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class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Baran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بول باران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول باران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پل باران – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پل باران" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পল বারান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পল বারান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Бэран – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пол Бэран" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Павал Баран – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Павал Баран" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Πολ Μπάραν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολ Μπάραν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پل باران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل باران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EB%B0%B0%EB%9F%B0" title="폴 배런 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 배런" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="פול ברן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול ברן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pols_Berans" title="Pols Berans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pols Berans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BA" title="പോൾ ബാരൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോൾ ബാരൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بول باران – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول باران" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="ポール・バラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・バラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran_(informatyk)" title="Paul Baran (informatyk) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Baran (informatyk)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Бэран, Пол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бэран, Пол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пол Берен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пол Берен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Paul Baran" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%98%AD" title="保羅·巴蘭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保羅·巴蘭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q92617#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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Baran">Paul A. Baran</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Paul Baran</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Baran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Paul_Baran.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="237" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-04-29</span>)</span>April 29, 1926<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a><br />(now <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 26, 2011<span style="display:none">(2011-03-26)</span> (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">Packet switching</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Evelyn Murphy Baran</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1955)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Alexander_Graham_Bell_Medal" title="IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal">IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal</a> <small>(1990)</small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> Fellow <small>(2005)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Prize" title="Marconi Prize">Marconi Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation" title="National Medal of Technology and Innovation">National Medal of Technology and Innovation</a> <small>(2007)</small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Baran</b> (born <b>Pesach Baran</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>; April 29, 1926 – March 26, 2011) was an American-Jewish engineer who was a pioneer in the development of <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>. He was one of the two independent inventors of <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a>, which is today the dominant basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide, and went on to start several companies and develop other technologies that are an essential part of modern <a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">digital communication</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Baran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was born in <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a> (then in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, and since 1945 part of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>) on April 29, 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-obit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_GHN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_GHN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the youngest of three children in his <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jewish</a> family,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> given name "Pesach". His family moved to the United States on May 11, 1928,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> settling in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, where his father, Morris "Moshe" Baran (1884–1979), opened a grocery store. He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a> (then called Drexel Institute of Technology) in 1949, with a degree in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>. He then joined the <a href="/wiki/Eckert-Mauchly_Computer_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company">Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company</a>, where he did technical work on <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC" title="UNIVAC">UNIVAC</a> models, the first brand of commercial computers in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_Institute_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin_Institute-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955 he married Evelyn Murphy, moved to Los Angeles, and worked for <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Aircraft">Hughes Aircraft</a> on radar data processing systems. He obtained his master's degree in engineering from <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> in 1959, with advisor <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Estrin" title="Gerald Estrin">Gerald Estrin</a> while he took night classes. His thesis was on character recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-obit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Baran initially stayed on at UCLA to pursue his doctorate, a heavy travel and work schedule forced him to abandon his doctoral work.<sup id="cite_ref-wizards_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wizards-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Packet_switched_network_design">Packet switched network design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Baran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Packet switched network design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_idea_of_the_data_packet_(Baran,_1964)-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_idea_of_the_data_packet_%28Baran%2C_1964%29-en.svg/220px-The_idea_of_the_data_packet_%28Baran%2C_1964%29-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_idea_of_the_data_packet_%28Baran%2C_1964%29-en.svg/330px-The_idea_of_the_data_packet_%28Baran%2C_1964%29-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_idea_of_the_data_packet_%28Baran%2C_1964%29-en.svg/440px-The_idea_of_the_data_packet_%28Baran%2C_1964%29-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption>The "block message" as suggested by Paul Baran in 1964, this is the very first <a href="/wiki/Data_packet" class="mw-redirect" title="Data packet">data packet</a> that was ever proposed.</figcaption></figure> <p>After joining the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> in 1959, Baran took on the task of designing a "survivable" communications system that could maintain communication between end points in the face of damage from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, most American military communications used <a href="/wiki/High-frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="High-frequency">high-frequency</a> connections, which could be put out of action for many hours by a nuclear attack. Baran decided to automate RAND Director <a href="/wiki/Franklin_R._Collbohm" title="Franklin R. Collbohm">Franklin R. Collbohm</a>'s previous work with emergency communication over conventional AM radio networks and showed that a distributed relay node architecture could be survivable. The <a href="/wiki/Rome_Air_Development_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Air Development Center">Rome Air Development Center</a> soon showed that the idea was practicable.<sup id="cite_ref-Brand_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brand-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using the minicomputer technology of the day, Baran and his team developed a simulation suite to test basic connectivity of an array of nodes with varying degrees of linking. That is, a network of n-ary degree of connectivity would have n links per node. The simulation randomly "killed" nodes and subsequently tested the percentage of nodes that remained connected. The result of the simulation revealed that networks in which n ≥ 3 had a significant increase in resilience against even as much as 50% node loss. Baran's insight gained from the simulation was that redundancy was the key.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first work was published as a RAND report in 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with more papers generalizing the techniques in the next two years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After proving survivability, Baran and his team needed to show proof of concept for that design so that it could be built. That involved high-level schematics detailing the operation, construction, and cost of all the components required to construct a network that leveraged the new insight of redundant links. The result was one of the first store-and-forward data layer switching protocols, a link-state/distance vector routing protocol, and an unproved connection-oriented transport protocol. Explicit detail of the designs can be found in the complete series of reports <i>On Distributed Communications</i>, published by RAND in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The design flew in the face of telephony design of the time by placing inexpensive and unreliable nodes at the center of the network and more intelligent terminating 'multiplexer' devices at the endpoints. In Baran's words, unlike the telephone company's equipment, his design did not require expensive "gold plated" components to be reliable. The Distributed Network that Baran introduced was intended to route around damage. It provided connection to others through many points, not one centralized connection. Fundamental to the scheme was the division of the information into "blocks" before they were sent out across the network. That enabled the data to travel faster and communications lines to be used more efficiently. Each block was sent separately, traveling different paths and rejoining into a whole when they were received at their destination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selling_the_idea">Selling the idea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Baran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selling the idea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the publication of <i>On Distributed Communications</i>, he presented the findings of his team to a number of audiences, including AT&T engineers (not to be confused with Bell Labs engineers, who at the time provided Paul Baran with the specifications for the first generation of T1 circuit that he used as the links in his network design proposal). In subsequent interviews, Baran mentioned how the AT&T engineers scoffed at his idea of non-dedicated physical circuits for voice communications, at times claiming that Baran simply did not understand how voice telecommunication worked.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, also thought of the same idea and implemented a trial network.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-obit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb|Harris_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb|Harris-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Baran used the term "message blocks" for his units of communication, Davies used the term "packets," as it was capable of being translated into languages other than English without compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb|Harris_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb|Harris-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He applied the concept to a general-purpose computer network. Davies's key insight came in the realization that computer network traffic was inherently "bursty" with periods of silence, compared with relatively-constant telephone traffic. It was in fact Davies's work on packet switching, not Baran's, that initially caught the attention of the developers of ARPANET at the <a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a> in October 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baran was happy to acknowledge that Davies had come up with the same idea as him independently. In an e-mail to Davies, he wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You and I share a common view of what packet switching is all about, since you and I independently came up with the same ingredients.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb|Harris_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb|Harris-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a>, a contemporary working on analyzing message flow using <a href="/wiki/Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">queueing theory</a>, developed a theoretical basis for the operation of <a href="/wiki/Message_switching" title="Message switching">message switching</a> networks in his proposal for a Ph.D. thesis in 1961-2, published as a book in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1970s, he applied this theory to model the performance of packet switching networks. However, the representation of Kleinrock's early work as originating the concept of packet switching is disputed by other <a href="/wiki/Internet_pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet pioneers">internet pioneers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb|Harris_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb|Harris-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baran<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Davies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baran and Davies are recognized by historians and the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, when the US <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (ARPA) started developing the idea of an internetworked set of terminals to share computing resources, the reference materials that they considered included Baran and the RAND Corporation's "On Distributed Communications" volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-obit_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resiliency of a packet-switched network that uses <a href="/wiki/Link-state_routing" class="mw-redirect" title="Link-state routing">link-state routing</a> protocols, which are used on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, stems in some part from the research to develop a network that could survive a nuclear attack.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-obit_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-obit_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-obit-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_work">Later work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Baran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1968, Baran was a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Future" title="Institute for the Future">Institute for the Future</a> and was then involved in other networking technologies developed in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>. He wrote on the subject of computer systems and <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ppaf_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppaf-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baran participated in a review of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NBS</a> proposal for a <a href="/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard" title="Data Encryption Standard">Data Encryption Standard</a> in 1976, along with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hellman" title="Martin Hellman">Martin Hellman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie" title="Whitfield Diffie">Whitfield Diffie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1980s, Baran founded PacketCable, Inc, "to support impulse-pay television channels, locally generated videotex, and packetized voice transmission."<sup id="cite_ref-ppaf_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppaf-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PacketCable, also known as Packet Technologies, spun off <a href="/wiki/StrataCom" title="StrataCom">StrataCom</a> to commercialize his packet voice technology for the telephony market. That technology led to the first commercial pre-standard <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</a> product. </p><p>He founded <a href="/wiki/Telebit" title="Telebit">Telebit</a> after conceiving its discrete multitone <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> technology in the mid-1980s. It was one of the first commercial products to use <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing</a>, which was later widely deployed in <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a> modems and <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> wireless modems. </p><p>In 1985, Baran founded <a href="/wiki/Metricom" class="mw-redirect" title="Metricom">Metricom</a>, the first wireless Internet company, which deployed <a href="/wiki/Ricochet_(internet_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricochet (internet service)">Ricochet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_GHN_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_GHN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first public wireless mesh networking system. In 1992, he also founded <a href="/wiki/Com21" title="Com21">Com21</a>, an early cable modem company.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_Institute_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin_Institute-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Com21, Baran founded and was president of GoBackTV, which specializes in personal TV and cable <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a> infrastructure equipment for television operators.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, he founded Plaster Networks, providing an advanced solution for connecting networked devices in the home or small office through existing wiring.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baran extended his work in packet switching to wireless-spectrum theory, developing what he called "kindergarten rules" for the use of wireless spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-EFF_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFF-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his innovation in networking products, he is also credited with inventing the first doorway gun detector.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_Institute_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin_Institute-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latimes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He received an honorary doctorate when he gave the commencement speech at Drexel in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Baran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baran died in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, at the age of 84 on March 26, 2011<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-obit_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZDNet-obit_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZDNet-obit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from complications caused by lung cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-obit_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-obit-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death, RAND President <a href="/wiki/James_Thomson_(executive)" title="James Thomson (executive)">James Thomson</a>, stated, "Our world is a better place for the technologies Paul Baran invented and developed, and also because of his consistent concern with appropriate public policies for their use."<sup id="cite_ref-ZDNet-obit_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZDNet-obit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the fathers of the Internet, <a href="/wiki/Vinton_Cerf" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinton Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a>, stated, "Paul wasn't afraid to go in directions counter to what everyone else thought was the right or only thing to do."<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-obit_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-obit-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Saffo" title="Paul Saffo">Paul Saffo</a>, Baran also believed that innovation was a "team process" and avoided seeking credit for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On hearing news of his death, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Robert Kahn</a>, co-inventor of the Internet, said: "Paul was one of the finest gentlemen I ever met and creative to the very end." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Baran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Alexander_Graham_Bell_Medal" title="IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal">IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal</a> (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Prize" title="Marconi Prize">Marconi Prize</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%26C_Prize" title="C&C Prize">Nippon Electronics Corporation C&C Prize</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute Awards">Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science</a> (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_Institute_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin_Institute-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> (2005) "for fundamental contributions to the architecture of the Internet and for a lifetime of entrepreneurial activity."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation" title="National Medal of Technology and Innovation">National Medal of Technology and Innovation</a> (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Samueli_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science#Alumni" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science">UCLA Engineering</a> Alumnus of the Year (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Baran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT-obit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-obit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-obit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-obit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-obit_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-obit_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-obit_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKatie_Hafner2011" class="citation news cs1">Katie Hafner (March 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/technology/28baran.html">"Paul Baran, Internet Pioneer, Dies at 84"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Paul+Baran%2C+Internet+Pioneer%2C+Dies+at+84&rft.date=2011-03-27&rft.au=Katie+Hafner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F03%2F28%2Ftechnology%2F28baran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE_GHN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_GHN_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_GHN_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan_Brewer2011" class="citation web cs1">Nathan Brewer; et al. (March 28, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Paul_Baran">"Paul Baran"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.atitle=Paul+Baran&rft.date=2011-03-28&rft.au=Nathan+Brewer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FPaul_Baran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgi_Dalakov" class="citation web cs1">Georgi Dalakov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-computer.com/Internet/Birth/Baran.html">"Paul Baran"</a>. <i>History of Computers web site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Computers+web+site&rft.atitle=Paul+Baran&rft.au=Georgi+Dalakov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-computer.com%2FInternet%2FBirth%2FBaran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Ira_Snyder2009" class="citation web cs1">David Ira Snyder (August 4, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geni.com/people/Morris-Moshe-Baran/6000000005033975818">"Morris "Moshe" Baran (1884–1979)"</a>. <i>Genealogy of the Baran family</i>. Geni.com web site<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genealogy+of+the+Baran+family&rft.atitle=Morris+%22Moshe%22+Baran+%281884%E2%80%931979%29&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft.au=David+Ira+Snyder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FMorris-Moshe-Baran%2F6000000005033975818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin_Institute-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_Institute_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_Institute_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_Institute_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_Institute_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fi.edu/en/awards/laureates/search">"Paul Baran - Franklin Laureate Database"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute Awards">The Franklin Institute Awards</a> - Laureate Database</i>. Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute">The Franklin Institute</a>. January 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Franklin+Institute+Awards+-+Laureate+Database&rft.atitle=Paul+Baran+-+Franklin+Laureate+Database&rft.date=2023-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fi.edu%2Fen%2Fawards%2Flaureates%2Fsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wizards-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wizards_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafnerLyon,_Matthew1996" class="citation book cs1">Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj/page/54"><i>Where wizards stay up late : the origins of the Internet</i></a></span> (1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj/page/54">54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-81201-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-81201-0"><bdi>0-684-81201-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+wizards+stay+up+late+%3A+the+origins+of+the+Internet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=1st+Touchstone&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-684-81201-0&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Lyon%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwherewizardsstay00haf_vgj%2Fpage%2F54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12879908">"Internet pioneer Paul Baran passes away"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. March 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Internet+pioneer+Paul+Baran+passes+away&rft.date=2011-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-12879908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brand-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brand_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrand2001" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Brand" title="Stewart Brand">Brand, Stewart</a> (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.03/baran.html">"Founding Father"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. Vol. 9, no. 3. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Condé Nast Digital">Condé Nast Digital</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/433726773">433726773</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Paul Baran conceived the Internet's architecture at the height of the Cold War. Forty years later, he says the Net's biggest threat wasn't the USSR—it was the phone company</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Founding+Father&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F433726773&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F9.03%2Fbaran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span> Stewart Brand's interviews Paul Baran about his work at RAND on survivable networks.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.list.html">"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet"</a>. RAND corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Baran+and+the+Origins+of+the+Internet&rft.pub=RAND+corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fbaran.list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Baran1960" class="citation journal cs1">Paul Baran (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P1995.html">"Reliable Digital Communications Systems Using Unreliable Network Repeater Nodes"</a>. <i>RAND Corporation Papers, Document P-1995</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corporation+Papers%2C+Document+P-1995&rft.atitle=Reliable+Digital+Communications+Systems+Using+Unreliable+Network+Repeater+Nodes&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Paul+Baran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fpapers%2FP1995.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Baran1962" class="citation journal cs1">Paul Baran (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P2626.html">"On Distributed Communications Networks"</a>. <i>RAND Corporation Papers, Document P-2626</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corporation+Papers%2C+Document+P-2626&rft.atitle=On+Distributed+Communications+Networks&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Paul+Baran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fpapers%2FP2626.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Baran1964" class="citation web cs1">Paul Baran; et al. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615000308/https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran-list.html">"On Distributed Communications"</a>. Rand. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran-list.html">the original</a> on June 15, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Distributed+Communications&rft.pub=Rand&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Paul+Baran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fbaran-list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbell2011" class="citation news cs1">Abell, John C (March 28, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/03/internet-architect-paul-baran-dies-at-84/">"Internet Architect Paul Baran Dies at 84"</a>. Wired<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Internet+Architect+Paul+Baran+Dies+at+84&rft.date=2011-03-28&rft.aulast=Abell&rft.aufirst=John+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fepicenter%2F2011%2F03%2Finternet-architect-paul-baran-dies-at-84%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvnb|Harris-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvnb|Harris_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvnb|Harris_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvnb|Harris_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvnb|Harris_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2009" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Trevor, University of Wales (2009). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/378261">the original</a> on May 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety+in+Mass+Communication+Research&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+Father+of+the+Internet%3F+The+Case+for+Donald+Davies&rft.pages=123-134&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-960-6672-46-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Trevor%2C+University+of+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F378261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2014" class="citation book cs1">Isaacson, Walter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA237"><i>The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476708690" title="Special:BookSources/9781476708690"><bdi>9781476708690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innovators%3A+How+a+Group+of+Hackers%2C+Geniuses%2C+and+Geeks+Created+the+Digital+Revolution&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781476708690&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4V9koAEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinrock1961" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Kleinrock, Leonard</a> (1961), "Information flow in large communication nets", <i>RLE Quarterly Progress Report</i> (1)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RLE+Quarterly+Progress+Report&rft.atitle=Information+flow+in+large+communication+nets&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Kleinrock&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_McKenzie2009" class="citation cs2">Alex McKenzie (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alexmckenzie.weebly.com/comments-on-kleinrocks-claims.html"><i>Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock's claim to be "the Father of Modern Data Networking"</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comments+on+Dr.+Leonard+Kleinrock%27s+claim+to+be+%22the+Father+of+Modern+Data+Networking%22&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Alex+McKenzie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falexmckenzie.weebly.com%2Fcomments-on-kleinrocks-claims.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span> "...there is nothing in the entire 1964 book that suggests, analyzes, or alludes to the idea of packetization."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2014" class="citation book cs1">Isaacson, Walter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA245"><i>The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476708690" title="Special:BookSources/9781476708690"><bdi>9781476708690</bdi></a>. <q>This led to an outcry among many of the other Internet pioneers, who publicly attacked Kleinrock and said that his brief mention of breaking messages into smaller pieces did not come close to being a proposal for packet switching</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innovators%3A+How+a+Group+of+Hackers%2C+Geniuses%2C+and+Geeks+Created+the+Digital+Revolution&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781476708690&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4V9koAEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaughney_Dare-Bryan2023" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Haughney Dare-Bryan, Christine (June 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inc.com/computerfreaks"><i>Computer Freaks</i></a> (Podcast). Chapter Two: In the Air. Inc. Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer+Freaks&rft.series=Chapter+Two%3A+In+the+Air&rft.pub=Inc.+Magazine&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft.aulast=Haughney+Dare-Bryan&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc.com%2Fcomputerfreaks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/22/technology/l-birthing-the-internet-letters-from-the-delivery-room-disputing-a-claim-325210.html">"Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. November 22, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Authors who have interviewed dozens of Arpanet pioneers know very well that the Kleinrock-Roberts claims are not believed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Birthing+the+Internet%3A+Letters+From+the+Delivery+Room%3B+Disputing+a+Claim&rft.date=2001-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F11%2F22%2Ftechnology%2Fl-birthing-the-internet-letters-from-the-delivery-room-disputing-a-claim-325210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatie_Hefner2001" class="citation cs2">Katie Hefner (November 8, 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/08/technology/a-paternity-dispute-divides-net-pioneers.html?pagewanted=all">"A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers"</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, <q>The Internet is really the work of a thousand people," Mr. Baran said. "And of all the stories about what different people have done, all the pieces fit together. It's just this one little case that seems to be an aberration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Paternity+Dispute+Divides+Net+Pioneers&rft.date=2001-11-08&rft.au=Katie+Hefner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F11%2F08%2Ftechnology%2Fa-paternity-dispute-divides-net-pioneers.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Davies2001" class="citation cs2">Donald Davies (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/3/152.extract">"A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching"</a>, <i>Computer Journal, British Computer Society</i>, <q>I can find no evidence that he understood the principles of packet switching.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Journal%2C+British+Computer+Society&rft.atitle=A+Historical+Study+of+the+Beginnings+of+Packet+Switching&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Donald+Davies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomjnl.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F44%2F3%2F152.extract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/">"The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+real+story+of+how+the+Internet+became+so+vulnerable&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsf%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F05%2F30%2Fnet-of-insecurity-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091231/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316">"Inductee Details - Paul Baran"</a>. National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316">the original</a> on September 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inductee+Details+-+Paul+Baran&rft.pub=National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invent.org%2Fhonor%2Finductees%2Finductee-detail%2F%3FIID%3D316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091936/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328">"Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies"</a>. National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328">the original</a> on September 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inductee+Details+-+Donald+Watts+Davies&rft.pub=National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invent.org%2Fhonor%2Finductees%2Finductee-detail%2F%3FIID%3D328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-obit-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-obit_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-obit_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-obit_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12879908">"Internet pioneer Paul Baran passes away"</a>. BBC. March 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Internet+pioneer+Paul+Baran+passes+away&rft.date=2011-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-12879908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ppaf-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ppaf_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ppaf_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014439/http://www.cablelabs.com/news/newsletter/SPECS/JanFeb_SPECSTECH/tech.pgs/leadstory.html">"Baran's keynote on The Past, Present, and Future of Convergence"</a>. February 9, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cablelabs.com/news/newsletter/SPECS/JanFeb_SPECSTECH/tech.pgs/leadstory.html">the original</a> on April 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baran%27s+keynote+on+The+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+of+Convergence&rft.date=1999-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cablelabs.com%2Fnews%2Fnewsletter%2FSPECS%2FJanFeb_SPECSTECH%2Ftech.pgs%2Fleadstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503083539/http://www.toad.com/des-stanford-meeting.html">"DES (Data Encryption Standard) Review at Stanford University - Recording and Transcript"</a>. 1976. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toad.com/des-stanford-meeting.html">the original</a> on May 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DES+%28Data+Encryption+Standard%29+Review+at+Stanford+University+-+Recording+and+Transcript&rft.date=1976&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toad.com%2Fdes-stanford-meeting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baran, "Packetcable: A New Interactive Cable System Technology," 31st Annual NCTA Convention Official Transcript, 1982, cited in US patent 4,754,426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110321031846/http://www.gobacktv.com/company-management.php">"Management Team"</a>. <i>goBackTV web site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gobacktv.com/company-management.php">the original</a> on March 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=goBackTV+web+site&rft.atitle=Management+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gobacktv.com%2Fcompany-management.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plasternetworks.com/about.html">"About Plaster Networks"</a>. <i>Plaster Networks web site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plaster+Networks+web+site&rft.atitle=About+Plaster+Networks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plasternetworks.com%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFF-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EFF_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran1994" class="citation web cs1">Baran, Paul (November 9, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110323202905/https://w2.eff.org/Infrastructure/Wireless_cellular_radio/false_scarcity_baran_cngn94.transcript">"Keynote Talk Transcript, 8th Annual Conference on Next Generation Networks Washington, DC"</a>. <i>EFF "GII - NII - Wireless/Cellular/Radio" Archive</i>. San Francisco, CA: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.eff.org/Infrastructure/Wireless_cellular_radio/false_scarcity_baran_cngn94.transcript">the original</a> on March 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EFF+%22GII+-+NII+-+Wireless%2FCellular%2FRadio%22+Archive&rft.atitle=Keynote+Talk+Transcript%2C+8th+Annual+Conference+on+Next+Generation+Networks+Washington%2C+DC&rft.date=1994-11-09&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw2.eff.org%2FInfrastructure%2FWireless_cellular_radio%2Ffalse_scarcity_baran_cngn94.transcript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_Guynn2011" class="citation news cs1">Jessica Guynn (March 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-paul-baran-20110329,0,4562265.story">"Paul Baran dies at 84; inventor helped lay foundation for Internet"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Paul+Baran+dies+at+84%3B+inventor+helped+lay+foundation+for+Internet&rft.date=2011-03-29&rft.au=Jessica+Guynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fla-me-paul-baran-20110329%2C0%2C4562265.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNita_Lelyveld1997" class="citation news cs1">Nita Lelyveld (June 15, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330035420/http://articles.philly.com/1997-06-15/news/25524943_1_constantine-papadakis-paul-baran-graduation-ceremony">"Opportunity Lies In Ideas, Engineer Tells Drexel Grads Paul Baran, "the Grandfather Of The Internet" Spoke At His Alma Mater. He Received An Honorary Doctorate"</a>. <i>The Inquirer</i>. Philadelphia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/1997-06-15/news/25524943_1_constantine-papadakis-paul-baran-graduation-ceremony">the original</a> on March 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Opportunity+Lies+In+Ideas%2C+Engineer+Tells+Drexel+Grads+Paul+Baran%2C+%22the+Grandfather+Of+The+Internet%22+Spoke+At+His+Alma+Mater.+He+Received+An+Honorary+Doctorate&rft.date=1997-06-15&rft.au=Nita+Lelyveld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F1997-06-15%2Fnews%2F25524943_1_constantine-papadakis-paul-baran-graduation-ceremony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZDNet-obit-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZDNet-obit_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZDNet-obit_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/business-of-it/2011/03/29/packet-switching-inventor-paul-baran-dies-aged-84-40092315/">"Packet switching inventor Paul Baran dies aged 84"</a>. ZDNet UK. March 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Packet+switching+inventor+Paul+Baran+dies+aged+84&rft.pub=ZDNet+UK&rft.date=2011-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-of-it%2F2011%2F03%2F29%2Fpacket-switching-inventor-paul-baran-dies-aged-84-40092315%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619233055/http://ieee.org/documents/bell_rl.pdf">"IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal Recipients"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEEE. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.org/documents/bell_rl.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Alexander+Graham+Bell+Medal+Recipients&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fdocuments%2Fbell_rl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780-2010%3A+Chapter+B&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Paul,Baran/">Paul Baran 2005 Fellow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103004756/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Paul,Baran/">Archived</a> 2015-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/recipients/2007.jsp">"The National Medal of Technology and Innovation 2007 Laureates"</a>. The United States Patent and Trademark Office. January 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Medal+of+Technology+and+Innovation+2007+Laureates&rft.pub=The+United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft.date=2010-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fabout%2Fnmti%2Frecipients%2F2007.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611033319/http://www.engineer.ucla.edu/newsroom/featured-news/archive/2011/in-memoriam-paul-baran-ms-201959">"In Memoriam: Paul Baran MS '59"</a>. <i>UCLA Engineering web site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineer.ucla.edu/newsroom/featured-news/archive/2011/in-memoriam-paul-baran-ms-201959">the original</a> on June 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Engineering+web+site&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+Paul+Baran+MS+%2759&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineer.ucla.edu%2Fnewsroom%2Ffeatured-news%2Farchive%2F2011%2Fin-memoriam-paul-baran-ms-201959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012">2012 Inductees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> website. Last accessed April 24, 2012</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Baran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_rand.htm">"Paul Baran Invents Packet Switching"</a>. <i>livinginternet.com</i>. William Stewart. January 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livinginternet.com&rft.atitle=Paul+Baran+Invents+Packet+Switching&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Fi%2Fii_rand.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill1990" class="citation web cs1">O'Neill, Judy E. (March 5, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107101">"Oral history interview with Paul Baran"</a>. Minneapolis, MN: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Paul+Baran&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=1990-03-05&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Judy+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span> A 44-page transcript in which Baran describes his working environment at <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND</a>, his initial interest in survivable communications, the evolution of his plan for distributed networks, the objections he received, and the writing and distribution of his eleven-volume work, <i>On Distributed Communications</i>. Baran discusses his interaction with the group at <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> who were responsible for the later development of the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, Patrick S. (June 1, 2005). "SSRN-Wireless Communications and Computing at a Crossroads: New Paradigms and Their Impact on Theories Governing the Public's Right to Spectrum Access". <i>Journal on Telecommunications & High Technology Law</i>. <b>3</b> (2). Boulder, CO: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Law_School" title="University of Colorado Law School">University of Colorado Law School</a>: 239–274. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-8899">1543-8899</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/66137086">66137086</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=732483">732483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+on+Telecommunications+%26+High+Technology+Law&rft.atitle=SSRN-Wireless+Communications+and+Computing+at+a+Crossroads%3A+New+Paradigms+and+Their+Impact+on+Theories+Governing+the+Public%27s+Right+to+Spectrum+Access&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-274&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F66137086&rft.issn=1543-8899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D732483%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Patrick+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span> This describes Paul Baran's development of packet switching and its application to wireless computing.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316015220/http://www.cablelabs.com/news/newsletter/SPECS/JanFeb_SPECSTECH/tech.pgs/leadstory.html">"Convergence: Past, Present, and Future: Paul Baran Addresses CableLabs® Winter Conference"</a>. Louisville, CO: <a href="/wiki/CableLabs" title="CableLabs">Cable Television Laboratories, Inc</a>. February 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cablelabs.com/news/newsletter/SPECS/JanFeb_SPECSTECH/tech.pgs/leadstory.html">the original</a> on March 16, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convergence%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future%3A+Paul+Baran+Addresses+CableLabs%C2%AE+Winter+Conference&rft.place=Louisville%2C+CO&rft.pub=Cable+Television+Laboratories%2C+Inc&rft.date=1999-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cablelabs.com%2Fnews%2Fnewsletter%2FSPECS%2FJanFeb_SPECSTECH%2Ftech.pgs%2Fleadstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span> A transcript of Baran's keynote address at the Countdown to Technology 2000 Winter Conference that includes a photo.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2011" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Bob (March 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831223417/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/032811-paul-baran-packet-switching-obit.html">"Paul Baran, Internet and packet switching pioneer, is mourned"</a>. Framingham, MA: <a href="/wiki/Network_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Network World">Network World, Inc</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/032811-paul-baran-packet-switching-obit.html">the original</a> on August 31, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Baran credited with inventing packet switching in 1960s against military backdrop</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Baran%2C+Internet+and+packet+switching+pioneer%2C+is+mourned&rft.place=Framingham%2C+MA&rft.pub=Network+World%2C+Inc&rft.date=2011-03-27&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F032811-paul-baran-packet-switching-obit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pioneers/baran.html">"Paul Baran"</a>. <i>ibiblio.org</i>. Chapel Hill, NC: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>. November 6, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibiblio.org&rft.atitle=Paul+Baran&rft.date=2005-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpioneers%2Fbaran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilder1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gilder" title="George Gilder">Gilder, George</a> (June 2, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110401042211/http://www.gilder.com/public/telecosm_series/inventing.html">"Inventing the Internet Again"</a>. <i>Forbes ASAP</i>. <b>159</b> (11). New York: 106–120. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1078-9901">1078-9901</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173437996">173437996</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gilder.com/public/telecosm_series/inventing.html">the original</a> on April 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes+ASAP&rft.atitle=Inventing+the+Internet+Again&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=106-120&rft.date=1997-06-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173437996&rft.issn=1078-9901&rft.aulast=Gilder&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilder.com%2Fpublic%2Ftelecosm_series%2Finventing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Baran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marconisociety.org/fellows/paul-baran/">Paul Baran named 1991 Marconi Fellow</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/authors/b/baran_paul.html">Publications by Paul Baran</a> RAND Corporation</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ash">Gerald R. Ash</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_B._Oliver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Billy B. Oliver (page does not exist)">Billy B. Oliver</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Alexander_Graham_Bell_Medal" title="IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal">IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal</a> </b><br />1990 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/C._Chapin_Cutler" title="C. Chapin Cutler">C. Chapin Cutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_O._Limb" title="John O. Limb">John O. Limb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arun_Netravali" title="Arun Netravali">Arun Netravali</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pioneers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pioneers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Cohen_(computer_scientist)" title="Danny Cohen (computer scientist)">Danny Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Crocker" title="Steve Crocker">Steve Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_J._Feinler" title="Elizabeth J. Feinler">Elizabeth J. Feinler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Herzfeld" title="Charles M. Herzfeld">Charles Herzfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Robert Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">Peter T. Kirstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Klensin" title="John Klensin">John Klensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pouzin" title="Louis Pouzin">Louis Pouzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Lawrence Roberts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Clark" title="David D. Clark">David Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Farber" title="David J. Farber">David Farber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Frank_(network_engineer)" title="Howard Frank (network engineer)">Howard Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchana_Kanchanasut" title="Kanchana Kanchanasut">Kanchana Kanchanasut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Bob Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Murai" title="Jun Murai">Jun Murai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_Neggers" title="Kees Neggers">Kees Neggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nii_Quaynor" title="Nii Quaynor">Nii Quaynor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Ricart" title="Glenn Ricart">Glenn Ricart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wolff" title="Stephen Wolff">Stephen Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Zorn" title="Werner Zorn">Werner Zorn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Estrada" title="Susan Estrada">Susan Estrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Heart" title="Frank Heart">Frank Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Jennings_(Internet_pioneer)" title="Dennis Jennings (Internet pioneer)">Dennis Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Nordhagen_(physicist)" title="Rolf Nordhagen (physicist)">Rolf Nordhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Global_connectors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Global connectors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Bush_(scientist)" title="Randy Bush (scientist)">Randy Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilnam_Chon" title="Kilnam Chon">Kilnam Chon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hafkin" title="Nancy Hafkin">Nancy Hafkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Huston_(scientist)" title="Geoff Huston (scientist)">Geoff Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Karrenberg" title="Daniel Karrenberg">Daniel Karrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru_Takahashi_(Internet)" title="Toru Takahashi (Internet)">Toru Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Tin_Wee" title="Tan Tin Wee">Tan Tin Wee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Banks" title="Karen Banks">Karen Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gihan_Dias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gihan Dias (page does not exist)">Gihan Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anriette_Esterhuysen" title="Anriette Esterhuysen">Anriette Esterhuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Goldstein_(NSF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Goldstein (NSF) (page does not exist)">Steve Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teus_Hagen" title="Teus Hagen">Teus Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Holz" title="Ida Holz">Ida Holz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiheng" title="Hu Qiheng">Qiheng Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruhisa_Ishida" title="Haruhisa Ishida">Haruhisa Ishida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Leiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Leiner (page does not exist)">Barry Leiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sadowsky" title="George Sadowsky">George Sadowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Davies_(internet_pioneer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Davies (internet pioneer) (page does not exist)">Dai Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi_Getschko" title="Demi Getschko">Demi Getschko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masaki_Hirabaru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masaki Hirabaru (page does not exist)">Masaki Hirabaru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Huizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Huizer (page does not exist)">Erik Huizer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Huter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Huter (page does not exist)">Steve Huter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhaya_Induruwa" title="Abhaya Induruwa">Abhaya Induruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_Muthoni" title="Dorcas Muthoni">Dorcas Muthoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabir_Pun" title="Mahabir Pun">Mahabir Pun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Srinivasan_Ramani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srinivasan Ramani (page does not exist)">Srinivasan Ramani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Roberts_(internet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Roberts (internet) (page does not exist)">Michael Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Segal_(computer_scientist)" title="Ben Segal (computer scientist)">Ben Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Van_Houweling" title="Douglas Van Houweling">Douglas Van Houweling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabil_Bukhalid" title="Nabil Bukhalid">Nabil Bukhalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Fuchs" title="Ira Fuchs">Ira Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shigeki_Goto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shigeki Goto (page does not exist)">Shigeki Goto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jensen_(internet_pioneer)" title="Mike Jensen (internet pioneer)">Mike Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermanno_Pietrosemoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ermanno Pietrosemoli (page does not exist)">Ermanno Pietrosemoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadao_Takahashi" title="Tadao Takahashi">Tadao Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florencio_Utreras" title="Florencio Utreras">Florencio Utreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jianping" title="Wu Jianping">Wu Jianping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Innovators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Innovators</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Baker" title="Mitchell Baker">Mitchell Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Jacobson" title="Van Jacobson">Van Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Landweber" title="Lawrence Landweber">Lawrence Landweber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mockapetris" title="Paul Mockapetris">Paul Mockapetris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Newmark" title="Craig Newmark">Craig Newmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Ray Tomlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Zimmermann" title="Phil Zimmermann">Phil Zimmermann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Perry_Barlow" title="John Perry Barlow">John Perry Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fl%C3%BCckiger" title="François Flückiger">François Flückiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kent_(network_security)" title="Stephen Kent (network security)">Stephen Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Eklund_L%C3%B6winder" title="Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder">Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Schulzrinne" title="Henning Schulzrinne">Henning Schulzrinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Allman" title="Eric Allman">Eric Allman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bina" title="Eric Bina">Eric Bina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Brandenburg" title="Karlheinz Brandenburg">Karlheinz Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cioffi" title="John Cioffi">John Cioffi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hualin_Qian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hualin Qian (page does not exist)">Hualin Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Vixie" title="Paul Vixie">Paul Vixie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_Akkerhuis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap Akkerhuis (page does not exist)">Jaap Akkerhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Andres" title="Yvonne Andres">Yvonne Marie Andres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Emtage" title="Alan Emtage">Alan Emtage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Krol" title="Ed Krol">Ed Krol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_LaQuey_Parker" title="Tracy LaQuey Parker">Tracy LaQuey Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Partridge" title="Craig Partridge">Craig Partridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Inductees_since_2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees since 2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiel_Akplogan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adiel Akplogan (page does not exist)">Adiel Akplogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KC_Claffy" title="KC Claffy">Kimberly Claffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Comer" title="Douglas Comer">Douglas Comer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elise_Gerich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elise Gerich (page does not exist)">Elise Gerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Irving" title="Larry Irving">Larry Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Lynch" title="Daniel C. Lynch">Dan Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Armour_Polly" title="Jean Armour Polly">Jean Armour Polly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Soriano_(internet_pioneer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Soriano (internet pioneer) (page does not exist)">José Soriano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Stanton_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Stanton (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Michael Stanton</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stanton" class="extiw" title="pt:Michael Stanton">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaas_Wierenga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaas Wierenga (page does not exist)">Klaas Wierenga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suguru_Yamaguchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suguru Yamaguchi (page does not exist)">Suguru Yamaguchi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3%E8%8B%B1" class="extiw" title="ja:山口英">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Afonso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Afonso (page does not exist)">Carlos Afonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Blokzijl" title="Rob Blokzijl">Rob Blokzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Werner_Braun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Werner Braun (page does not exist)">Hans-Werner Braun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Werner_Braun" class="extiw" title="de:Hans-Werner Braun">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frode_Greisen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frode Greisen (page does not exist)">Frode Greisen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Gruntorad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Gruntorad (page does not exist)">Jan Gruntorad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Hahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saul Hahn (page does not exist)">Saul Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Hubbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Hubbard (page does not exist)">Kim Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Ibarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Ibarra (page does not exist)">Rafael Ibarra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xing_Li_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xing Li (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Xing Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvar_G._Lundh" title="Yngvar G. Lundh">Yngvar Lundh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kaminsky" title="Dan Kaminsky">Dan Kaminsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DaeYoung_Kim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DaeYoung Kim (page does not exist)">DaeYoung Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Klingenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Klingenstein (page does not exist)">Kenneth Klingenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Pisanty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alejandro Pisanty (page does not exist)">Alejandro Pisanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Rekhter" title="Yakov Rekhter">Yakov Rekhter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Smith_(network_engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Smith (network engineer) (page does not exist)">Philip Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5l_Spilling" title="Pål Spilling">Pål Spilling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liane_Tarouco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liane Tarouco (page does not exist)">Liane Tarouco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liane_Margarida_Rockenbach_Tarouco" class="extiw" title="pt:Liane Margarida Rockenbach Tarouco">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Travers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Travers (page does not exist)">Virginia Travers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Varghese" title="George Varghese">George Varghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixia_Zhang" title="Lixia Zhang">Lixia Zhang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_Bhushan" title="Abhay Bhushan">Abhay Bhushan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Breeden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Breeden (page does not exist)">Laura Breeden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Moura_Campos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Moura Campos (page does not exist)">Ivan Moura Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Cisler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Cisler (page does not exist)">Steve Cisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Eckersley_(computer_scientist)" title="Peter Eckersley (computer scientist)">Peter Eckersley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartmut_Richard_Glaser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartmut Richard Glaser (page does not exist)">Hartmut Richard Glaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_S._Lam" title="Simon S. Lam">Simon S. Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Schrader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Schrader (page does not exist)">William Schrader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_T%C3%A9ramond_Peralta" title="Guy de Téramond Peralta">Guy de Téramond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92617#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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