CINXE.COM
Empty-bucket techniques for spill-quality improvement at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron - CERN Document Server
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!--[if IEMobile 7]><html class="iem7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="pt" xml:lang="pt" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><![endif]--> <!--[if lte IE 6]><html class="ie6 ie6-7 ie6-8" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="pt" xml:lang="pt" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><![endif]--> <!--[if (IE 7)&(!IEMobile)]><html class="ie7 ie6-7 ie6-8" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="pt" xml:lang="pt" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8]><html class="ie8 ie6-8" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="pt" xml:lang="pt" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><![endif]--> <!--[if (gte IE 9)|(gt IEMobile 7)]><!--><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="pt" xml:lang="pt" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><!--<![endif]--> <head> <title>Empty-bucket techniques for spill-quality improvement at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron - CERN Document Server</title> <link href='https://framework.web.cern.ch/framework/2.0/fonts/PTSansWeb/PTSansWeb.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/invenio.css?v=20141127" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_theme/css/cern_theme.css?v=20141127" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet"href="/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_toolbar/css/toolbar.css" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 8]> <link href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_toolbar/css/toolbar-ie.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 8]> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/invenio-ie7.css" /> <![endif]--> <!--[if gt IE 8]> <style type="text/css">div.restrictedflag {filter:none;}</style> <![endif]--> <link rel="canonical" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="el" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=el" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=fr" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="bg" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=bg" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-TW" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=zh_TW" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=pt" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="no" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=no" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="hr" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=hr" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ca" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=ca" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=de" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=it" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-CN" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=zh_CN" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sv" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=sv" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sk" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=sk" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=en" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pl" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=pl" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=ru" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ka" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=ka" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=ja" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908?ln=es" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="CERN Document Server RSS" href="/rss?ln=pt" /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cds.cern.ch/opensearchdescription" title="CERN Document Server" /> <link rel="unapi-server" type="application/xml" title="unAPI" href="https://cds.cern.ch/unapi" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="pt" /> <meta name="description" content="Synchrotrons can provide long spills of particles by employing resonant extraction where the circulating beam is slowly ejected over thousands to millions of turns by exploiting the amplitude growth caused by a transverse resonance. In the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), this method is used to satisfy the experimental requests of the North Area. However, the extracted particle flux is modulated by power-converter ripple, an issue shared across all sychrotrons that perform resonant extraction. In order to suppress such modulations, empty-bucket techniques can be employed, which take advantage of chromaticity to quickly accelerate particles into resonant motion by using a longitudinal rf system. This paper explores empty-bucket techniques via theory, simulation, and measurement, providing a systematic characterization with general applicability to any machine. Additionally, the operational implementation in the SPS is detailed, where the impact on the beam profile and extracted intensity is addressed. Arrutia Sota, Pablo A; Fraser, Matthew A; Hagmann, Gregoire; Kain, Verena; Papotti, Giulia; Spierer, Arthur; Velotti, Francesco M; Burrows, Philip N; Piandani, Roberto" /> <meta name="keywords" content="CERN Document Server, WebSearch, CERN Document Server" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/jquery.min.js"></script> <!-- WebNews CSS library --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/webnews.css" type="text/css" /> <!-- WebNews JS library --> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/webnews.js?v=20131009"></script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="137353533001720"/> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$']], processEscapes: true}, showProcessingMessages: false, messageStyle: "none" }); </script> <script src="/MathJax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS_CHTML" type="text/javascript"> </script> <!-- GoogleScholar --> <meta content="APS : Empty-bucket techniques for spill-quality improvement at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron" name="citation_title" /> <meta content="Arrutia Sota, Pablo A" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Papotti, Giulia" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Fraser, Matthew A" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Spierer, Arthur" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Piandani, Roberto" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Burrows, Philip N" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Velotti, Francesco M" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Kain, Verena" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Hagmann, Gregoire" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.27.074001" name="citation_doi" /> <meta content="Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams" name="citation_journal_title" /> <meta content="27" name="citation_volume" /> <meta content="074001" name="citation_firstpage" /> <meta content="2024" name="citation_publication_date" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/07/31"> <meta content="10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.27.074001" name="citation_doi" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908/files/Publication.pdf" /> <!-- OpenGraph --> <meta content="Empty-bucket techniques for spill-quality improvement at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron" property="og:title" /> <meta content="APS" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908" property="og:url" /> <meta content="CERN Document Server" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="APS" property="og:description" /> <meta content="Synchrotrons can provide long spills of particles by employing resonant extraction where the circulating beam is slowly ejected over thousands to millions of turns by exploiting the amplitude growth caused by a transverse resonance. In the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), this method is used to satisfy the experimental requests of the North Area. However, the extracted particle flux is modulated by power-converter ripple, an issue shared across all sychrotrons that perform resonant extraction. In order to suppress such modulations, empty-bucket techniques can be employed, which take advantage of chromaticity to quickly accelerate particles into resonant motion by using a longitudinal rf system. This paper explores empty-bucket techniques via theory, simulation, and measurement, providing a systematic characterization with general applicability to any machine. Additionally, the operational implementation in the SPS is detailed, where the impact on the beam profile and extracted intensity is addressed." property="og:description" /> <!-- Twitter Card --> <meta content="summary" name="twitter:card" /> <style></style> </head> <body class="CERN32Document32Server search" lang="pt"> <!-- toolbar starts --> <div id="cern-toolbar"> <h1><a href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN">CERN <span>Accelerating science</span></a></h1> <ul> <li class="cern-accountlinks"><a class="cern-account" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/login?ln=pt&referer=https%3A//cds.cern.ch/record/2905908%3Fln%3Dpt" title="Sign in to your CERN account">Sign in</a></li> <li><a class="cern-directory" href="http://cern.ch/directory" title="Search CERN resources and browse the directory">Directory</a></li> </ul> </div> <!-- toolbar ends --> <!-- Nav header starts--> <div role="banner" class="clearfix" id="header"> <div class="header-inner inner"> <hgroup class="clearfix"> <h2 id="site-name"> <a rel="home" title="Home" href="/"><span>CERN Document Server</span></a> </h2> <h3 id="site-slogan">Access articles, reports and multimedia content in HEP</h3> </hgroup><!-- /#name-and-slogan --> <div role="navigation" id="main-navigation" class="cdsmenu"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Main menu</h2><ul class="links inline clearfix"> <li class="menu-386 first active-trail"><a class="active-trail" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=pt">Pesquisar</a></li> <li class="menu-444 "><a class="" title="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=pt">Submeter</a></li> <li class="menu-426 "><a class="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=pt">Ajuda</a></li> <li class="leaf hassubcdsmenu"> <a hreflang="en" class="header" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=pt">Personalizar</a> <ul class="subsubcdsmenu"><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/list?ln=pt">Your alerts</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourbaskets/display?ln=pt">Your baskets</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourcomments?ln=pt">Your comments</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/display?ln=pt">Your searches</a></li></ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Nav header ends--> <table class="navtrailbox"> <tr> <td class="navtrailboxbody"> <a href="/?ln=pt" class="navtrail">Página principal</a> > Empty-bucket techniques for spill-quality improvement at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="pagebody"><div class="pagebodystripemiddle"> <div class="detailedrecordbox"> <div class="detailedrecordtabs"> <div> <ul class="detailedrecordtabs"><li class="on first"><a href="/record/2905908/?ln=pt">Informação </a></li><li class=""><a href="/record/2905908/files?ln=pt">Files </a></li></ul> <div id="tabsSpacer" style="clear:both;height:0px"> </div></div> </div> <div class="detailedrecordboxcontent"> <div class="top-left-folded"></div> <div class="top-right-folded"></div> <div class="inside"> <!--<div style="height:0.1em;"> </div> <p class="notopgap"> </p>--> <abbr class="unapi-id" title="2905908"></abbr> <style type="text/css"> <!-- ul.detailedrecordtabs li.on a{background-color:#4D94CC;color:#fff !important;border-bottom:1px solid #4D94CC!important;} div.detailedrecordboxcontent {padding-top:0px !important;} --> </style> <table class="formatRecordTableFullWidth" > <tr> <td class="formatRecordHeader" style="background-image: url('https://cds.cern.ch/img/journals.jpg');" colspan="2"> <!--YTD: record may have more than one 690C.a tag--> Article </td> </tr> <script type="text/javascript"> $( document ).ready(function() { $('.showAuthor').on('click', function() { var author = '<p>' + $(this).data('name') + '</p>'; var affiliation = $(this).data('affiliation') + '</br>'; var contribution = $(this).data('contribution') + '</br>'; $.magnificPopup.open({ items: { src: '<div id="ovelary-mathjax" class="overlay-white oc-content overlay-white-500">' + author + affiliation + contribution + '</div>', type: 'inline' }, callbacks: { open: function() { var div = document.getElementById("overlay-mathjax") MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub, div]); }, } }) }) }); </script> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Title </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><b>Empty-bucket techniques for spill-quality improvement at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron</b></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> Author(s) </span> </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Arrutia%20Sota%2C%20Pablo%20A&ln=pt">Arrutia Sota, Pablo A</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Fraser%2C%20Matthew%20A&ln=pt">Fraser, Matthew A</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Hagmann%2C%20Gregoire&ln=pt">Hagmann, Gregoire</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Kain%2C%20Verena&ln=pt">Kain, Verena</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Papotti%2C%20Giulia&ln=pt">Papotti, Giulia</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Spierer%2C%20Arthur&ln=pt">Spierer, Arthur</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Velotti%2C%20Francesco%20M&ln=pt">Velotti, Francesco M</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Burrows%2C%20Philip%20N&ln=pt">Burrows, Philip N</a> (JAI, UK) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Piandani%2C%20Roberto&ln=pt">Piandani, Roberto</a> (San Luis Potosi U.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Publication </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">2024</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Number of pages </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">14</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> In: </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.27.074001"><i>Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams</i> 27 (2024) 074001</a> </a></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> DOI </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.27.074001" title="DOI" target="_blank">10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.27.074001</a> (publication) <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Subject category </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">Accelerators and Storage Rings</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Accelerator/Facility, Experiment </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?p=CERN%20SPS&f=693__a">CERN SPS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Abstract </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">Synchrotrons can provide long spills of particles by employing resonant extraction where the circulating beam is slowly ejected over thousands to millions of turns by exploiting the amplitude growth caused by a transverse resonance. In the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), this method is used to satisfy the experimental requests of the North Area. However, the extracted particle flux is modulated by power-converter ripple, an issue shared across all sychrotrons that perform resonant extraction. In order to suppress such modulations, empty-bucket techniques can be employed, which take advantage of chromaticity to quickly accelerate particles into resonant motion by using a longitudinal rf system. This paper explores empty-bucket techniques via theory, simulation, and measurement, providing a systematic characterization with general applicability to any machine. Additionally, the operational implementation in the SPS is detailed, where the impact on the beam profile and extracted intensity is addressed.</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Copyright/License </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">publication: © 2024 authors (License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a>)</td></tr> </table> <br/>Corresponding record in: <a href="http://inspirehep.net/record/2806734">Inspire</a> <small> </small> <br/> <br/><br/><div align="right"><div style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:30px;"><span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"> <a href="" class="moreinfo">Back to search</a> </span></div></div> <div class="bottom-left-folded"><div class="recordlastmodifiedbox" style="position:relative;margin-left:1px"> Record created 2024-07-31, last modified 2024-08-01</div></div> <div class="bottom-right-folded" style="text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px;"> <span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"><a href="/search?ln=pt&p=recid%3A2905908&rm=wrd" class="moreinfo">Registos similares</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> <br/> <br /> <div class="detailedrecordminipanel"> <div class="top-left"></div><div class="top-right"></div> <div class="inside"> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelfile" style="width:33%;float:left;text-align:center;margin-top:0"> <div><small class="detailedRecordActions">Fulltext:</small> <br /><a href="/record/2905908/files/Publication.pdf"><img style="border:none" src="/img/file-icon-text-34x48.gif" alt="Download fulltext" /><br />PDF</a><br /></div> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelreview" style="width:30%;float:left;text-align:center"> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelactions" style="width:36%;float:right;text-align:right;"> <ul class="detailedrecordactions"> <li><a href="/yourbaskets/add?ln=pt&recid=2905908">Add to personal basket</a></li> <li>Export as <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2905908/export/hx?ln=pt">BibTeX</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2905908/export/hm?ln=pt">MARC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2905908/export/xm?ln=pt">MARCXML</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2905908/export/xd?ln=pt">DC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2905908/export/xe?ln=pt">EndNote</a>, <!-- <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2905908/export/xe8x?ln=pt">EndNote (8-X)</a>,--> <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2905908/export/xn?ln=pt">NLM</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2905908/export/xw?ln=pt">RefWorks</a> </li> </ul> <div style='padding-left: 13px;'> <!-- JQuery Bookmark Button BEGIN --> <div id="bookmark"></div> <div id="bookmark_sciencewise"></div> <style type="text/css"> #bookmark_sciencewise, #bookmark {float: left;} #bookmark_sciencewise li {padding: 2px; width: 25px;} #bookmark_sciencewise ul, #bookmark ul {list-style-image: none;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery.bookmark.min.js"></script> <style type="text/css">@import "/css/jquery.bookmark.css";</style> <script type="text/javascript">// <![CDATA[ $.bookmark.addSite('sciencewise', 'ScienceWise.info', 'https://cds.cern.ch/img/sciencewise.png', 'en', 'bookmark', 'http://sciencewise.info/bookmarks/cds:2905908/add'); $('#bookmark_sciencewise').bookmark({sites: ['sciencewise']}); $('#bookmark').bookmark({ sites: ['facebook', 'twitter', 'linkedin', 'google_plusone'], icons: '/img/bookmarks.png', url: 'https://cds.cern.ch/record/2905908', addEmail: true, title: "Empty-bucket techniques for spill-quality improvement at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron", description: "Synchrotrons can provide long spills of particles by employing resonant extraction where the circulating beam is slowly ejected over thousands to millions of turns by exploiting the amplitude growth caused by a transverse resonance. In the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), this method is used to satisfy the experimental requests of the North Area. However, the extracted particle flux is modulated by power-converter ripple, an issue shared across all sychrotrons that perform resonant extraction. In order to suppress such modulations, empty-bucket techniques can be employed, which take advantage of chromaticity to quickly accelerate particles into resonant motion by using a longitudinal rf system. This paper explores empty-bucket techniques via theory, simulation, and measurement, providing a systematic characterization with general applicability to any machine. Additionally, the operational implementation in the SPS is detailed, where the impact on the beam profile and extracted intensity is addressed." }); // ]]> </script> <!-- JQuery Bookmark Button END --> </div> </div> <div style="clear:both;margin-bottom: 0;"></div> </div> <div class="bottom-left"></div><div class="bottom-right"></div> </div> </div></div> <footer id="footer" class="pagefooter clearfix"> <!-- replaced page footer --> <div class="pagefooterstripeleft"> CERN Document Server :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=pt">Pesquisar</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=pt">Submeter</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=pt">Personalizar</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=pt">Ajuda</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=privacy_policy&se=CDS-Service" target="_blank">Privacy Notice</a> <br /> Powered by <a class="footer" href="http://invenio-software.org/">Invenio</a> <br /> Mantido por <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Service</a> - Need help? Contact <a href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Support</a>. <br /> </div> <div class="pagefooterstriperight"> <div class="cern-logo"> <a id="logo" href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN" rel="CERN" ><img src="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_theme/img/cern-logo-large.png" alt="CERN" /></a> </div> <div class="cern-languagebox"> Este sitio também está disponível nos seguintes idiomas:<br /><a href="/record/2905908?ln=bg" class="langinfo">Български</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=ca" class="langinfo">Català</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=de" class="langinfo">Deutsch</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=el" class="langinfo">Ελληνικά</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=en" class="langinfo">English</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=es" class="langinfo">Español</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=fr" class="langinfo">Français</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=hr" class="langinfo">Hrvatski</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=it" class="langinfo">Italiano</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=ja" class="langinfo">日本語</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=ka" class="langinfo">ქართული</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=no" class="langinfo">Norsk/Bokmål</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=pl" class="langinfo">Polski</a> <span class="langinfo">Português</span> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=ru" class="langinfo">Русский</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=sk" class="langinfo">Slovensky</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=sv" class="langinfo">Svenska</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=zh_CN" class="langinfo">中文(简)</a> <a href="/record/2905908?ln=zh_TW" class="langinfo">中文(繁)</a> </div> </div> <!-- replaced page footer --> </footer> <script type="text/javascript"> var SyndeticsBookCovers = (function() { var SMALL_SIZE = "sc.gif", MEDIUM_SIZE = "mc.gif", RAW_URL = "https://secure.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=THEISBN/THESIZE&client=cernlibrary"; replaceCover = function(imgElement, isbns, hdFormat) { var img = new Image(), size = hdFormat ? MEDIUM_SIZE : SMALL_SIZE; var _isbns = isbns.sort(function(a, b) { // sort from shortest to longest ISBN (more modern) return a.length > b.length ? 1 : -1; }); function next() { var isbn = _isbns.pop(); if (isbn) { var url = RAW_URL.replace("THEISBN", isbn).replace("THESIZE", size); img.src = url; } } function done() { imgElement.src = img.src; } img.onload = function() { if (this.width > 1) { done(); } else { next(); } }; next(); }; return { replaceCover: replaceCover }; })(); $(document).ready(function() { // get book covers $("img.book-cover").each(function() { var $this = $(this), strIsbns = $this.data("isbns") || "", isbnsArray = String(strIsbns).split(","), hdFormat = $this.hasClass("hd"); SyndeticsBookCovers.replaceCover(this, isbnsArray, hdFormat); }); // WebNews tooltips $.ajax({ url: "/news/tooltips", success: function(data) { create_tooltips(data); }, dataType: "json", cache: false }); }); </script> <!-- Feedback script --> <script src="//cds.cern.ch/js/feedback.js"></script> <!-- Feedback script --> <!-- Matomo --> <script> var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://webanalytics.web.cern.ch/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '756']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <!-- End Matomo Code --> </body> </html>