1871.png/330px-Screw_making_machine%2C_1871.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Screw_making_machine%2C_1871.png/440px-Screw_making_machine%2C_1871.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lathe_(metal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathe (metal)">lathe</a> of 1871, equipped with <a href="/wiki/Leadscrew" title="Leadscrew">leadscrew</a> and change gears for single-point screw-cutting</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brownie-4slide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Brownie-4slide.jpg/220px-Brownie-4slide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Brownie-4slide.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Brown_%26_Sharpe" title="Brown & Sharpe">Brown & Sharpe</a> single-<a href="/wiki/Spindle_(tool)" title="Spindle (tool)">spindle</a> screw machine</figcaption></figure> <p>Fasteners had become widespread involving concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Dowel" title="Dowel">dowels</a> and pins, wedging, <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortises and tenons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">dovetails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nail_(fastener)" title="Nail (fastener)">nailing</a> (with or without clenching the nail ends), <a href="/wiki/Forge_welding" title="Forge welding">forge welding</a>, and many kinds of binding with cord made of leather or fiber, using many kinds of <a href="/wiki/Knot" title="Knot">knots</a>. The screw was one of the last of the simple machines to be invented.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian">Neo-Assyrian</a> period (911-609) BC,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then later appeared in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bunch_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krebs_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it was described by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Greek mathematician</a> <a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas"> Archytas of Tarentum</a> (428–350 BC). By the 1st century BC, wooden screws were commonly used throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> world in <a href="/wiki/Screw_press" title="Screw press">screw presses</a> for pressing <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> from olives and for pressing juice from grapes in <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a>. The first documentation of the <a href="/wiki/Screwdriver" title="Screwdriver">screwdriver</a> is in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Housebook_of_Wolfegg_Castle" title="Housebook of Wolfegg Castle">Housebook of Wolfegg Castle</a>, a manuscript written sometime between 1475 and 1490.<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp90-94_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp90-94-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However they probably did not become widespread until after 1800, once threaded fasteners had become commodified.<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp34,66,90_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp34,66,90-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metal screws used as fasteners were rare in Europe before the 15th century, if known at all.<sup id="cite_ref-MFA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metal screw did not become a common fastener until <a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> developed toward the end of the 18th century. This development blossomed in the 1760s and 1770s.<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp75-99_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp75-99-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along two separate paths that soon <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">converged</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p99_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000p99-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first path was pioneered by brothers Job and William Wyatt of <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, UK,<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p75_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000p75-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who patented in 1760 a machine that one might today best call a <a href="/wiki/Automatic_lathe#Screw_machine" title="Automatic lathe">screw machine</a> of an early and prescient sort. It made use of a leadscrew to guide the cutter to produce the desired pitch,<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p75_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000p75-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the slot was cut with a rotary file while the main spindle held still (presaging live tools on lathes 250 years later). Not until 1776 did the Wyatt brothers have a wood-screw factory up and running.<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p75_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000p75-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their enterprise failed, but new owners soon made it prosper, and in the 1780s they were producing 16,000 screws a day with only 30 employees<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p76_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000p76-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—the kind of industrial productivity and output volume that would later become characteristic of modern industry but which was revolutionary at the time. </p><p>Meanwhile, English instrument-maker <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ramsden" title="Jesse Ramsden">Jesse Ramsden</a> (1735–1800) was working on the <a href="/wiki/Tool_and_die_maker" title="Tool and die maker">toolmaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_instrument_makers" title="Category:Scientific instrument makers">instrument-making</a> end of the screw-cutting problem, and in 1777 he invented the first satisfactory <a href="/wiki/Screw-cutting_lathe" title="Screw-cutting lathe">screw-cutting lathe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp97-99_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp97-99-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British engineer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maudslay" title="Henry Maudslay">Henry Maudslay</a> (1771–1831) gained fame by popularizing such lathes with his screw-cutting lathes of 1797 and 1800, containing the trifecta of leadscrew, slide rest, and change-gear gear train, all in the right proportions for industrial machining. In a sense he unified the paths of the Wyatts and Ramsden and did for machine screws what had already been done for wood screws, i.e., significant easing of production spurring <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a>. His firm would remain a leader in machine tools for decades afterward. A misquoting of <a href="/wiki/James_Nasmyth" title="James Nasmyth">James Nasmyth</a> popularized the notion that Maudslay had <i>invented</i> the slide rest, but this was incorrect; however, his lathes helped to popularize it. </p><p><br /> These developments of the 1760–1800 era, with the Wyatts and Maudslay as arguably the most important drivers, caused great increase in the use of threaded fasteners. <a href="/wiki/Screw_thread#History_of_standardization" title="Screw thread">Standardization of threadforms</a> began almost immediately, but it was not quickly completed; it has been an evolving process ever since. Further improvements to the mass production of screws continued to push <a href="/wiki/Unit_price" title="Unit price">unit prices</a> lower and lower for decades to come, throughout the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp76-78_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp76-78-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mass production of <i>wood</i> screws (meaning screws made of metal to be used in working with wood) in a specialized, single-purpose, high-volume-production machine tool; and the low-count, <a href="/wiki/Toolroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Toolroom">toolroom</a>-style production of <i>machine</i> screws (V-thread) with easy selection among various pitches (whatever the machinist happened to need on any given day). </p><p>In 1821 Hardman Philips built the first screw factory in the United States – on Moshannon Creek, near <a href="/wiki/Philipsburg,_Centre_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philipsburg, Centre County, Pennsylvania">Philipsburg</a> – for the manufacture of blunt metal screws. An expert in screw manufacture, Thomas Lever, was brought over from England to run the factory. The mill used steam and water power, with hardwood charcoal as fuel. The screws were made from wire prepared by "rolling and wire drawing apparatus" from iron manufactured at a nearby forge. The screw mill was not a commercial success. It eventually failed due to competition from the lower-cost, gimlet-pointed screw, and ceased operations in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American development of the <a href="/wiki/Turret_lathe" title="Turret lathe">turret lathe</a> (1840s) and of automatic <a href="/wiki/Automatic_lathe#Screw_machine" title="Automatic lathe">screw machines</a> derived from it (1870s) drastically reduced the unit cost of threaded fasteners by increasingly automating the machine-tool control. This <a href="/wiki/Demand_curve" title="Demand curve">cost reduction spurred ever greater use</a> of screws. </p><p>Throughout the 19th century, the most commonly used forms of screw head (that is, <a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives" title="List of screw drives">drive types</a>) were simple internal-wrenching straight slots and external-wrenching squares and hexagons. These were easy to <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machine</a> and served most applications adequately. Rybczynski describes a flurry of patents for alternative drive types in the 1860s through 1890s,<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp79-81_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp79-81-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but explains that these were patented but not manufactured due to the difficulties and expense of doing so at the time. In 1908, Canadian <a href="/wiki/P._L._Robertson" title="P. L. Robertson">P. L. Robertson</a> was the first to make the internal-wrenching square socket drive a practical reality by developing just the right design (slight taper angles and overall proportions) to allow the head to be stamped easily but successfully, with the metal <a href="/wiki/Cold_forming" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold forming">cold forming</a> as desired rather than being sheared or displaced in unwanted ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp79-81_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp79-81-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Practical manufacture of the internal-wrenching hexagon drive (<a href="/wiki/Hex_key" title="Hex key">hex socket</a>) shortly followed in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-US_patent_161390_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_patent_161390-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hallowell1951pp51-59_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallowell1951pp51-59-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1930s American <a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Phillips" title="Henry F. Phillips">Henry F. Phillips</a> popularized the Phillips-head screw.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Threadform standardization further improved in the late 1940s, when the ISO metric screw thread and the Unified Thread Standard were defined. </p><p>Precision screws, for controlling motion rather than fastening, developed around the turn of the 19th century, and represented one of the central technical advances, along with flat surfaces, that enabled the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial revolution">industrial revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p104_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000p104-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are key components of <a href="/wiki/Micrometer_(device)" title="Micrometer (device)">micrometers</a> and lathes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolt_Forming.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bolt_Forming.svg/300px-Bolt_Forming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bolt_Forming.svg/450px-Bolt_Forming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bolt_Forming.svg/600px-Bolt_Forming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_(bolt)_13-n.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Screw_%28bolt%29_13-n.PNG/220px-Screw_%28bolt%29_13-n.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Screw_%28bolt%29_13-n.PNG/330px-Screw_%28bolt%29_13-n.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Screw_%28bolt%29_13-n.PNG/440px-Screw_%28bolt%29_13-n.PNG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Threading (manufacturing)">Threading (manufacturing)</a></div> <p>There are three steps in manufacturing a screw: <i>heading</i>, <i>thread rolling</i>, and <i>coating</i>. Screws are normally made from <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a>, which is supplied in large coils, or round <a href="/wiki/Bar_stock" title="Bar stock">bar stock</a> for larger screws. The wire or rod is then cut to the proper length for the type of screw being made; this workpiece is known as a <i>blank</i>. It is then <a href="/wiki/Heading_(metalworking)" title="Heading (metalworking)">cold headed</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Cold_working" title="Cold working">cold working</a> process. Heading produces the <i>head</i> of the screw. The shape of the die in the machine dictates what features are pressed into the screw head; for example a flat head screw uses a flat die. For more complicated shapes two heading processes are required to get all of the features into the screw head. This production method is used because heading has a very high production rate, and produces virtually no waste material. Slotted head screws require an extra step to cut the slot in the head; this is done on a <i>slotting machine</i>. These machines are essentially stripped down milling machines designed to process as many blanks as possible. </p><p>The blanks are then polished<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> again prior to threading. The threads are usually produced via <a href="/wiki/Thread_rolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread rolling">thread rolling</a>; however, some are <a href="/wiki/Thread_cutting" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread cutting">cut</a>. The workpiece is then <a href="/wiki/Tumble_finishing" title="Tumble finishing">tumble finished</a> with wood and leather media to do final cleaning and polishing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For most screws, a coating, such as <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> with zinc (<a href="/wiki/Galvanizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanizing">galvanizing</a>) or applying <a href="/wiki/Black_oxide" title="Black oxide">black oxide</a>, is applied to prevent corrosion. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_screws">Types of screws</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_and_bolt_types" title="List of screw and bolt types">List of screw and bolt types</a></div> <p>Threaded fasteners either have a tapered shank or a non-tapered shank. Fasteners with tapered shanks are designed to either be driven into a substrate directly or into a pilot hole in a substrate, and most are classed as screws. Mating threads are formed in the substrate as these fasteners are driven in. Fasteners with a non-tapered shank are generally designed to mate with a nut or to be driven into a tapped hole, and most would be classed as <a href="/wiki/Bolt_(fastener)" title="Bolt (fastener)">bolts</a>, although some are thread-forming (eg. <a href="/wiki/Taptite" class="mw-redirect" title="Taptite">taptite</a>) and some authorities would treat some as screws when they are used with a <a href="/wiki/Gender_of_connectors_and_fasteners" title="Gender of connectors and fasteners">female threaded fastener</a> other than a nut. </p><p>Sheet-metal screws do not have the chip-clearing flute of self-tapping screws. However, some wholesale vendors do not distinguish between the two kinds.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood_screw">Wood screw</h3></div> <p>Early wood screws were made by hand, with a series of files, chisels, and other cutting tools, and these can be spotted easily by noting the irregular spacing and shape of the threads, as well as file marks remaining on the head of the screw and in the area between threads. Many of these screws had a blunt end, completely lacking the sharp tapered point on nearly all modern wood screws.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some wood screws were made with cutting dies as early as the late 1700s (possibly even before 1678 when the book content was first published in parts).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, lathes were used to manufacture wood screws, with the earliest patent being recorded in 1760 in England.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1850s, <a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">swaging</a> tools were developed to provide a more uniform and consistent thread. Screws made with these tools have rounded valleys with sharp and rough threads.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once screw turning machines were in common use, most commercially available wood screws were produced with this method. These cut wood screws are almost invariably tapered, and even when the tapered shank is not obvious, they can be discerned because the threads do not extend past the diameter of the shank. Such screws are best installed after drilling a pilot hole with a tapered drill bit. The majority of modern wood screws, except for those made of brass, are formed on thread rolling machines. These screws have a constant diameter and threads with a larger diameter than the shank and are stronger because the rolling process does not cut the grain of the metal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machine_screw">Machine screw</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Screw.jpg/170px-Screw.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Screw.jpg/255px-Screw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Screw.jpg/340px-Screw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="2021" /></a><figcaption>A machine screw in <a href="/wiki/Macro_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro view">macro view</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/ASME" class="mw-redirect" title="ASME">ASME</a> standards specify a variety of machine screws (aka stove bolts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in diameters ranging up to 0.75 in (19.05 mm). </p><p>A machine screw is generally a smaller fastener (less than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch (6.35 mm) in diameter) threaded the entire length of its shank that usually has a recessed drive type (slotted, Phillips, etc.). Machine screws are also made with socket heads (see above), in which case they may be referred to as socket head machine screws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hex_cap_screw">Hex cap screw</h3></div> <p>ASME standard B18.2.1-1996 specifies hex cap screws whose size range is 0.25–3 in (6.35–76.20 mm) in <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a>. In 1991, responding to an influx of counterfeit fasteners, Congress passed PL 101-592,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "Fastener Quality Act". As a result, the ASME B18 committee re-wrote B18.2.1,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> renaming <i>finished hex bolts</i> to <i>hex cap screw</i> –  a term that had existed in common usage long before, but was now also being codified as an official name for the ASME B18 standard. </p><p>Lug bolt and head bolts are other terms that refer to fasteners that are designed to be threaded into a tapped hole that is in part of the assembly and so based on the <i>Machinery's Handbook</i> distinction they would be screws. Here common terms are at variance with <i>Machinery's Handbook</i> distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lag_screw">Lag screw</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lag_screw_(05).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lag_screw_%2805%29.jpg/220px-Lag_screw_%2805%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lag_screw_%2805%29.jpg/330px-Lag_screw_%2805%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lag_screw_%2805%29.jpg/440px-Lag_screw_%2805%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4169" data-file-height="5909" /></a><figcaption>Lag screw, also called a lag bolt</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lag screws</b> (US) or <b>coach screws</b> (UK, Australia, and New Zealand) (also referred to as <b>lag bolts</b> or <b>coach bolts</b>, although this is a <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a>) or <b>French wood screw</b> (Scandinavia) are large wood screws. Lag screws are used to lag together lumber framing, to lag machinery feet to wood floors, and for other heavy carpentry applications. The attributive modifier <i>lag</i> came from an early principal use of such fasteners: the fastening of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lag#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:lag">lags</a> such as barrel staves and other similar parts. These fasteners are "screws" according to the <i>Machinery's Handbook</i> criteria, and the obsolescent term "lag bolt" has been replaced by "lag screw" in the <i>Handbook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, based on tradition many tradesmen continue to refer to them as "bolts", because, like head bolts, they are large, with hex or square heads that require a wrench, socket, or specialized bit to turn. </p><p>The head is typically an external hex. Metric hex-headed lag screws are covered by DIN 571. Inch square-headed and hex-headed lag screws are covered by ASME B18.2.1. A typical lag screw can range in diameter from 4 to 20 mm or #10 to 1.25 in (4.83 to 31.75 mm), and lengths from 16 to 200 mm or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> to 6 in (6.35 to 152.40 mm) or longer, with the coarse threads of a wood-screw or sheet-metal-screw threadform (but larger). The materials are usually carbon steel substrate with a coating of zinc <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanization</a> (for corrosion resistance). The zinc coating may be bright yellow (electroplated), or dull gray (<a href="/wiki/Hot-dip_galvanizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-dip galvanizing">hot-dip galvanized</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone_screw">Bone screw</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg/100px-Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg/150px-Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg/200px-Titanium_plaatje_voor_pols.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>Implant that has been used for fixation of a broken wrist</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internal_fixation" title="Internal fixation">internal fixation</a></div> <p>Like aerospace and nuclear power, medical involves some of the highest technology for fasteners where performance, longevity, and quality are reflected in the price. Bone screws tend to be made of stainless steel or titanium, and they often have high-end features such as conical threads, multistart threads, cannulation (hollow core), and proprietary <a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives" title="List of screw drives">screw drive</a> types (some not seen outside of these applications). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Screw_heads">Screw heads</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_head_types.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Screw_head_types.svg/400px-Screw_head_types.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Screw_head_types.svg/600px-Screw_head_types.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Screw_head_types.svg/800px-Screw_head_types.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="131" /></a><figcaption>a — pan<br />b — dome (button)<br />c — round<br />d — truss (mushroom)<br />e — flat (countersunk)<br />f — oval (raised head)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_slot_screw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cross_slot_screw.jpg/220px-Cross_slot_screw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cross_slot_screw.jpg/330px-Cross_slot_screw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cross_slot_screw.jpg/440px-Cross_slot_screw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Combination flanged-hex/Phillips-head screw used in computers</figcaption></figure> <p>There are a variety of screw head shapes. Some varieties of screw are manufactured with a break-away head, which snaps off when adequate torque is applied. This prevents tampering. </p> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Pan_head"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Pan head</span></span></dt> <dd>A low disc with a rounded, high outer edge with large surface area.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Button"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Button</span></span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="dome_head"></span><span class="vanchor-text">dome head</span></span> (BH)</dt> <dd>Cylindrical with a rounded top.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Round_head"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Round head</span></span></dt> <dd>A dome-shaped head used for decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Truss_head"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Truss head</span></span></dt> <dd>Lower-profile dome designed to prevent tampering.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Flat_head"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Flat head</span></span></dt> <dd>Conical, with flat outer face and tapering inner face allowing it to be <a href="/wiki/Countersink" title="Countersink">countersunk</a> into the material. The <i>angle</i> of the screw is measured as the <a href="/wiki/Cone#Further_terminology" title="Cone">aperture of the cone</a>.</dd> <dt>Oval or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="raised_head"></span><span class="vanchor-text">raised head</span></span></dt> <dd>A decorative screw head with a countersunk bottom and rounded top.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also known as "raised countersunk" or "instrument head" in the UK.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Bugle_head"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Bugle head</span></span></dt> <dd>Similar to countersunk, but there is a smooth progression from the shank to the angle of the head, similar to the bell of a <a href="/wiki/Bugle_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugle (instrument)">bugle.</a></dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Cheese_head"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Cheese head</span></span></dt> <dd>Cylindrical.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Fillister_head"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Fillister head</span></span></dt> <dd>Cylindrical, but with a slightly convex top surface.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Flanged_head"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Flanged head</span></span></dt> <dd>A flanged head can be any of the above head styles (except the countersunk styles) with the addition of an integrated flange at the base of the head. This eliminates the need for a <a href="/wiki/Flat_washer" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat washer">flat washer</a>.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Hex_head"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Hex head</span></span></dt> <dd>Hex shaped, similar to the head of a hex bolt. Sometimes flanged.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metric">Metric</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">ISO 898</a> and <a href="/wiki/ASTM_A325M" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM A325M">ASTM A325M</a></div> <p>The international standards for metric externally threaded fasteners are ISO 898-1 for property classes produced from carbon steels and ISO 3506-1 for property classes produced from corrosion resistant steels. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width="100%" border="1" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10">Head markings and properties for metric hex-head cap screws<sup id="cite_ref-metrichandbook_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metrichandbook-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Head marking </th> <th rowspan="2">Grade, material and condition </th> <th rowspan="2">Nominal size range (mm) </th> <th colspan="2">Proof strength </th> <th colspan="2">Yield strength, min. </th> <th colspan="2">Tensile strength, min. </th> <th rowspan="2">Core hardness (<a href="/wiki/Rockwell_scale" title="Rockwell scale">Rockwell</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>MPa</th> <th>ksi </th> <th>MPa</th> <th>ksi </th> <th>MPa</th> <th>ksi </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_3.6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hex_cap_screw-class_3.6.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_3.6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hex_cap_screw-class_3.6.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_3.6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hex_cap_screw-class_3.6.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_3.6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Class 3.6</b><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.6–36 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">180 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">190 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">330 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48 </td> <td>B52–95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_4.6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hex_cap_screw-class_4.6.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_4.6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hex_cap_screw-class_4.6.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_4.6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hex_cap_screw-class_4.6.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_4.6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Class 4.6</b><br />Low or medium carbon steel </td> <td>5–100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">225 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">240 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">400 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58 </td> <td>B67–95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_4.8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hex_cap_screw-class_4.8.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_4.8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hex_cap_screw-class_4.8.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_4.8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hex_cap_screw-class_4.8.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_4.8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Class 4.8</b><br />Low or medium carbon steel; fully or partially annealed </td> <td>1.6–16 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">310 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">340 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">420 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61 </td> <td>B71–95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_5.8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hex_cap_screw-class_5.8.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_5.8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hex_cap_screw-class_5.8.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_5.8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hex_cap_screw-class_5.8.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_5.8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Class 5.8</b><br />Low or medium carbon steel; cold worked </td> <td>5–24 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">380 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">420 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">520 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">75 </td> <td>B82–95 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>Class 8.8</b><sup id="cite_ref-boltdepot_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boltdepot-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered </td> <td>Under 16 (inc.) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">580 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">640 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">93 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">800 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">17–72 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">600 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">87 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">660 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">96 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">830 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">120 </td> <td rowspan="5">C23–34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8_line.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8_line.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8_line.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8_line.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8_line.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8_line.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8_line.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Class 8.8 low carbon</b><br />Low carbon boron steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.3.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.3.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.3.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_8.8.3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Class 8.8.3</b><sup id="cite_ref-F568M_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F568M-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A325M" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM A325M">ASTM A325M</a> - Type 1</b><sup id="cite_ref-uiowa_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uiowa-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astm_a325m_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astm_a325m-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered </td> <td rowspan="2">12–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S3.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S3.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S3.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325M_8S3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>ASTM A325M - Type 3</b><sup id="cite_ref-uiowa_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uiowa-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astm_a325m_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astm_a325m-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Class 9.8</b><br />Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered </td> <td rowspan="2">1.6–16 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">650 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">94 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">720 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">104 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">900 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">130 </td> <td rowspan="2">C27–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8_line.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8_line.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8_line.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8_line.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8_line.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8_line.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_9.8_line.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Class 9.8 low carbon</b><br />Low carbon boron steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Class 10.9</b><br />Alloy steel; quench and tempered </td> <td rowspan="3">5–100 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">830 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">120 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">940 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">136 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">1,040 </td> <td rowspan="5" align="right">151 </td> <td rowspan="5">C33–39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9_line.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9_line.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9_line.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9_line.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9_line.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9_line.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9_line.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Class 10.9 low carbon</b><br />Low carbon boron steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.3.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.3.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.3.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_10.9.3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Class 10.9.3</b><sup id="cite_ref-F568M_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F568M-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A490M" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM A490M">ASTM A490M</a> - Type 1</b><sup id="cite_ref-uiowa_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uiowa-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astm_a490m_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astm_a490m-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Alloy steel; quench and tempered </td> <td rowspan="2">12–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S3.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S3.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S3.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490M_10S3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>ASTM A490M - Type 3</b><sup id="cite_ref-uiowa_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uiowa-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astm_a490m_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astm_a490m-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-class_12.9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hex_cap_screw-class_12.9.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-class_12.9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hex_cap_screw-class_12.9.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-class_12.9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hex_cap_screw-class_12.9.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-class_12.9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Class 12.9</b><br />Alloy steel; quench and tempered </td> <td>1.6–100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">970 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">141 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">160 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,220 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">177 </td> <td>C38–44 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-A2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hex_cap_screw-A2.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-A2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hex_cap_screw-A2.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-A2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hex_cap_screw-A2.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-A2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>A2</b><sup id="cite_ref-boltdepot_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boltdepot-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Stainless steel with 17–19% chromium and 8–13% nickel </td> <td>up to 20 </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="4"> </td> <td align="right">210 minimum<br />450 typical </td> <td align="right">30 minimum<br />65 typical </td> <td align="right">500 minimum<br />700 typical </td> <td align="right">73 minimum<br />100 typical </td> <td rowspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ISO 3506-1 A2-50</b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><a href="/wiki/SAE_304_stainless_steel" title="SAE 304 stainless steel">304 stainless steel</a>-class 50 (annealed) </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">210 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">500 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ISO 3506-1 A2-70</b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />304 stainless steel-class 70 (cold worked) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">450 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">65 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ISO 3506-1 A2-80</b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />304 stainless steel-class 80 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">600 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">87 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">800 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inch">Inch</h3></div> <p>There are many standards governing the material and mechanical properties of imperial sized externally threaded fasteners. Some of the most common consensus standards for grades produced from carbon steels are ASTM A193, ASTM A307, ASTM A354, ASTM F3125, and SAE J429. Some of the most common consensus standards for grades produced from corrosion resistant steels are ASTM F593 & ASTM A193. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width="100%" border="1" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10">Head markings and properties for inch-system hex-head cap screws<sup id="cite_ref-boltdepot_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boltdepot-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Head marking </th> <th rowspan="2">Grade, material and condition </th> <th rowspan="2">Nominal size range (in) </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">Proof strength</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Yield strength, min. </th> <th colspan="2">Tensile strength, min. </th> <th rowspan="2">Core hardness (<a href="/wiki/Rockwell_scale" title="Rockwell scale">Rockwell</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>ksi</th> <th>MPa </th> <th>ksi</th> <th>MPa </th> <th>ksi</th> <th>MPa </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-no_markings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hex_cap_screw-no_markings.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-no_markings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hex_cap_screw-no_markings.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-no_markings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hex_cap_screw-no_markings.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-no_markings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="447" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>SAE Grade 0</b><sup id="cite_ref-siu_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="8">Strength and hardness is not specified </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>SAE grade 1</b><br /><b>ASTM A307</b><sup id="cite_ref-fastspec_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Low carbon steel </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">230 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">410 </td> <td>B70–100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ASTM A307 - Grade B</b><sup id="cite_ref-fastspec_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Low or medium carbon steel </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–4 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td align="right">60 minimum<br />100 maximum </td> <td align="right">410 minimum<br />690 maximum </td> <td>B69–95 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>SAE grade 2</b><br />Low or medium carbon steel </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">380 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">57 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">390 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">510 </td> <td>B80–100<sup id="cite_ref-johndeere_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johndeere-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greater than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">230 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">250 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">410 </td> <td>B70–100<sup id="cite_ref-johndeere_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johndeere-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>SAE grade 4</b><sup id="cite_ref-american_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Medium carbon steel; cold worked </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">690 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">115 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">790 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-grade_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hex_cap_screw-grade_3.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hex_cap_screw-grade_3.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hex_cap_screw-grade_3.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td> <td><b>SAE grade 3</b><sup id="cite_ref-fastspec_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Medium carbon steel; cold worked</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">590 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">690 </td> <td>B70–100 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><b>SAE grade 5</b><br />Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–1 (inc.) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">590 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">92 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">630 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td>C25–34<sup id="cite_ref-johndeere_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johndeere-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">510 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">81 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">560 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">720 </td> <td>C19–30<sup id="cite_ref-johndeere_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johndeere-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>ASTM A449 - Type 1</b><sup id="cite_ref-fastspec_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered</td> <td>1–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> (inc.) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">510 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">720 </td> <td>C19–30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">380 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">90 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">620 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brinell_scale" title="Brinell scale">Brinell</a> 183–235 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.1.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.1.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.1.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td> <td><b>SAE grade 5.1</b><sup id="cite_ref-itp_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itp-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Low or medium carbon steel; quench and tempered</td> <td>No. 6–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">590 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td>C25–40 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.2.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.2.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.2.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_5.2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td> <td><b>SAE grade 5.2</b><sup id="cite_ref-itp_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itp-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Low carbon martensitic steel; quench and tempered</td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–1 </td> <td rowspan="2">85 </td> <td rowspan="2">590 </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2">120 </td> <td rowspan="2">830 </td> <td>C26–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ASTM A449 - Type 2</b><sup id="cite_ref-itp_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itp-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Low carbon martensitic steel; quench and tempered</td> <td>C25–34 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span>or <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_lines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_lines.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_lines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_lines.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_lines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_lines.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_lines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A325" title="ASTM A325">ASTM A325</a> - Type 1</b><sup id="cite_ref-fastspec_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–1 (inc.) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">590 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">92 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">630<sup id="cite_ref-american_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td>C24–35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">510 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">82 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">570<sup id="cite_ref-american_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">720 </td> <td>C19–31 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_type_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_type_3.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_type_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_type_3.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_type_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_type_3.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A325_type_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-crnote_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crnote-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="2"><b>ASTM A325 - Type 3</b><sup id="cite_ref-fastspec_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">590 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">92 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">630<sup id="cite_ref-american_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td>C24–35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">510 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">82 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">570<sup id="cite_ref-american_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">720 </td> <td>C19–31 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BC.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BC.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BC.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A354" title="ASTM A354">ASTM A354</a> - Grade BC</b><sup id="cite_ref-fastspec_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Medium carbon alloy steel; quench and tempered</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> (inc.) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">720 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">109 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">750<sup id="cite_ref-american_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">125 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">860 </td> <td>C26–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">95 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">660 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">99 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">680<sup id="cite_ref-american_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">115 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">790 </td> <td>C22–33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-grade_7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hex_cap_screw-grade_7.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hex_cap_screw-grade_7.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hex_cap_screw-grade_7.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td> <td><b>SAE grade 7</b><br />Medium carbon alloy steel; quench and tempered</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">720 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">115 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">790 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">133 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">920 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td> <td><b>SAE grade 8</b><br />Medium carbon alloy steel; quench and tempered</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">130 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">900 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">150 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 </td> <td>C32–38<sup id="cite_ref-johndeere_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johndeere-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD_lines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD_lines.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD_lines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD_lines.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD_lines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD_lines.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD_lines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><b>ASTM A354 - Grade BD</b><sup id="cite_ref-Fastenal_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fastenal-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> (inc.) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">130 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">900<sup id="cite_ref-Fastenal_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fastenal-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">150 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 </td> <td>C33–39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A354_grade_BD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">720 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">115 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">790<sup id="cite_ref-Fastenal_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fastenal-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">140 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">970 </td> <td>C31–39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.2.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.2.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.2.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-grade_8.2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td> <td><b>SAE grade 8.2</b><sup id="cite_ref-johndeere_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johndeere-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Medium carbon boron martensitic steel; fully kilned, fine grain, quench and tempered</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">150 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 </td> <td>C33–39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A490" title="ASTM A490">ASTM A490</a> - Type 1</b><sup id="cite_ref-fastspec_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Medium carbon alloy steel; quench and tempered </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">120 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">830 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">130<sup id="cite_ref-american_51-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">900 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">150 minimum<br />170 maximum </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">1,000 minimum<br />1,200 maximum </td> <td rowspan="2">C33–38 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490_type_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490_type_3.svg/75px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490_type_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490_type_3.svg/113px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490_type_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490_type_3.svg/150px-Hex_cap_screw-ASTM_A490_type_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="95" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-crnote_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crnote-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>ASTM A490 - Type 3</b><sup id="cite_ref-fastspec_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastspec-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/18/8_stainless_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="18/8 stainless steel">18/8 Stainless</a></b><br />Stainless steel with <span class="nowrap">17–19% chromium and</span> <span class="nowrap">8–13% nickel</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> (inc.) </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"> </td> <td align="right">40 minimum <br />80–90 typical </td> <td align="right">280 minimum <br />550–620 typical </td> <td align="right">100–125 typical </td> <td align="right">690–860 typical </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–1 (inc.) </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">40 minimum<br />45–70 typical </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">280 minimum<br />310–480 typical </td> <td align="right">100 typical </td> <td align="right">690 typical </td></tr> <tr> <td>over 1 </td> <td align="right">80–90 typical </td> <td align="right">550–620 typical </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives" title="List of screw drives">Screw drive</a> types</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Slotted</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Slot" title="List of screw drives">Slot drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Cross" title="List of screw drives">Cross</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cruciform</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Frearson" title="List of screw drives">Frearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#French_recess" title="List of screw drives">French recess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#ISO_8764" title="List of screw drives">ISO 8764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#JIS_B_1012" title="List of screw drives">JIS B 1012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Mortorq" title="List of screw drives">Mortorq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Phillips" title="List of screw drives">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Pozidriv" title="List of screw drives">Pozidriv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Supadriv" title="List of screw drives">Supadriv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Torq-set" title="List of screw drives">Torq-set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Combination_drives_(plus-minus)" title="List of screw drives">Phillips/Slotted</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> External polygon</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Square" title="List of screw drives">Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Pentagon" title="List of screw drives">Pentagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Hex" title="List of screw drives">Hex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#12-point" title="List of screw drives">12-point</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Internal polygon</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Tri-angle" title="List of screw drives">Tri-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Robertson" title="List of screw drives">Robertson (square)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hex_key" title="Hex key">Hex socket (Allen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hex_key#Variants" title="Hex key">Security hex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Double-square" title="List of screw drives">Double-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Triple-square_(XZN)" title="List of screw drives">Triple-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#12-spline_flange" title="List of screw drives">12-spline flange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Double_hex" title="List of screw drives">Double hex</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Hexalobular</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">Torx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Polydrive" title="List of screw drives">Polydrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Torx_ttap" title="List of screw drives">Torx ttap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">External Torx</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Three-pointed</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Tri-point" title="List of screw drives">Tri-point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Tri-groove" title="List of screw drives">Tri-groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Tri-wing" title="List of screw drives">Tri-wing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Special</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#One-way" title="List of screw drives">One-way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Spline_socket" title="List of screw drives">Spline socket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Phillips/square" title="List of screw drives">Quadrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentalobe_screw" title="Pentalobe screw">Pentalobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Spanner" title="List of screw drives">Spanner head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Line_Head_and_Line_Recess" title="List of screw drives">Line Head</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Screw_drives" title="Template:Screw drives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Screw_drives" title="Template talk:Screw drives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Screw_drives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Screw drives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Screw-into-wood.ogg/180px--Screw-into-wood.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="180" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="Screw-into-wood.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Screw-into-wood.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Screw-into-wood.ogg/Screw-into-wood.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Screw-into-wood.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="vorbis, theora"" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Screw-into-wood.ogg/Screw-into-wood.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Screw-into-wood.ogg/Screw-into-wood.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Screw-into-wood.ogg/Screw-into-wood.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>An electric driver screws a self-tapping phillips head screw into wood</figcaption></figure> <p>The hand tool used to drive in most screws is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Screwdriver" title="Screwdriver">screwdriver</a></i>. A power tool that does the same job is a <i>power screwdriver</i>; <a href="/wiki/Power_drill" class="mw-redirect" title="Power drill">power drills</a> may also be used with screw-driving attachments. Where the holding power of the screwed joint is critical, torque-measuring and <i>torque-limiting screwdrivers</i> are used to ensure sufficient but not excessive force is developed by the screw. The hand tool for driving hex head threaded fasteners is a <i>spanner</i> (UK usage) or <i>wrench</i> (US usage), while a <i>nut setter</i> is used with a power screw driver. </p><p>Modern screws employ a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Screw_drive_designs" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw drive designs">screw drive designs</a>, each requiring a different kind of tool to drive in or extract them. The most common screw drives are the slotted and Phillips in the US; hex, Robertson, and Torx are also common in some applications, and Pozidriv has almost completely replaced Phillips in Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some types of drive are intended for automatic assembly in mass-production of such items as automobiles. More exotic screw drive types may be used in situations where tampering is undesirable, such as in electronic appliances that should not be serviced by the home repair person. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Screw_threads">Screw threads</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Screw_thread" title="Screw thread">Screw thread</a></div> <p>There are many systems for specifying the dimensions of screws, but in much of the world the <a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">ISO metric screw thread</a> preferred series has displaced the many older systems. Other relatively common systems include the <a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Whitworth" title="British Standard Whitworth">British Standard Whitworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Association_screw_threads" title="British Association screw threads">BA system (British Association)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Thread_Standard" title="Unified Thread Standard">Unified Thread Standard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISO_metric_screw_thread">ISO metric screw thread</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">ISO metric screw thread</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Screw" title="Special:EditPage/Screw">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The basic principles of the ISO metric screw thread are defined in <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">international standard</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO_68-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 68-1">ISO 68-1</a> and preferred combinations of diameter and pitch are listed in ISO 261. The smaller subset of diameter and pitch combinations commonly used in screws, nuts and bolts is given in <a href="/wiki/ISO_262" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 262">ISO 262</a>. The most commonly used pitch value for each diameter is the <i>coarse pitch</i>. For some diameters, one or two additional <i>fine pitch</i> variants are also specified, for special applications such as threads in thin-walled pipes. ISO metric screw threads are designated by the letter <b>M</b> followed by the major diameter of the thread in millimetres (e.g. <i>M8</i>). If the thread does not use the normal <i>coarse pitch</i> (e.g. 1.25 mm in the case of M8), then the pitch in millimeters is also appended with a <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a> (e.g. "M8×1" if the screw thread has an outer diameter of 8 mm and advances by 1 mm per 360° rotation). </p><p>The nominal diameter of a metric screw is the outer diameter of the thread. The tapped hole (or nut) into which the screw fits, has an internal diameter which is the size of the screw minus the pitch of the thread. Thus, an M6 screw, which has a pitch of 1 mm, is made by threading a 6 mm shank, and the nut or threaded hole is made by tapping threads into a hole of 5 mm diameter (6 mm – 1 mm). </p><p>Metric <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagon</a> bolts, screws and nuts are specified, for example, in <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Standards</a> ISO 4014, ISO 4017, and ISO 4032. The following table lists the relationship given in these standards between the thread size and the maximum width across the hexagonal flats (wrench size): </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>ISO metric thread </th> <td>M1.6</td> <td>M2</td> <td>M2.5</td> <td>M3</td> <td>M4</td> <td>M5</td> <td>M6</td> <td>M8</td> <td>M10</td> <td>M12</td> <td>M16</td> <td>M20</td> <td>M24</td> <td>M30</td> <td>M36</td> <td>M42</td> <td>M48</td> <td>M56</td> <td>M64 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Wrench size (mm) </th> <td>3.2</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>10</td> <td>13</td> <td>16 or 17</td> <td>19</td> <td>24</td> <td>30</td> <td>36</td> <td>46</td> <td>55</td> <td>65</td> <td>75</td> <td>85</td> <td>95 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition, the following non-preferred intermediate sizes are specified: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>ISO metric thread </th> <td>M3.5</td> <td>M14</td> <td>M18</td> <td>M22</td> <td>M27</td> <td>M33</td> <td>M39</td> <td>M45</td> <td>M52</td> <td>M60 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Wrench size (mm) </th> <td>6</td> <td>21</td> <td>27</td> <td>34</td> <td>41</td> <td>50</td> <td>60</td> <td>70</td> <td>80</td> <td>90 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bear in mind that these are just examples and the width across flats is different for structural bolts, flanged bolts, and also varies by standards organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whitworth">Whitworth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Whitworth" title="British Standard Whitworth">British Standard Whitworth</a></div> <p>The first person to create a standard (in about 1841) was the <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whitworth" title="Joseph Whitworth">Joseph Whitworth</a>. Whitworth screw sizes are still used, both for repairing old machinery and where a coarser thread than the metric fastener thread is required. Whitworth became <i>British Standard Whitworth</i>, abbreviated to BSW (BS 84:1956) and the <i>British Standard Fine</i> (BSF) thread was introduced in 1908 because the Whitworth thread was too coarse for some applications. The <a href="/wiki/Thread_angle" title="Thread angle">thread angle</a> was 55°, and the depth and pitch varied with the diameter of the thread (i.e., the bigger the bolt, the coarser the thread). Spanners for Whitworth bolts are marked with the size of the bolt, not the distance across the flats of the screw head. </p><p>The most common use of a Whitworth pitch nowadays is in all UK <a href="/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">scaffolding</a>. Additionally, the standard photographic <a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">tripod</a> thread, which for small cameras is 1/4" Whitworth (20 tpi) and for medium/large format cameras is 3/8" Whitworth (16 tpi). It is also used for microphone stands and their appropriate clips, again in both sizes, along with "thread adapters" to allow the smaller size to attach to items requiring the larger thread. Note that while 1/4" <a href="/wiki/Unified_National_Coarse" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified National Coarse">UNC</a> bolts fit 1/4" BSW camera tripod bushes, <a href="/wiki/Yield_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Yield strength">yield strength</a> is reduced by the different thread angles of 60° and 55° respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Association_screw_thread">British Association screw thread</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Association_screw_threads" title="British Association screw threads">British Association screw threads</a></div> <p>British Association (BA) screw threads, named after the British Association for Advancement of Science, were devised in 1884 and standardised in 1903. Screws were described as "2BA", "4BA" etc., the odd numbers being rarely used, except in equipment made prior to the 1970s for telephone exchanges in the UK. This equipment made extensive use of odd-numbered BA screws, in order—it may be suspected—to reduce theft. BA threads are specified by British Standard BS 93:1951 "Specification for British Association (B.A.) screw threads with tolerances for sizes 0 B.A. to 16 B.A." </p><p>While not related to ISO metric screws, the sizes were actually defined in metric terms, a 0BA thread having a 6 mm diameter and 1 mm pitch. Other threads in the BA series are related to 0BA in a geometric series with the common factors 0.9 and 1.2. For example, a 4BA thread has pitch <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle p=0.9^{4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>0.9</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle p=0.9^{4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4f657bb0e51ef95533d40c6d9b81d05763027b0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; margin-left: -0.063ex; width:5.102ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle p=0.9^{4}}"></span> mm (0.65 mm) and diameter <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 6p^{1.2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mn>6</mn> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1.2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 6p^{1.2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d59f11c0aecaf6e10d732aab97b454d15c9f03d2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:3.519ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 6p^{1.2}}"></span> mm (3.62 mm). Although 0BA has the same diameter and pitch as ISO M6, the threads have different forms and are not compatible. </p><p>BA threads are still common in some niche applications. Certain types of fine machinery, such as moving-coil meters and clocks, tend to have BA threads wherever they are manufactured. BA sizes were also used extensively in aircraft, especially those manufactured in the United Kingdom. BA sizing is still used in railway signalling, mainly for the termination of electrical equipment and cabling. </p><p>BA threads are extensively used in Model Engineering where the smaller hex head sizes make scale fastenings easier to represent. As a result, many UK Model Engineering suppliers still carry stocks of BA fasteners up to typically 8BA and 10BA. 5BA is also commonly used as it can be threaded onto 1/8 rod.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unified_Thread_Standard">Unified Thread Standard</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unified_Thread_Standard" title="Unified Thread Standard">Unified Thread Standard</a></div> <p>The Unified Thread Standard (UTS) is most commonly used in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, but is also extensively used in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and occasionally in other countries. The size of a UTS screw is described using the following format: <b>X-Y</b>, where <b>X</b> is the nominal size (the hole or slot size in standard manufacturing practice through which the shank of the screw can easily be pushed) and <b>Y</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Threads_per_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Threads per inch">threads per inch</a> (TPI). For sizes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch and larger the size is given as a fraction; for sizes less than this an <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> is used, ranging from 0 to 16. The integer sizes can be converted to the actual diameter by using the formula 0.060 + (0.013 × number). For example, a #4 screw is 0.060 + (0.013 × 4) = 0.060 + 0.052 = 0.112 inches in diameter. There are also screw sizes smaller than "0" (zero or ought). The sizes are 00, 000, 0000 which are usually referred to as two ought, three ought, and four ought. Most eyeglasses have the bows screwed to the frame with 00-72 (pronounced double ought – seventy two) size screws. To calculate the major diameter of "ought" size screws count the number of 0's and multiply this number by 0.013 and subtract from 0.060. For example, the major diameter of a 000-72 screw thread is .060 – (3 x .013) = 0.060 − 0.039 = .021 inches. For most size screws there are multiple TPI available, with the most common being designated a Unified Coarse Thread (UNC or UN) and Unified Fine Thread (UNF or UF). Note: In countries other than the United States and Canada, the ISO Metric Screw Thread System is primarily used today. Unlike most other countries the United States and Canada still use the Unified (Inch) Thread System. However, both are moving over to the ISO Metric System.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is estimated that approximately 60% of screw threads in use in the United States are still inch based.<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp97-99_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp97-99-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanical_classifications">Mechanical classifications</h2></div> <p>The numbers stamped on the head of the bolt are referred to the grade of the bolt used in certain application with the strength of a bolt. High-strength steel bolts usually have a hexagonal head with an <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> strength rating (called <i>property class</i>) stamped on the head. And the absence of marking/number indicates a lower grade bolt with low strength. The property classes most often used are 5.8, 8.8, and 10.9. The number before the point is the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">ultimate tensile strength</a> in <a href="/wiki/Megapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapascal">MPa</a> divided by 100. The number after the point is the multiplier ratio of yield strength to ultimate tensile strength. For example, a property class 5.8 bolt has a nominal (minimum) ultimate tensile strength of 500 MPa, and a tensile yield strength of 0.8 times ultimate tensile strength or 0.8 (500) = 400 MPa. </p><p>Ultimate tensile strength is the tensile stress at which the bolt fails. Tensile yield strength is the stress at which the bolt will yield in tension across the entire section of the bolt and receive a permanent set (an elongation from which it will not recover when the force is removed) of 0.2% <a href="/wiki/Yield_strength#Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Yield strength">offset strain</a>. Proof strength is the usable strength of the fastener. Tension testing of a bolt up to the proof load should not cause permanent set of the bolt and should be conducted on actual fasteners rather than calculated.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a bolt is tensioned beyond the proof load, it may behave in plastic manner due to yielding in the threads and the tension preload may be lost due to the permanent plastic deformations. When elongating a fastener prior to reaching the yield point, the fastener is said to be operating in the elastic region; whereas elongation beyond the yield point is referred to as operating in the plastic region of the bolt material. If a bolt is loaded in tension beyond its proof strength, the yielding at the net root section of the bolt will continue until the entire section begins to yield and it has exceeded its yield strength. If tension increases, the bolt fractures at its ultimate strength. </p><p>Mild steel bolts have property class 4.6, which is 400 MPa ultimate strength and 0.6*400=240 MPa yield strength. High-strength steel bolts have property class 8.8, which is 800 MPa ultimate strength and 0.8*800=640 MPa yield strength or above. </p><p>The same type of screw or bolt can be made in many different grades of material. For critical high-tensile-strength applications, low-grade bolts may fail, resulting in damage or injury. On SAE-standard bolts, a distinctive pattern of marking is impressed on the heads to allow inspection and validation of the strength of the bolt.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, low-cost <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeit</a> fasteners may be found with actual strength far less than indicated by the markings. Such inferior fasteners are a danger to life and property when used in aircraft, automobiles, heavy trucks, and similar critical applications.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BOLT_SCREW_UBT_198.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BOLT_SCREW_UBT_198.JPG/220px-BOLT_SCREW_UBT_198.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BOLT_SCREW_UBT_198.JPG/330px-BOLT_SCREW_UBT_198.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BOLT_SCREW_UBT_198.JPG/440px-BOLT_SCREW_UBT_198.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2556" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption>Differentiation between bolt and screw</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Machinery%27s_Handbook" title="Machinery's Handbook">Machinery's Handbook</a></i> describes the <span class="anchor" id="Differentiation_between_bolt_and_screw"></span> distinction between bolts and screws as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A bolt is an externally threaded fastener designed for insertion through holes in assembled parts, and is normally intended to be tightened or released by torquing a nut. A screw is an externally threaded fastener capable of being inserted into holes in assembled parts, of mating with a preformed internal thread or forming its own thread, and of being tightened or released by torquing the head. An externally threaded fastener which is prevented from being turned during assembly and which can be tightened or released only by torquing a nut is a bolt. (Example: round head bolts, track bolts, plow bolts.) An externally threaded fastener that has thread form which prohibits assembly with a nut having a straight thread of multiple pitch length is a screw. (Example: wood screws, tapping screws.)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This distinction is consistent with <a href="/wiki/ASME" class="mw-redirect" title="ASME">ASME</a> B18.2.1 and some dictionary definitions for <i>screw</i><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>bolt</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Old <a href="/wiki/United_States_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Standard">USS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Automotive Engineers">SAE</a> standards defined cap screws as fasteners with shanks that were threaded to the head and bolts as fasteners with shanks that were partially unthreaded.<sup id="cite_ref-dyke_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyke-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a> made an effort to formalize the difference between a bolt and a screw, because different <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> apply to each.<sup id="cite_ref-CBP.gov_bolts-vs-screws_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBP.gov_bolts-vs-screws-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syndesmotic_screw" title="Syndesmotic screw">Syndesmotic screw</a> – Type of screw</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a> – Tools to create screw threads</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threaded_rod" title="Threaded rod">Threaded rod</a> – Rod with ridges wrapped around it</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Threading (manufacturing)">Threading (manufacturing)</a> – Process of creating a screw thread</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_plug" title="Wall plug">Wall plug</a> – Insert for screws</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObergJonesHortonRyffel2000">Oberg et al. 2000</a>, p. 1492</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1990">Smith 1990</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blake_1986_p._9-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blake_1986_p._9_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlake1986" class="citation book cs1">Blake, A. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TAWznUs54uwC&pg=PA9"><i>What Every Engineer Should Know about Threaded Fasteners: Materials and Design</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8379-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8379-3"><bdi>978-0-8493-8379-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Every+Engineer+Should+Know+about+Threaded+Fasteners%3A+Materials+and+Design&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-8379-3&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTAWznUs54uwC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McManus_2002_p._46-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McManus_2002_p._46_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus2002" class="citation book cs1">McManus, C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20oza63ZuG4C&pg=PA46"><i>Right Hand, Left Hand: The Origins of Asymmetry in Brains, Bodies, Atoms and Cultures</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01613-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01613-2"><bdi>978-0-674-01613-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right+Hand%2C+Left+Hand%3A+The+Origins+of+Asymmetry+in+Brains%2C+Bodies%2C+Atoms+and+Cultures&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01613-2&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20oza63ZuG4C%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_1983_p._200-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_1983_p._200_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1983" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, J.G. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BabtEFxgZ2AC&pg=PA200"><i>Technical Shop Mathematics</i></a>. Industrial Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-1145-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-1145-8"><bdi>978-0-8311-1145-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+Shop+Mathematics&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Industrial+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8311-1145-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBabtEFxgZ2AC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Brown_(bicycle_mechanic)" title="Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)">Brown, Sheldon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_p.html#pedal">"Bicycle Glossary: Pedal"</a>. Sheldon Brown<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bicycle+Glossary%3A+Pedal&rft.pub=Sheldon+Brown&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheldonbrown.com%2Fgloss_p.html%23pedal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1914" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, William Ballantyne (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pa0IAAAAIAAJ/page/n131"><i>Physics for Technical Students: Mechanics and Heat</i></a>. New York: McGraw Hill. p. 112<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+for+Technical+Students%3A+Mechanics+and+Heat&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=William+Ballantyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Pa0IAAAAIAAJ%2Fpage%2Fn131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica1773-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica1773_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ow8UAAAAQAAJ&q=%22simple+machine%22+%22mechanical+powers%22+lever+screw+inclined+plane+wedge+wheel+pulley&pg=PA44">"Mechanics"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. 3. John Donaldson. 1773. p. 44<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mechanics&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=John+Donaldson&rft.date=1773&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOw8UAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522simple%2Bmachine%2522%2B%2522mechanical%2Bpowers%2522%2Blever%2Bscrew%2Binclined%2Bplane%2Bwedge%2Bwheel%2Bpulley%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1992" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Christopher G. 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Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0122004001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0122004001"><bdi>978-0122004001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Academic+Press+Dictionary+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=1993&rft.pub=Gulf+Professional+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0122004001&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Christopher+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnauWlPTBcjIC%26q%3D%2522simple%2Bmachine%2522%26pg%3DPA1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woods_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodsMary_B._Woods2000" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1tzW_aDnxsC&pg=PA58"><i>Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels</i></a>. USA: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8225-2994-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8225-2994-7"><bdi>0-8225-2994-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Machines%3A+From+Wedges+to+Waterwheels&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8225-2994-7&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Mary+B.+Woods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE1tzW_aDnxsC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorey1999" class="citation book cs1">Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientmesopotam00moor"><i>Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Eisenbrauns" title="Eisenbrauns">Eisenbrauns</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientmesopotam00moor/page/n12">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060422" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060422"><bdi>9781575060422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Materials+and+Industries%3A+The+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781575060422&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.aufirst=Peter+Roger+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientmesopotam00moor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunch-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bunch_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunchAlexander_Hellemans2004" class="citation book cs1">Bunch, Bryan H.; Alexander Hellemans (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618221233"><i>The history of science and technology</i></a></span>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618221233/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-22123-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-22123-9"><bdi>0-618-22123-9</bdi></a>. <q>screw.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+science+and+technology&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-618-22123-9&rft.aulast=Bunch&rft.aufirst=Bryan+H.&rft.au=Alexander+Hellemans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780618221233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krebs-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krebs_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebsCarolyn_A._Krebs2003" class="citation book cs1">Krebs, Robert E.; Carolyn A. Krebs (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0H0fjBeseVEC&q=archimedean+simple+machine&pg=PA114"><i>Groundbreaking scientific experiments, inventions, and discoveries of the ancient world</i></a>. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31342-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31342-3"><bdi>0-313-31342-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundbreaking+scientific+experiments%2C+inventions%2C+and+discoveries+of+the+ancient+world&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-313-31342-3&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Carolyn+A.+Krebs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0H0fjBeseVEC%26q%3Darchimedean%2Bsimple%2Bmachine%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp90-94-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp90-94_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, pp. 90–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp34,66,90-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp34,66,90_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, pp. 34, 66, 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MFA-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MFA_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008221808/http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/wag/Am_Wood_Screws.pdf">"Am_Wood_Screws"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/wag/Am_Wood_Screws.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Am_Wood_Screws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcool.conservation-us.org%2Fcoolaic%2Fsg%2Fwag%2FAm_Wood_Screws.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp75-99-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp75-99_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, pp. 75–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000p99-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p99_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000p75-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p75_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p75_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p75_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000p76-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p76_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp97-99-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp97-99_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp97-99_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, pp. 97–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp76-78-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp76-78_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, pp. 76–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell2009-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell2009_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Thomas_Mitchell2009" class="citation book cs1">J. Thomas Mitchell (3 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEoAFOP4D-YC&pg=PA39"><i>Centre County: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Year 1915</i></a>. Penn State Press. pp. 39–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04499-6"><bdi>978-0-271-04499-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centre+County%3A+From+Its+Earliest+Settlement+to+the+Year+1915&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2009-02-03&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04499-6&rft.au=J.+Thomas+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEoAFOP4D-YC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000pp79-81-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp79-81_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000pp79-81_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, pp. 79–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_patent_161390-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US_patent_161390_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US161390">U.S. patent 161,390</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hallowell1951pp51-59-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hallowell1951pp51-59_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallowell1951">Hallowell 1951</a>, pp. 51–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>Henry F. Phillips and Thomas M. Fitzpatrick, "Screw," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=02046839&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D2046839.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F2046839%2526RS%3DPN%2F2046839&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page">U.S. Patent no. 2,046,839</a> (filed: January 15, 1935; issued: July 7, 1936).</li> <li>Henry F. Phillips and Thomas M. Fitzpatrick, "Screw driver," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=02046840&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D2,046,840.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F2,046,840%2526RS%3DPN%2F2,046,840&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page">U.S. Patent no. 2,046,840</a> (filed: January 15, 1935; issued: July 7, 1936).</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rybczynski2000p104-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski2000p104_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRybczynski2000">Rybczynski 2000</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastenersuperstore.com/products/self-tapping-sheet-metal-screws?pid=5992&query=sheet%20metal%20screws">"Faster Superstore catalog of sheet-metal screws and self-tapping screws"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faster+Superstore+catalog+of+sheet-metal+screws+and+self-tapping+screws&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastenersuperstore.com%2Fproducts%2Fself-tapping-sheet-metal-screws%3Fpid%3D5992%26query%3Dsheet%2520metal%2520screws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation web cs1">White, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wag-aic.org/Am_Wood_Screws.pdf">"Observations on the Development of Wood Screws in North America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Observations+on+the+Development+of+Wood+Screws+in+North+America&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wag-aic.org%2FAm_Wood_Screws.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoxon1703" class="citation book cs1">Moxon, Joseph (1703). <i>Mechanic Exercises: Or the Doctrine of Handy-Works</i>. Mendham, NJ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mechanic+Exercises%3A+Or+the+Doctrine+of+Handy-Works&rft.place=Mendham%2C+NJ&rft.date=1703&rft.aulast=Moxon&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanlongrifles.org/forum/index.php?topic=18831.0">"Making 18th c wood screws"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+18th+c+wood+screws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanlongrifles.org%2Fforum%2Findex.php%3Ftopic%3D18831.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1UIxAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA12">"Iron Age, Volume 44"</a>. 1889.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iron+Age%2C+Volume+44&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1UIxAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObergJonesHortonRyffel2000">Oberg et al. 2000</a>, pp. 1568–1598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721055941/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/fqaregs2.cfm">"Text of the Fastener Quality Act"</a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autorepair.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-900.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fastener+identification+marking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.buildsite.com%2Fdbderived-f%2Findustrialthreadedproducts%2Fderived_files%2Fderived331165.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crnote-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crnote_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crnote_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Other markings may be used to denote atmospheric corrosion resistant material</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fastenal-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fastenal_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fastenal_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fastenal_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastenal.com/content/documents/FastenalTechnicalReferenceGuide.pdf">"FastenalTechnicalReferenceGuide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1977). Parmley, Robert O. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standardhandbook00parm"><i>Standard Handbook of Fastening and Joining</i></a></span> (5 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. Chapter 1 page 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-048511-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-048511-9"><bdi>0-07-048511-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Handbook+of+Fastening+and+Joining&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Chapter+1+page+10&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-07-048511-9&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstandardhandbook00parm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.chiltondiy.com/2013/12/how-to-recognize-metric-and-sae-bolts-2/">How to Recognize Metric and SAE Bolts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925140045/http://blog.chiltondiy.com/2013/12/how-to-recognize-metric-and-sae-bolts-2/">Archived</a> 2018-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Chilton DIY, Retrieved April 26, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sae.org/site/standards/">"SAE Standards for Mobility Knowledge and Solutions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SAE_International" title="SAE International">SAE International</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=screw*1+0&dict=A">the original</a> on 2008-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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An Informed Compliance Publication (2011-02 ed.). Washington, D.C., USA: U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency (CBP). 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CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-9977-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-9977-9"><bdi>978-0-8247-9977-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+bolts+and+bolted+joints&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-9977-9&rft.aulast=Bickford&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Nassar%2C+Sayed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNaZwZK2xm-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvinStanley1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_H._Colvin" title="Fred H. 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New York: Industrial Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8311-2635-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8311-2635-3"><bdi>0-8311-2635-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machinery%27s+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=26th&rft.pub=Industrial+Press+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8311-2635-3&rft.aulast=Oberg&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Jones%2C+Franklin+D.&rft.au=Horton%2C+Holbrook+L.&rft.au=Ryffel%2C+Henry+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybczynski2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Rybczynski" title="Witold Rybczynski">Rybczynski, Witold</a> (2000), <i><a href="/wiki/One_Good_Turn_(book)" title="One Good Turn (book)">One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw</a></i>, Scribner, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86729-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86729-8"><bdi>978-0-684-86729-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00036988">00036988</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/462234518">462234518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Good+Turn%3A+A+Natural+History+of+the+Screwdriver+and+the+Screw&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F462234518&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00036988&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86729-8&rft.aulast=Rybczynski&rft.aufirst=Witold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span> Various republications (paperback, e-book, braille, etc).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyffel1988" class="citation book cs1">Ryffel, Henry H.; et al. (1988). <i>Machinery's Handbook</i> (23rd ed.). New York: Industrial Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-1200-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-1200-4"><bdi>978-0-8311-1200-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machinery%27s+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=23rd&rft.pub=Industrial+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8311-1200-4&rft.aulast=Ryffel&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Smith" title="Carroll Smith">Smith, Carroll</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A81HmmRCN7YC"><i>Carroll Smith's Nuts, Bolts, Fasteners, and Plumbing Handbook</i></a>. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87938-406-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87938-406-9"><bdi>0-87938-406-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carroll+Smith%27s+Nuts%2C+Bolts%2C+Fasteners%2C+and+Plumbing+Handbook&rft.pub=MotorBooks%2FMBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87938-406-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA81HmmRCN7YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScrew" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Manual</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baconsdozen.co.uk/tools/conversion%20charts.htm">Imperial/Metric fastening sizes comparison</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2yADAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+February+1946&pg=PA149">"Hold Everything"</a>, February 1946, <i>Popular Science</i> article section on screws and screw fastener technology developed during World War Two</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vibratoryfeeders.com/cascade-bowls.html">How to feed screws and dowels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpohh.com/us-wood-screw-dimensions-sizes-head-diameters-threads-per-inch/">American Screw Sizes Chart</a> – TPOHH Fasteners</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Screw","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Screw","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11022","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11022","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-14T18:47:33Z","dateModified":"2024-01-30T07:04:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4c\/Screws.jpg","headline":"fastener that has a thread wrapped around a cylinder"}</script> </body> </html>