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id="gdad_lefttower"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('gdad_lefttower'); });</script> </div> <style>#gdad_leaderboard{height:250px}</style> <div id="gdad_leaderboard" class="gdad_h250 gdad_m_100" style="text-align: center;"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('gdad_leaderboard'); });</script> </div> <div id="gdad_righttower"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('gdad_righttower'); });</script> </div> <div class="main-holder"> <div class="center-block"> <div id="content"> <div class="holder"> <div class="single-post"> <h2>Lenin'in Kızıl Kürdistan'ı</h2> <span class="subtitle">Sovyetler Birliği, kısa bir süreliğine 'Kızıl Kürdistan Uyezdi'ni de içeriyordu... İşte 'Kızıl Kürdistan'ın kuruluş hikâyesi...</span> <div class="preview-block"> <div class="img-holder"> <img width="736" height="414" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2017/08/kavel1.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-and-singlenews-main size-and-singlenews-main wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7 1024w" data-srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2017/08/kavel1.jpg 736w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2017/08/kavel1-150x84.jpg 150w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2017/08/kavel1-266x150.jpg 266w" sizes="(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px"/> <span class="img-caption"></span> </div> <div class="social-block"> <ul class="sharebuttonX"> <li> <a class="share-whatsapp" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/whatsapp://send/?text=Lenin%27in+K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l+K%C3%BCrdistan%27%C4%B1+-+Kavel+Alpaslan+-+https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2017/09/01/leninin-kizil-kurdistani/" data-action="share/whatsapp/share">Paylaş</a> </li> <li class="share-email sharing" data-sharing="email"><i class="icon-mail-envelope-closed"></i></li> <li class="share-twitter sharing" data-sharing="twitter"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></li> <li class="share-facebook sharing" data-sharing="facebook"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></li> <li class="share-google sharing" data-sharing="google+"><i class="icon-google-plus"></i></li> <li class="share-tumblr sharing" data-sharing="tumblr"><i class="icon-tumblr"></i></li> <li class="share-linkedin sharing" data-sharing="linkedin"><i class="icon-linkedin"></i></li> </ul> <div class="post-date"> 01 Eyl 2017 (Son Güncelleme 13:30) </div> </div> </div>  <p class="news-signature"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/author/kabbaslan/">Kavel Alpaslan</a>  <strong>kalpaslan@gazeteduvar.com.tr</strong></p> <p><strong>DUVAR</strong> – Kafkasya, etnik, kültürel ve dini olarak Ortadoğu’ya taş çıkartacak derecede karmaşık bir coğrafya… Bölgenin yakın tarihi incelendiğinde Kürtlerin de rol oynadığı görülüyor.</p> <p>Ermenistan ile Azerbaycan arasında yer alan Dağlık Karabağ’ın batısındaki topraklar Sovyet tarihinde bir Kürt özerk yönetimine ev sahipliği yapmış. Azerilerin ‘Kızıl Kürdistan’ diye adlandırdığı bu kısa süreli deneyimin ayrıntılarına değinmeden önce, Sovyetler Birliği’nin ilk yıllarındaki yerel yönetim sistemine ve coğrafyanın arka planına bakmakta fayda var.</p> <p><strong>SOVYET İDARİ SİSTEMİ</strong></p> <p>Tarihte coğrafi sınırlar bazı dönemlerde hızla el değiştirse de kimi idari yapılarda köklü değişimlere daha ağırdan gidilebiliyor. Bunun en büyük nedeni şüphesiz, coğrafyanın idari sistemlerin oluşumunda dayattığı etkenler. Siyasi ve ekonomik karşıtlıklarsa yüzlerce yıllık ‘miras’ları devralmanın önünde ciddi bir engel oluşturmuyor.</p> <p>Osmanlı’nın Bizans’tan kimi idari alanlarda devraldığı sistem (Bizans ‘théme’leri/Osmanlı sancakları) buna iyi bir örnek. Ancak bu durum, idari sistemler üzerinde değişiklikler ve güncellemeler yapılamayacağı anlamına da gelmiyor. Bu anlamda, Çarlık Rusya’sı ile Sovyetler Birliği de iyi bir örnek…</p>  <ins id="gdad_news_inline_plain_1" class="" style="text-align: center;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5984476630778953" data-ad-slot="7157223306" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article"></ins> <p>Yüzlerce halkı ve kültürü barındıran Çarlık Rusya’sı uçsuz bucaksız bir imparatorluktu. Bu nedenle yönetimin daha kolay kılınması için imparatorluk ‘oblast’, ‘kraig’ ve özerk bölgelere ayrılmıştı. 1917’deki Bolşevik Devrimi’yle beraber imparatorluk topraklarının bir kısmı kaybedilse de, kültürel çeşitlilik aynı şekilde devam ediyordu.</p> <p>Bu iki yönetim arasındaki en önemli fark ise ‘ulusların kendi kaderini tayin hakkı’ ilkesi çerçevesinde şekillenen Sovyetlerin, merkezi yönetimi yerele taşıma çabasıydı. Moskova merkezli bir idare yerine ‘cumhuriyetler birliği’ şeklinde oluşan ve mahalle sovyetlerine (meclislerine) kadar uzanan bir ‘yerinden yönetim piramidi’ oluşturulmaya çalışıldı. Bu sırada da, ‘oblast’, ‘uyezd’, ‘kraig’, ‘okrug’ gibi idari yapılar -ki Rusya’da bugün hâlâ mevcuttur- varlığını farklı bir perspektifle korudu.</p> <p><strong>AZERİLER VE ERMENİLERİN ARASINDA KÜRTLER</strong></p> <p>Gelelim Kafkasya’ya… Devrimden sonra pek çok halk sosyalist iktisadi hedefler doğrultusunda yan yana gelmiş olsa da, özellikle Kafkasya’da halklar arasında kırılgan dengeler bulunuyordu. Bu ayrılıkların önüne geçmek adına Kafkasya için Transkafkasya Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti adı altında Gürcistan, Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan sosyalist cumhuriyetlerini birleştirecek bir proje ortaya atıldı. Ancak Gürcistan Komünist Partisi (GKP) öneriye şiddetle karşı çıktı. Birliğin önemli bileşenlerinden GKP’nin bu itirazı nedeniyle Kafkasya’da üç ayrı cumhuriyet oluşturuldu. Elbette bu üçlünün -özellikle de Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan’ın- arasındaki sorunlar, günümüze göre daha sessiz bir şekilde devam etmekteydi.</p>  <ins id="gdad_news_inline_plain_2" class="" style="text-align: center;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5984476630778953" data-ad-slot="2333532428"></ins> <p>‘Kızıl Kürdistan’ bölgesi ise Ermeniler ile Azeriler arasında sorun yaratan Dağlık Karabağ bölgesinin hemen batısında, Ermenistan’ın doğu sınırında yer alıyordu. 1926 yılında yapılan nüfus sayımına göre bu bölgede yaşayan 51 bin kişinin yüzde 72’sini Kürtler, yüzde 26’sını Azeriler ve yüzde 0.7’sini Ermeniler oluşturuyordu. Ancak çoğunluk (yüzde 92) Azerice konuşuyordu. Geçmişi Safevilerle şekillenmiş ve çoğunluğu Şii olan Azerilerin etki alanında bulunan bu bölgede yaşayan Kürtlerin çoğunluğu da, Nahçıvan Kürtleri gibi Sünni değil, Şiiydi.</p> <p><strong> LENİN’İN KIZIL KÜRDİSTAN’I</strong></p> <p>Ermenilerin bölgedeki hâkimiyet alanını Kürtlerle kuracakları ittifak sayesinde daraltmak isteyen Azeriler, Kürtlere yerel yönetim verilmesi fikrini destekliyordu. Azerbaycan Komünist Partisi’nin Birinci Sekreteri Sergey Kirov’un önerisi ve Lenin’in onayıyla, Temmuz 1923’te ‘Kızıl Kürdistan Uyezdi’ kuruldu. Bu kararda, Dağlık Karabağ’ın özerk yönetim şeklinde Azerbaycan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti’ne (ASSC) verilmesinin ardından olası bir gerilimi önlemek adına, Ermenistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti (ESSC) sınırında Kürtlerden oluşan bir ‘tampon bölge’ yaratma ve bunun iki halk arasındaki barışa hizmet edebileceği temennisi de etkili oldu.</p> <p>Sovyetler’de kimi bölgelerde yer alan uyezdler, alt birim idareleri olan küçük yerel yönetimlere verilen isimdi. Öyle ki Kızıl Kürdistan’ın merkezi -her ne kadar daha büyük yerleşimler olsa da- 435 nüfuslu Laçın olarak belirlendi. Yönetimin başına, Azeri Bolşevik Hüsnü Hacıyev getirildi. Bu karar ESSC tarafınca hoş karşılanmamıştı elbette. Ancak Dağlık Karabağ’dan sonra bu bölgedeki Azeri etkisinin bir şekilde azalmış olması da ESSC açısından mutlu ediciydi.</p> <p><iframe width="500" height="375" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/ibg8bYJNoCE?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></p> <p><strong>KAFKASYA’DAN KAZAKİSTAN’A</strong></p> <p>Uyezd yönetimi 1929’da dağıtıldı, Kızıl Kürdistan, Dağlık Karabağ’ın içinde ASSC’ye bağlandı. Daha sonra Stalin yönetimince Kafkasya’da yaşayan pek çok Kürt Orta Asya’ya -özellikle güney Kazakistan- gönderildi. Ancak Stalin dönemindeki diğer nüfus değişimi politikalarından farklı bir nokta vardı bu örnekte: İddiaya göre Stalin yönetimi, komşuları İran ve Türkiye’de başlamakta olan Kürt ulusal hareketlerini başlarda desteklemiş olsa da, bu tutumu ilerleyen zamanlarda değiştirdi. Bu nedenle, buradaki nüfus değişiminin özellikle Türkiye’yle diplomatik ilişkilerin zedelenmemesi adına yapıldığı öne sürülüyor.</p>  <ins id="gdad_news_inline_plain_3" class="" style="text-align: center;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5984476630778953" data-ad-slot="2333532428"></ins> <p>Bu bölgenin geleceği on yıllar sonra, Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasını izleyen Ermenistan-Azerbaycan savaşında son bir kez ve acı dolu bir biçimde şekillendi. Ermenistan 1992’de Dağlık Karabağ’ı işgal ettiğinde ‘Kızıl Kürdistan’ da çatışmanın arasında kaldı. Kimi bölgeleri işgal edildi. 1920’lerden sonraki göçlere rağmen, bölgede hâlâ bir Kürt nüfusu vardı. Bu çatışmalar sırasında bölgede yaşayan Kürtler ve Azeriler göç yollarını tuttu. Bu nedenle bugünün demografisi Kızıl Kürdistan zamanına göre epey değişmiş durumda. Bu gelişmeyle birlikte, ‘Kızıl Kürdistan’ deneyimi de tarih sayfaları arasında yerini aldı…</p> <hr/> <p><strong>Kaynaklar:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/http://azerbaijan.az/_Districts/_districts_a.html">http://azerbaijan.az/_Districts/_districts_a.html</a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/http://www.zazaki.net/haber/ermenistan-azerbaycan-catismasinda-kizil-kurdistan-301.htm" target="_blank">http://www.zazaki.net/haber/ermenistan-azerbaycan-catismasinda-kizil-kurdistan-301.htm</a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/http://www.radikal.com.tr/yazarlar/ayse-hur/kurd-federasyonundan-mahabad-cumhuriyetine-1144807/" target="_blank">http://www.radikal.com.tr/yazarlar/ayse-hur/kurd-federasyonundan-mahabad-cumhuriyetine-1144807/</a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/kurdistan26.html" target="_blank">http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/kurdistan26.html</a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://photius.com/countries/soviet_union_former/geography/soviet_union_former_geography_administrative_polit~1643.html" target="_blank">https://photius.com/countries/soviet_union_former/geography/soviet_union_former_geography_administrative_polit~1643.html</a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrd%C3%BCstan_q%C9%99zas%C4%B1" target="_blank">https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrd%C3%BCstan_q%C9%99zas%C4%B1</a></p> <div style="clear:both;"> </div>  <div class="related-posts">  <script type="text/javascript"> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({article:'auto'}); !function (e, f, u, i) { if (!document.getElementById(i)){ e.async = 1; e.src = u; e.id = i; f.parentNode.insertBefore(e, f); } }(document.createElement('script'), document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0], '//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/andgazetecilikveyaynclk-gazeteduvarcomtr/loader.js', 'tb_loader_script'); if(window.performance && typeof window.performance.mark == 'function') {window.performance.mark('tbl_ic');} </script> <div id="taboola-below-article-thumbnails"></div> <script type="text/javascript"> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({ mode: 'alternating-thumbnails-a', container: 'taboola-below-article-thumbnails', placement: 'Below Article Thumbnails', target_type: 'mix' }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({flush: true}); </script> <h3>DÜNYA FORUM</h3> <div class="box-block"> <div class="box-holder"> <div class="box"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/24/kuba-devrimin-ikinci-arjantinlisi-masetti/"><img width="736" height="414" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/che1.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7 1024w" data-srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/che1.jpg 736w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/che1-150x84.jpg 150w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/che1-266x150.jpg 266w" sizes="(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px"/></a> <div class="text-holder"> <h4><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/24/kuba-devrimin-ikinci-arjantinlisi-masetti/">Küba Devrimin 'ikinci' Arjantinlisi: Masetti</a></h4> <p>[12s 8d] Ölümünden aylar önce şöyle yazmış Masetti: “Devrim, artık incelenecek bir olay ya da eleştirilecek tarihi bir vaka değildir. Ama devrim, bizim ta kendimizdir. Bizim içimizdedir, bizim bilincimizdir ve bizi yargılar ve bizi eleştirir ve bizi çağırır.” Çağrının doğruluğunu yanlışlığını yıllar sonra 'tarihi bir vaka' olarak görmektense, Masetti'nin içindeki çağrıyla birlikte okumalıyız.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-holder"> <div class="box"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/24/antisemitizm-ve-islamofobi-yahudiler-ve-muslumanlar-ne-dusunuyor/"><img width="736" height="414" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/ukf1.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7 1024w" data-srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/ukf1.jpg 736w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/ukf1-150x84.jpg 150w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/ukf1-266x150.jpg 266w" sizes="(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px"/></a> <div class="text-holder"> <h4><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/24/antisemitizm-ve-islamofobi-yahudiler-ve-muslumanlar-ne-dusunuyor/">Antisemitizm ve İslamofobi: Yahudiler ve Müslümanlar ne düşünüyor?</a></h4> <p>[12s 9d] İngiltere’deki Yahudi ve Müslümanlara antisemitizm ve İslamofobi hakkında ne düşündükleri soruldu. Araştırma, tüm Yahudilerin ve tüm Müslümanların antisemitizm ve İslamofobiye aynı şekilde tepki verdiğini varsaymanın yanlış olabileceğini ortaya koydu.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-holder"> <div class="box"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/20/dunya-forum-mesut-ozil-alkislayani-da-var-kinayani-da/"><img width="736" height="414" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/mos1.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7 1024w" data-srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/mos1.jpg 736w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/mos1-150x84.jpg 150w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/mos1-266x150.jpg 266w" sizes="(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px"/></a> <div class="text-holder"> <h4><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/20/dunya-forum-mesut-ozil-alkislayani-da-var-kinayani-da/">Dünya Forum... Mesut Özil: Alkışlayanı da var kınayanı da</a></h4> <p>[4g 1s 40d] Alman orta saha oyuncusu Mesut Özil, 2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası ve İspanyol kulübü Real Madrid’de geçirdiği üç yıl boyunca, futbolun yükselen yıldızlarından biri haline geldi. Geçtiğimiz hafta yayınladığı mesajında, Uygur Türklerine verdiği destek nedeniyle büyük tepkilerin yanı sıra destek de gördü.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-holder"> <div class="box"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/16/erdogan-davutoglu-ve-turkiyedeki-kurt-oylari/"><img width="736" height="414" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/edb1.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7 1024w" data-srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/edb1.jpg 736w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/edb1-150x84.jpg 150w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/edb1-266x150.jpg 266w" sizes="(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px"/></a> <div class="text-holder"> <h4><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/16/erdogan-davutoglu-ve-turkiyedeki-kurt-oylari/">Erdoğan, Davutoğlu ve Türkiye’deki Kürt oyları</a></h4> <p>Hem Davutoğlu hem de Babacan, Erdoğan AKP’sinin hegemonyasını dağıtmak için yeni ulusal partiler kurmaya ve eski partilerinin tabanından oy almaya çalışıyorlar. Ancak, eski partilerinin ayrıştırıcı uygulamalarından kopmak yönünde ciddi bir çaba sarf etmedikleri müddetçe kararsız seçmenler için Davutoğlu ve Babacan’ın AKP’lilerden ‘farklı’ görünmesinin kolay olmayacağını varsaymak mümkün.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-holder"> <div class="box"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/15/dunya-forum-puritenlik-ingiltere-ve-abdyi-sekillendiren-mezhep/"><img width="736" height="414" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/püriten-iç.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7 1024w" data-srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/püriten-iç.jpg 736w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/püriten-iç-150x84.jpg 150w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/püriten-iç-266x150.jpg 266w" sizes="(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px"/></a> <div class="text-holder"> <h4><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/15/dunya-forum-puritenlik-ingiltere-ve-abdyi-sekillendiren-mezhep/">Dünya Forum: Püritenlik / İngiltere ve ABD’yi şekillendiren mezhep</a></h4> <p>Püritenliğin kökleri İngiliz reformunun başlangıcına dayanır. ‘Püritenler’ adı, onları aşağılamak için düşmanları tarafından bu harekete atfedilen bir isimdi. Bu sıfat ilk kez 1560’larda ortaya çıkmasına rağmen, hareket, Kral VIII. Henry Papalık otoritesini reddettiğinde ve Roma Kilisesi’ni bir İngiltere devlet kilisesine dönüştürdüğünde, 1530’lu yıllarda başlamıştı.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-holder"> <div class="box"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/14/cezayir-baskanlik-secimi-bir-halkin-direnis-oykusu/"><img width="736" height="414" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/cezayir.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7 1024w" data-srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/cezayir.jpg 736w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/cezayir-150x84.jpg 150w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/cezayir-266x150.jpg 266w" sizes="(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px"/></a> <div class="text-holder"> <h4><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/14/cezayir-baskanlik-secimi-bir-halkin-direnis-oykusu/">Cezayir başkanlık seçimi: Bir halkın direniş öyküsü</a></h4> <p>Hirak’ı güçlendiren bir etken kendisinin herhangi bir politik önderliğe bağlı olmaması. Bu durum, protesto hareketinin toplum nezdinde kısa sürede meşruiyet bulmasını ve kabul görmesini çok kolaylaştırdı. Amjad öndersizliğin Hirak’ın hem güçlü hem de zayıf yanını oluşturduğunu düşünüyor. Bu protesto hareketinden her Hirakistin kendini bulacağı, kendi özgün taleplerine cevap verecek bir yeni politik oluşumun çıkmasının mümkün olmayacağı çok aşikar.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-holder"> <div class="box"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/14/hollanda-hapishanelerinde-neden-az-mahkum-var/"><img width="736" height="414" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/dp1.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7 1024w" data-srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/dp1.jpg 736w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/dp1-150x84.jpg 150w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/dp1-266x150.jpg 266w" sizes="(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px"/></a> <div class="text-holder"> <h4><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/14/hollanda-hapishanelerinde-neden-az-mahkum-var/">Hollanda hapishanelerinde neden az mahkûm var?</a></h4> <p>Hollanda, akıl hastalığı geçmişi olan insalara psikolojik rehabilitasyon hizmeti sunarak hapishanedeki insanların sayısını azaltıyor. Peki bu olumlu sonuç veriyor mu?</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-holder"> <div class="box"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/14/kalakuta-cumhuriyeti-lideri-fela-kuti/"><img width="736" height="414" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/fk1.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7 1024w" data-srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/fk1.jpg 736w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/fk1-150x84.jpg 150w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/fk1-266x150.jpg 266w" sizes="(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px"/></a> <div class="text-holder"> <h4><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/14/kalakuta-cumhuriyeti-lideri-fela-kuti/">Kalakuta Cumhuriyeti lideri: Fela Kuti</a></h4> <p>Şarkı sözlerinin merkezine toplumsal mücadeleyi koyan Fela Kuti, durmaksızın gözaltına alınır, stüdyosu basılır. 1974 yılında ilk kez cezaevine girer. Kalakuta'daki bu hapishaneden çıktığında stüdyosuna döner ve tabelayı değiştirir: Kalakuta Cumhuriyeti!</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-holder"> <div class="box"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/08/dunya-forum-guzel-philippe-fransanin-lanetlenmis-krali/"><img width="736" height="414" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/filip-h.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7 1024w" data-srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/filip-h.jpg 736w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/filip-h-150x84.jpg 150w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/filip-h-266x150.jpg 266w" sizes="(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px"/></a> <div class="text-holder"> <h4><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/08/dunya-forum-guzel-philippe-fransanin-lanetlenmis-krali/">Dünya Forum: Güzel Philippe / Fransa’nın lanetlenmiş kralı</a></h4> <p>Güç ve servet hırsıyla tarihin en kanlı komplolarından birkaçını yürürlüğe koyan Fransa Kralı IV. Philippe, nihayetinde Vatikan’ı emri altına almayı ve Fransa’yı tek yönetim altında birleştirmeyi başarsa da saltanatının sonu hiç de umduğu gibi olmayacaktı. Tapınak Şövalyeleri’nden Papa’ya dek karşısında duran her odağı alt etmeyi başaran bu despot kral, hayatının sonunda kendi ailesini de yok ederek bu dünyadan ayrıldı.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-holder"> <div class="box"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/07/ingiliz-ordusunda-lsd-deneyi-yoksa-sovyet-icadi-olmasin/"><img width="736" height="414" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/lsd1.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7 1024w" data-srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/lsd1.jpg 736w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/lsd1-150x84.jpg 150w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/lsd1-266x150.jpg 266w" sizes="(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px"/></a> <div class="text-holder"> <h4><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/07/ingiliz-ordusunda-lsd-deneyi-yoksa-sovyet-icadi-olmasin/">İngiliz ordusunda LSD deneyi: Yoksa Sovyet icadı olmasın?</a></h4> <p>'Asit' olarak da bilinen LSD kullanımı, 1960'lı yıllarda artıyor. 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Finansal olarak İpek Yolu'nun inşaatına başlamasından bu yana Çin, 450 milyar dolardan fazla yatırım yaptı ve bu rakam 2025'te 1 milyar doları aşacaktır.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box-holder"> <div class="box"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/03/the-wall-40-yasinda-bir-komunist-askerin-gizli-hikayesi/"><img width="736" height="414" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/pinkfloyd.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7 1024w" data-srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/pinkfloyd.jpg 736w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/pinkfloyd-150x84.jpg 150w, //web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/pinkfloyd-266x150.jpg 266w" sizes="(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px"/></a> <div class="text-holder"> <h4><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya-forum/2019/12/03/the-wall-40-yasinda-bir-komunist-askerin-gizli-hikayesi/">The Wall 40 yaşında: Bir komünist askerin gizli hikayesi</a></h4> <p>Önce dindar bir Hıristiyan ve vicdani retçi, sonra bir komünist ve asker olan Eric Fletcher Waters, daha Anzio'ya yapılan ilk dalga çıkartmada düşenlerden birisiydi. Yükselen faşizme karşı gönüllü olarak savaşa katılmıştı. Düşen onbinlerce insan gibi o da ardında bir aile bırakmıştı. Ancak her ne kadar kendisi bunu hiç bilemeyecek olsa da, antifaşist tutumu ve hayatını kaybetmesi dünya tarihinin en ünlü albümlerinden biri olan 'The Wall'un merkezinde olacaktı. Çünkü savaşa giderken kundakta bıraktığı çocuğu, Roger Waters'dı...</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <aside id="sidebar"> <div class="most-popular-news"> <h3>ÇOK OKUNANLAR</h3> <ul> <li> <div class="img-holder"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/politika/2019/12/23/kars-anketi-hdp-belediyede-yuzde-33-7ye-cikti/"><img width="150" height="84" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" data-src="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/karsic-150x84.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7 1024w" data-srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917im_/https://cdn.media.gazeteduvar.com/2019/12/karsic-150x84.jpg 150w, 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data-src="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn2.static.gazeteduvar.com/img/authors/mozugurlu.jpg" alt="Musa Özuğurlu" width="92" height="96"></a> </div> <div class="text-holder"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/yazarlar/2019/12/24/suriyeden-libyaya-cihatci-siyaset/" class="name">Musa Özuğurlu</a> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/yazarlar/2019/12/24/suriyeden-libyaya-cihatci-siyaset/">Suriye'den Libya'ya cihatçı siyaset</a></p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="img-holder"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/yazarlar/2019/12/24/sifir-noktasindaki-kadin/"><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAJAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAQAAkAAAIKhI+py+0Po5yUFQA7" data-src="//web.archive.org/web/20191224162917/https://cdn2.static.gazeteduvar.com/img/authors/ttorun.jpg" alt="Tuba Torun" width="92" height="96"></a> </div> 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