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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Knowledge translation</b> (<b>KT</b>) is the activities involved in moving research from the <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">research journal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">academic conference</a> into the hands of people and organizations who can put it to practical use. Knowledge translation is most often used in the <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_health_sciences" title="Outline of health sciences">health professions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>, pharmaceuticals, <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">rehabilitation</a>, physical therapy, and <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>. </p><p>Depending on the type of research being translated, the "practical user" might be a medical doctor, a nurse, a teacher, a school administrator, an occupational or <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapist</a>, a legislator, an <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiologist</a>, a community health worker, or a parent. </p><p>KT is not an action, but a spectrum of activities which will change according to the type of research, the <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time frame</a>, and the audience being targeted. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_translation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most widely used definition of knowledge translation was published in 2000 by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institutes_of_Health_Research" title="Canadian Institutes of Health Research">Canadian Institutes of Health Research</a> (CIHR): "Knowledge translation (KT) is defined as a dynamic and iterative process that includes synthesis, dissemination, exchange and ethically-sound application of knowledge to improve the health of Canadians, provide more effective health services and products and strengthen the health care system."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using the CIHR definition as a basis, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Disability_and_Rehabilitation_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research">National Center for the Dissemination of Disability Research</a> (NCDDR) published this definition of KT in 2005: "The collaborative and systematic review, assessment, identification, aggregation, and practical application of high-quality disability and rehabilitation research by key stakeholders (i.e., consumers, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers) for the purpose of improving the lives of individuals with disabilities."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Graham, et al., acknowledged the proliferation of related terms for the activity of knowledge translation, documenting 29 different terms used by 33 different health research funding agencies in their publications, including knowledge transfer, <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_mobilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge mobilization">knowledge mobilization</a>, knowledge exchange, implementation, and translational research.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, NCDDR published an overview written by Pimjai Sudsawad, ScD, then with the University of Wisconsin-Madison, now with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, entitled: "Knowledge Translation: Introduction to Models, Strategies, and Measures".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overview correlates a variety of KT models which have been in development since at least 1976, including the Stetler Model of Research Utilization, the Coordinated Implementation Model, the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework, the Ottawa Model of Research Utilization (OMRU), and the Knowledge to Action (KTA) process framework. </p><p>Expanding on these traditional models, the 2018 Knowledge Translation (KT) Complexity Network Model (KT-cnm) defines KT as a complex network made up of five key processes: Problem Identification (PI), Knowledge Creation (KC), Knowledge Synthesis (KS), Implementation (I), and Evaluation (E). These processes interact dynamically across sectors such as community, health, government, education, and research, ensuring the timely and effective movement of knowledge to those who need it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike traditional models, the KT-cnm emphasizes a dynamic and interactive approach, using <a href="/wiki/Complexity" title="Complexity">complexity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">network</a> concepts to better guide KT initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method offers a more comprehensive, adaptable, and sustainable way to implement KT in healthcare. An example of this model in action is the PROLIFERATE_AI <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">behavioral design</a> approach, which uses KT-cnm to guide knowledge creation and movement, improving healthcare delivery through evaluating innovations and incorporating artificial intelligence prediction modeling.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Knowledge_Translation_on_Twitter">Knowledge Translation on Twitter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_translation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Knowledge Translation on Twitter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chew and Eysenbach conducted a seminal examination of knowledge translation using Twitter data during the H1N1 outbreak; they found the proportion of tweets using “H1N1” increased over time compared to the relative use of “swine flu,” suggesting that the media's choice in terminology (shifting from using the term “swine flu” to “H1N1”) influenced public uptake.<sup id="cite_ref-stigma_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stigma-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, Budhwani and Sun conducted a study examining Twitter data examining the rise in the term "Chinese virus" to refer to the novel coronavirus; they concluded that "The rise in tweets referencing “Chinese virus” or “China virus,” along with the content of these tweets, indicate that knowledge translation may be occurring online and COVID-19 stigma is likely being perpetuated on Twitter."<sup id="cite_ref-stigma_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stigma-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_translation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The activity of knowledge translation is observable as far back as <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_extension" title="Agricultural extension">agricultural extension</a> services established by the <a href="/wiki/Smith-Lever_Act_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith-Lever Act of 1914">Smith-Lever Act of 1914</a>. The Smith-Lever Act formalized the relationship between United States <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-grant universities">land-grant universities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA) for the performance of agricultural extension. Agricultural extension agents based at the land-grant universities disseminated information to farmers and ranchers on seed development, land management and animal husbandry.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their Technical Brief #10 2005, NCDDR points out: "KT is a relatively new term that is used to describe a relatively old problem – the underutilization of evidence-based research in systems of care. Underutilization of evidence-based research is often described as a gap between 'what is known' and 'what is currently done' in practice settings."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While evaluations of research utilization in the health fields have been going on since at least the mid-1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> institutional interest in this long-standing issue has accelerated in the last 25 years. In 1989, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a>. In 1997, the Canadian government endowed the Canadian Health Services Research Foundation (CHSRF) – now called the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Foundation_for_Healthcare_Improvement" title="Canadian Foundation for Healthcare Improvement">Canadian Foundation for Healthcare Improvement</a>, or CFHI.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, the Canadian government consolidated several existing agencies into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institutes_for_Health_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Institutes for Health Research">Canadian Institutes for Health Research</a>. In 2006, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Clinical_and_Translational_Science_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical and Translational Science Awards">Clinical and Translational Science Awards</a>, currently funding about 60 academic medical institutions across the country. The role of health research funders is increasingly playing a role in how evidence is being moved to practice, reducing the time between research and implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, the challenges of filtering information for knowledge translation is being increasingly addressed with Moloney, Taylor & Ralph proposing a "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajan.com.au/Vol34/Issue1/3Moloney.pdf">spillway model</a>" to better control information flow and improve the implementation of research in healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other recent studies look at the role of design artefacts such as sketches, visual representations and prototypes to support knowledge translation in research and development projects.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_translation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_mobilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge mobilization">Knowledge mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">Technology transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_transfer" title="Knowledge transfer">Knowledge transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_society" title="Knowledge society">Knowledge society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_translation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Focus10Final.indd&rft.au=National+Center+for+the+Dissemination+of+Disability+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncddr.org%2Fkt%2Fproducts%2Ffocus%2Ffocus10%2FFocus10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge+translation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donabedian A. Evaluating the quality of medical care. Milbank Mem Fund Q Health Soc 1966; 44:166–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfhi-fcass.ca/AboutUs/History.aspx">"History", Canadian Foundation for Healthcare Improvement. On line.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, B, Schellenberg, M, Schell, K, Scarrow, G. How funding agencies can support research use in healthcare: an online province-wide survey to determine knowledge translation training needs. Implementation Science. 2014. Vol 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302033131/http://ajan.com.au/Vol34/Issue1/3Moloney.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajan.com.au/Vol34/Issue1/3Moloney.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajan.com.au%2FVol34%2FIssue1%2F3Moloney.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge+translation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimeoneSecundoSchiuma2017" class="citation journal cs1">Simeone, Luca; Secundo, Giustina; Schiuma, Giovanni (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/281311620/S_JKM_Knowledge_translation_postprint.pdf">"Knowledge translation mechanisms in open innovation: the role of design in R&D projects"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Knowledge Management</i>. <b>21</b> (6): 1406–1429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJKM-10-2016-0432">10.1108/JKM-10-2016-0432</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10217874">10217874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Knowledge+Management&rft.atitle=Knowledge+translation+mechanisms+in+open+innovation%3A+the+role+of+design+in+R%26D+projects&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1406-1429&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FJKM-10-2016-0432&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10217874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Simeone&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft.au=Secundo%2C+Giustina&rft.au=Schiuma%2C+Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvbn.aau.dk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F281311620%2FS_JKM_Knowledge_translation_postprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge+translation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_translation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>D. Cameron, J.N. Lavis, G.E. Guindon, T. Akhtar, F. Becerra-Posada, G.D. Ndossi, B. Buopha, Research to Policy & Practice Study Team [S.J. Hoffman]. 2010. "Bridging the Gaps among Research, Policy and Practice in Ten Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Development and Testing of a Questionnaire for Researchers," Health Research Policy and Systems 8(4): 1–8. doi:10.1186/1478-4505-8-4.</li> <li>G.E. Guindon, J.N. Lavis, B. Buopha, G. Shi, M.F. Sidibe, B. Turdaliyeva, Research to Policy & Practice Study Team [S.J. Hoffman]. 2010. "Bridging the Gaps among Research, Policy and Practice in Ten Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Development and Test of Questionnaire for Health-Care Providers," Health Research Policy and Systems 8(3): 1–9. doi:10.1186/1478-4505-8-3.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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